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Introduction, organic farming process, benefits of organic farming, organic agriculture and sustainable development, status of organic farming in india: production, popularity, and economic growth, future prospects of organic farming in india, conclusions, conflict of interest.

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Organic farming in India: a vision towards a healthy nation

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Suryatapa Das, Annalakshmi Chatterjee, Tapan Kumar Pal, Organic farming in India: a vision towards a healthy nation, Food Quality and Safety , Volume 4, Issue 2, May 2020, Pages 69–76, https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa018

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Food quality and safety are the two important factors that have gained ever-increasing attention in general consumers. Conventionally grown foods have immense adverse health effects due to the presence of higher pesticide residue, more nitrate, heavy metals, hormones, antibiotic residue, and also genetically modified organisms. Moreover, conventionally grown foods are less nutritious and contain lesser amounts of protective antioxidants. In the quest for safer food, the demand for organically grown foods has increased during the last decades due to their probable health benefits and food safety concerns. Organic food production is defined as cultivation without the application of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides or genetically modified organisms, growth hormones, and antibiotics. The popularity of organically grown foods is increasing day by day owing to their nutritional and health benefits. Organic farming also protects the environment and has a greater socio-economic impact on a nation. India is a country that is bestowed with indigenous skills and potentiality for growth in organic agriculture. Although India was far behind in the adoption of organic farming due to several reasons, presently it has achieved rapid growth in organic agriculture and now becomes one of the largest organic producers in the world. Therefore, organic farming has a great impact on the health of a nation like India by ensuring sustainable development.

Food quality and safety are two vital factors that have attained constant attention in common people. Growing environmental awareness and several food hazards (e.g. dioxins, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and bacterial contamination) have substantially decreased the consumer’s trust towards food quality in the last decades. Intensive conventional farming can add contamination to the food chain. For these reasons, consumers are quested for safer and better foods that are produced through more ecologically and authentically by local systems. Organically grown food and food products are believed to meet these demands ( Rembialkowska, 2007 ).

In recent years, organic farming as a cultivation process is gaining increasing popularity ( Dangour et al. , 2010 ). Organically grown foods have become one of the best choices for both consumers and farmers. Organically grown foods are part of go green lifestyle. But the question is that what is meant by organic farming? ( Chopra et al. , 2013 ).

The term ‘organic’ was first coined by Northbourne, in 1940, in his book entitled ‘Look to the Land’.

Northbourne stated that ‘the farm itself should have biological completeness; it must be a living entity; it must be a unit which has within itself a balanced organic life’( Nourthbourne, 2003 ). Northbourne also defined organic farming as ‘an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity’. According to Winter and Davis (2006) , ‘it is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony’.

They mentioned that organic produce is not grown with synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, growth hormones, application of genetic modification techniques (such as genetically modified crops), sewage sludge, or chemical fertilizers.

Whereas, conventional farming is the cultivation process where synthetic pesticide and chemical fertilizers are applied to gain higher crop yield and profit. In conventional farming, synthetic pesticides and chemicals are able to eliminate insects, weeds, and pests and growth factors such as synthetic hormones and fertilizers increase growth rate ( Worthington, 2001 ).

As synthetically produced pesticides and chemical fertilizers are utilized in conventional farming, consumption of conventionally grown foods is discouraged, and for these reasons, the popularity of organic farming is increasing gradually.

Organic farming and food processing practices are wide-ranging and necessitate the development of socially, ecologically, and economically sustainable food production system. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) has suggested the basic four principles of organic farming, i.e. the principle of health, ecology, fairness, and care ( Figure 1 ). The main principles and practices of organic food production are to inspire and enhance biological cycles in the farming system, keep and enhance deep-rooted soil fertility, reduce all types of pollution, evade the application of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, conserve genetic diversity in food, consider the vast socio-ecological impact of food production, and produce high-quality food in sufficient quantity ( IFOAM, 1998 ).

Principles of organic farming (adapted from IFOAM, 1998 ).

According to the National Organic Programme implemented by USDA Organic Food Production Act (OFPA, 1990), agriculture needs specific prerequisites for both crop cultivation and animal husbandry. To be acceptable as organic, crops should be cultivated in lands without any synthetic pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and herbicides for 3 years before harvesting with enough buffer zone to lower contamination from the adjacent farms. Genetically engineered products, sewage sludge, and ionizing radiation are strictly prohibited. Fertility and nutrient content of soil are managed primarily by farming practices, with crop rotation, and using cover crops that are boosted with animal and plant waste manures. Pests, diseases, and weeds are mainly controlled with the adaptation of physical and biological control systems without using herbicides and synthetic pesticides. Organic livestock should be reared devoid of scheduled application of growth hormones or antibiotics and they should be provided with enough access to the outdoor. Preventive health practices such as routine vaccination, vitamins and minerals supplementation are also needed (OFPA, 1990).

Nutritional benefits and health safety

Magnusson et al. (2003) and Brandt and MØlgaord (2001) mentioned that the growing demand for organically farmed fresh products has created an interest in both consumer and producer regarding the nutritional value of organically and conventionally grown foods. According to a study conducted by AFSSA (2003) , organically grown foods, especially leafy vegetables and tubers, have higher dry matter as compared to conventionally grown foods. Woëse et al. (1997) and Bourn and Prescott (2002) also found similar results. Although organic cereals and their products contain lesser protein than conventional cereals, they have higher quality proteins with better amino acid scores. Lysine content in organic wheat has been reported to be 25%–30% more than conventional wheat ( Woëse et al. , 1997 ; Brandt et al. , 2000 ).

