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500+ Qualitative Research Titles and Topics
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Qualitative research is a methodological approach that involves gathering and analyzing non-numerical data to understand and interpret social phenomena. Unlike quantitative research , which emphasizes the collection of numerical data through surveys and experiments, qualitative research is concerned with exploring the subjective experiences, perspectives, and meanings of individuals and groups. As such, qualitative research topics can be diverse and encompass a wide range of social issues and phenomena. From exploring the impact of culture on identity formation to examining the experiences of marginalized communities, qualitative research offers a rich and nuanced perspective on complex social issues. In this post, we will explore some of the most compelling qualitative research topics and provide some tips on how to conduct effective qualitative research.
Qualitative Research Titles
Qualitative research titles often reflect the study’s focus on understanding the depth and complexity of human behavior, experiences, or social phenomena. Here are some examples across various fields:
- “Understanding the Impact of Project-Based Learning on Student Engagement in High School Classrooms: A Qualitative Study”
- “Navigating the Transition: Experiences of International Students in American Universities”
- “The Role of Parental Involvement in Early Childhood Education: Perspectives from Teachers and Parents”
- “Exploring the Effects of Teacher Feedback on Student Motivation and Self-Efficacy in Middle Schools”
- “Digital Literacy in the Classroom: Teacher Strategies for Integrating Technology in Elementary Education”
- “Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices: A Case Study in Diverse Urban Schools”
- “The Influence of Extracurricular Activities on Academic Achievement: Student Perspectives”
- “Barriers to Implementing Inclusive Education in Public Schools: A Qualitative Inquiry”
- “Teacher Professional Development and Its Impact on Classroom Practice: A Qualitative Exploration”
- “Student-Centered Learning Environments: A Qualitative Study of Classroom Dynamics and Outcomes”
- “The Experience of First-Year Teachers: Challenges, Support Systems, and Professional Growth”
- “Exploring the Role of School Leadership in Fostering a Positive School Culture”
- “Peer Relationships and Learning Outcomes in Cooperative Learning Settings: A Qualitative Analysis”
- “The Impact of Social Media on Student Learning and Engagement: Teacher and Student Perspectives”
- “Understanding Special Education Needs: Parent and Teacher Perceptions of Support Services in Schools
Health Science
- “Living with Chronic Pain: Patient Narratives and Coping Strategies in Managing Daily Life”
- “Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives on the Challenges of Rural Healthcare Delivery”
- “Exploring the Mental Health Impacts of COVID-19 on Frontline Healthcare Workers: A Qualitative Study”
- “Patient and Family Experiences of Palliative Care: Understanding Needs and Preferences”
- “The Role of Community Health Workers in Improving Access to Maternal Healthcare in Rural Areas”
- “Barriers to Mental Health Services Among Ethnic Minorities: A Qualitative Exploration”
- “Understanding Patient Satisfaction in Telemedicine Services: A Qualitative Study of User Experiences”
- “The Impact of Cultural Competence Training on Healthcare Provider-Patient Communication”
- “Navigating the Transition to Adult Healthcare Services: Experiences of Adolescents with Chronic Conditions”
- “Exploring the Use of Alternative Medicine Among Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Qualitative Inquiry”
- “The Role of Social Support in the Rehabilitation Process of Stroke Survivors”
- “Healthcare Decision-Making Among Elderly Patients: A Qualitative Study of Preferences and Influences”
- “Nurse Perceptions of Patient Safety Culture in Hospital Settings: A Qualitative Analysis”
- “Experiences of Women with Postpartum Depression: Barriers to Seeking Help”
- “The Impact of Nutrition Education on Eating Behaviors Among College Students: A Qualitative Approach”
- “Understanding Resilience in Survivors of Childhood Trauma: A Narrative Inquiry”
- “The Role of Mindfulness in Managing Work-Related Stress Among Corporate Employees: A Qualitative Study”
- “Coping Mechanisms Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder”
- “Exploring the Psychological Impact of Social Isolation in the Elderly: A Phenomenological Study”
- “Identity Formation in Adolescence: The Influence of Social Media and Peer Groups”
- “The Experience of Forgiveness in Interpersonal Relationships: A Qualitative Exploration”
- “Perceptions of Happiness and Well-Being Among University Students: A Cultural Perspective”
- “The Impact of Art Therapy on Anxiety and Depression in Adult Cancer Patients”
- “Narratives of Recovery: A Qualitative Study on the Journey Through Addiction Rehabilitation”
- “Exploring the Psychological Effects of Long-Term Unemployment: A Grounded Theory Approach”
- “Attachment Styles and Their Influence on Adult Romantic Relationships: A Qualitative Analysis”
- “The Role of Personal Values in Career Decision-Making Among Young Adults”
- “Understanding the Stigma of Mental Illness in Rural Communities: A Qualitative Inquiry”
- “Exploring the Use of Digital Mental Health Interventions Among Adolescents: A Qualitative Study”
- “The Psychological Impact of Climate Change on Young Adults: An Exploration of Anxiety and Action”
- “Navigating Identity: The Role of Social Media in Shaping Youth Culture and Self-Perception”
- “Community Resilience in the Face of Urban Gentrification: A Case Study of Neighborhood Change”
- “The Dynamics of Intergenerational Relationships in Immigrant Families: A Qualitative Analysis”
- “Social Capital and Economic Mobility in Low-Income Neighborhoods: An Ethnographic Approach”
- “Gender Roles and Career Aspirations Among Young Adults in Conservative Societies”
- “The Stigma of Mental Health in the Workplace: Employee Narratives and Organizational Culture”
- “Exploring the Intersection of Race, Class, and Education in Urban School Systems”
- “The Impact of Digital Divide on Access to Healthcare Information in Rural Communities”
- “Social Movements and Political Engagement Among Millennials: A Qualitative Study”
- “Cultural Adaptation and Identity Among Second-Generation Immigrants: A Phenomenological Inquiry”
- “The Role of Religious Institutions in Providing Community Support and Social Services”
- “Negotiating Public Space: Experiences of LGBTQ+ Individuals in Urban Environments”
- “The Sociology of Food: Exploring Eating Habits and Food Practices Across Cultures”
- “Work-Life Balance Challenges Among Dual-Career Couples: A Qualitative Exploration”
- “The Influence of Peer Networks on Substance Use Among Adolescents: A Community Study”
Business and Management
- “Navigating Organizational Change: Employee Perceptions and Adaptation Strategies in Mergers and Acquisitions”
- “Corporate Social Responsibility: Consumer Perceptions and Brand Loyalty in the Retail Sector”
- “Leadership Styles and Organizational Culture: A Comparative Study of Tech Startups”
- “Workplace Diversity and Inclusion: Best Practices and Challenges in Multinational Corporations”
- “Consumer Trust in E-commerce: A Qualitative Study of Online Shopping Behaviors”
- “The Gig Economy and Worker Satisfaction: Exploring the Experiences of Freelance Professionals”
- “Entrepreneurial Resilience: Success Stories and Lessons Learned from Failed Startups”
- “Employee Engagement and Productivity in Remote Work Settings: A Post-Pandemic Analysis”
- “Brand Storytelling: How Narrative Strategies Influence Consumer Engagement”
- “Sustainable Business Practices: Stakeholder Perspectives in the Fashion Industry”
- “Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges in Global Teams: Strategies for Effective Collaboration”
- “Innovative Workspaces: The Impact of Office Design on Creativity and Collaboration”
- “Consumer Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Customer Service: A Qualitative Exploration”
- “The Role of Mentoring in Career Development: Insights from Women in Leadership Positions”
- “Agile Management Practices: Adoption and Impact in Traditional Industries”
Environmental Studies
- “Community-Based Conservation Efforts in Tropical Rainforests: A Qualitative Study of Local Perspectives and Practices”
- “Urban Sustainability Initiatives: Exploring Resident Participation and Impact in Green City Projects”
- “Perceptions of Climate Change Among Indigenous Populations: Insights from Traditional Ecological Knowledge”
- “Environmental Justice and Industrial Pollution: A Case Study of Community Advocacy and Response”
- “The Role of Eco-Tourism in Promoting Conservation Awareness: Perspectives from Tour Operators and Visitors”
- “Sustainable Agriculture Practices Among Smallholder Farmers: Challenges and Opportunities”
- “Youth Engagement in Climate Action Movements: Motivations, Perceptions, and Outcomes”
- “Corporate Environmental Responsibility: A Qualitative Analysis of Stakeholder Expectations and Company Practices”
- “The Impact of Plastic Pollution on Marine Ecosystems: Community Awareness and Behavioral Change”
- “Renewable Energy Adoption in Rural Communities: Barriers, Facilitators, and Social Implications”
- “Water Scarcity and Community Adaptation Strategies in Arid Regions: A Grounded Theory Approach”
- “Urban Green Spaces: Public Perceptions and Use Patterns in Megacities”
- “Environmental Education in Schools: Teachers’ Perspectives on Integrating Sustainability into Curricula”
- “The Influence of Environmental Activism on Policy Change: Case Studies of Grassroots Campaigns”
- “Cultural Practices and Natural Resource Management: A Qualitative Study of Indigenous Stewardship Models”
Anthropology
- “Kinship and Social Organization in Matrilineal Societies: An Ethnographic Study”
- “Rituals and Beliefs Surrounding Death and Mourning in Diverse Cultures: A Comparative Analysis”
- “The Impact of Globalization on Indigenous Languages and Cultural Identity”
- “Food Sovereignty and Traditional Agricultural Practices Among Indigenous Communities”
- “Navigating Modernity: The Integration of Traditional Healing Practices in Contemporary Healthcare Systems”
- “Gender Roles and Equality in Hunter-Gatherer Societies: An Anthropological Perspective”
- “Sacred Spaces and Religious Practices: An Ethnographic Study of Pilgrimage Sites”
- “Youth Subcultures and Resistance: An Exploration of Identity and Expression in Urban Environments”
- “Cultural Constructions of Disability and Inclusion: A Cross-Cultural Analysis”
- “Interethnic Marriages and Cultural Syncretism: Case Studies from Multicultural Societies”
- “The Role of Folklore and Storytelling in Preserving Cultural Heritage”
- “Economic Anthropology of Gift-Giving and Reciprocity in Tribal Communities”
- “Digital Anthropology: The Role of Social Media in Shaping Political Movements”
- “Migration and Diaspora: Maintaining Cultural Identity in Transnational Communities”
- “Cultural Adaptations to Climate Change Among Coastal Fishing Communities”
Communication Studies
- “The Dynamics of Family Communication in the Digital Age: A Qualitative Inquiry”
- “Narratives of Identity and Belonging in Diaspora Communities Through Social Media”
- “Organizational Communication and Employee Engagement: A Case Study in the Non-Profit Sector”
- “Cultural Influences on Communication Styles in Multinational Teams: An Ethnographic Approach”
- “Media Representation of Women in Politics: A Content Analysis and Audience Perception Study”
- “The Role of Communication in Building Sustainable Community Development Projects”
- “Interpersonal Communication in Online Dating: Strategies, Challenges, and Outcomes”
- “Public Health Messaging During Pandemics: A Qualitative Study of Community Responses”
- “The Impact of Mobile Technology on Parent-Child Communication in the Digital Era”
- “Crisis Communication Strategies in the Hospitality Industry: A Case Study of Reputation Management”
- “Narrative Analysis of Personal Stories Shared on Mental Health Blogs”
- “The Influence of Podcasts on Political Engagement Among Young Adults”
- “Visual Communication and Brand Identity: A Qualitative Study of Consumer Interpretations”
- “Communication Barriers in Cross-Cultural Healthcare Settings: Patient and Provider Perspectives”
- “The Role of Internal Communication in Managing Organizational Change: Employee Experiences”
Information Technology
- “User Experience Design in Augmented Reality Applications: A Qualitative Study of Best Practices”
- “The Human Factor in Cybersecurity: Understanding Employee Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Phishing”
- “Adoption of Cloud Computing in Small and Medium Enterprises: Challenges and Success Factors”
- “Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management: A Qualitative Exploration of Potential Impacts”
- “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalizing User Experiences on E-commerce Platforms”
- “Digital Transformation in Traditional Industries: A Case Study of Technology Adoption Challenges”
- “Ethical Considerations in the Development of Smart Home Technologies: A Stakeholder Analysis”
- “The Impact of Social Media Algorithms on News Consumption and Public Opinion”
- “Collaborative Software Development: Practices and Challenges in Open Source Projects”
- “Understanding the Digital Divide: Access to Information Technology in Rural Communities”
- “Data Privacy Concerns and User Trust in Internet of Things (IoT) Devices”
- “The Effectiveness of Gamification in Educational Software: A Qualitative Study of Engagement and Motivation”
- “Virtual Teams and Remote Work: Communication Strategies and Tools for Effectiveness”
- “User-Centered Design in Mobile Health Applications: Evaluating Usability and Accessibility”
- “The Influence of Technology on Work-Life Balance: Perspectives from IT Professionals”
Tourism and Hospitality
- “Exploring the Authenticity of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Indigenous Communities”
- “Sustainable Tourism Practices: Perceptions and Implementations in Small Island Destinations”
- “The Impact of Social Media Influencers on Destination Choice Among Millennials”
- “Gastronomy Tourism: Exploring the Culinary Experiences of International Visitors in Rural Regions”
- “Eco-Tourism and Conservation: Stakeholder Perspectives on Balancing Tourism and Environmental Protection”
- “The Role of Hospitality in Enhancing the Cultural Exchange Experience of Exchange Students”
- “Dark Tourism: Visitor Motivations and Experiences at Historical Conflict Sites”
- “Customer Satisfaction in Luxury Hotels: A Qualitative Study of Service Excellence and Personalization”
- “Adventure Tourism: Understanding the Risk Perception and Safety Measures Among Thrill-Seekers”
- “The Influence of Local Communities on Tourist Experiences in Ecotourism Sites”
- “Event Tourism: Economic Impacts and Community Perspectives on Large-Scale Music Festivals”
- “Heritage Tourism and Identity: Exploring the Connections Between Historic Sites and National Identity”
- “Tourist Perceptions of Sustainable Accommodation Practices: A Study of Green Hotels”
- “The Role of Language in Shaping the Tourist Experience in Multilingual Destinations”
- “Health and Wellness Tourism: Motivations and Experiences of Visitors to Spa and Retreat Centers”
Qualitative Research Topics
Qualitative Research Topics are as follows:
- Understanding the lived experiences of first-generation college students
- Exploring the impact of social media on self-esteem among adolescents
- Investigating the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction
- Analyzing the perceptions of employees regarding organizational culture
- Examining the impact of parental involvement on academic achievement of elementary school students
- Investigating the role of music therapy in managing symptoms of depression
- Understanding the experience of women in male-dominated industries
- Exploring the factors that contribute to successful leadership in non-profit organizations
- Analyzing the effects of peer pressure on substance abuse among adolescents
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with disabilities in the workplace
- Understanding the factors that contribute to burnout among healthcare professionals
- Examining the impact of social support on mental health outcomes
- Analyzing the perceptions of parents regarding sex education in schools
- Investigating the experiences of immigrant families in the education system
- Understanding the impact of trauma on mental health outcomes
- Exploring the effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy for individuals with anxiety
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful intergenerational relationships
- Investigating the experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals in the workplace
- Understanding the impact of online gaming on social skills development among adolescents
- Examining the perceptions of teachers regarding technology integration in the classroom
- Analyzing the experiences of women in leadership positions
- Investigating the factors that contribute to successful marriage and long-term relationships
- Understanding the impact of social media on political participation
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with mental health disorders in the criminal justice system
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community-based programs for youth development
- Investigating the experiences of veterans in accessing mental health services
- Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health outcomes
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood obesity prevention
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful multicultural education programs
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in the workplace
- Understanding the impact of poverty on academic achievement
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in the workplace
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful employee retention strategies
- Investigating the experiences of caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease
- Understanding the impact of parent-child communication on adolescent sexual behavior
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding mental health services on campus
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful team building in the workplace
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with eating disorders in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of mentorship on career success
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with physical disabilities in the workplace
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community-based programs for mental health
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of social media on romantic relationships
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding child discipline strategies
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful cross-cultural communication in the workplace
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of cultural differences on healthcare delivery
