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Research Methods in Early Childhood: An Introductory Guide

Student resources, multiple choice quiz.

Test your understanding of each chapter by taking the quiz below. Click anywhere on the question to reveal the answer. Good luck!

1. What is an abstract?

• A short footnote in the text of your work
• A chance to acknowledge those who have helped you in your research project, placed at the beginning of the written-up project
• A brief resume of the study to entice the reader to read more
• An introduction to the research

2. What should always be included in an introduction?

• Detail of your research findings
• Your interview schedule (or detail of any other research instruments)
• A rationale for conducting the study and key research questions
• Recommendations for early childhood practice in detail

3. What is a literature review?

• A place to provide autobiographic detail
• A place to outline all the reading you have done in your studies
• A place to link your reading to your research findings
• A place to discuss literature which helps to frame your study

4. Where is a literature review typically found in written-up research?

• Before the methodology chapter
• After the findings chapter
• In the appendices
• Integrated into the data analysis

5. What would you expect to find in a methodology chapter in a piece of empirical research?

• Detail of the methodological approach taken
• Detail of the methods employed
• Detail of ethical considerations linked to the research project
• All of the above

6. Should data and discussion of data be presented as two separate chapters?

• Never. They are inappropriate for early childhood research
• Always. Students tend to undertake qualitative research projects
• Possibly, depending on the kind of research undertaken and tutor advice
• Possibly, depending if there is time to complete two chapters as opposed to one larger chapter

7. What should a conclusion chapter contain?

• A sense of the research story
• A summary of the key findings
• Reflection on what these findings mean
• Discussion of possible implications for practice or future research

8. Having read the chapter, what do Mukherji and Albon advise in relation to using ‘I’ when writing up research?

• You should always use the personal pronoun when writing up research as it reflects that it is a personal piece of work
• Writing seems far too ‘chatty’ if you use ‘I’ when writing. In order to write academically use of ‘I’ should always be avoided
• If talking about the decisions you made in research and your own viewpoint, it is hard to avoid use of ‘I’ and it does not necessarily mean lack of academic tone if used judiciously (but do ask your tutor!)
• You could be in danger of failing a module if you use the personal pronoun in your work. You will never see academic journal articles using ‘I’

Parts of research paper

Quiz   by jean daryl ampong.

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• Q 1 / 9 Score 0 Which of the following is NOT a part of a research paper? 29 Introduction Acknowledgment Title page Acknowledgment

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• Q 1 Which of the following is NOT a part of a research paper? Introduction Acknowledgment Title page Acknowledgment 30 s
• Q 2 Which of the following sections comes first in a research paper? Abstract Conclusion Methodology Introduction 30 s
• Q 3 Which of the following is the section where you highlight the key findings of your research paper? Results Introduction Conclusion Methodology 30 s
• Q 4 Which of the following is NOT one of the main sections of a research paper? Conclusion Appendix Introduction Results 30 s
• Q 5 Which section of a research paper describes the methods and procedures used in the research? Results Introduction Methodology Conclusion 30 s
• Q 6 Which section of a research paper summarizes the main points and provides recommendations based on the research findings? Results Methodology Introduction Conclusion 30 s
• Q 7 Which of the following is the correct order of the sections in a research paper? Abstract, Conclusion, Introduction, Methodology, References, Title page, Results, Discussion Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References Introduction, Results, Methodology, Abstract, Conclusion, References, Title page, Discussion Results, Introduction, Methodology, Conclusion, Title page, Abstract, References, Discussion 30 s
• Q 8 Which section of a research paper lists the sources cited in the paper? Results Introduction Conclusion References 30 s
• Q 9 Which of the following is NOT one of the key elements of a research paper? Methodology Glossary Abstract Introduction 30 s

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Parts of a Research

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This refers to the information or content from different sources ralated to the topic.

Methodology

The sources you used on your research.

It establishes the scope, context and significance of the research to be conducted. This also states the purpose why the study will be conducted.

Literature Review

Results and Recommendations

Introduction

The systematic investigation that aims to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Observation

Investigation

Scientific Investigation

This refers to a particular procedure or set of procedures applied in conducting a research or study.

Findings, Results and Recommendations

The section of the research proposal that includes the research questions is the....

Findings and Recommendation

Research Methodology

Further investigations you intend to pursue can be found in?

All of the above

The final step in the research process is analyzing your data.

Which of the following lists presents the sections of a Research Report in the correct order?

Introduction, Abstract, Title page, Literature, Methods, Findings, References, Appendices.

Title page, Abstract, Literature, Introduction, Methods, Findings, References, Appendices.

Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Literature, Methods, Findings, References, Appendices.

Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Literature, Methods, Findings, Appendices, References.

What does the findings section highlight?

The success of the study.

Psychological interpretation of the statistical findings.

Outcome of data analysis.

All of these.

What is the purpose of a literature review?

To present primary information on a topic

To provide a qalitative investigation of an issue

To analyse results from primary and secondary data

To provide a summary of existing information on a subject

Why do we need to review the existing literature?

To make sure you have a long list of references

Because without it you could never reach the required word-count

To help in your general studying

To find out what is already known about our area of interest

To read crictically means:

Taking an opposing point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed

Evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions

Skimming through the material because most of it is just padding

being negative about something before you read it

Research is not considered ethical if it

is not a very high standard

does not ensure privacy and anonymity of the respondent

tries to prove a particular point

does not investigate the data scientifically

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• Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/fact-checking-warnings-from-democrats-about-project-2025-and-donald-trump

Fact-checking warnings from Democrats about Project 2025 and Donald Trump

This fact check originally appeared on PolitiFact .

Project 2025 has a starring role in this week’s Democratic National Convention.

And it was front and center on Night 1.

WATCH: Hauling large copy of Project 2025, Michigan state Sen. McMorrow speaks at 2024 DNC

“This is Project 2025,” Michigan state Sen. Mallory McMorrow, D-Royal Oak, said as she laid a hardbound copy of the 900-page document on the lectern. “Over the next four nights, you are going to hear a lot about what is in this 900-page document. Why? Because this is the Republican blueprint for a second Trump term.”

Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democratic presidential nominee, has warned Americans about “Trump’s Project 2025” agenda — even though former President Donald Trump doesn’t claim the conservative presidential transition document.

“Donald Trump wants to take our country backward,” Harris said July 23 in Milwaukee. “He and his extreme Project 2025 agenda will weaken the middle class. Like, we know we got to take this seriously, and can you believe they put that thing in writing?”

Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, Harris’ running mate, has joined in on the talking point.

“Don’t believe (Trump) when he’s playing dumb about this Project 2025. He knows exactly what it’ll do,” Walz said Aug. 9 in Glendale, Arizona.

Trump’s campaign has worked to build distance from the project, which the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, led with contributions from dozens of conservative groups.

Much of the plan calls for extensive executive-branch overhauls and draws on both long-standing conservative principles, such as tax cuts, and more recent culture war issues. It lays out recommendations for disbanding the Commerce and Education departments, eliminating certain climate protections and consolidating more power to the president.

Project 2025 offers a sweeping vision for a Republican-led executive branch, and some of its policies mirror Trump’s 2024 agenda, But Harris and her presidential campaign have at times gone too far in describing what the project calls for and how closely the plans overlap with Trump’s campaign.

PolitiFact researched Harris’ warnings about how the plan would affect reproductive rights, federal entitlement programs and education, just as we did for President Joe Biden’s Project 2025 rhetoric. Here’s what the project does and doesn’t call for, and how it squares with Trump’s positions.

Are Trump and Project 2025 connected?

To distance himself from Project 2025 amid the Democratic attacks, Trump wrote on Truth Social that he “knows nothing” about it and has “no idea” who is in charge of it. (CNN identified at least 140 former advisers from the Trump administration who have been involved.)

The Heritage Foundation sought contributions from more than 100 conservative organizations for its policy vision for the next Republican presidency, which was published in 2023.

Project 2025 is now winding down some of its policy operations, and director Paul Dans, a former Trump administration official, is stepping down, The Washington Post reported July 30. Trump campaign managers Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita denounced the document.

WATCH: A look at the Project 2025 plan to reshape government and Trump’s links to its authors

However, Project 2025 contributors include a number of high-ranking officials from Trump’s first administration, including former White House adviser Peter Navarro and former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Ben Carson.

A recently released recording of Russell Vought, a Project 2025 author and the former director of Trump’s Office of Management and Budget, showed Vought saying Trump’s “very supportive of what we do.” He said Trump was only distancing himself because Democrats were making a bogeyman out of the document.

Project 2025 wouldn’t ban abortion outright, but would curtail access

The Harris campaign shared a graphic on X that claimed “Trump’s Project 2025 plan for workers” would “go after birth control and ban abortion nationwide.”

The plan doesn’t call to ban abortion nationwide, though its recommendations could curtail some contraceptives and limit abortion access.

What’s known about Trump’s abortion agenda neither lines up with Harris’ description nor Project 2025’s wish list.

Project 2025 says the Department of Health and Human Services Department should “return to being known as the Department of Life by explicitly rejecting the notion that abortion is health care.”

