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We'll be having a title defense and research defense in our Practical Research 1 course, does anyone have any idea what would be a good topic to do? Do y'all have any research papers I may have? Thank you!

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How to Write a Research Proposal: (with Examples & Templates)

Table of Contents

Before conducting a study, a research proposal should be created that outlines researchers’ plans and methodology and is submitted to the concerned evaluating organization or person. Creating a research proposal is an important step to ensure that researchers are on track and are moving forward as intended. A research proposal can be defined as a detailed plan or blueprint for the proposed research that you intend to undertake. It provides readers with a snapshot of your project by describing what you will investigate, why it is needed, and how you will conduct the research.  

Your research proposal should aim to explain to the readers why your research is relevant and original, that you understand the context and current scenario in the field, have the appropriate resources to conduct the research, and that the research is feasible given the usual constraints.  

This article will describe in detail the purpose and typical structure of a research proposal , along with examples and templates to help you ace this step in your research journey.  

What is a Research Proposal ?  

A research proposal¹ ,²  can be defined as a formal report that describes your proposed research, its objectives, methodology, implications, and other important details. Research proposals are the framework of your research and are used to obtain approvals or grants to conduct the study from various committees or organizations. Consequently, research proposals should convince readers of your study’s credibility, accuracy, achievability, practicality, and reproducibility.   

With research proposals , researchers usually aim to persuade the readers, funding agencies, educational institutions, and supervisors to approve the proposal. To achieve this, the report should be well structured with the objectives written in clear, understandable language devoid of jargon. A well-organized research proposal conveys to the readers or evaluators that the writer has thought out the research plan meticulously and has the resources to ensure timely completion.  

Purpose of Research Proposals  

A research proposal is a sales pitch and therefore should be detailed enough to convince your readers, who could be supervisors, ethics committees, universities, etc., that what you’re proposing has merit and is feasible . Research proposals can help students discuss their dissertation with their faculty or fulfill course requirements and also help researchers obtain funding. A well-structured proposal instills confidence among readers about your ability to conduct and complete the study as proposed.  

Research proposals can be written for several reasons:³  

• To describe the importance of research in the specific topic  
• Address any potential challenges you may encounter  
• Showcase knowledge in the field and your ability to conduct a study  
• Apply for a role at a research institute  
• Convince a research supervisor or university that your research can satisfy the requirements of a degree program  
• Highlight the importance of your research to organizations that may sponsor your project  
• Identify implications of your project and how it can benefit the audience  

What Goes in a Research Proposal?    

Research proposals should aim to answer the three basic questions—what, why, and how.  

The What question should be answered by describing the specific subject being researched. It should typically include the objectives, the cohort details, and the location or setting.  

The Why question should be answered by describing the existing scenario of the subject, listing unanswered questions, identifying gaps in the existing research, and describing how your study can address these gaps, along with the implications and significance.  

The How question should be answered by describing the proposed research methodology, data analysis tools expected to be used, and other details to describe your proposed methodology.   

Research Proposal Example  

Here is a research proposal sample template (with examples) from the University of Rochester Medical Center. 4 The sections in all research proposals are essentially the same although different terminology and other specific sections may be used depending on the subject.  

Structure of a Research Proposal  

If you want to know how to make a research proposal impactful, include the following components:¹  

1. Introduction  

This section provides a background of the study, including the research topic, what is already known about it and the gaps, and the significance of the proposed research.  

2. Literature review  

This section contains descriptions of all the previous relevant studies pertaining to the research topic. Every study cited should be described in a few sentences, starting with the general studies to the more specific ones. This section builds on the understanding gained by readers in the Introduction section and supports it by citing relevant prior literature, indicating to readers that you have thoroughly researched your subject.  

3. Objectives  

Once the background and gaps in the research topic have been established, authors must now state the aims of the research clearly. Hypotheses should be mentioned here. This section further helps readers understand what your study’s specific goals are.  

4. Research design and methodology  

Here, authors should clearly describe the methods they intend to use to achieve their proposed objectives. Important components of this section include the population and sample size, data collection and analysis methods and duration, statistical analysis software, measures to avoid bias (randomization, blinding), etc.  

5. Ethical considerations  

This refers to the protection of participants’ rights, such as the right to privacy, right to confidentiality, etc. Researchers need to obtain informed consent and institutional review approval by the required authorities and mention this clearly for transparency.  

6. Budget/funding  

Researchers should prepare their budget and include all expected expenditures. An additional allowance for contingencies such as delays should also be factored in.  