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with hearing loss in the workplace
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful parent-teacher communication
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with depression in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health outcomes
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding alcohol and drug use on campus
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful mentor-mentee relationships
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with intellectual disabilities in the workplace
- Understanding the impact of work-family balance on employee satisfaction and well-being
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in vocational rehabilitation programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful project management in the construction industry
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in peer support groups
- Understanding the impact of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction and mental health
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood nutrition
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful environmental sustainability initiatives in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with bipolar disorder in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of job stress on employee burnout and turnover
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with physical disabilities in recreational activities
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful strategic planning in nonprofit organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with hoarding disorder in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of culture on leadership styles and effectiveness
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding sexual health education on campus
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain management in the retail industry
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with personality disorders in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of multiculturalism on group dynamics in the workplace
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in mindfulness-based pain management programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful employee engagement strategies in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with internet addiction disorder in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of social comparison on body dissatisfaction and self-esteem
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood sleep habits
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful diversity and inclusion initiatives in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with schizophrenia in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of job crafting on employee motivation and job satisfaction
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with vision impairments in navigating public spaces
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful customer relationship management strategies in the service industry
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with dissociative amnesia in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of cultural intelligence on intercultural communication and collaboration
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding campus diversity and inclusion efforts
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain sustainability initiatives in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of transformational leadership on organizational performance and employee well-being
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with mobility impairments in public transportation
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful talent management strategies in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in harm reduction programs
- Understanding the impact of gratitude practices on well-being and resilience
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood mental health and well-being
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful corporate social responsibility initiatives in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with borderline personality disorder in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of emotional labor on job stress and burnout
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with hearing impairments in healthcare settings
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful customer experience strategies in the hospitality industry
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with gender dysphoria in gender-affirming healthcare
- Understanding the impact of cultural differences on cross-cultural negotiation in the global marketplace
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding academic stress and mental health
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain agility in organizations
- Understanding the impact of music therapy on mental health and well-being
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with dyslexia in educational settings
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful leadership in nonprofit organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in online support groups
- Understanding the impact of exercise on mental health and well-being
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood screen time
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful change management strategies in organizations
- Understanding the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with hearing impairments in the workplace
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful team building in corporate settings
- Understanding the impact of technology on communication in romantic relationships
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community engagement strategies for local governments
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of financial stress on mental health and well-being
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful mentorship programs in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with gambling addictions in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of social media on body image and self-esteem
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood education
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful virtual team management strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with dissociative identity disorder in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of cultural differences on cross-cultural communication in healthcare settings
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in cognitive-behavioral therapy programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community-building strategies in urban neighborhoods
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with alcohol use disorders in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of personality traits on romantic relationships
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding mental health stigma on campus
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful fundraising strategies for political campaigns
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with traumatic brain injuries in rehabilitation programs
- Understanding the impact of social support on mental health and well-being among the elderly
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in medical treatment decision-making processes
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful innovation strategies in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with dissociative disorders in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of cultural differences on cross-cultural communication in education settings
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood physical activity
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful conflict resolution in family relationships
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with opioid use disorders in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with learning disabilities in the workplace
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful change management in educational institutions
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with eating disorders in recovery support groups
- Understanding the impact of self-compassion on mental health and well-being
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding campus safety and security measures
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful marketing strategies for nonprofit organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with postpartum depression in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of ageism in the workplace
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with dyslexia in the education system
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in cognitive-behavioral therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of socioeconomic status on access to healthcare
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood screen time usage
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain management strategies
- Understanding the impact of parenting styles on child development
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with addiction in harm reduction programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful crisis management strategies in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with trauma in trauma-focused therapy programs
- Examining the perceptions of healthcare providers regarding patient-centered care
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful product development strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in employment programs
- Understanding the impact of cultural competence on healthcare outcomes
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in healthcare navigation
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful community engagement strategies for non-profit organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with physical disabilities in the workplace
- Understanding the impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain sustainability strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with personality disorders in dialectical behavior therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of gender identity on mental health treatment seeking behaviors
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with schizophrenia in community-based treatment programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful project team management strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder in exposure and response prevention therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of cultural competence on academic achievement and success
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding academic integrity
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful social media marketing strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with bipolar disorder in community-based treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of mindfulness on academic achievement and success
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in medication-assisted treatment programs
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in exposure therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of healthcare disparities on health outcomes
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain optimization strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with borderline personality disorder in schema therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of culture on perceptions of mental health stigma
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with trauma in art therapy programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful digital marketing strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with eating disorders in online support groups
- Understanding the impact of workplace bullying on job satisfaction and performance
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding mental health resources on campus
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful supply chain risk management strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in mindfulness-based pain management programs
- Understanding the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social anxiety disorder
- Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and well-being
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with eating disorders in treatment programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful leadership in business organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in cognitive-behavioral therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of cultural differences on intercultural communication
- Examining the perceptions of teachers regarding inclusive education for students with disabilities
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with depression in therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of workplace culture on employee retention and turnover
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with traumatic brain injuries in rehabilitation programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful crisis communication strategies in organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in mindfulness-based interventions
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in healthcare settings
- Understanding the impact of technology on work-life balance
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with learning disabilities in academic settings
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful entrepreneurship in small businesses
- Understanding the impact of gender identity on mental health and well-being
- Examining the perceptions of individuals with disabilities regarding accessibility in public spaces
- Understanding the impact of religion on coping strategies for stress and anxiety
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in complementary and alternative medicine treatments
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful customer retention strategies in business organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with postpartum depression in therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of ageism on older adults in healthcare settings
- Examining the perceptions of students regarding online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful team building in virtual work environments
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with gambling disorders in treatment programs
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in peer support groups
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful social media marketing strategies for businesses
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with ADHD in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive and emotional functioning
- Examining the perceptions of individuals with chronic illnesses regarding healthcare access and affordability
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with borderline personality disorder in dialectical behavior therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of social support on caregiver well-being
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in disability activism
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful cultural competency training programs in healthcare settings
- Understanding the impact of personality disorders on interpersonal relationships
- Examining the perceptions of healthcare providers regarding the use of telehealth services
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with dissociative disorders in therapy programs
- Understanding the impact of gender bias in hiring practices
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with visual impairments in the workplace
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful diversity and inclusion programs in the workplace
- Understanding the impact of online dating on romantic relationships
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood vaccination
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful communication in healthcare settings
- Understanding the impact of cultural stereotypes on academic achievement
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with substance use disorders in sober living programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful classroom management strategies
- Understanding the impact of social support on addiction recovery
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding mental health stigma
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful conflict resolution in the workplace
- Understanding the impact of race and ethnicity on healthcare access and outcomes
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder in treatment programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful project management strategies
- Understanding the impact of teacher-student relationships on academic achievement
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful customer service strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with social anxiety disorder in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of workplace stress on job satisfaction and performance
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with disabilities in sports and recreation
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful marketing strategies for small businesses
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with phobias in treatment programs
- Understanding the impact of culture on attitudes towards mental health and illness
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding sexual assault prevention
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful time management strategies
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with addiction in recovery support groups
- Understanding the impact of mindfulness on emotional regulation and well-being
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in treatment programs
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful conflict resolution in romantic relationships
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorder in social skills training programs
- Understanding the impact of parent-child communication on adolescent substance use
- Examining the perceptions of parents regarding childhood mental health services
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful fundraising strategies for non-profit organizations
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic illnesses in support groups
- Understanding the impact of personality traits on career success and satisfaction
- Exploring the experiences of individuals with disabilities in accessing public transportation
- Analyzing the factors that contribute to successful team building in sports teams
- Investigating the experiences of individuals with chronic pain in alternative medicine treatments
- Understanding the impact of stigma on mental health treatment seeking behaviors
- Examining the perceptions of college students regarding diversity and inclusion on campus.