It recommends that the Food and Drug Administration reverse its 2000 approval of mifepristone, the first pill taken in a two-drug regimen for a medication abortion. Medication is the most common form of abortion in the U.S. — accounting for around 63 percent in 2023.

If mifepristone were to remain approved, Project 2025 recommends new rules, such as cutting its use from 10 weeks into pregnancy to seven. It would have to be provided to patients in person — part of the group’s efforts to limit access to the drug by mail. In June, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a legal challenge to mifepristone’s FDA approval over procedural grounds.

WATCH: Trump’s plans for health care and reproductive rights if he returns to White House The manual also calls for the Justice Department to enforce the 1873 Comstock Act on mifepristone, which bans the mailing of “obscene” materials. Abortion access supporters fear that a strict interpretation of the law could go further to ban mailing the materials used in procedural abortions, such as surgical instruments and equipment.

The plan proposes withholding federal money from states that don’t report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention how many abortions take place within their borders. The plan also would prohibit abortion providers, such as Planned Parenthood, from receiving Medicaid funds. It also calls for the Department of Health and Human Services to ensure that the training of medical professionals, including doctors and nurses, omits abortion training.

The document says some forms of emergency contraception — particularly Ella, a pill that can be taken within five days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy — should be excluded from no-cost coverage. The Affordable Care Act requires most private health insurers to cover recommended preventive services, which involves a range of birth control methods, including emergency contraception.

Trump has recently said states should decide abortion regulations and that he wouldn’t block access to contraceptives. Trump said during his June 27 debate with Biden that he wouldn’t ban mifepristone after the Supreme Court “approved” it. But the court rejected the lawsuit based on standing, not the case’s merits. He has not weighed in on the Comstock Act or said whether he supports it being used to block abortion medication, or other kinds of abortions.

Project 2025 doesn’t call for cutting Social Security, but proposes some changes to Medicare

“When you read (Project 2025),” Harris told a crowd July 23 in Wisconsin, “you will see, Donald Trump intends to cut Social Security and Medicare.”

The Project 2025 document does not call for Social Security cuts. None of its 10 references to Social Security addresses plans for cutting the program.

Harris also misleads about Trump’s Social Security views.

In his earlier campaigns and before he was a politician, Trump said about a half-dozen times that he’s open to major overhauls of Social Security, including cuts and privatization. More recently, in a March 2024 CNBC interview, Trump said of entitlement programs such as Social Security, “There’s a lot you can do in terms of entitlements, in terms of cutting.” However, he quickly walked that statement back, and his CNBC comment stands at odds with essentially everything else Trump has said during the 2024 presidential campaign.

Trump’s campaign website says that not “a single penny” should be cut from Social Security. We rated Harris’ claim that Trump intends to cut Social Security Mostly False.

Project 2025 does propose changes to Medicare, including making Medicare Advantage, the private insurance offering in Medicare, the “default” enrollment option. Unlike Original Medicare, Medicare Advantage plans have provider networks and can also require prior authorization, meaning that the plan can approve or deny certain services. Original Medicare plans don’t have prior authorization requirements.

The manual also calls for repealing health policies enacted under Biden, such as the Inflation Reduction Act. The law enabled Medicare to negotiate with drugmakers for the first time in history, and recently resulted in an agreement with drug companies to lower the prices of 10 expensive prescriptions for Medicare enrollees.

Trump, however, has said repeatedly during the 2024 presidential campaign that he will not cut Medicare.

Project 2025 would eliminate the Education Department, which Trump supports

The Harris campaign said Project 2025 would “eliminate the U.S. Department of Education” — and that’s accurate. Project 2025 says federal education policy “should be limited and, ultimately, the federal Department of Education should be eliminated.” The plan scales back the federal government’s role in education policy and devolves the functions that remain to other agencies.

Aside from eliminating the department, the project also proposes scrapping the Biden administration’s Title IX revision, which prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. It also would let states opt out of federal education programs and calls for passing a federal parents’ bill of rights similar to ones passed in some Republican-led state legislatures.

Republicans, including Trump, have pledged to close the department, which gained its status in 1979 within Democratic President Jimmy Carter’s presidential Cabinet.

In one of his Agenda 47 policy videos, Trump promised to close the department and “to send all education work and needs back to the states.” Eliminating the department would have to go through Congress.

What Project 2025, Trump would do on overtime pay

In the graphic, the Harris campaign says Project 2025 allows “employers to stop paying workers for overtime work.”

The plan doesn’t call for banning overtime wages. It recommends changes to some Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, regulations and to overtime rules. Some changes, if enacted, could result in some people losing overtime protections, experts told us.