Organically grazed cows and sheep contain less fat and more lean meat as compared to conventional counterparts ( Hansson et al. , 2000 ). In a study conducted by Nürnberg et al. (2002) , organically fed cow’s muscle contains fourfold more linolenic acid, which is a recommended cardio-protective ω-3 fatty acid, with accompanying decrease in oleic acid and linoleic acid. Pastushenko et al. (2000) found that meat from an organically grazed cow contains high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The milk produced from the organic farm contains higher polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E ( Lund, 1991 ). Vitamin E and carotenoids are found in a nutritionally desirable amount in organic milk ( Nürnberg et al. , 2002 ). Higher oleic acid has been found in organic virgin olive oil ( Gutierrez et al. , 1999 ). Organic plants contain significantly more magnesium, iron, and phosphorous. They also contain more calcium, sodium, and potassium as major elements and manganese, iodine, chromium, molybdenum, selenium, boron, copper, vanadium, and zinc as trace elements ( Rembialkowska, 2007 ).

According to a review of Lairon (2010) which was based on the French Agency for food safety (AFSSA) report, organic products contain more dry matter, minerals, and antioxidants such as polyphenols and salicylic acid. Organic foods (94%–100%) contain no pesticide residues in comparison to conventionally grown foods.

Fruits and vegetables contain a wide variety of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, resveratrol, and pro-vitamin C and carotenoids which are generally secondary metabolites of plants. In a study of Lairon (2010) , organic fruits and vegetables contain 27% more vitamin C than conventional fruits and vegetables. These secondary metabolites have substantial regulatory effects at cellular levels and hence found to be protective against certain diseases such as cancers, chronic inflammations, and other diseases ( Lairon, 2010 ).

According to a Food Marketing Institute (2008) , some organic foods such as corn, strawberries, and marionberries have greater than 30% of cancer-fighting antioxidants. The phenols and polyphenolic antioxidants are in higher level in organic fruits and vegetables. It has been estimated that organic plants contain double the amount of phenolic compounds than conventional ones ( Rembialkowska, 2007 ). Organic wine has been reported to contain a higher level of resveratrol ( Levite et al. , 2000 ).

Rossi et al. (2008) stated that organically grown tomatoes contain more salicylic acid than conventional counterparts. Salicylic acid is a naturally occurring phytochemical having anti-inflammatory and anti-stress effects and prevents hardening of arteries and bowel cancer ( Rembialkowska, 2007 ; Butler et al. , 2008 ).

Total sugar content is more in organic fruits because of which they taste better to consumers. Bread made from organically grown grain was found to have better flavour and also had better crumb elasticity ( BjØrn and Fruekidle, 2003 ). Organically grown fruits and vegetables have been proved to taste better and smell good ( Rembialkowska, 2000 ).

Organic vegetables normally have far less nitrate content than conventional vegetables ( Woëse et al. , 1997 ). Nitrates are used in farming as soil fertilizer but they can be easily transformed into nitrites, a matter of public health concern. Nitrites are highly reactive nitrogen species that are capable of competing with oxygen in the blood to bind with haemoglobin, thus leading to methemoglobinemia. It also binds to the secondary amine to generate nitrosamine which is a potent carcinogen ( Lairon, 2010 ).

As organically grown foods are cultivated without the use of pesticides and sewage sludge, they are less contaminated with pesticide residue and pathogenic organisms such as Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella sp. or Escherichia coli ( Van Renterghem et al. , 1991 ; Lung et al. , 2001 ; Warnick et al. , 2001 ).

Therefore, organic foods ensure better nutritional benefits and health safety.

Environmental impact

Organic farming has a protective role in environmental conservation. The effect of organic and conventional agriculture on the environment has been extensively studied. It is believed that organic farming is less harmful to the environment as it does not allow synthetic pesticides, most of which are potentially harmful to water, soil, and local terrestrial and aquatic wildlife ( Oquist et al. , 2007 ). In addition, organic farms are better than conventional farms at sustaining biodiversity, due to practices of crop rotation. Organic farming improves physico-biological properties of soil consisting of more organic matter, biomass, higher enzyme, better soil stability, enhanced water percolation, holding capacities, lesser water, and wind erosion compared to conventionally farming soil ( Fliessbach & Mäder, 2000 ; Edwards, 2007 ; Fileβbach et al. , 2007 ). Organic farming uses lesser energy and produces less waste per unit area or per unit yield ( Stolze et al. , 2000 ; Hansen et al. , 2001 ). In addition, organically managed soils are of greater quality and water retention capacity, resulting in higher yield in organic farms even during the drought years ( Pimentel et al. , 2005 ).

Socioeconomic impact

Organic cultivation requires a higher level of labour, hence produces more income-generating jobs per farm ( Halberg, 2008 ). According to Winter and Davis (2006), an organic product typically costs 10%–40% more than the similar conventionally crops and it depends on multiple factors both in the input and the output arms. On the input side, factors that enhance the price of organic foods include the high cost of obtaining the organic certification, the high cost of manpower in the field, lack of subsidies on organics in India, unlike chemical inputs. But consumers are willing to pay a high price as there is increasing health awareness. Some organic products also have short supply against high demand with a resultant increase in cost ( Mukherjee et al. , 2018 ).

Biofertilizers and pesticides can be produced locally, so yearly inputs invested by the farmers are also low ( Lobley et al. , 2005 ). As the labours working in organic farms are less likely to be exposed to agricultural chemicals, their occupational health is improved ( Thompson and Kidwell, 1998 ). Organic food has a longer shelf life than conventional foods due to lesser nitrates and greater antioxidants. Nitrates hasten food spoilage, whereas antioxidants help to enhance the shelf life of foods ( Shreck et al. , 2006 ). Organic farming is now an expanding economic sector as a result of the profit incurred by organic produce and thereby leading to a growing inclination towards organic agriculture by the farmers.

The concept of sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals—environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. The concept of sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The very basic approach to organic farming for the sustainable environment includes the following ( Yadav, 2017 ):

Improvement and maintenance of the natural landscape and agro-ecosystem.