About the author
Muhammad Hassan
Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer
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Teacher perceptions about ict integration into classroom instruction.
![example of qualitative research title about ict example of qualitative research title about ict](https://www.mdpi.com/profiles/2214042/thumb/VINCENT_ABEL.jpg)
1. Introduction
2. background, 2.1. defining teacher perceptions, 2.2. teacher perceptions on integrating technology, 3. purpose of the study, 4. research method, 4.1. meta-ethnography as a review method, 4.2. procedure of review, 4.2.1. starting as the first step, 4.2.2. determine what is pertinent to the initial research interest and find the pertinent research, 4.2.3. evaluation of quality, 4.2.4. read the studies and ascertain their relationships in steps 4 and 5, 4.2.5. translate studies into one another in steps 6 and 7, then combine the translations, 5.1. characteristics of the studies, 5.2. teacher perceptions, 5.2.1. teachers’ positive perceptions.
“I think it is preferable that ICT to be taught from elementary school level through university because online services have become part of daily life and knowing how to use them is becoming an increasingly crucial civic skill”. [ 46 ]
5.2.2. Teachers’ Negative Perceptions
5.3. contextual factors shaping teachers perceptions, 5.3.1. national policies and pro-technology zeitgeist are two global trends in education, 5.3.2. teachers’ immediate environment: training, pedagogical culture of the school, and teachers’ experiences, 5.3.3. in-text reference to the model, 6. discussion, 6.1. the significance of programs for teachers’ professional development, 6.2. limitations of the study and recommendations for future research, 7. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Step Information |
---|
Decision Taken | Justification | |
---|---|---|
Methods used for finding relevant research | Databases: ProQuest (Ed. Database), EBSCO, ERIC, Web of Science | The initial searches were carried out using all main databases that were accessible through university services since using numerous databases and search engines produces comprehensive results. |
Keywords | Teachers perceptions AND ICT OR digital OR computer OR ICT integration | Keywords such as technology, digital, and computer were preferred. All papers dealing with perceptions, such as attitudes, views, opinions, and beliefs were included in this review. |
Search area | Title, abstract, and keywords | For the initial search, a large search area was chosen so that it would be inclusive rather than exclusive. |
Time space | From 2015 to 2021 | This was chosen under the presumption that research on ICT integration in the context of education has been most dynamic during this time period. |
Language | English | Academic publishing is primarily in English. |
Selection criteria | A qualitative empirical study involving teachers must include quotations from the original | Reviewing teachers’ opinions was of general interest, and the studies that were assessed had to go into great detail concerning teacher perceptions. |
Evaluation Question | Yes | Moderately | No |
---|---|---|---|
9 | 0 | 0 | |
5 | 2 | 2 | |
6 | 3 | 0 | |
6 | 2 | 1 | |
4 | 2 | 3 | |
2 | 1 | 6 | |
7 | 2 | 0 | |
5 | 2 | 2 | |
6 | 1 | 1 | |
2 | 6 | 1 | |
7 | 1 | 1 |
Study | Perceptions of Teachers | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | |||||||||
Tech Is Beneficial for Academic Performance | Tech Is Beneficial for Generic Skills | Tech Centered Beliefs | Tech Is Beneficial for Socioemotional Skills | Tech Integration as a Societal Preparation | Tech Offers Opportunities for Metacognition and Creative Dvt. | Lack of Sufficient Digital Skills | Experienced Teachers Reluctant to Use Technology | Traditional Methods Are More Effective than Digital Ones | Technology Consumes and Wastes More Time | |
Aminu | × | × | × | |||||||
Ashrafzadeh | × | × | × | |||||||
Birgin | × | × | ||||||||
ChanLin | × | × | ||||||||
Faizi | × | × | ||||||||
Ghavifekr | × | × | ||||||||
Domingo | × | |||||||||
Hatman | × | × | × | |||||||
Jones | × | × | ||||||||
Lai | × | × | ||||||||
Lauricella | × | |||||||||
Mertala | × | × | ||||||||
Munyengabe | × | × | ||||||||
Mwendw | × | × | ||||||||
Serin | × | × | × | |||||||
Salleh | × | × | ||||||||
Stein | × | × | ||||||||
Tang | × | × | ||||||||
Tondeur | × | |||||||||
Zehra | × | × | × |
Year of Publication | 2015 (4), 2016 (2), 2017 (5), 2018 (2), 2019 (4), 2020(2), 2021 (2) |
---|---|
Study context includes: | Asia (12), Europe (5), Africa (2), North America (2) |
Respondents: | In-service teachers, pre-service teachers, university instructors |
Data collection methods: | Interview, classroom observations, focused group discussion, Meta-ethnography, Meta-aggregative open-ended questions, questionnaire tools, semi-structured method, and descriptive case studies |
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Share and Cite
Abel, V.R.; Tondeur, J.; Sang, G. Teacher Perceptions about ICT Integration into Classroom Instruction. Educ. Sci. 2022 , 12 , 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12090609
Abel VR, Tondeur J, Sang G. Teacher Perceptions about ICT Integration into Classroom Instruction. Education Sciences . 2022; 12(9):609. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12090609
Abel, Vincent Ruhogo, Jo Tondeur, and Guoyuan Sang. 2022. "Teacher Perceptions about ICT Integration into Classroom Instruction" Education Sciences 12, no. 9: 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12090609
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Investigating ICT-led engagement with content in science and basic computing subjects of lower secondary schools in Rwanda
- Published: 29 July 2024
Cite this article
- Olivier Habimana 1 ,
- Mathias Nduwingoma 1 ,
- Irénée Ndayambaje 1 ,
- Jean Francois Maniraho 1 ,
- Ali Kaleeba 1 ,
- Dany Kamuhanda 1 ,
- Evariste Mwumvaneza 1 ,
- Marie Claire Uwera 1 ,
- Albert Ngiruwonsanga 1 ,
- Evode Mukama 2 ,
- Celestin Ntivuguruzwa 1 ,
- Gerard Nizeyimana 1 &
- Ezechiel Nsabayezu ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-9266 1
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This study explores the level of engagement with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) supported content among students and teachers in learning sciences and basic computing at Rwandan lower secondary schools. Data were collected from ten well-equipped smart classrooms across ten schools. A sample of 394 participants included ten deputy headteachers, 40 teachers, and 344 students. Interviews, classroom observations, and surveys were used for data collection. Findings revealed a significant digital divide among students due to limited ICT literacy, time constraints, and limited access to computer devices. Also, the findings indicate that teachers faced various challenges, including underutilisation of ICT in science lessons, primarily due to inadequate digital competence. The study recommends strategies to enhance students’ digital skills through training programs and foster ICT-oriented teacher communities of practice via professional development to improve digital competence and innovative teaching methods.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Enhancing the roles of information and communication technologies in doctoral research processes
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While information and communication technologies (ICT) are prominent in educational practices at most levels of formal learning, there is relatively little known about the skills and understandings that underlie their effective and efficient use in research higher degree settings. This project aimed to identify doctoral supervisors’ and students’ perceptions of their roles in using ICT. Data were gathered through participative drawing and individual discussion sessions. Participants included 11 students and two supervisors from two New Zealand universities. Focus of the thematic analysis was on the views expressed by students about their ideas, practices and beliefs, in relation to their drawings. The major finding was that individuals hold assumptions and expectations about ICT and their use; they make judgements and take action based on those expectations and assumptions. Knowing about ICT and knowing about research processes separately form only part of the work of doctoral study. Just as supervision cannot be considered independently of the research project and the student involved, ICT skills and the use of ICT cannot be considered in the absence of the people and the project. What is more important in terms of facilitating the doctoral research process is students getting their “flow” right. This indicates a need to provide explicit support to enable students to embed ICT within their own research processes.
