children's literature annotated bibliography assignment

How to Write an Annotated Bibliography for Children's Literature

Richard ristow.

An annotated bibliography is a research assignment often used to collect source material. It is not a complete paper unto itself, as annotated bibliographies do not employ thesis statements or the typical paper structure required by the Modern Language Association (MLA). Annotated bibliographies often resemble an expanded version of a paper's works cited page, where each citation is followed by a descriptive paragraph summarizing the source. Under MLA rules, an annotated bibliography is standard and doesn't change with the subject matter.

Gather the works of children's literature you wish to catalog.

Alphabetize the books by author's last name.

Start at the top of the stack. Write out a bibliographic citation for the book. Include the author's name, title (in italics), "Illustrated by" illustrator's name, place of publication, publisher and year.

Example: Pancake, Milton. Superdogs of Cabell County. Illustrated by Breece Johnson. New York City: Not a Real Press, 2010.

Write out a descriptive summation of the book. Be sure to describe all the characters, themes and issues. Evaluate each book as well. How does it fit into the research being conducted? What connects this particular book to others in the bibliography?

Move on to the next book, and repeat the process until finished.

• 1 Anne Arundel Community College: Books - MLA
• 2 Purdue Online Writing Lab: Annotated Bibliographies

About the Author

Richard Ristow has written for journals, newspapers and websites since 2002. His work has appeared in "2009 Nebula Showcase" and elsewhere. He is a winner of the Science Fiction Poetry Association's Rhysling Award and he edits poetry for Belfire Press. He also holds a Master of Fine Arts from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington and has managed an automotive department at WalMart.

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Children's Literature: Bibliographies

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What is an Annotated Bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents just like the bibliography at the end of a paper. However, the "annotated part, is followed a brief (in this case around 3 sentences) descriptive and evaluative paragraph to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. For children's literature, comments on the illustrations, reading level, interest level, awards won, concerns or cautions, and possible classroom uses are included in the annotation. 

APA Citations for Children's Books

Citing children's books is more complex than citing a regular book. The most common problem is acknowledging the illustrator. This is very important in children's lit. The APA 6th Publication Manual does not include specific examples for including illustrators. 

However, the APA Citation Blog states, 

Annotated Bibliographies

Purdue OWL-

     ⇒this page shows you sample annotations. Scroll down for the APA                   format example.

Cornell University- Annotated Bibliographies-

     ⇒a How-To for creating an annotated bibliography including examples as          well as further explanations on the process.

Annotated Bibliography Example

Andreae, Giles & Cabban, V. (2002).  There's a House inside my Mommy. Morton Grove, Ill: Whitman.

Through its easy-to-read, rhyming text and colorful drawings depicting a loving, growing family, There’s a House Inside My Mommy addresses the natural curiosity an older toddler/young preschooler might have when mom is expecting a new baby. The book’s illustrations portray a loving, child-centered family with equal involvement from both mom and dad. The story addresses the physical changes a sibling-to-be might notice during mom’s pregnancy, while reassuring the child that s/he will continue to be just as special to mom and dad as s/he already is. Because this book does not discuss or picture the actual birth setting, family sleeping arrangements or infant feeding methods, it is suitable for a wide variety of families.

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What is the difference between an annotation and an abstract?

An abstract is a direct summary of a text. It is a basic description of an article, book, document, etc. Many of the articles you find will have an abstract already written for you. You may not copy an abstract and hand it in as an annotation.

An annotation is an explanation of a text. It includes a description of the article or book, but also has an evaluation of the reliability and usefulness of a source. It may also include your reaction to the information you have found. An annotation is something you must write in your own words.

Don't Forget!

• Read your assignment carefully!
• Don't wait until the last minute!
• Look for your instructor's definition of "Annotated Bibliography," if there is one.
• Underline or highlight specific instructions including:
• How many sources you need.
• What kind of sources you need. Books? Articles? Websites?
• Find out if your instructor wants your opinion included in the annotation.
• Figure out what citation format your instructor wants. MLA? APA?
• If you aren't sure about a certain part of your assignment, ask or email your instructor before the assignment is due!
• Purdue OWL - Annotated Bibilographies

Examples of Good Annotations

• Annotation Example from a CS105 Class I know it's not from an ED class, but it provides a good example of an annotated citation.
• Annotation Example in APA This is an example taken from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (Purdue OWL) for a book.