Avoidance of overexploitation and pollution of natural resources.

Minimization of the consumption of non-renewable energy resources.

Exploitation synergies that exist in a natural ecosystem.

Maintenance and improve soil health by stimulating activity or soil organic manures and avoid harming them with pesticides.

Optimum economic returns, with a safe, secure, and healthy working environment.

Acknowledgement of the virtues of indigenous know-how and traditional farming system.

Long-term economic viability can only be possible by organic farming and because of its premium price in the market, organic farming is more profitable. The increase in the cost of production by the use of pesticides and fertilizers in conventional farming and its negative impact on farmer’s health affect economic balance in a community and benefits only go to the manufacturer of these pesticides. Continuous degradation of soil fertility by chemical fertilizers leads to production loss and hence increases the cost of production which makes the farming economically unsustainable. Implementation of a strategy encompassing food security, generation of rural employment, poverty alleviation, conservation of the natural resource, adoption of an export-oriented production system, sound infrastructure, active participation of government, and private-public sector will be helpful to make revamp economic sustainability in agriculture ( Soumya, 2015 ).

Social sustainability

It is defined as a process or framework that promotes the wellbeing of members of an organization while supporting the ability of future generations to maintain a healthy community. Social sustainability can be improved by enabling rural poor to get benefit from agricultural development, giving respect to indigenous knowledge and practices along with modern technologies, promoting gender equality in labour, full participation of vibrant rural communities to enhance their confidence and mental health, and thus decreasing suicidal rates among the farmers. Organic farming appears to generate 30% more employment in rural areas and labour achieves higher returns per unit of labour input ( Pandey and Singh, 2012 ).

Organic food and farming have continued to grow across the world. Since 1985, the total area of farmland under organic production has been increased steadily over the last three decades ( Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ). By 2017, there was a total of 69.8 million hectares of organically managed land recorded globally which represents a 20% growth or 11.7 million hectares of land in comparison to the year 2016. This is the largest growth ever recorded in organic farming ( Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ). The countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land recorded in the year 2017 are given in Figure 2 . Australia has the largest organic lands with an area of 35.65 million hectares and India acquired the eighth position with a total organic agriculture area of 1.78 million hectares ( Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ).

Country-wise areas of organic agriculture land, 2017 ( Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ).

In 2017, it was also reported that day to day the number of organic produces increases considerably all over the world. Asia contributes to the largest percentage (40%) of organic production in the world and India contributes to be largest number of organic producer (835 000) ( Figures 3 and 4 ).

Organic producers by region, 2017 ( Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ).

Largest organic producers in the world, 2017 ( Willer and Lernoud, 2017 ).

The growth of organic farming in India was quite dawdling with only 41 000 hectares of organic land comprising merely 0.03% of the total cultivated area. In India during 2002, the production of organic farming was about 14 000 tonnes of which 85% of it was exported ( Chopra et al. , 2013 ). The most important barrier considered in the progress of organic agriculture in India was the lacunae in the government policies of making a firm decision to promote organic agriculture. Moreover, there were several major drawbacks in the growth of organic farming in India which include lack of awareness, lack of good marketing policies, shortage of biomass, inadequate farming infrastructure, high input cost of farming, inappropriate marketing of organic input, inefficient agricultural policies, lack of financial support, incapability of meeting export demand, lack of quality manure, and low yield ( Figure 5 ; Bhardwaj and Dhiman, 2019 ).

Constraints of organic farming in India in the past ( Bhardwaj and Dhiman, 2019 ).

Recently, the Government of India has implemented a number of programs and schemes for boosting organic farming in the country. Among these the most important include (1) The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana, (2) Organic Value Chain Development in North Eastern Region Scheme, (3) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, (4) The mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (a. National Horticulture Mission, b. Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan states, c. National Bamboo Mission, d. National Horticulture Board, e. Coconut Development Board, d. Central Institute for Horticulture, Nagaland), (5) National Programme for Organic Production, (6) National Project on Organic Farming, and (7) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture ( Yadav, 2017 ).

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a method of farming where the cost of growing and harvesting plants is zero as it reduces costs through eliminating external inputs and using local resources to rejuvenate soils and restore ecosystem health through diverse, multi-layered cropping systems. It requires only 10% of water and 10% electricity less than chemical and organic farming. The micro-organisms of Cow dung (300–500 crores of beneficial micro-organisms per one gram cow dung) decompose the dried biomass on the soil and convert it into ready-to-use nutrients for plants. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana since 2015–16 and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana are the schemes taken by the Government of India under the ZBNF policy ( Sobhana et al. , 2019 ). According to Kumar (2020) , in the union budget 2020–21, Rs 687.5 crore has been allocated for the organic and natural farming sector which was Rs 461.36 crore in the previous year.

Indian Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture cited that the global market for organically grown foods is USD 26 billion which will be increased to the amount of USD 102 billion by 2020 ( Chopra et al. , 2013 ).

The major states involved in organic agriculture in India are Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and Himachal Pradesh ( Chandrashekar, 2010 ).

India ranked 8th with respect to the land of organic agriculture and 88th in the ratio of organic crops to agricultural land as per Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority and report of Research Institute of Organic Agriculture ( Chopra et al. , 2013 ; Willer and Lernoud, 2017 ). But a significant growth in the organic sector in India has been observed ( Willer and Lernoud, 2017 ) in the last decades.

There have been about a threefold increase from 528 171 ha in 2007–08 to 1.2 million ha of cultivable land in 2014–15. As per the study conducted by Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry in India, the organic food turnover is increasing at about 25% annually and thereby will be expected to reach USD 1.36 billion in 2020 from USD 0.36 billion in 2014 ( Willer and Lernoud, 2017 ).