Background/context
Information and communication technologies (ICT) can bring either joy or challenge to well-versed academic practices, and either create barriers to learning and development or be the answer to needs. While some grasp and pursue opportunities to make use of various ICT for study, research and teaching, others struggle. Despite documented and anecdotal positive urges to adopt ICT to increase and improve efficiency and effectiveness, staff and students struggle experience ICT as needless and difficult-to-use interruptions. There is often little need seen to change practices by introducing ICT into ways of working. Exploring these views and experiences was the focus of this project. Being empathetic to views such as those expressed by Castañeda and Selwyn ( 2018 ), we did not approach this investigation from a position that assumes that ICT are natural and needed solutions to problems related to improving and facilitating effective learning, teaching and research. Rather, we took a more neutral stance, wishing to explore the experiences of those involved, namely, students and staff, through discussion with them about their ICT practices and views, and with a specific focus on doctoral study and supervision.
Doctoral supervision and the role, place and nature of the doctorate are receiving increasing attention in higher education research literature. A wide range of topics have been covered from, for example, the importance and types of support for students throughout candidature (e.g., Zhou & Okahana, 2019 ); to the teaching and supervision aspects of doctoral supervision (e.g., Åkerlind & McAlpine, 2017 ; Cotterall, 2011 ; Lee, 2008 ).
With advancements in, accessibility to, and development of, ICT within education settings has come a plethora of research into online and blended learning. These studies often highlight the capacity of ICT for facilitating teaching, learning and administrative activity within educational institutions and systems (e.g., Marshall & Shepherd, 2016 ). They cover numerous areas of importance from theoretical, practical, and philosophical angles and include the perspectives and needs of learners, educators and institutions (e.g., Nichols, Anderson, Campbell, & Thompson, 2014 ).
There are also studies on student use of ICT, though not necessarily doctoral students, and these cover a wide range of topics including specific ICT skills (e.g., Stensaker, Maassen, Borgan, Oftebro, & Karseth, 2007 ). Where postgraduate research students are concerned, some studies on ICT skill development and support provide some insights about students (e.g., Dowling & Wilson, 2017 ), and institutional ICT systems (Aghaee et al., 2016 ).
Notable about the many of these studies cited above is the use of self-reporting tools as mechanisms for gathering data about student use and views about ICT. While self-reports are valuable ways to collect such data about self-efficacy, they do have limits. In online learning environments, the role of self-efficacy, for example, is still being contested. It has been argued that learners from a variety of disciplines and learning settings will tend to overestimate claims about their performance and/or knowledge and skills (e.g., Mahmood, 2016 ).
All these studies help to ‘map the territory’ of ICT, their use at individual and institutional levels and related practices. Much advice and guidance can be gleaned from the literature as well, although relatively little for the specific integration of ICT within the doctoral research and supervision environment. Based on the literature that is available though, all indications are that (doctoral) students adopt educational practices incorporating limited ICT use, even though the use of ICT has grown enormously in the last 10 to 20 years. With the current interest in ensuring success of students and completion of doctoral degrees being closely related to high quality supervision, there is a need to improve supervision practices and within that, advance understandings about how to support students in their use of ICT for their doctoral research.
This project
This project aimed to explore doctoral student and supervisor views and use of ICT within the doctoral process. The intention was to bring to light perceptions that could give clues as to how to make practical modifications to the content and scope of professional development support for supervisors and students, in order to help them to make best use of ICT. In addition, consideration was given to the way data would be collected to ensure that more than just the self-reported perspectives of the participants were included.
An interpretivist research approach (Erickson, 2012 ) framed this study to support a focus on understanding the world from the perspectives of those who live it. Thus, the approach was well-suited to exploring perceptions about the use of ICT in our context.
Thus, this study did not commence with any hypotheses related to the influence of ICT in doctoral research in mind. Instead, as the interpretive frame of the research implies, this study investigated ways in which participants expressed their experiences of engaging and integrating ICT in support of their doctoral research processes. The data tapped into the participants’ (PhD students and doctoral supervisors) perspectives, as they expressed them. The research approach thus defined and shaped all aspects of the data gathering, analyses and presentation. In this way, alignment was ensured among the ontological, epistemological and practical implementation of the research project.
The study took place in two New Zealand universities where participants were either employees or students. Both universities are research-intensive, with histories of producing high-level research across many disciplines. Both institutions have clear and well-formulated policies and practices governing doctoral study - PhD and professional doctorate - and these include supporting that study through supervision. A specialised unit in each institution manages the administration of the doctoral degree. Couching “supervision” as essentially a (specialised) teaching activity, each unit also provides or coordinates professional development for staff in the art of supervision, and for students in the skills and processes of undertaking doctoral degree study.
Participants
Participants included doctoral students and supervisors from the two universities. As a result of an invitation to all students and supervisors, in total, 11 students and two supervisors responded. The students were PhD students at varying levels of completion. There was a mix of part time and full-time students from a variety of discipline backgrounds including health sciences, sciences, commerce and humanities. The supervisors were experienced and were from humanities and sciences.
Data sources
Data were collected using a 3-tier participative drawing process (Wetton & McWhirter, 1998 ). This strategy involved a series of two or three interview/discussions, along with participant-made drawings, which formed the focus of the interview/discussions.
This strategy generated two sources of data - interview transcripts and participant drawings – and involved the following (3-tier) phases:
Initial semi-structured interview/discussion to ascertain information about participants’ backgrounds and other details they saw relevant to share. In addition, they were asked about their use of ICT generally as well as within the doctoral process. It was a chance for the researchers to gain some understanding of participants’ views and practices in relation to ICT and their doctoral/supervision journeys.
Participant drawing . The participants were asked to make a drawing in their own time and before the second interview/discussion. Guidelines for the drawing suggested that they think of a way to illustrate their research process first, then to add onto the drawing any ICT (such as devices, websites, programmes, applications) that they make use of in the process.
Follow-up interview/discussion . During this phase, each participant was asked to explain the drawing’s features and how it made sense in terms of the project he or she was undertaking. This included discussion about how their supervision was working, how they worked with supervisors, and how the ICT they had included in the drawing worked within the process. They were also asked about elements that were not in the drawing, for example, certain ICT or activities that might have appeared in a typical account of a doctoral research process but were not included.
All interview/discussions were audio recorded and transcriptions of the recordings were returned to the participants for checking. The drawings were scanned and stored electronically.
In line with the interpretive approach that framed and governed our study, the data were analysed shortly after being gathered. Analysis of the data contributed to the development of ideas about participants’ perceptions, and these were refined progressively across the instances that researchers met with participants. Perceptions were thus checked, rechecked and refined against each data set.
This iterative and inductive approach (Thomas, 2006 ) involved thematic analysis (Silverman, 2001 ) and the capture of major and common ideas (Mayring, 2000 ) expressed by participants about how ICT are perceived and used in doctoral research processes. This approach helped to operationalise a process of co-construction between researchers and participants. Through checking, rechecking, refining and confirming, the researchers were able to articulate their understanding of participant perceptions that matched participants’ expressed thoughts.
The outcome of the analysis process was four assertions concerning ways the students perceived and understood ICT within doctoral study. Because there were only two supervisor participants, the data from the supervisors served to support the assertions we were more confidently able to make about student perceptions.
Research approach, quality assurance conditions and context
Despite the (what might be argued, small) number of volunteer participants who showed interest in, and committed themselves to, this study (i.e., no drop-outs or selection being made from a pool), it is worth noting that the researchers worked with each participant over an extended period of time (prolonged engagement), focused on investigating and gathering identifiable, as well as documentable, aspects of the participants’ ICT understandings and practices (persistent observation), and employed analysis techniques that incorporated peer debriefing, member checking, and fair presentation of assertions (Guba & Lincoln, 1989 ).
The aim was to unlock and identify views of reality held by the participants. The empirical evidence was used to help develop commentary and critique of the phenomenon which was the focus of the study (i.e., ICT use), including what the phenomenon is and how it occurs/is enacted/revealed in a particular context (viz., in doctoral research). This was, therefore, a different kind of study from one that might commence with a hypothesis, which would be concerned more with objectivity, explanation and testable propositions. In short, the methods employed in the current study fitted the intention to solve a “puzzle” about a phenomenon in relation to a particular context.
As this study involved human participants, ethical approval was gained through the institutional processes. This approval (University of Otago Human Ethics Committee reference number D17/414 and Victoria University of Wellington, Ethics Committee reference number 0000023415) enabled data collection methods described in the previous section to be carried out for any doctoral students and supervisors who volunteered to participate in this study. Ethical consent, use and care of the data as well as the ethical treatment of students and staff as participants were integral to the research design, planning and implementation of the whole study.
Findings and discussion
The four assertions are now presented. Each assertion is described and quotations from the interview/discussions along with examples of drawings from the student participants are used to illustrate aspects of each assertion.
Assertion 1: ICT are impartial tools; it does not matter how ICT are used, because the endpoint, that is, thesis completion, is the justification. ICT and people are separate and separated entities.
Students talked about how they worked on their thesis document and on the process of the study they were undertaking. Comments focused on various ICT being used and often on skills needed in order to use them. Some students expressed the view that ICT were tools, separate from the project and the person involved, to be used to achieve an endpoint. For example,
So long as it's formatted – it shouldn't matter - that's their [editors’] responsibility, not mine.
There’s probably a bit more about Zoom [web conferencing application] I could learn but again for me unless it’s a problem, I’m not going to go looking for it… not just for the sake of it at the moment.
Motivation to achieve an outcome was a focus of comments that support this assertion. For many participants, the aim to complete the study and write a thesis was, naturally, a large driver for how they were managing their study. Time was precious, and they would do what they had to do to reach their goal. To be motivated to learn about a new ICT, there needed to be a purpose that sharply focussed on achieving that end.
If the technologies are suddenly not available] I’m happy to sit down with a typewriter and learn it… If I’m not driven, I won’t bother.
This focus is illustrated in Fig. 1 . The drawing shows clearly identified components that make up major elements within the stages of producing the research for the thesis. ICT are listed in relation to those components.
![example of qualitative research title about ict figure 1](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs41239-020-00212-3/MediaObjects/41239_2020_212_Fig1_HTML.png)
ICT and people are separate and separated entities
Supervisors too, tended to focus on thesis production rather than on the process of producing a thesis that includes the use of ICT (i.e., as opposed to their very clear and explicit focus on the research process). An example illustrating this is:
Generally, people think the standard of the people getting or earning a PhD is that this person should be an independent researcher. [But no] After all, we only examine a particular thesis [and] there are lots of inputs from supports and supervision from supervisors.
In summary, this assertion focusses strongly on the experience of doctoral study being about getting the project done within a research journey that gives minimal regard to the affordances of ICT. ICT are framed as necessary but also fraught, especially due to the effort and time that draw attention away from the primary goal.
Assertion 2: ICT are tools or mechanisms that prompt active thought on practices with respect to planning and managing thesis writing and project execution. ICT and individuals work alongside each other.
Views that expressed notions of there being a close interactive relationship between students and ICT came through in several of the discussions with the participants. The focus on achieving goals and endpoints was strong, but the expression of how to achieve those goals, capitalising upon the affordances that ICT present, was different from the way views were expressed in relation to Assertion 1.