7. Appendices  

This section typically includes information that supports the research proposal and may include informed consent forms, questionnaires, participant information, measurement tools, etc.  

8. Citations  

Important Tips for Writing a Research Proposal  

Writing a research proposal begins much before the actual task of writing. Planning the research proposal structure and content is an important stage, which if done efficiently, can help you seamlessly transition into the writing stage. 3,5  

The Planning Stage  

• Manage your time efficiently. Plan to have the draft version ready at least two weeks before your deadline and the final version at least two to three days before the deadline.
• What is the primary objective of your research?  
• Will your research address any existing gap?  
• What is the impact of your proposed research?  
• Do people outside your field find your research applicable in other areas?  
• If your research is unsuccessful, would there still be other useful research outcomes?  

  The Writing Stage  

• Create an outline with main section headings that are typically used.  
• Focus only on writing and getting your points across without worrying about the format of the research proposal , grammar, punctuation, etc. These can be fixed during the subsequent passes. Add details to each section heading you created in the beginning.   
• Ensure your sentences are concise and use plain language. A research proposal usually contains about 2,000 to 4,000 words or four to seven pages.  
• Don’t use too many technical terms and abbreviations assuming that the readers would know them. Define the abbreviations and technical terms.  
• Ensure that the entire content is readable. Avoid using long paragraphs because they affect the continuity in reading. Break them into shorter paragraphs and introduce some white space for readability.  
• Focus on only the major research issues and cite sources accordingly. Don’t include generic information or their sources in the literature review.  
• Proofread your final document to ensure there are no grammatical errors so readers can enjoy a seamless, uninterrupted read.  
• Use academic, scholarly language because it brings formality into a document.  
• Ensure that your title is created using the keywords in the document and is neither too long and specific nor too short and general.  
• Cite all sources appropriately to avoid plagiarism.  
• Make sure that you follow guidelines, if provided. This includes rules as simple as using a specific font or a hyphen or en dash between numerical ranges.  
• Ensure that you’ve answered all questions requested by the evaluating authority.  

Key Takeaways   

Here’s a summary of the main points about research proposals discussed in the previous sections:  

• A research proposal is a document that outlines the details of a proposed study and is created by researchers to submit to evaluators who could be research institutions, universities, faculty, etc.  
• Research proposals are usually about 2,000-4,000 words long, but this depends on the evaluating authority’s guidelines.  
• A good research proposal ensures that you’ve done your background research and assessed the feasibility of the research.  
• Research proposals have the following main sections—introduction, literature review, objectives, methodology, ethical considerations, and budget.  

Frequently Asked Questions  

Q1. How is a research proposal evaluated?  

A1. In general, most evaluators, including universities, broadly use the following criteria to evaluate research proposals . 6  

• Significance —Does the research address any important subject or issue, which may or may not be specific to the evaluator or university?  
• Content and design —Is the proposed methodology appropriate to answer the research question? Are the objectives clear and well aligned with the proposed methodology?  
• Sample size and selection —Is the target population or cohort size clearly mentioned? Is the sampling process used to select participants randomized, appropriate, and free of bias?  
• Timing —Are the proposed data collection dates mentioned clearly? Is the project feasible given the specified resources and timeline?  
• Data management and dissemination —Who will have access to the data? What is the plan for data analysis?  

Q2. What is the difference between the Introduction and Literature Review sections in a research proposal ?  

A2. The Introduction or Background section in a research proposal sets the context of the study by describing the current scenario of the subject and identifying the gaps and need for the research. A Literature Review, on the other hand, provides references to all prior relevant literature to help corroborate the gaps identified and the research need.  

Q3. How long should a research proposal be?  

A3. Research proposal lengths vary with the evaluating authority like universities or committees and also the subject. Here’s a table that lists the typical research proposal lengths for a few universities.  

Q4. What are the common mistakes to avoid in a research proposal ?  

A4. Here are a few common mistakes that you must avoid while writing a research proposal . 7  

• No clear objectives: Objectives should be clear, specific, and measurable for the easy understanding among readers.  
• Incomplete or unconvincing background research: Background research usually includes a review of the current scenario of the particular industry and also a review of the previous literature on the subject. This helps readers understand your reasons for undertaking this research because you identified gaps in the existing research.  
• Overlooking project feasibility: The project scope and estimates should be realistic considering the resources and time available.   
• Neglecting the impact and significance of the study: In a research proposal , readers and evaluators look for the implications or significance of your research and how it contributes to the existing research. This information should always be included.  
• Unstructured format of a research proposal : A well-structured document gives confidence to evaluators that you have read the guidelines carefully and are well organized in your approach, consequently affirming that you will be able to undertake the research as mentioned in your proposal.  
• Ineffective writing style: The language used should be formal and grammatically correct. If required, editors could be consulted, including AI-based tools such as Paperpal , to refine the research proposal structure and language.  