The consumption and popularity of organic foods are increasing day by day throughout the world. In 2008, more than two-thirds of US consumers purchased organic food, and more than one fourth purchased them weekly. The consumption of organic crops has doubled in the USA since 1997. A consumer prefers organic foods in the concept that organic foods have more nutritional values, have lesser or no additive contaminants, and sustainably grown. The families with younger consumers, in general, prefer organic fruits and vegetables than consumers of any other age group ( Thompson et al. , 1998 ; Loureino et al. , 2001 ; Magnusson et al. , 2003 ). The popularity of organic foods is due to its nutritional and health benefits and positive impact on environmental and socioeconomic status ( Chopra et al. , 2013 ) and by a survey conducted by the UN Environment Programme, organic farming methods give small yields (on average 20% lower) as compared to conventional farming ( Gutierrez et al. , 1999 ). As the yields of organically grown foods are low, the costs of them are higher. The higher prices made a barrier for many consumers to buy organic foods ( Lairon, 2010 ). Organic farming needs far more lands to generate the same amount of organic food produce as conventional farming does, as chemical fertilizers are not used here, which conventionally produces higher yield. Organic agriculture hardly contributes to addressing the issue of global climate change. During the last decades, the consumption of organic foods has been increasing gradually, particularly in western countries ( Meiner-Ploeger, 2005 ).

Organic foods have become one of the rapidly growing food markets with revenue increasing by nearly 20% each year since 1990 ( Winter and Davis, 2006 ). The global organic food market has been reached USD 81.6 billion in 2015 from USD 17.9 billion during the year 2000 ( Figure 6 ) and most of which showed double-digit growth rates ( Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ).

Worldwide growth in organic food sales ( Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ).

India is an agriculture-based country with 67% of its population and 55% of manpower depending on farming and related activities. Agriculture fulfils the basic needs of India’s fastest-growing population accounted for 30% of total income. Organic farming has been found to be an indigenous practice of India that practised in countless rural and farming communities over the millennium. The arrival of modern techniques and increased burden of population led to a propensity towards conventional farming that involves the use of synthetic fertilizer, chemical pesticides, application of genetic modification techniques, etc.

Even in developing countries like India, the demand for organically grown produce is more as people are more aware now about the safety and quality of food, and the organic process has a massive influence on soil health, which devoid of chemical pesticides. Organic cultivation has an immense prospect of income generation too ( Bhardwaj and Dhiman, 2019 ). The soil in India is bestowed with various types of naturally available organic nutrient resources that aid in organic farming ( Adolph and Butterworth, 2002 ; Reddy, 2010 ; Deshmukh and Babar, 2015 ).

India is a country with a concrete traditional farming system, ingenious farmers, extensive drylands, and nominal use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Moreover, adequate rainfall in north-east hilly regions of the country where few negligible chemicals are employed for a long period of time, come to fruition as naturally organic lands ( Gour, 2016 ).

Indian traditional farmers possess a deep insight based on their knowledge, extensive observation, perseverance and practices for maintaining soil fertility, and pest management which are found effective in strengthening organic production and subsequent economic growth in India. The progress in organic agriculture is quite commendable. Currently, India has become the largest organic producer in the globe ( Willer and Lernoud, 2017 , 2019 ) and ranked eighth having 1.78 million ha of organic agriculture land in the world in 2017 ( Sharma and Goyal, 2000 ; Adolph and Butterworth, 2002 ; Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ).

Various newer technologies have been invented in the field of organic farming such as integration of mycorrhizal fungi and nano-biostimulants (to increase the agricultural productivity in an environmentally friendly manner), mapping cultivation areas more consciously through sensor technology and spatial geodata, 3D printers (to help the country’s smallholder), production from side streams and waste along with main commodities, promotion and improvement of sustainable agriculture through innovation in drip irrigation, precision agriculture, and agro-ecological practices. Another advancement in the development of organic farming is BeeScanning App, through which beekeepers can fight the Varroa destructor parasite mite and also forms a basis for population modelling and breeding programmes ( Nova-Institut GmbH, 2018 ).

Inhana Rational Farming Technology developed on the principle ‘Element Energy Activation’ is a comprehensive organic method for ensuring ecologically and economically sustainable crop production and it is based on ancient Indian philosophy and modern scientific knowledge.

The technology works towards (1) energization of soil system: reactivation of soil-plant-microflora dynamics by restoration of the population and efficiency of the native soil microflora and (2) energization of plant system: restoration of the two defence mechanisms of the plant kingdom that are nutrient use efficiency and superior plant immunity against pest/disease infection ( Barik and Sarkar, 2017 ).

Organic farming yields more nutritious and safe food. The popularity of organic food is growing dramatically as consumer seeks the organic foods that are thought to be healthier and safer. Thus, organic food perhaps ensures food safety from farm to plate. The organic farming process is more eco-friendly than conventional farming. Organic farming keeps soil healthy and maintains environment integrity thereby, promoting the health of consumers. Moreover, the organic produce market is now the fastest growing market all over the world including India. Organic agriculture promotes the health of consumers of a nation, the ecological health of a nation, and the economic growth of a nation by income generation holistically. India, at present, is the world’s largest organic producers ( Willer and Lernoud, 2019 ) and with this vision, we can conclude that encouraging organic farming in India can build a nutritionally, ecologically, and economically healthy nation in near future.

This review work was funded by the University Grants Commission, Government of India.

None declared.

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Organic Farming in India: Evolution, Current Status and Policy Perspectives

Space and Culture, India

The performance of the agricultural sector is key for the development of the economy, especially for developing economies. It helps the economy in various ways, such as increased income for farmers, employment in rural areas, and, most importantly, food security. With the growing demand for food, farmers use extensive fertilisers and pesticides to increase productivity. This irrational use of fertilisers reduces soil fertility, pollutes rivers, kills plants and animals, and is linked to many human diseases. Thus, conventional farming raises many concerns related to the environment as well as human health. The emergence of organic farming is because of certain limitations of conventional farming. In our country, organic farming practices are taking a new shape. India has 1.59 million organic producers with 2.7 million hectares of agricultural land under organic agriculture. The current paper aims to describe the evolution and status of organic agriculture in India. It also seeks to p...