On a simple level, this student describes the checking he did when weighing up the merits of a piece of software to meet his needs.
I normally do a trial version… have a play with it. And if I think they are useful then I might try it on a project. And if then I feel it’s definitely worth investing… then I’ll go buy it.
Others simply liked to explore, to see whether there was potential in any ICT they encountered, as in,
Sometimes I just like playing with stuff to see what they can do and then if they tick my boxes then I keep them and if they don't, I move on. So it's more kind of ‘search and discover’ than kind of looking for something, you know.
Describing a deeper level of activity, a degree of critique and active reflection were indicated by another student when he said,
…we tried an electronic version of putting together a programme for a New Zealand conference and I was surprised how long it took us. Whereas in the past I’ve worked with [colleagues] and we’ve just moved pieces of paper around on the floor for abstracts and we were done really quickly.
These sentiments are well-captured in Fig. 2 . Here, the focus is on experimenting with ICT rather than the research process. The process of working things out to suit the individual is foregrounded.
![example of qualitative research title about ict figure 2](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs41239-020-00212-3/MediaObjects/41239_2020_212_Fig2_HTML.png)
ICT and individuals work alongside each other
Whereas Assertion 1-type expressions presented effort in a generally negative light, Assertion 2-type expressions couched effort as an assumed part of learning something new. There was a sense expressed in comments that there will be a way to manage the “problem” to be solved, which then generated the necessary motivation to engage effort. For example,
You just know what you know when you start off; when you're unsure about what you need to do. There's a bit of a barrier in front of you. It feels a bit intimidating and overwhelming, and then you get into it and it just works. And you just kind of put all the pieces together and get something out at the end.
There was a sense that supervisors’ perspectives of ICT might support this assertion too. For instance,
[ICT are] integral to everything now – there's no such thing as doing it without [them] anymore – these are the tools with which we do all the things we do.
In summary, this assertion captures the views of students who engage actively in making decisions about which, how and why they incorporate ICT into doctoral research practices.
Assertion 3: Knowing about ICT is only part of the thinking; what is more important is getting the “flow” right. ICT and the individual are in a complementary partnership.
Perhaps prompted by the nature of the drawing task, which was to illustrate how ICT fitted within the whole process of doctoral study, several students described the challenges to bringing everything together into one process made up of many parts, sections and subsections. One participant focussed on her “workflow” in order to manage the multiple documents, tasks and schedule involved in her doctoral research journey.
What systems do I use, what's my workflow? So, I actually spent some weeks looking at … ideas from other PhD students about their workflows and how they manage it.
Similar to Assertion 2-type comments, ‘getting one’s flow right’ involved exploration and an amount of reflective decision-making. For example,
So I did a play around with that [ICT] and found it was quite useful … So I’m trying to be quite disciplined about when I’ve got a document, entering it at the time, reading an article, throw in heaps of tags rather than not …And I simply keep a note, cross referencing to the actual articles. I like to have the articles and for some key ones I like to make a note. So, if it’s a seminal paper that I know I’ll be referring back to.
Thus, students talked about how hard they worked to set up routines and processes to enable them to manage time and their research projects. As in the above excerpts, they referred to categorising documents, searching for resources, undertaking analysis, managing data, and producing the thesis itself.
In working out one’s system or flow, this student highlighted the need to know about the affordances of ICT and how others had made use of them.
…you do need to know a bit about each of the individual … capabilities of the different systems to know what's even possible… but alongside that you're kind of reading other people's ideas of how they did it, and you think that bit might work for me oh, but that bit won't… so then you can kind of mix and match a bit.
The drawing in Fig. 3 highlights the “flow”. Absent of all words, this illustration draws attention to the movement of ideas, thoughts, processes and actions, from a number of different points but all ultimately converging or contributing to the one path.
![example of qualitative research title about ict figure 3](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs41239-020-00212-3/MediaObjects/41239_2020_212_Fig3_HTML.png)
ICT and the individual are in a complementary partnership
There was a hint that at least one of the supervisors saw the need for a workflow in this same vein: “So long as [the students are] happy with what they’re using – they should use ‘a’ system,”
In summary, this assertion highlights that what is important with respect to ICT and the doctoral process is how it all comes together within one’s flow. That flow incorporates active effort on the part of the individual in finding ICT and practices that suit the individual’s approaches as well as their project demands.
Assertion 4: ICT are not neutral; there is a two-way interaction between technologies as artefacts and the use of them to achieve ends. ICT and the person are intricately linked through multiple active, practical, goal-oriented connections.
This assertion draws attention to the nature of technology as a phenomenon; that technology is not an impartial tool that has no influence on the way humans act and react. This assertion presents ICT as an artefact of technological design activity; as a source of improving efforts to achieve an endpoint; but also as an influencer and even determiner of the thinking and practices of the person interacting with the ICT (e.g., Baird, 2002 ).
On what could be argued a superficial level, this student noted some active connection between the person and the software application, beyond simple use, when he commented:
I think it goes both ways, the product has to be intuitive and you’ve got to have a little bit of inclination to try out different things.
Others went beyond the superficial to describe more in-depth relationships between themselves and the ICT they were using. When discussing her use of software to help her manage her project and her time, this student talked about how the ICT she was using supported and enhanced her thinking.
Using the application] really changed the way I started to think about [my research]. I started to be less worried about the big overwhelming long term stuff that was out there and just think, okay, this week, what am I going to do this week, how am I going to be really efficient and targeted, and I think that really helped me.
Following is another example of how ICT helped solve a problem while simultaneously having an influence on behaviour; in this instance with organising notes, ideas and documents.
“… and it's the same with my note-taking because [the programme] that I use has a similar sort of functionality that it can search text that you've written but also search notes and PDF docs and those kind of things, so it means that when you've had a random thought and put it somewhere you can find it again. Which is huge for me, so I guess that … the power of the search engine is probably the thing that drove me to become paperless, so it helps me to organize myself much better. … filing paper is a skill that I have not mastered whereas filing digital stuff is not as important because you can always just find it again.
Figure 4 illustrates this intricately intertwined interactivity among person, purpose, project, ICT and outcomes.
![example of qualitative research title about ict figure 4](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs41239-020-00212-3/MediaObjects/41239_2020_212_Fig4_HTML.png)
ICT and the person are intricately linked through multiple active, practical, goal-oriented connections
While we did not find strong evidence for supervisors’ thoughts about this integrated and embedded notion of ICT, one supervisor did note “I could probably build them into my system, but I just never have”.
In summary, Assertion 4 highlights the integral role that ICT can be perceived to play in doctoral research processes. This is more than the working-alongside connection illustrated by Assertion 2 and the complementary partnership characterised by Assertion 3.
Assertions 1 and 2 highlight that individuals hold assumptions about, and have expectations of, ICT use; and those expectations and assumptions influence and determine their judgements about ICT and their use of ICT. The assertions point to connections between perceptions and practices. Assertion 1 describes a perception that ICT are separate from the person and the task-at-hand, while Assertion 2 presents a perception in which the person and the ICT are working alongside each other in harmony or at least in a loose partnership. Both assertions focus on endpoints, but the endpoints vary according to the perception of where ICT fit into the journey towards their achievement. For Assertion 1-type expressions, there is one major endpoint. For Assertion 2-type expressions, there are multiple, shorter-term endpoints that build towards achieving the major goal of completing the thesis.
Building on Assertions 1 and 2 are Assertions 3 and 4, which highlight what may be argued as more complex levels of perceiving and working with ICT. Both assertions give some focus to inter-connections, where people and ICT partner or collaborate. Assertion 3 depICT a perception that is about complementarity; where ICT affordances are seen as worthwhile when they support and enhance the work of the individual in ways that make sense to that individual. Assertion 4 builds on Assertion 3 by bringing to light the relationship in which the person alters and changes thinking or practices because of the influence that ICT affordances can have. No evidence was found to support a possible additional claim that as well as ICT causing individuals to alter and modify thinking and behaviours due to their existence, ICT, in turn, are perceived to be able to alter their ways of responding to the people who use them. This is not out of the realms of possibility of course, with ICT increasingly being designed and built to be able to respond to users’ needs.
It is also worth mentioning that the ‘types’ of ICT and the extent of their use by the participants was not the focus of this study. However, the findings suggested that the participants’ ICT use, regardless of their PhD phase and broad discipline background, might have reflected their inability to realise the advantages of learning how to use current ICT-related devices, tools, and applications to enhance the process of undertaking their doctoral research. The evidence that emerged in this study indicated that participants’ perspectives of ICT determined their adoption practices in general (i.e., as illustrated through the four assertions). The boarder higher education context including the specific institution and supervisors, might have neglected the explicit support of PhD students’ ICT capability development in this process.
In addition, while there is no similar study being found thus far, the insights gained from this study are actually similar to the findings in the research studies into the role of ICT in undergraduate education (Butson & Sim, 2013 ; Sim & Butson, 2013 , 2014 ). Results in those studies, demonstrated students’ low levels of ICT use, may be an indication that digital devices and digital tools do not play a significant role in daily study practices. Researchers such as Esposito, Sangrà & Maina ( 2013 ) also show that the PhD students’ learning to become researchers in the digital age is much more complex than is often suggested (e.g., the skills of Prenksy ( 2001 ) “digital natives”). Becoming a researcher involves developing a complex set of knowledge, intellectual abilities, techniques and professional standards. The Researcher Development Framework (Careers Research and Advisory Centre (CRAC), 2010 ) illustrates one useful attempt at mapping out that complexity. It could be that both students’ and supervisors’ adoption of ICT for academic purposes has been overshadowed or taken for granted as a consequence of their advanced academic level.
Implications
The four assertions can be used to provide some guidance to those supporting and participating in doctoral research processes. Students and supervisors do possess a vast array of skills, knowledge and abilities. They have a variety of experiences as well as varying reasons and levels of motivation. Their skills and capacity to make use of ICT to support their roles in the research process vary as well. The assertions that have emerged from this study will inform the planning for support activities to enhance supervisors’ and students’ professional development, whatever their background and needs.
Depending on the perceptions held about ICT and the relationship between ICT and the person in the context of the task and its goals (i.e., the doctoral study) within the doctoral research process as depicted in the four assertions, ICT tend to be seen as a challenge, a change or an opportunity. In the context of ICT use, doctoral students and supervisors may:
assume that if they do not already know how to use something it is not worth learning or exploring as that learning brings with it risk to quality, efficiency and effectiveness of the doctoral research process; and/or.
assume that students will work out the place that ICT play within the research process for themselves.