The document proposes that the Labor Department maintain an overtime threshold “that does not punish businesses in lower-cost regions (e.g., the southeast United States).” This threshold is the amount of money executive, administrative or professional employees need to make for an employer to exempt them from overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act.

In 2019, the Trump’s administration finalized a rule that expanded overtime pay eligibility to most salaried workers earning less than about $35,568, which it said made about 1.3 million more workers eligible for overtime pay. The Trump-era threshold is high enough to cover most line workers in lower-cost regions, Project 2025 said.

The Biden administration raised that threshold to $43,888 beginning July 1, and that will rise to $58,656 on Jan. 1, 2025. That would grant overtime eligibility to about 4 million workers, the Labor Department said.

It’s unclear how many workers Project 2025’s proposal to return to the Trump-era overtime threshold in some parts of the country would affect, but experts said some would presumably lose the right to overtime wages.

Other overtime proposals in Project 2025’s plan include allowing some workers to choose to accumulate paid time off instead of overtime pay, or to work more hours in one week and fewer in the next, rather than receive overtime.

Trump’s past with overtime pay is complicated. In 2016, the Obama administration said it would raise the overtime to salaried workers earning less than $47,476 a year, about double the exemption level set in 2004 of $23,660 a year.

But when a judge blocked the Obama rule, the Trump administration didn’t challenge the court ruling. Instead it set its own overtime threshold, which raised the amount, but by less than Obama.

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• Global Edition

Consensus raises $11.5M for AI research engine for scientific papers

  Photo: sanjeri/Getty Images

Consensus, an AI-enabled academic search engine for scientific research, raised $11.5 million in a Series A funding round led by Union Square Ventures.

Perplexity lead investors Daniel Gross and Nat Friedman participated in the round alongside former Seed investors Kevin Carter, Draper Associates, Alumni Ventures and Path Ventures.

WHAT IT DOES

The company is building an AI-powered search engine to make scientific research papers discoverable, consumable and accessible. 

The user provides a prompt with a question to the AI and then receives literature with answers pertaining to the inquiry. It also synthesizes insights across literature and extracts information related to the specific research found, such as sample size and population.

Boston-based Consensus will use the funds to expand its workforce, invest in growth experiments and speed up product development. 

"We deeply value research and evidence, but we've never had the skills nor attention span to comb through the research ourselves. We wanted to apply our backgrounds in consumer tech to scientific research, and try to make this amazing content more accessible and consumable, no matter your background," Consensus CEO Eric Olson said in a statement.

MARKET SNAPSHOT

Other companies using AI to sift through scientific research include Dimensions, which offers linked research data and AI applications intended to accelerate research discovery. 

Semantic Scholar offers a free AI-enabled research tool for scientific literature aimed at helping researchers extract meaning, and identify connections between papers.

The HIMSS AI in Healthcare Forum is scheduled to take place September 5-6 in Boston.  Learn more and register .

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The Quiz About Research Terms

This Test is intended to assist you in understanding commonly used terms and concepts when reading, interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research in the social sciences. Also included are general words and phrases defined within the context of how they apply to research in the social and behavioral sciences.

An alphabetical list that gives the full bibliographic information for all the sources you have cited in your paper so that a reader can find the books and databases you read.

Works Cited

Rate this question:

The address of a web page on the worldwide web.

A strong statement that can be proven with evidence - must be specific and provable and include author, title, genre..

Direct Quote

A condensed version of a passage.

Secondary Source

An assortment of selected pieces of literature.

A structure for planning that includes only the main points which will define the paper..

Source Cards

Electronic Source

A work written by a critic on the topic you are researching which will help prove your thesis.

Modern language association., any non-fiction book you would use to research a topic..

Reference Book

A piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work (has no citation).

Primary Source

Cards indicating author and publication information about the resources you use to support your research.

Source cards

Used to give credit to a source of information in your paper.

3x5 cards including the number from source card, a specific heading, page numbers and your paraphrases, summaries, or direct quotes., anything another author or critic writes about the primary source..

Research Paper

NOT a summary or book report - gathered information from reliable sources that support a topic and thesis.

The use of someone else's ideas written word-for-word from the original source which includes a citation., electronic books that are published and available through databases..

Secondary Sources

Primary Sources

The actual novel, poem, story, or play about which the paper is written.

In-text Citation

A restatement or rewording of ideas in a passage - bulleted.

An accurate, organized electronic collection of related information about a specific topic., information that is in nonprint media; not hard copy., giving credit to an outside source for information used in a paper., a typewritten document..

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