Related Papers

Nayana Sharma

The advancement of technology and development in agriculture has enabled our country to provide food security. But every coin has two sides; this all advancement in agriculture has directed to imbalance our ecosystem. Under such condition, serious concerns have been expressed regarding the use of heavy chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture in terms of their negative impact on the human health and the environment. The phenomenon of ‘Organic Agriculture’ is the only solution to nurture the land and to regenerate the soil by going back to our traditional method of farming i.e., free from chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers. This is a possible step for sustainable development by choosing not to use chemicals, synthetic materials, pesticides and growth hormones to produce high nutritional quality food and in adequate quantity. This article provides an overview of organic agriculture, its present scenario in India, the main principles of organic agriculture and constraint...

Regarded as a fringe movement of dubious repute, organic farming started from rather meager roots; and yet has managed to gain respect and spread worldwide with sales in the order of about US$40 billion per year. Today one of the debates in this regard is whether organic farming is just a status symbol, or is it really better for us? Failures of green revolution, fall in biodiversity and crop yields, deteriorating levels of human end environmental health etc. make us rethink agriculture in general and sustainable agriculture in particular. For instance, in 2010, farmers, environmentalists and policy-makers in Kerala took the unprecedented step of enacting a policy that requires all Kerala growers to farm organically by 2020. Kerala's example shows that when done right, this kind of agriculture can be good for everyone in our global food system. This paper intends to provide a variety of perspectives to examine nature and relevance of organic farming and explain the pattern of growth of the organic food system, with reference to India. To its credit, the paper also addresses some of the issues, and a few uncertainties about its future development. Keywords: Food; Organic Farming; India; Kerala

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, with more than half of the population reliant on it for survival. Although its contribution to India's GDP is less as compared to other sectors and it is gradually decreasing due to traditional farming practices. And therefore, it is necessary to revive this basic sector. Organic farming is a holistic approach that along with increasing the socioeconomic status of marginal farmers, it is also beneficial for the environment. Northbourne originated the term "organic" in his book "Look to the Land," published in 1940. (Nourthbourne, 2003) Also defines organic farming as 'an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity'. Traditional farming, on the other hand, is a farming approach that uses synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilisers in order to increase productivity and profit. Synthetic pesticides and chemicals capable of removing insects, weeds, and pests, as well as growth stimulants such as synthetic hormones and fertilisers capable of increasing the rate of growth are used in conventional farming (Worthington, 2001). Organic farming is in a nascent stage in India. About 2.78 million hectare of farmland was under organic cultivation as of March 2020, according to the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare. This is two per cent of the 140.1 million hectare net sown area in the country (Khurana & Kumar, 2020). Another main definition is define by FAO that "Organic agriculture is a unique production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and this is accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in exclusion of all synthetic off farm inputs" (FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1999). Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of modern technology based on natural biological processes with traditional farming practices. Organic methods are used to make the environment pollution free without any ecological cost to increase sustainable production and to release nutrients into the crop. Its aim is to produce highly nutritious crops and the different ways of practicing organic agriculture are such as Crop Diversity, Crop rotation, Biological pest control, Soil management, Green manure Compost, Weed management. 1.1. NEED OF ORGANIC FARMING: Because of the Green Revolution and its chemical-based technologies, production has nearly stagnated, dividends are gradually declining, and pollution, climate change, and other negative externalities are occurring as a result of the Abstract: Organic farming can also be called other natural farming. Since 1990, the market of organic products in the world has increased significantly; Sikkim is the first state in a developing country like India, which became the first state to adopt organic farming, along with Tripura and Uttarakhand is also striving towards achieving the goal of organic farming. On one hand, efforts are made to increase production by using chemicals as much as possible so that the demand can be met and profits can be earned, but the current time changes. Where the use of chemical fertilizers has increased, on the other hand the crop is being produced using organic fertilizers. The producers of organic farming are allowed to use anything other than organic matter for protection and fertilization Today one districtone product scheme has helped small and marginal farmers to produce organic agriculture on a large scale. It turned out to be a traditional farming that promoted quality of production rather than profit. That is, in today's capitalist era, where big farmers do farming with the aim of earning profit by producing more and more, then organic farming proves to be unsuccessful. Apart from this, organic farming is expensive. In this article, efforts will be made to understand the need for organic farming, as well as the issues faced by organic farmers, and also the programmes in place to help them, including the longterm sustainability of organic farming in the future.

Journal of Management Research and Analysis

Dr. N. Karunakaran

Agriculture is still a major livelihood option for majority of population especially in developing counties. While addressing the global food demand, it should also be sustainable in nature in the sense that it should not directly or indirectly cause to depletion of natural resources and the ecosystem in general. Conventional farming is often based on excessive and unscientific use of chemical fertilizer, pesticide and insecticides. It is argued that conventional farming contributes to climate change, depleting fresh water resources, degrading soil fertility and polluting the environment. From this angle, organic farming is suggested as an alternative to conventional farming since its principles and philosophy are entirely different and it has an edge over conventional farming on various grounds. Considering the fact that organic agriculture covers only a small percentage of the net sworn area especially in the case of developing countries like India, whether organic agriculture is ...