The findings of this study suggest the need to.
challenge existing ICT knowledge and skill, and to support acceptance of the need to change practices;
teach technological thinking, to enable choice and decision making about ICT;
embed ICT into practices in meaningful ways to suit individual and project needs;
highlight (explicit) responsibilities about thinking and planning skills with respect to making the best use of ICT, to ensure efficiency and effectiveness;
realise that the research process is as much about how it happens as what happens;
recast assumptions about the doctoral research process to embed ICT within it;
reflect on the meaning of effectiveness and efficiency in the context of doctoral research; and the effects of ICT in supporting and facilitating them;
understand that there is a link among ICT thinking and practice: using ICT can enhance or raise ideas that were never thought of before.
This study explored perceptions of doctoral supervisors and students of the role and place of ICT in supervision and study. It generated four assertions characterising those perceptions the relationships among people, ICT and the task-at-hand, that is, the supervised research process. As Castañeda and Selwyn ( 2018 ) argue, it is important that we have an active commitment to ‘think otherwise’ about how ICT might be better implemented across higher education settings” (p. 8). We should not assume that ICT are not important enough to let them fade into the background as they become normalised, without questioning the interrelationships that are happening between the person and the ICT. In the doctoral research setting, as one example of a higher education context, ICT do have a role to play. They cannot and should not be ignored. But seeing ICT in relationship to the person and to the setting is essential.
This project has provided insights into the doctoral students and supervisors’ perceptions of the roles played by ICT during doctoral research process. There are complex human factors, including assumptions, attitudes and conceptions about academic practices, influencing and determining perspectives as well as how ICT are incorporated into doctoral research process, behaviours and practices. Just as Kandiko and Kinchin ( 2012 ) argue that supervision cannot be looked at in the absence of the research work in which it occurs, we argue that doctoral students’ understanding and use of ICT cannot be considered independently of their research work; and that work includes relationships with their project, their supervisors, within the context of the institution, and with the ICT they do and could engage with.
Directly associated with the outcomes of this study, future studies and further exploration could focus on:
ICT use by larger and more diverse groups of doctoral students from a range of fields within discipline areas at institutions outside New Zealand;
building on the findings in order to determine how intensity of ICT use might change for students across the course of their candidature, and in relation to the nature of their research projects;
the role of supervisors, academic departments, and institutions in supporting and enhancing students’ practices and beliefs about ICT in research processes;
the ways in which supervisors engage ICT in their daily academic practices, with a view to exploring how, or if, their ICT use is an influence on PhD students’ beliefs and behaviours in using ICT.
Studying ICT in these directions could offer fresh perspectives and opportunities to think differently and reveal an active way of understanding the role of ICT in doctoral education.
Availability of data and materials
These are not available for open access as their access is bound by the ethical agreement approved by the two institutions and made with the participants in the study.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the students and supervisors who shared their reflections and willingly engaged with us in this project.
We acknowledge the support of Ako Aotearoa, The National Centre for Tertiary Teaching Excellence, New Zealand through its Regional Hub Project Fund (RHPF), and the support of our institutions, University of Otago and Victoria University of Wellington.
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Stein, S.J., Sim, K.N. Enhancing the roles of information and communication technologies in doctoral research processes. Int J Educ Technol High Educ 17 , 34 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00212-3
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- Doctoral research and supervision
- Information and communication technologies
- Participative drawing
What are some existing qualitative research titles for ICT students? Can you suggest any?
![example of qualitative research title about ict Bot image for Web-Search](https://qph.cf2.poecdn.net/main-thumb-pb-2254704-50-frglciooglqoetmxwtnjvoezstfasmvp.jpeg)
Sure! Here are some existing qualitative research titles for ICT students:
- The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Cybersecurity: A Qualitative Study [3]
- Exploring User Experience in Mobile App Design: A Qualitative Analysis [3]
- Understanding the Challenges of Data Privacy in Cloud Computing: A Qualitative Investigation [3]
- Investigating the Role of Social Media in Information Sharing during Crisis Situations: A Qualitative Study [3]
- Examining the Factors Influencing User Adoption of E-commerce Platforms: A Qualitative Analysis [3]
- Exploring the Use of Virtual Reality in Education: A Qualitative Study [3]
- Understanding the Role of Gamification in Enhancing User Engagement: A Qualitative Investigation [3]
- Investigating the Impact of Blockchain Technology on Supply Chain Management: A Qualitative Analysis [3]
- Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Cities: A Qualitative Study [3]
- Understanding the Factors Influencing User Trust in Online Banking: A Qualitative Investigation [3]
These research titles cover a range of topics within the field of ICT and provide opportunities for qualitative research on various aspects of technology and its impact on society.
Learn more:
- 150+ Qualitative Research Topics for a Great Paper
- Top 60 Examples of Qualitative Research Topics - Papersowl
- 224 Research Topics on Technology & Computer Science
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- Research Title Ideas for ICT Students
In current years, various ideas have emerged in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The compilation of ICT research proposal subjects provided below serves as a useful guide to initiate your research endeavors. While certain topics are straightforward, others present a more intricate nature. Additionally, the challenging topics are accompanied by brief descriptions to facilitate a quick assessment of their appeal to you. On the basis of different fields within ICT, we suggest numerous research title ideas together with an explicit description and that deal with latest technological possibilities and limitations:
- The Impact of Remote Work on Network Infrastructure and Security
- Description: For detecting issues and suggesting strategies, explore how the industrial network safety and architecture are impacted by the transition to remote work. In terms of the constant impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on job practices, this research topic is more important.
- Utilizing Blockchain Technology for Secure E-Voting Systems
- Description: The major goal of this study is to investigate how the reliability, morality, and safety of electronic voting frameworks can be improved by the mechanism of blockchain. This topic is considered as effective as well as significant due to the emerging issues based on election safety across the world.
- Developing a Machine Learning Model to Predict Cybersecurity Threats
- Description: To find possible cybersecurity hazards in advance, aim to develop predictive frameworks through the utilization of machine learning. As the cybersecurity hazards are turning into more complex, and the requirement for effective safety policies become high, this study is determined as most significant.
- IoT-Based Smart Agriculture Solutions for Sustainable Farming
- Description: With the aim of improving farming practices, minimizing ecological effects, and reinforcing crop productions, this research concentrates on the creation and implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) mechanisms. In farming, the major problem based on sustainability can be solved by this topic effectively.
- Augmented Reality in Education: Enhancing Learning Experiences
- Description: For enhancing academic results through offering communicative and engaging learning practices, the effectiveness of augmented reality (AR) has to be studied. The evolving educational technology domain could be advanced by this study in an efficient manner.
- Enhancing Accessibility in Digital Platforms Through User-Centered Design
- Description: To create online settings for the disabled persons in a user-friendly and convenient way, how the standards of user-centered design can be implemented is explored in this study. The relevance of accessibility in the advancement of technology is highlighted in this study topic.
- Next-Generation Wireless Networks: 5G Technology and Its Applications
- Description: This research topic is examined as the advancement of telecommunications study. It investigates the 5G wireless mechanism in the context of its issues, possible applications, abilities, its influence on smart cities, IoT, and over that.
- The Role of ICT in Mitigating Climate Change: Opportunities and Challenges
- Description: By considering energy-effectiveness, smart mechanisms, and facilitating remote work and education, in what way ICT can advance climate change reduction endeavors has to be analyzed. For interpreting the ecological effect of ICT, this study is critical.
- Assessing the Effectiveness of AI-Powered Chatbots in Customer Service
- Description: For the industries that are intending to enhance consumer service processes, this study is highly crucial. By comparing with human consumer service members, the consumer contentment and efficiency of AI-driven chatbots have to be assessed.
- Privacy-Preserving Data Mining Techniques in the Age of Big Data
- Description: To retrieve essential details from a wide range of datasets without compromising personal confidentiality, explore techniques and methods. Due to the emergence of problems in terms of data confidentiality together with the increase of big data, this exploration is considered as more relevant.
What is an example of ICT title?
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an interesting area of study and presents novel approaches in several researches. Below, we list out ten effective instances of ICT-based research titles along with explanation based on technological issues and various research areas:
- The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing E-Commerce Personalization and Customer Experience
- For enhancing involvement and contentment, how e-commerce practices can be altered by the mechanisms of AI based on each user’s priorities has to be investigated.
- Cybersecurity in the IoT Era: Challenges and Solutions for Protecting Connected Devices
- The novel security risks that are caused by the Internet of Things (IoT) must be explored. To secure from cyber hazards, suggest more powerful solutions.
- Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Pathway to Secure and Efficient Patient Data Management
- By considering confidentiality, interoperability, and safety, aim to analyze the effectiveness of blockchain technology, especially for transforming healthcare data handling.
- Evaluating the Impact of Virtual Reality on Educational Outcomes in STEM Fields
- In various fields like science, technology, engineering, and mathematical education, how learning and understanding can be improved by virtual reality (VR) tools has to be evaluated.
- 5G Networks and Beyond: Analyzing the Future of Wireless Communication Technology
- Investigate the 5G mechanism based on its developments, social impacts, and limitations. Its possible advancements into 6G technology and over that must also be studied.
- Machine Learning Techniques for Predictive Maintenance in Manufacturing Industries
- For minimizing expenses and break, how the methods of machine learning can forecast equipment faults and improve maintenance planning should be explored.
- Digital Divide and Access to Information: Strategies for Bridging the Gap in Rural Communities
- By concentrating on enhancing information technology availability in unprivileged rural regions, this research intends to tackle the digital divide issue by investigating strategies.
- Augmented Reality as a Tool for Cultural Heritage Preservation and Education
- To improve the maintenance and depiction of cultural heritage artworks and places, how augmented reality (AR) will be useful has to be analyzed.
- The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Navigating Privacy, Bias, and Decision-Making
- Aim to solve any moral concerns based on AI technology. It is also important to focus on various problems in terms of algorithmic unfairness, the independence of decision-making frameworks, and confidentiality.
- Smart Cities and Urban Sustainability: Integrating ICT Solutions for Greener Urban Living
- Consider in what way technology can advance ecological preservation and sustainable urban strategies. This idea is specifically for exploring the ICT contribution in the smart city creation.