What is an annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of sources (articles, books, websites, etc.) being used for research that includes the citation (bibliographic information like title, author, publisher, etc.), a short description of the information in the source, and an evaluation of the source.

The description and evaluation should be  written in your own words and contain information about the research method, the source credibility, conclusions about the source, and its usefullness to your research.

Along with the summary of the information, an annotated bibliography describes how the source directly relates to your research and why the source is trustworthy.

A typical annotated bibliography is around 150 words.

Why should I write an annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography may be given as an assignment to help you gain a basic knowledge of a topic you are researching. It can also help you figure out if there is enough relevant information on your topic. It is a good first step in the research process because it lays out your sources and how you are planning to use them. Creating annotations helps you to read your sources more critically and carefully and decide if they are useful. By reading several sources on a topic and evaluating them, you can understand the facts, opinions, and issues surround a topic and form your own point-of-view.

If you are given an annotated bibliography as an assignment, think about the long term. Figure out if you will have a research paper due later on that will incorporate the sources you cited in your bibliography. If so, make sure you are reviewing your sources with your future paper in mind. If you do a good job on your annotations, you will know what sources to focus your paper on, and it will save you time later.

Step by Step Instructions

Step One: Read your assignment!

Make sure you have a clear idea of how many sources you need, how many annotations you need, and what types of sources you are looking for. 

Step Two: Make sure you have a clear and concise topic to research.

Start with a topic that interests you and falls within the requirements of your assignment. Leave room for flexibility. You may not be able to find enough sources for the topic you want, so be willing to change your topic slightly, if necessary. Look up some synonyms (words that have the same meanings) for your topic.

Step Three: Find books, articles, or websites.

Do the research! Compile a list of sources that pertain to your topic.

Make sure you are looking for full text when searching for journal articles in a database. 

Step Four: Read your sources critically and carefully!

Examine and review the items to make sure you can find the information you need. Take notes so you can use them in your summary. Choose the number of sources your assignment requires. 

    Don't just read the abstract . (For more information on abstracts, see the second box on the left side of this page).

Step Five: Create your annotated bibliography. This can be done right in Noodletools (for more information on Noodletools see the box on the top left side of this page).

• Cite the source (book, article, etc.) using the style your instructor requested (MLA, APA, etc.).
• Write a brief summary or description of your article in your own words , in paragraph form.
• Evaluate your source . Make sure to check for guidelines given to you by your instructor. If there are none, try the CRAAP method:
• Currency:  Is this source current? When was it written? Check your assignment for guidelines on dates.
• Relevance:  Write one or more brief sentences that draw conclusions about how this source relates directly to your research. Why did you choose this source for your particular topic. How does it make your paper more accurate, credible, and informative?
• Authority and Accuracy: Write one or more sentences that talk about the credibility of the source. This can include information about the background of the author and/or information about the research methods used, and the intended audience of the research.  Who wrote the article or book? Why did they write this? Who is the content written for? Is the information supported by evidence?  Does the information provided conflict with what you already know about the topic?
• Purpose: Write one or more sentences that draw conclusions about the information in this souce. What did you learn from it? Compare this source to other sources. Why is this source important compared to other sources? Why does this information exist?

Remember you are aiming for around 150 words. So be as concise as possible.

For more information on the CRAAP Method, see the "More Information" box on the bottom left of this page.

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How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography: The Annotated Bibliography

• The Annotated Bibliography
• Fair Use of this Guide

Explanation, Process, Directions, and Examples

What is an annotated bibliography.

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

Annotations vs. Abstracts

Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression.

The Process

Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.

First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.

Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.

Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.