Universal Journal of Agricultural Research

George Taylor

Organic agriculture has gained significant attention as a potential solution to India's food security challenges. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on organic farming in India and to identify avenues for future research. This study aimed to examine the connection between organic farming practices and increased crop yields and agricultural output and assess the potential impact of organic agriculture on food security in India. The methodology involved a thorough review of relevant literature. The results of this study showed that organic agriculture has the potential to improve food security in India. However, further research is needed to understand this impact fully. The conclusions highlight the importance of long-term evaluations of the viability and scalability of organic farming as a solution to food security in India, as well as research on the economic and social variables impacting the acceptance and effectiveness of organic agricultural practices. This study also emphasizes the need for further studies comparing the outcomes of organic and conventional farming practices. The contribution of this study to the field is that it provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of organic farming in India and identifies areas for future research. The research limitations and implications and the practical and social implications of organic agriculture are also discussed. The limitation of this review is that the availability of data and information on the topic of organic agriculture in India might be limited, which can impact the comprehensiveness of the review and the ability to synthesize the existing literature fully.

IAEME PUBLICATION

IAEME Publication

An agriculture growth rate which enable the living things to meet their demand without harming the ecological equilibrium and putting the environment in endangerment is emphasized by sustainable agriculture. Organic farming is one among the several approach of production methods that are supportive of the environment and can meet the objectives of sustainable agriculture. Organic farming is one of the best alternative to avoid the ill effects of chemical farming. According to International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM), 'organic agriculture' is a production system that sustains the health of soils, eco systems and people. India being rich in bio- diversity and the same time have high fertility status of the soil has vast opportunity to emerge as major supplies of organic products. Indian farmers have traditionally followed the principles of organic farming in their farm activities. Adoption of new technology in traditional farming and awareness among farmers can make them more productive. The study is based on secondary data. The findings of the study are that organic farming is environmentally sustainable and have large scope in India The paper focus on the understanding of the prospects and challenges of sustainable agriculture practice in India

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

Krishan Grover

Organic farming is not a new notion; it is a traditional farming approach that has been practised since ancient times. It is a proper approach to cultivating the soil and growing food grains since it is chemical-free farming. It is critical to investigate ways to increase the sustainability of organic farming in India. Organic farming, in comparison to conventional farming, offers a number of advantages and profits, which is why it is so popular in our nation. The area under organic farming in India has increased since the inception of the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP). Organic farmers have recently improved their farming knowledge and skills. India has one of the world's biggest livestock populations, and cattle are an important part of organic farming. The study found that agricultural workers and agricultural land in use have a direct relationship with organic farming, which indicates that when these variables grow, so will organic farming, resulting in a rise in agricultural production.

Journal of Applied and Natural Science

bilal padder

Organic agriculture has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing consciousness for safe and healthy food, long term sustainability and environmental concerns despite being contentious in history. Green revolution although paved way for developing countries in self-sufficiency of food but sustaining production against the limited natural resource base demands has shifted steadily from “resource degrading” chemical agriculture to “resource protective” organic agriculture. The essential concept remains the same, i.e., to go back to the arms of nature and take up organic farming to restore the loss. Organic farming emphasizes on rotating crops, managing pests, diversifying crops and livestock and improving the soil. The rainfed areas particularly north-eastern regions where least or no utilization of chemical inputs due to poor resources provides considerable opportunity for promotion of organic farming thereby reflecting its vast but unexplored scope. Howev...

International Journal of Research in Agronomy

Dr. Pranabesh Ghosh

Various food crops are produced in India, including cereals, pulses, and oilseeds. The biggest challenge in India since Independence has been supplying enough food for the growing population. Therefore, highyielding varieties are cultivated with irrigation water, fertilizers, or pesticides. Government policy continues to encourage the growth of the agribusiness sector through substantial investment in infrastructure and food processing. Technological advancements and agri-infrastructure upgrading is still a concerning matter to achieve excellent status. With the time high use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for high production soil fertility is losing as well as the food safety is in the challenging condition. At present scenario, organic farming is the backbone of the great Indian civilization. The Organic Farming is safest way of maintaining the soil fertility and public health, too. As a result, organic farming can provide quality food without adversely affecting the soil health, the environment and without compromising the human health as well. Organic products includes all varieties of food products like tea, fruits, rice, pulses, honey, spices, coffee, oilseeds, cereals, herbal products or it may be cotton, cosmetics, functional foods, body care products, and other similar product. The present review focuses on the organic farming importance and status in India.

Prof. Narasimha R E D D Y Donthi

Organic agriculture is steadily gaining importance in India, for various reasons. India is rediscovering organic agriculture. Indian corporate sector has now begun to seize the export opportunities presented by organic agriculture. In addition, farmers in the some States are now turning their attention to organic agriculture, due to various crisis factors in conventional agricultural production systems. There are two streams of organic production in India – certified production and non-certified production. Cumulatively, it can be said that India is the largest organic agriculture country. Organic movement is yet to take deep, concrete roots in India. Despite the recognition of environmental and economic benefits of organic agriculture, governments in India have not yet enacted policies to assist the organic sector. Civil society, NGOs and individuals have been making tireless efforts to promote organic agriculture. Organic agriculture faces numerous problems in India. Domestic market is yet to recognize the potential of organic food production. There is no proper institutional framework for encouraging organic production in India. International standards do not incorporate the need and reality of Indian organic production systems. There is huge shortage of organic inputs. A recent 2001 National Organic Conference brought into debate the numerous issues of Indian organic agriculture to the fore. Indian agriculture sector and the small and marginal farmers are now in a critical situation due to environmental, market and policy factors. Globalization and economic reform process undertaken by the different Indian governments in the 1990s, also bring out the crucial phase of organic agriculture movement in India. Indian organic movement also requires the support of Asian countries. There is a need for Asian solidarity for the efforts of Indian organic movement. In India and outside, this decade would be significant for organic agriculture due to several reasons.

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Organic Food in India - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Organic Food in India

It is no secret that organic foods are all the rage now – their popularity has been growing through the years. with the overload of information available online and on the food labels, it can be quite challenging to navigate the vast maze of organic foods, their supposed benefits and their value proposition. all in all, you seek an answer to the simple question – are organic foods right for me – powerpoint ppt presentation.