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- Abnormal objective recognition in video based on data mining of finance industry
- An Integrated Observing Technic for Collaborative Learning: The Multimodal Learning Analytics Based on the Video Coding and EEG Data Mining
- Controlling the visualization: evaluating spatial data mining patterns while exploring a familiar geographic environment
- Analysis of Multi Index Association of Power Grid Work Order based on Data Mining
- An Approach to Protect the Privacy of Cloud Data from Data Mining Based Attacks
- Survey into predictive key performance indicator analysis from data mining perspective
- Semi Supervised Prediction Model in Educational Data Mining
- Data mining-based fault detection and prediction methods for in-orbit satellite
- Fuzzy data mining based on the compressed fuzzy FP-trees
- A new method for automatically constructing concept maps based on data mining techniques
- Operation and Maintenance Management and Decision Analysis in Distribution Network Based on Big Data Mining
- The Fault Data Mining of Supervision Equipment of Urban Rail Transit Based on Clustering
- Digital Archiving and Data Mining of Historic Document
- Using divide-and-conquer GA strategy in fuzzy data mining
- PASCMP: A novel cache framework for data mining application
- Improving expression data mining through cluster validation
- Power quality data mining using soft computing and wavelet transform
- A data mining approach for spatial modeling in small area load forecast
- Finding peculiar students from student database using outlier analysis: Data mining approach
- The ontology construction and data mining research of PDM system
- Preliminary description of NACK-based ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing protocol for MANETs
- Energy Efficient Cooperative Communication in Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Large Scale MANETs
- Comparing Performance of Group Communications Protocols Over SCB versus Routed MANET Networks
- A Protocol for End-to-End Key Establishment During Route Discovery in MANETs
- Intrusion detection system on MAC layer for attack prevention in MANET
- Authentication and dynamic key management protocol based on certified tokens for manets
- An architecture for secure interoperability between coalition tactical MANETs
- Adaptive fuzzy inference system for detection and prevention of cooperative black hole attack in MANETs
- A Survey of Selfish Nodes Detection in MANET: Solutions and Opportunities of Research
- Performance analysis for diverse simulation scenarios for DSDV, DSR and AODV MANET routing protocols
- A new tuning maximum congestion window for improving TCP performance in MANET
- REDMAN: a decentralized middleware solution for cooperative replication in dense MANETs
- Density and mobility impact on MANET routing protocols in a maritime environment
- A novel routing method for improving message delivery delay in hybrid DTN-MANET networks
- Large Scale Distributed Disaster Information System based on MANET and Overlay Network
- Performance of agro-sensors: Assessment of optimality in routing protocols of MANET in wireless sensor networks
- A novel communication mode selection technique for DTN over MANET architecture
- MAPNaS: a lightweight, locality-aware peer-to-peer based name service for MANETs
- A Congestion Window Control Mechanism Based on Fuzzy Logic to Improve TCP Performance in MANETs
- Deploying Lightweight Queue Management for improving performance of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)
- Simulation of Evacuation Route Guidance Considering Evacuation Situation Changes in MANET-Based Building Evacuation System
- Performance Analysis of Bellman Ford, AODV, DSR, ZRP and DYMO Routing Protocol in MANET using EXATA
- Experimental results for low overhead frequency offset estimation in MANETs with concurrent transmission
- A new technique for AODV based secure routing with detection black hole in MANET
- Adaptive hierarchical resource management for satellite channel in hybrid MANET-satellite-Internet network
- EPPN: Extended Prime Product Number based wormhole DETECTION scheme for MANETs
- Effect of Adapter Promiscuous Mode Operation on DSR Performance in MANETs
- ReverseRoute: An Application-Layer Scheme for Detecting Blackholes in MANET Using Mobile Agents
- A Two-Dimensional Logical Coordinate System for Hexagonal Grids in MANETs
- A fuzzy-timestamp based adaptive gateway discovery protocol in integrated Internet-MANET
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- What Is Qualitative Research? | Methods & Examples
What Is Qualitative Research? | Methods & Examples
Published on June 19, 2020 by Pritha Bhandari . Revised on June 22, 2023.
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research , which involves collecting and analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis.
Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.
- How does social media shape body image in teenagers?
- How do children and adults interpret healthy eating in the UK?
- What factors influence employee retention in a large organization?
- How is anxiety experienced around the world?
- How can teachers integrate social issues into science curriculums?
Table of contents
Approaches to qualitative research, qualitative research methods, qualitative data analysis, advantages of qualitative research, disadvantages of qualitative research, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about qualitative research.
Qualitative research is used to understand how people experience the world. While there are many approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be flexible and focus on retaining rich meaning when interpreting data.
Common approaches include grounded theory, ethnography , action research , phenomenological research, and narrative research. They share some similarities, but emphasize different aims and perspectives.
Approach | What does it involve? |
---|---|
Grounded theory | Researchers collect rich data on a topic of interest and develop theories . |
Researchers immerse themselves in groups or organizations to understand their cultures. | |
Action research | Researchers and participants collaboratively link theory to practice to drive social change. |
Phenomenological research | Researchers investigate a phenomenon or event by describing and interpreting participants’ lived experiences. |
Narrative research | Researchers examine how stories are told to understand how participants perceive and make sense of their experiences. |
Note that qualitative research is at risk for certain research biases including the Hawthorne effect , observer bias , recall bias , and social desirability bias . While not always totally avoidable, awareness of potential biases as you collect and analyze your data can prevent them from impacting your work too much.
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Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods . These are some of the most common qualitative methods:
- Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.
- Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
- Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.
- Surveys : distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.
- Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video recordings, etc.
- You take field notes with observations and reflect on your own experiences of the company culture.
- You distribute open-ended surveys to employees across all the company’s offices by email to find out if the culture varies across locations.
- You conduct in-depth interviews with employees in your office to learn about their experiences and perspectives in greater detail.
Qualitative researchers often consider themselves “instruments” in research because all observations, interpretations and analyses are filtered through their own personal lens.
For this reason, when writing up your methodology for qualitative research, it’s important to reflect on your approach and to thoroughly explain the choices you made in collecting and analyzing the data.
Qualitative data can take the form of texts, photos, videos and audio. For example, you might be working with interview transcripts, survey responses, fieldnotes, or recordings from natural settings.
Most types of qualitative data analysis share the same five steps:
- Prepare and organize your data. This may mean transcribing interviews or typing up fieldnotes.
- Review and explore your data. Examine the data for patterns or repeated ideas that emerge.
- Develop a data coding system. Based on your initial ideas, establish a set of codes that you can apply to categorize your data.
- Assign codes to the data. For example, in qualitative survey analysis, this may mean going through each participant’s responses and tagging them with codes in a spreadsheet. As you go through your data, you can create new codes to add to your system if necessary.
- Identify recurring themes. Link codes together into cohesive, overarching themes.
There are several specific approaches to analyzing qualitative data. Although these methods share similar processes, they emphasize different concepts.
Approach | When to use | Example |
---|---|---|
To describe and categorize common words, phrases, and ideas in qualitative data. | A market researcher could perform content analysis to find out what kind of language is used in descriptions of therapeutic apps. | |
To identify and interpret patterns and themes in qualitative data. | A psychologist could apply thematic analysis to travel blogs to explore how tourism shapes self-identity. | |
To examine the content, structure, and design of texts. | A media researcher could use textual analysis to understand how news coverage of celebrities has changed in the past decade. | |
To study communication and how language is used to achieve effects in specific contexts. | A political scientist could use discourse analysis to study how politicians generate trust in election campaigns. |
Qualitative research often tries to preserve the voice and perspective of participants and can be adjusted as new research questions arise. Qualitative research is good for:
- Flexibility
The data collection and analysis process can be adapted as new ideas or patterns emerge. They are not rigidly decided beforehand.
- Natural settings
Data collection occurs in real-world contexts or in naturalistic ways.
- Meaningful insights
Detailed descriptions of people’s experiences, feelings and perceptions can be used in designing, testing or improving systems or products.
- Generation of new ideas
Open-ended responses mean that researchers can uncover novel problems or opportunities that they wouldn’t have thought of otherwise.
Researchers must consider practical and theoretical limitations in analyzing and interpreting their data. Qualitative research suffers from:
- Unreliability
The real-world setting often makes qualitative research unreliable because of uncontrolled factors that affect the data.
- Subjectivity
Due to the researcher’s primary role in analyzing and interpreting data, qualitative research cannot be replicated . The researcher decides what is important and what is irrelevant in data analysis, so interpretations of the same data can vary greatly.
- Limited generalizability
Small samples are often used to gather detailed data about specific contexts. Despite rigorous analysis procedures, it is difficult to draw generalizable conclusions because the data may be biased and unrepresentative of the wider population .
- Labor-intensive
Although software can be used to manage and record large amounts of text, data analysis often has to be checked or performed manually.
If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
- Chi square goodness of fit test
- Degrees of freedom
- Null hypothesis
- Discourse analysis
- Control groups
- Mixed methods research
- Non-probability sampling
- Quantitative research
- Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Research bias
- Rosenthal effect
- Implicit bias
- Cognitive bias
- Selection bias
- Negativity bias
- Status quo bias
Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.
There are five common approaches to qualitative research :
- Grounded theory involves collecting data in order to develop new theories.
- Ethnography involves immersing yourself in a group or organization to understand its culture.
- Narrative research involves interpreting stories to understand how people make sense of their experiences and perceptions.
- Phenomenological research involves investigating phenomena through people’s lived experiences.
- Action research links theory and practice in several cycles to drive innovative changes.
Data collection is the systematic process by which observations or measurements are gathered in research. It is used in many different contexts by academics, governments, businesses, and other organizations.
There are various approaches to qualitative data analysis , but they all share five steps in common:
- Prepare and organize your data.
- Review and explore your data.
- Develop a data coding system.
- Assign codes to the data.
- Identify recurring themes.
The specifics of each step depend on the focus of the analysis. Some common approaches include textual analysis , thematic analysis , and discourse analysis .
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Qualitative Research Topics & Ideas For Students
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Do you have difficulty finding a qualitative research title for your project? If you are, you need not worry because you are not alone. However, there are many unique qualitative titles you can explore for your research. You just need a few qualitative research title examples to get you started. Qualitative research is focused on data obtained through a researcher’s first-hand observations, natural setting recording, artifacts, case studies, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. The findings in qualitative research are usually non-numerical. Also, it is common in humanities and social sciences. This post provides over 100 qualitative research topics you can consider.
- The Best Qualitative Research Topics That Impress the Teacher
Exceptional Qualitative Research Topics In Social Science
Qualitative research title examples for students, fantastic examples of qualitative research titles, good topics to start for qualitative research, qualitative research topics in education, quick examples of qualitative research topics, qualitative research topics in the philippines, qualitative researches topics about humanity & social science, great choices of qualitative research title examples, qualitative research topics for students to think about, our examples of the best qualitative research topics that impress the teacher.
An excellent research topic will help you earn a good grade. Consider any example of a qualitative research title from the following options:
- The impacts of social media on physical social engagement in society
- The benefits of treating mental disorders with medication
- The effects of Gender-Based Violence on women’s social lives in rural areas
- The decline of academic pursuit in third-world countries
- Sexual workers: the stigma they experience
- How has the promotion of feminist values influenced workplaces?
- Free education: its impact in third-world countries
- What is the correlation between education and success?
- Ableism: its effects on disabled people in society
- Food insecurity in third-world nations
The topic of your research paper can influence how easily you can conduct your study and draw conclusions.