Thus, a research proposal is an essential document that can help you promote your research and secure funds and grants for conducting your research. Consequently, it should be well written in clear language and include all essential details to convince the evaluators of your ability to conduct the research as proposed.  

This article has described all the important components of a research proposal and has also provided tips to improve your writing style. We hope all these tips will help you write a well-structured research proposal to ensure receipt of grants or any other purpose.  

References  

• Sudheesh K, Duggappa DR, Nethra SS. How to write a research proposal? Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(9):631-634. Accessed July 15, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037942/  
• Writing research proposals. Harvard College Office of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships. Harvard University. Accessed July 14, 2024. https://uraf.harvard.edu/apply-opportunities/app-components/essays/research-proposals  
• What is a research proposal? Plus how to write one. Indeed website. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/research-proposal  
• Research proposal template. University of Rochester Medical Center. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/MediaLibraries/URMCMedia/pediatrics/research/documents/Research-proposal-Template.pdf  
• Tips for successful proposal writing. Johns Hopkins University. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://research.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Tips-for-Successful-Proposal-Writing.pdf  
• Formal review of research proposals. Cornell University. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://irp.dpb.cornell.edu/surveys/survey-assessment-review-group/research-proposals  
• 7 Mistakes you must avoid in your research proposal. Aveksana (via LinkedIn). Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-mistakes-you-must-avoid-your-research-proposal-aveksana-cmtwf/  

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• How Americans Get Local Political News

1.  Consumption and sources of local political news

Table of contents.

• Americans' sources for local political news
• Americans’ satisfaction with their local political news
• Is it easy enough to find information needed to make voting decisions?
• 3. Community attachment and local political news
• Acknowledgments
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Despite an overall decline in attention to local news , a majority of Americans (68%) say they at least sometimes get news and information about local government and politics, on par with the share who get news about local traffic.

Americans are more likely to say they at least sometimes get news about local weather (90%) and crime (77%) than about local government (68%). But smaller majorities say they get local news about arts and culture, the economy, schools, and sports.

Older adults are much more likely than younger people to follow news about local government, mirroring a pattern seen with local news consumption as a whole.

Roughly eight-in-ten Americans ages 65 and older (81%) say they at least sometimes get local political news, including 34% who do this often. By comparison, 56% of Americans 18 to 29 at least sometimes get news about local politics (12% often).

There also is some variation in levels of local political news consumption across racial and ethnic groups. About three-in-ten Black Americans (29%) say they often keep up with news about local government, higher than other groups. Black Americans also are especially likely to follow local news in general.

Republicans and Democrats, including independents who lean toward each party, report getting news on local government and politics at similar rates.

Americans’ sources for local political news

The most common sources Americans turn to for local political news include friends and family, local news outlets, and social media platforms.

Seven-in-ten U.S. adults often or sometimes get local political news from their friends, family and neighbors. About two-thirds (66%) at least sometimes get information about local politics from local news outlets. And 54% of U.S. adults get local political news on social media.

About three-in-ten Americans at least sometimes get local political news from local government websites (32%), local nonprofits or advocacy groups (31%), and local politicians (30%).

There are no major differences between Democrats and Republicans in how often they get local political news from most kinds of sources. However, Democrats are modestly more likely to get local political news from government websites and nonprofits or advocacy groups.

Americans of different age groups tend to use different sources for local political news

Although younger Americans generally follow news about local government and politics less closely than their older counterparts, they are more likely to see such news on social media. About seven-in-ten U.S. adults ages 18 to 29 (71%) often or sometimes get local political news on social media, compared with 36% of those 65 and older.

This mirrors patterns in news consumption more broadly: Young adults are more likely to turn to digital pathways for news .

In contrast, older people are more inclined to use news outlets for local political news. Three-quarters of Americans ages 65 and older say they at least sometimes get news on local politics from local news outlets, while 53% of adults under 30 do this.

Older adults also are more likely to get local political news directly from local politicians.