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Organic Farming PPT and PDF Download

Organic Farming PPT and PDF Download: Organic farming works in peace and friendship with nature rather than going against nature and this organic farming involves the use of distinct methods to achieve the best yields of a crop. In this, the good yield of the crop is produced by harming the health of the people who live and work in those farms and also it does not harm the natural environment.

Also See: General Topics For Presentation (Ppt)

The techniques and materials used in the organic farms by the organic farmers are explained below:

The following techniques and materials are availed to build and keep the good fertility and good soil structure:

• Crop rotation
• Green manures and legumes
• Mulching on the soil surface
• Recycled and composted crop wastes and animal manures
• The perfect and right soil cultivation at the right time

The below techniques and materials are used to control the pests, weeds, and diseases:

• Availing natural pesticides
• Enhancing genetic diversity
• Encouraging useful predators which eat pests
• The avail of resistant crops
• Practice of good cultivation
• Careful planning and choosing the crops carefully

Also See: Non Technical Topics with PPT and PDF

The practices of organic farming also involve the following:

• Good animal husbandry
• Careful use of water resources

A Modern Approach to Farming: Practicing the organic farming does not mean that we are going back and using the old and traditional methods because there many old techniques of farming which is still used today. Organic farming takes the best techniques and combines those with the new scientific methods. Farmers who practice the organic farming does not leave their farms totally upon nature, instead, they avail the complete knowledge, methods, and materials to work with nature. By doing like this, the farmers maintain a balance to grow animals and crops. Organic farmers don’t see every insect as a pest and they don’t solve every problem of a farm with the chemical farms.

Why Organic Farming?

The organic farming does not furnish long-term benefits to the environment and also to the people because organic farming aims the following:

• Enhance the long term soil fertility
• Control the diseases and pests by not harming the environment
• Make sure that the water is clean and safe
• Avail the resources which the farmer already has which becomes affordable to the farmer to buy the necessary things of the farm
• Generate nutritious to feed for animals and also sell the high-quality crops at the good price

The intensive and modern agriculture causes many difficulties and they are the following:

• Herbicides and artificial fertilizers are easily washed away from the soil and they pollute water courses, lakes, and rivers
• The extended use of artificial fertilizers outcomes in the soils with a low organic matter content which can be easily destroyed by wind and rain
• Depending on the fertilizers and this dependency requires large amount of fertilizers to generate the same yields of crops
• Artificial pesticides stay in the soil for a prolonged time and from the soil, they enter the crops and through the crops, they enter the human body and causes distinct health related difficulties.
• They destroy the micro organisms of the soil
• It becomes very difficult to control the diseases and pests because they become resistant to the artificial pesticides

Also See: Sources of Water PPT

Crop nutrition: To generate a healthy crop, an organic farmer needs to manage the soil in the farm. The maintenance of the soil involves the following considerations:

• Soil nutrients
• Soil structure

Choice of crops: Each crop and variety of the crop have its own specific requirements. In few places, the crop grows well and in few places, it does not grow well because the crops are affected by the following:

• The amount of water required
• The type of nutrients required
• A number of nutrients required
• Temperature
• Soil type and

So, it is necessary to learn about the local conditions suited in growing the crops and need to select the crop according to that.

Rotations: Growing the same type of crops in the same field year after year decreases the fertility of the soil and encourages the building up of pests, weeds, and diseases in the soil. So, the crops should be moved to a distinct area of land and should not return to the original land for many years. For example, a rotation of 3 to 4 year is recommended for the vegetables.

Fig1: A simple Rotation which includes a legume

Composting: The composting is an organic matter i.e. plant residues and animal residues, it has been rotted down by the other organisms and bacteria for a period of time.

Fig2: The Layers of a Compost Heap

Mulching: Mulching is nothing but the covering of the ground with the layer of loose material like leaves or crop residues dry grass, straw, manure, and compost.

Green manures: The green manures are called as cover crops and these are the plants which are grown to enhance the nutrient content, organic matter content, and structure of the soil.

Content of the Seminar and PDF for Organic Farming

• What is Organic Farming?
• Key characteristics
• Four Principle
• Disadvantages

Here we are giving you Organic Farming Seminar and PPT with PDF. All you need to do is just click on the download link and get it.

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Organic Farming PDF Free Download

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Organic farming PowerPoint Presentation Templates and Google Slides

Farming Of Green Organic Vegetables Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Deck PDF

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Organic Farming Market Share By Nation Ideas PDF

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Benefits Of Various Organic Farming Methods Inspiration PDF

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Guiding Principles Of Organic Farming Practices Ideas PDF

This slide shows various principles that should be considered by every farmer while practicing organic farming. It includes principle of health, fairness, ecological balance, and care. Presenting Guiding Principles Of Organic Farming Practices Ideas PDF to dispense important information. This template comprises four stages. It also presents valuable insights into the topics including Principle Of Fairness, Principle Of Care, Principle Of Health. This is a completely customizable PowerPoint theme that can be put to use immediately. So, download it and address the topic impactfully.

Major Categories And Components Of Organic Farming Information PDF

This slide shows different components used in organic farming under two categories used for growing crops in natural way. It includes household wastes kitchen , animal wastes and bio fertilizers aztobacter and rhizobium. Presenting Major Categories And Components Of Organic Farming Information PDF to dispense important information. This template comprises five stages. It also presents valuable insights into the topics including Household Wastes, Organic Manure, Crop Residue. This is a completely customizable PowerPoint theme that can be put to use immediately. So, download it and address the topic impactfully.

Organic Agriculture Farming Techniques Icon Summary PDF

Presenting Organic Agriculture Farming Techniques Icon Summary PDF to dispense important information. This template comprises four stages. It also presents valuable insights into the topics including Organic Agriculture Farming, Techniques Icon. This is a completely customizable PowerPoint theme that can be put to use immediately. So, download it and address the topic impactfully.