Critically Appraising the Book, Article, or Document

For guidance in critically appraising and analyzing the sources for your bibliography, see How to Critically Analyze Information Sources . For information on the author's background and views, ask at the reference desk for help finding appropriate biographical reference materials and book review sources.

Choosing the Correct Citation Style

Check with your instructor to find out which style is preferred for your class. Online citation guides for both the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) styles are linked from the Library's Citation Management page .

Sample Annotated Bibliography Entries

The following example uses APA style ( Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th edition, 2019) for the journal citation:

Waite, L., Goldschneider, F., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51 (4), 541-554. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

This example uses MLA style ( MLA Handbook , 9th edition, 2021) for the journal citation. For additional annotation guidance from MLA, see 5.132: Annotated Bibliographies .

Waite, Linda J., et al. "Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family Orientations Among Young Adults." American Sociological Review, vol. 51, no. 4, 1986, pp. 541-554. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

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• What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format

What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format

Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.

An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.

Scribbr’s free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.

An example of an annotated source is shown below:

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Table of contents

Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.

Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide you’re working with. Three common styles are covered below:

In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.

The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.

In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.

The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.

Chicago style

In a  Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.

The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style you’re using.

The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.

Consider the instructions you’ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they’re looking for:

• Descriptive annotations : When the assignment is just about gathering and summarizing information, focus on the key arguments and methods of each source.
• Evaluative annotations : When the assignment is about evaluating the sources , you should also assess the validity and effectiveness of these arguments and methods.
• Reflective annotations : When the assignment is part of a larger research process, you need to consider the relevance and usefulness of the sources to your own research.

These specific terms won’t necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.

A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.

In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a source’s abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . You’ll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.

The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.

Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69–86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340

An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the source’s arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .

For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.

Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.

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A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the source’s usefulness or relevance to your own research.

Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.

The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the author’s own research in the field of media studies.

Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319–331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645

Manovich’s article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.

The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.

Before you can write your annotations, you’ll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.

Make sure that you’ve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.

Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether they’re relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, it’s probably important.

Once you’ve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.

An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.

Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !

Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .

The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .

A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.

However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.

You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, August 23). What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/annotated-bibliography/

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Annotated Bibliography Samples

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Below you will find sample annotations from annotated bibliographies, each with a different research project. Remember that the annotations you include in your own bibliography should reflect your research project and/or the guidelines of your assignment.

As mentioned elsewhere in this resource, depending on the purpose of your bibliography, some annotations may summarize, some may assess or evaluate a source, and some may reflect on the source’s possible uses for the project at hand. Some annotations may address all three of these steps. Consider the purpose of your annotated bibliography and/or your instructor’s directions when deciding how much information to include in your annotations.

Please keep in mind that all your text, including the write-up beneath the citation, must be indented so that the author's last name is the only text that is flush left.

Sample MLA Annotation

Lamott, Anne. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life . Anchor Books, 1995.

Lamott's book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters in Lamott's book are wry and anecdotal and offer advice on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one's own internal critic.

In the process, Lamott includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun. Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and struggling with one's own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach.

Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students' own drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating classroom writing exercises. Students should find Lamott's style both engaging and enjoyable.

In the sample annotation above, the writer includes three paragraphs: a summary, an evaluation of the text, and a reflection on its applicability to his/her own research, respectively.

For information on formatting MLA citations, see our MLA 9th Edition (2021) Formatting and Style Guide .

Sample APA Annotation

Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America . Henry Holt and Company.

In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist's experiential research, Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an individual to live on a minimum-wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a Walmart sales employee, the author summarizes and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her financial struggles in each situation.

An experienced journalist, Ehrenreich is aware of the limitations of her experiment and the ethical implications of her experiential research tactics and reflects on these issues in the text. The author is forthcoming about her methods and supplements her experiences with scholarly research on her places of employment, the economy, and the rising cost of living in America. Ehrenreich’s project is timely, descriptive, and well-researched.

The annotation above both summarizes and assesses the book in the citation. The first paragraph provides a brief summary of the author's project in the book, covering the main points of the work. The second paragraph points out the project’s strengths and evaluates its methods and presentation. This particular annotation does not reflect on the source’s potential importance or usefulness for this person’s own research.