Here are fantastic examples of qualitative research titles:
- Female harm: how it is influenced by culture
- The socioeconomic impacts of free education
- The link between food insecurity and poor performance in schools
- Alcoholism among college students: a critical study
- How to mitigate child labor in our society
- The root causes of child labor in Latin America
- The stigma of living with transmissive medical conditions
- The root cause of the stigma of people living with disabilities
- How to identify depression in small children
- Signs of autism in kids below two years old
Choosing a qualitative research topic is not a task you should take lightly because it can influence your performance. Here are some noteworthy qualitative research titles examples:
- Basic patient care policies in developing nations
- The impacts of alcoholism on education
- Adult learning: what does it entail?
- Homeschooling: Is it the latest trend after the pandemic?
- Does computer literacy influence the quality of education kids enjoy?
- How to effectively teach students with learning disabilities
- The relationship between poor education systems and crime rates in third-world countries
- Student bullying: the psychological impacts
- Should high school students go through university preparedness programs?
- research writing in high schools: its significance
Are you looking for qualitative research topic examples to start your study? Below are some creative examples to consider:
- Remote tests: are they as effective as in-class tests?
- The value of social activities in academic institutions
- Why should healthcare be free in all countries?
- The implications of racist laws on society
- The reception of COVID-19 vaccines and treatments
- What is the difference between foreign policies in first-world and third-world nations?
- Racism and Colorism: what is the difference?
- Dissecting the causes of low voter turnouts in the 21 st century
- The challenges of social media on kid’s brain development
- The inclusion of black women in American politics and its impacts
When competing with several brilliant minds, a good research topic can do you greatly. The following qualitative research examples titles are a great place to start:
- Should school uniforms be discarded for high schoolers?
- The need for equal representation in global politics
- The implications of police brutality on politics
- The role of parental care in foster kids
- The distinction between Islamic values and Christian values
- The correlation between political instability and migration
- Sex trafficking and violence against women: what is the link?
- How can global governments eradicate homelessness?
- Fraternities and sororities: are they still relevant?
- The role of literature in promoting societal changes
Qualitative research is popular in the education field and other social sciences. Choose a qualitative research title example on the subject of education from the following list:
- Effectively introducing foreign languages in the high school curriculum
- How can teachers help students with disabilities improve their learning?
- The link between social activities and comprehension among students
- Research writing in high schools: is it necessary?
- How has virtual learning influenced teacher-student relationships?
- The implications of allowing smartphones in classes
- Should all schools introduce sign language lessons in their curriculum?
- Student loans: their impacts on black students
- The impacts of race on college acceptance rates
- Poverty and education: what is the link?
- Ethnic and socioeconomic causes of poor school attendance in developing worlds
- Various teaching methods and their efficiency
- Efficient teaching methods for children below two years
- Why do students perform better in humanities than in sciences?
- The difference between college acceptance and completion in most nations
- Remote learning in developing countries
- What are the best ways of approaching bullying in schools?
- How do teachers promote inequality among students?
- Does social class influence academic performance negatively or positively?
- How do teachers shape their students’ personalities?
Coming up with a qualitative research title can be hard because of the numerous subject areas and the issue of uniqueness. Therefore, we have prepared the following qualitative title examples for you:
- How to promote oral learning in classrooms
- Political instability in developing countries: its economic impacts
- The impacts of weather on social activities
- Boredom and poor-decision making: the connection
- Exploring the connection between attachment types and love languages
- Socioeconomic impacts of instability on a country
- How does social media impact the perception of reality
- Reality TV shows: are they a true reflection of reality?
- How culture applies to different age groups
- Is social media influencing the loss of cultural values?
You can base your research topic on a specific region or nation, like the Philippines. A sample qualitative research title can get you started. You can pick a sample qualitative research title from the ideas below:
- Why are so many Philippines residents migrating to America?
- The impact of politics on migration in the Philippines
- How has violence led to food insecurity in rural areas in the Philippines?
- The Philippine education system: an overview
- How cultural norms influence social activities in the Philippines
- Gender roles in the Philippines society
- How popular Filipino cultures have served as agents of social change in the nation
- The link between male dominance and GBV in the Philippines
- Barriers to clean hygiene in health centers in the Philippines
- The spread of COVID in rural areas in the Philippines
Most top performers in research subjects attribute their success to choosing the best title for qualitative research. Here are some qualitative research topics about humanities and social science to promote good performance:
- The impact of poor market rivalry on supply and demand
- The role of parents in shaping kids’ morals
- Is social media the root cause of poor societal morals?
- How does alcohol impact a person’s normal behavior?
- How often should adults engage in sporting activities?
- Children’s eating habits and their influences
- Low socioeconomic backgrounds and their impacts on self-esteem
- The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world’s views on viral diseases
- How can school-going kids manage depression
- Causes of mental challenges among school-going kids
Finding a good topic for qualitative research is a critical task that requires a lot of thought and research. However, we have simplified the process with the following qualitative topic ideas:
- Pop music and erratic youth behavior: is there a link?
- How do public figures influence cultures?
- Ideas for improving healthcare in developing nations
- Possible solutions for alleviating the food crisis in developing nations
- New ways of mitigating viral diseases
- Social media trends among the elderly
- Quarantine as a mitigation approach for infectious diseases
- Promoting social justice in patriarchal societies
- Worrying trends among the young population
- Emerging marketing trends in 2023
Qualitative research for college and high school students helps improve reading, writing, and intellectual skills. Here are some qualitative research examples and topic ideas for students :
- How to detect and prevent natural disasters beforehand
- Can the whole world have the same education system?
- What is the most effective therapy for patients recuperating from brain surgery?
- Possible solutions for promoting ethical practices in telehealth
- Can addicts overcome addiction without therapy?
- The latest technology trends and their impacts?
- How can global governments promote mental health awareness?
- Have smartphones caused reduced attention spans among users?
- Sexual violence in rural areas
- The introduction of Islam in African nations
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Qualitative research is an investigative analysis of intangible or inexact data, mostly non-numerical. The title of qualitative research you choose will guide your entire research process and influence its conclusions. Do you need a paper or an example of a research title qualitative topic? Our expert team is ready to write it for you.
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Qualitative Research Topics. Qualitative Research Topics are as follows: Understanding the lived experiences of first-generation college students. Exploring the impact of social media on self-esteem among adolescents. Investigating the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction. Analyzing the perceptions of employees regarding ...
A few other scholars who have investigated the topic at a national level have used a qualitative approach to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the student's performance accruing from the adoption of ICT. ... Figure 1 displays this research model where ICT adoption is the independent variable (IV) and the students' academic ...
636 The impact of ICT on learning: A review of research research in this field has been more consistent and well documented. Two periods of research have been suggested in this review. (a) Research findings and their implications from 1960s to 1980s; (b) Research findings and their implications from1990s to 2000s, and future research.
The methods provided by qualitative research provide the necessary analytical tools and theoretical frameworks to explore these emerging issues. This entry begins with an overview of three current areas of qualitative research on ICT and is then followed by a discussion of the methodological challenges of ICT research.
The Qualitative research method used for this study, In this study, we reviewed the available and. ... of higher taking in, the utilization of ICT, for example, web crawlers have. supplanted library.
Objectives and research approach. TNS, an independent research company with a global presence, was commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation to conduct research across 18 EU countries to identify perceptions and types of use of public libraries. The purpose of the research was to understand the impact that public libraries in the EU ...
Isisag (2011) conducted a study on the positive effects of integrating ICT in foreign language teaching. The purpose of the study was to examine the necessity of ICT and highlight its positive effects to keep up with the modernized communities in the current digital world. In this study, the enormous advantages of integrating ICT in foreign ...
Abstract. Qualitative research on information and communication technology (ICT) covers a wide terrain, from studies examining online text comprehension Keywords: CALL; computer mediated ...
This study looked at qualitative papers that focused on teacher perceptions of how technology is integrated in the classroom. It synthesized 22 qualitative research studies using the meta-ethnography method to trace, assess, and synthesize the findings in order to gain a better understanding of the diversity of teacher perceptions concerning ICT integration in the classroom.
a clear picture of the possible roles ICT can play in education. Through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the large number of diverse studies, this art. cle sheds light on the different future perspectives that exist. Based on the meta-analysis we present four new and plausible scenarios that addr. ss the main uncertainties regarding ...
Welcome to ictresearchmethods.nl. As an ICT student or professional, you need to solve all kind of ICT challenges. Answering the questions and tackling the problems or opportunities of your ICT project requires research and often a combination of various ICT research methods. The toolkit on this website offers you a set of possible research ...
ABSTRACT. This review summarizes the relevant research on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in education. Specifically, it reviews studies that have touched upon the merits of ICT integration in schools, barriers or challenges encountered in the use of ICT, factors influencing successful ICT integration, in-service and ...
This study explores the level of engagement with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) supported content among students and teachers in learning sciences and basic computing at Rwandan lower secondary schools. Data were collected from ten well-equipped smart classrooms across ten schools. A sample of 394 participants included ten deputy headteachers, 40 teachers, and 344 students ...
Abstract Qualitative research on information and communication technology (ICT) covers a wide terrain, from studies examining online text comprehension ... (ICT) covers a wide terrain, from studies examining online text comprehension. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics.
While information and communication technologies (ICT) are prominent in educational practices at most levels of formal learning, there is relatively little known about the skills and understandings that underlie their effective and efficient use in research higher degree settings. This project aimed to identify doctoral supervisors' and students' perceptions of their roles in using ICT.
Abstract. The aim of this paper is to provide a qualitative research paradigm for researchers wishing to undertake similar ICT-related case study research in the area of how/if teachers' attitudes and practices change over time in an ICT classroom environment. The paper describes in detail a funding-approved research project to be undertaken ...
Unedited. 1/6 installation of sample qualitative research titles.This video contains subjects and research topics on ICT, Social Media and Internet use.#ICTR...
These research titles cover a range of topics within the field of ICT and provide opportunities for qualitative research on various aspects of technology and its impact on society. Learn more: 150+ Qualitative Research Topics for a Great Paper
What is an example of ICT title? Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an interesting area of study and presents novel approaches in several researches. Below, we list out ten effective instances of ICT-based research titles along with explanation based on technological issues and various research areas:
The objectives of this manuscript are to: 1) describe how RAP can be used in pragmatic healthcare research studies and 2) provide an example of when RAP was applied to a qualitative research study ...
Return to Article Details ICT and the Research Process: Issues Around the Compatibility of Technology with Qualitative Data Analysis
W e, the Grade 11 ICT students, are currently working on our qualitative research entitled, "The Experiences of Grade 11 Fidelis Senior High School Technical V ocational and Livelihood
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which involves collecting and ...
Here are fantastic examples of qualitative research titles: Female harm: how it is influenced by culture. The socioeconomic impacts of free education. The link between food insecurity and poor performance in schools. Alcoholism among college students: a critical study. How to mitigate child labor in our society.