Sustainable Organic Farming Fertilizer Icon Designs PDF

Showcasing this set of slides titled Sustainable Organic Farming Fertilizer Icon Designs PDF. The topics addressed in these templates are Sustainable Organic, Farming Fertilizer Icon. All the content presented in this PPT design is completely editable. Download it and make adjustments in color, background, font etc. as per your unique business setting.

Sustainable Practices Of Organic Farming Methods Template PDF

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September 12, 2022

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Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture

• First Online: 28 August 2024

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• Latief Ahmad 4 ,
• Gazi Mohammad Shoaib Shah 5 &
• Asim Biswas 6  

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In recent years, organic farming is gaining increasing popularity due to growing health and environmental awareness among people. Indirectly, it has proved to be a boon for Indian agricultural scenario; therefore, due attention has been given to it in the introductory sections of this chapter. Organic foods are preferred by people because they are grown without any use of synthetic inputs and hence pose no risk to one’s health, whatsoever. This chapter throws light on the scope and objectives of organic farming, farming systems, and cropping patterns. A section about sustainable agriculture has also been given toward the very end of chapter with topics of higher gravity like HEIA, LEIA, LIESA and IFS, discussed in detail.

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FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. (1999). Codex alimentarius: General requirements (Food Hygiene) . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World. Health Organization

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https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/organic/organic_contents/Appendix_1_Crop%20Production.pdf

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https://www.ifoam.bio/why-organic/organic-landmarks/definition-organic

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). (2008). The IFOAM Norms for Organic Production and Processing . IFOAM.

Kamalpreet Kaur, et al. (2022). Sustainable agriculture: Impact of LEISA and HEIA. International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science & Technology , 1–8.

Pieri, C. (1995). Long-term soil management experiments in semi-arid francophone Africa. In R, Lal & B. A. Stewart (Eds.), Soil management: Experimental basis for sustainability and environmental quality (pp. 225–266). CRC Press.

Snapp, S.S., Mafongoya, P.L., & Waddington, S. (1998). Organic matter technologies for integrated nutrient management in smallholder cropping systems of southern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 71 (1-3), 185–200.

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Authors and affiliations.

Division of Agrometeorology, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Latief Ahmad

Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Gazi Mohammad Shoaib Shah

School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

Asim Biswas

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Which of the following is prohibited to use in organic farming?

Genetically modified seeds

Transgenic plants

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides

All of the above

What is the cropping intensity in case of mono-cropping system?

Which is not an objective of sustainable agriculture?

Maintaining a healthy environment

Economic profitability

Higher crop production through industrial agriculture

Social and economic equity

High External Input Agriculture (HEIA) does not rely on which of the following:

Maximizing the use of local resources

Improved mechanization and irrigation techniques

High-yielding varieties

_______ emphasizes the use of methods that incorporate natural processes into agricultural processes, including nutrient cycling, biological nitrogen fixation, and natural enemies of pests.

Both 1 and 2

None of the above

IFM stands for

Integrated Farming Management

Indian Farming Management

International Farming Management

LEISA is related to

Natural farming

Organic farming

Inorganic farming

All of these

Mixed cropping is growing of

Two or more crops simultaneously intermingled without any row pattern

A crop intermingled with sericulture

A crop along with apiculture

Growing two or more crops simultaneously in definite rows

______ finds its roots in the green revolution

Which of the following is a component of IFS?

Vermicomposting

Mushroom cultivation

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Ahmad, L., Shah, G.M.S., Biswas, A. (2024). Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture. In: Fundamentals and Applications of Crop and Climate Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61459-0_10

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Organic Dairy Farming in India

Apr 07, 2021

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Organic Dairy farming means raising animals on organic feed (pastures) cultivated without the use of pesticides or fertilizers. The dairy animals have access to pasture or outside and they are raised along with restricted usage of antibiotics and hormones. As such, the products that are obtained from organic dairy farms are called organic dairy products. For more information visit- https://cedsi.in/<br>

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Organic Dairy Farming in India Organic Dairy farming means raising animals on organic feed (pastures) cultivated without the use of pesticides or fertilizers. The dairy animals have access to pasture or outside and they are raised along with restricted usage of antibiotics and hormones. As such, the products that are obtained from organic dairy farms are called organic dairy products. Organic Dairy Farming is a system of dairy production which is based on a set of regulations that allows farmers to manage their situations individually while maintaining organic integrity. There are various aspects that are crucial in running an organic dairy farm. They are - 1. Cows and calves must be fed organic feed. 2. Pastures, hay, and organic crops fed to the cows must be grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. 3. Cows must be fed on organic milk and synthetic milk replacers are prohibited. 4. Land used to grow organic crops must be free of any prohibited materials for at least three years prior to the first organic harvest 5. Genetically modified organisms are strictly prohibited. 6. Animals must have access to the outdoors based on weather conditions.

7. Antibiotics must be used in a restricted manner. 8. The farmer must keep all the sufficient records to verify his/her compliance with the standards. Benefits of Organic Milk- 1. Organic milk has more Omega-3 which is an essential fatty acid for healthy growth. 2. Organic milk has less damaging Omega-6 as compared to regular milk. 3. Organic milk also contains larger amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 4. Organic milk doesn’t contain any harmful chemicals such as the residue of pesticides, fertilizers, and hormones. Prospects of Organic Dairy Farming in India- Organic Dairy Farming could be a blessing for farmers in India as some of the agro-climatic regions of the country are best suited for organic milk production. Some of the areas include the rain-fed areas of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu, and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and the whole of the North-Eastern region. Moreover, with the predominance of integrated farming systems in rural India and the rising consumer demand for healthy organic food products, India has a huge potential for organic milk production.

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