For information on formatting APA citations, see our APA Formatting and Style Guide .

Sample Chicago Manual of Style Annotation

Davidson, Hilda Ellis. Roles of the Northern Goddess . London: Routledge, 1998.

Davidson's book provides a thorough examination of the major roles filled by the numerous pagan goddesses of Northern Europe in everyday life, including their roles in hunting, agriculture, domestic arts like weaving, the household, and death. The author discusses relevant archaeological evidence, patterns of symbol and ritual, and previous research. The book includes a number of black and white photographs of relevant artifacts.

This annotation includes only one paragraph, a summary of the book. It provides a concise description of the project and the book's project and its major features.

For information on formatting Chicago Style citations, see our Chicago Manual of Style resources.

MLA Citation Guide

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• Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliographies

An annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each source, which is called an annotation. Depending on your assignment, your annotations may include one or more of the following:

Summarize : Some annotations merely summarize the source.

• What are the main arguments?
• What is the point of this book or article?
• What topics are covered?

Assess : After you summarize a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it.

• Is it a useful source?
• How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography?
• Is the information reliable?
• Is it this source biased or objective?
• What is the goal of this source?

Reflect : Next, determine how the source fits into your research.

• Was this source helpful to you?
• How does it help you shape your argument?
• How can you use this source in your research project?
• Has it changed how you think about your topic?

Use the links below to access more information and samples.

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How to Write an Annotated Bibliography

Writing annotations.

• Introduction
• New RefWorks
• Formatting Citations
• Sample Annotated Bibliographies

An annotation is a brief note following each citation listed on an annotated bibliography.  The goal is to briefly summarize the source and/or explain why it is important for a topic.  They are typically a single concise paragraph, but might be longer if you are summarizing and evaluating.

Annotations can be written in a variety of different ways and it’s important to consider the style you are going to use.  Are you simply summarizing the sources, or evaluating them?  How does the source influence your understanding of the topic?  You can follow any style you want if you are writing for your own personal research process, but consult with your professor if this is an assignment for a class.

Annotation Styles

• Combined Informative/Evaluative Style - This style is recommended by the library as it combines all the styles to provide a more complete view of a source.  The annotation should explain the value of the source for the overall research topic by providing a summary combined with an analysis of the source.  

Aluedse, O. (2006). Bullying in schools: A form of child abuse in schools.  Educational Research Quarterly ,  30 (1), 37.

The author classifies bullying in schools as a “form of child abuse,” and goes well beyond the notion that schoolyard bullying is “just child’s play.” The article provides an in-depth definition of bullying, and explores the likelihood that school-aged bullies may also experience difficult lives as adults. The author discusses the modern prevalence of bullying in school systems, the effects of bullying, intervention strategies, and provides an extensive list of resources and references.

Statistics included provide an alarming realization that bullying is prevalent not only in the United States, but also worldwide. According to the author, “American schools harbor approximately 2.1 million bullies and 2.7 million victims.” The author references the National Association of School Psychologists and quotes, “Thus, one in seven children is a bully or a target of bullying.” A major point of emphasis centers around what has always been considered a “normal part of growing up” versus the levels of actual abuse reached in today’s society.

The author concludes with a section that addresses intervention strategies for school administrators, teachers, counselors, and school staff. The concept of school staff helping build students’ “social competence” is showcased as a prevalent means of preventing and reducing this growing social menace. Overall, the article is worthwhile for anyone interested in the subject matter, and provides a wealth of resources for researching this topic of growing concern.

(Renfrow & Teuton, 2008)

• Informative Style -  Similar to an abstract, this style focuses on the summarizing the source.  The annotation should identify the hypothesis, results, and conclusions presented by the source.

Plester, B., Wood, C, & Bell, V. (2008). Txt msg n school literacy: Does texting and knowledge of text abbreviations adversely affect children's literacy attainment? Literacy , 42(3), 137-144.