There are only small or no differences among age groups in the shares who get local political news from other sources. About seven-in-ten Americans of all age groups at least sometimes hear news about local government and politics from their friends, family and neighbors.

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Research on the impact of landscape planning on visual and spatial perception in historical district tourism: a case study of laomendong.

1. Introduction

2. literature review, 2.1. importance of historical landscapes to visual perception, 2.2. the crucial role of visual perception in shaping spatial perception, 2.3. the interdisciplinary study of spatial perception and its impact on urban design, 2.4. the impact of historical landscapes on visual and spatial perception in historic districts, 3. the research framework, 4. methodology, 4.1. model theory, 4.2. the study site, 4.3. measurement, 4.4. data collection, 4.5. data analysis, 5.1. multiple-variable normality, 5.2. measurement for historical landscapes, 5.3. measurement for spatial perception, 5.4. measurement for the overall model, 5.5. measurement for the structural model, 6. conclusions and discussions, 6.1. summary of the research findings, 6.2. practical implications for the sustainable development of historical district tourism, 6.3. contributions, 6.4. limitations, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Shao, L.; Ma, P.; Zhou, Z. Research on the Impact of Landscape Planning on Visual and Spatial Perception in Historical District Tourism: A Case Study of Laomendong. Land 2024 , 13 , 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081134

Shao L, Ma P, Zhou Z. Research on the Impact of Landscape Planning on Visual and Spatial Perception in Historical District Tourism: A Case Study of Laomendong. Land . 2024; 13(8):1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081134

Shao, Lingfang, Pengfei Ma, and Zijin Zhou. 2024. "Research on the Impact of Landscape Planning on Visual and Spatial Perception in Historical District Tourism: A Case Study of Laomendong" Land 13, no. 8: 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081134

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6 Ways to Bring Strategy into Your Work Every Day

• David Lancefield

Small decisions about where to focus and what to do throughout your day may feel inconsequential, but their impacts accumulate.

Business leaders are expected to be strategic, and while organizational obstacles can prevent you from translating intent into strategic actions, so can your personal limitations and practices. It doesn’t have to be this way. Even when it feels like the odds are stacked against you, you have more choices than you may realize. Small decisions about where to focus and what to do throughout your day may feel inconsequential, but their impacts accumulate. Master those small decisions and before you know it, you’ll overcome the obstacles as you pursue your strategy with greater clarity, determination, and ultimately success. The author presents six ways to incorporate strategy into your daily practices.

Being strategic — that is, making a coherent set of choices to help you pursue an ambition or goal — is a nonnegotiable skill for business leaders. But it can be hard to practice, and strategies are notoriously hard to design and deliver. Sometimes we blame organizational obstacles. For example, micromanagement dampens enthusiasm for trying something new. Incentives encourage us to stick to the status quo. Poor communication makes it hard to know where to focus.

• David Lancefield is a  catalyst, strategist, and coach  for leaders. He’s advised more than 40 CEOs and hundreds of executives, was a senior partner at Strategy&, and is a guest lecturer at the London Business School. Find him on LinkedIn (@davidclancefield) or at  davidlancefield.com , where you can sign up for his free “Mastering Big Moments”  workbook .

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Watch Simone Biles nail a Yurchenko double pike vault at Olympics podium training

Editor's note: Follow Olympics gymnastics live, results, scores and highlights for women's qualifying.

PARIS — If this is what Simone Biles does in practice, just imagine when it’s for real.

Biles nailed her signature Yurchenko double pike vault during podium training on Thursday at the 2024 Paris Olympics . She got tremendous height in the air and landed on the mat with a solid thud, not needing to even shuffle her feet or take a step to secure the landing.

UNREAL 🤯 pic.twitter.com/lhok5q0CwT — USA Gymnastics (@USAGym) July 25, 2024

It is, by far, the best she’s ever done the vault, surpassing even the one she did at the 2023 U.S. championships , where she got a 9.8 in execution. Biles beamed and her teammates cheered when she finished, and she exchanged a high five with coach Laurent Landi after she walked off the mat.

The U.S. women's gymnastics team competes in qualifying Sunday. The Yurchenko double pike, now known as the Biles II, is so difficult that few men even try it. That’s because it has no bailout. Once you start rotating, you’re committed, and you either land on your feet or, if it goes wrong, you land on your neck.

But as Biles showed Thursday, she's got it all but perfected .

The USA TODAY app gets you to the heart of the news — fast. Download for award-winning coverage, crosswords, audio storytelling, the eNewspaper and more .