Reports on two studies that investigated the relationship between children's texting behavior, their knowledge of text abbreviations, and their school attainment in written language skills. In Study One, 11 to 12 year-old children reported their texting behavior and translated a standard English sentence into a text message and vice versa. In Study Two, children's performance on writing measures were examined more specifically, spelling proficiency was also assessed, and KS2 Writing scores were obtained. Positive correlations between spelling ability and performance on the translation exercise were found, and group-based comparisons based on the children's writing scores also showed that good writing attainment was associated with greater use of texting abbreviations (textisms), although the direction of this association is not clear. Overall, these findings suggest that children's knowledge of textisms is not associated with poor written language outcomes for children in this age range. 

(Beach et al., 2009)

• Evaluative Style - This style analyzes and critically evaluates the source.  The annotation should comment on the source's the strengths, weaknesses, and how it relates to the overall research topic.

Amott, T. (1993). Caught in the Crisis: Women in the U.S. Economy Today . New York: Monthly Review Press.

A very readable (140 pp) economic analysis and information book which I am currently considering as a required collateral assignment in Economics 201. Among its many strengths is a lucid connection of "The Crisis at Home" with the broader, macroeconomic crisis of the U.S. working class (which various other authors have described as the shrinking middle class or the crisis of de-industrialization).

(Papadantonakis, 1996)

• Indicative Style - This style of annotation identifies the main theme and lists the significant topics included in the source.  Usually no specific details are given beyond the topic list . 

Example: 

Gambell, T.J., & Hunter, D. M. (1999). Rethinking gender differences in literacy. Canadian Journal of Education , 24(1) 1-16.

Five explanations are offered for recently assessed gender differences in the literacy achievement of male and female students in Canada and other countries. The explanations revolve around evaluative bias, home socialization, role and societal expectations, male psychology, and equity policy.

(Kerka & Imel, 2004)

Beach, R., Bigelow, M., Dillon, D., Dockter, J., Galda, L., Helman, L., . . . Janssen, T. (2009). Annotated Bibliography of Research in the Teaching of English.  Research in the Teaching of English,   44 (2), 210-241. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27784357

Kerka, S., & Imel, S. (2004). Annotated bibliography: Women and literacy.  Women's Studies Quarterly,  32 (1), 258-271. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/233645656?accountid=2909

Papadantonakis, K. (1996). Selected Annotated Bibliography for Economists and Other Social Scientists.  Women's Studies Quarterly,   24 (3/4), 233-238. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40004384

Renfrow, T.G., & Teuton, L.M. (2008). Schoolyard bullying: Peer victimization an annotated bibliography. Community & Junior College Libraries, 14(4), 251-­275. doi:10.1080/02763910802336407

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Early Childhood Education

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Annotated bibliography

Definition .

An annotated bibliography is a list of sources (articles, books, webpages, etc.) on your research topic.

Each source has its own entry, which includes:

• A citation or reference for the source--usually APA for early childhood education courses.
• An annotation: a paragraph summarizing the source and commenting on how it fits into the world of information on your topic.
• Annotated bibliography: APA sample Open the above document in a new tab or window.

What to include

Professors who assign annotated bibliographies sometimes have specific requirements for:

• The number of sources to include.
• The type of sources to include (i.e. journal articles, webpages, encyclopedia entries, etc.)
• The information to include in the annotation.

Make sure you understand the requirements of your assignment, and get help from a librarian.

Literature review

Definition:  Like an annotated bibliography, a literature review is a paper or section of a paper that reviews what's already been published on your research topic.

Unlike an annotated bibliography, a literature review is written in a standard paper format, with citations grouped together on the last page.

Literature review: a scholarly conversation

Some people think of literature review as being like a party where there are lots of conversations happening at once.

Here's a 2-minute video illustrating this metaphor:

Your literature review is an overview of all the conversations going on at the party, highlighting where guests agree and disagree, and what questions are still unanswered.

• Literature Review Example Open the above document in a new tab or window.
• Find the literature review in this article Schmitt, W. S., & Faas, C. (2016). Alignment of Educational and Occupational Expectations Influences on Young Adult Educational Attainment, Income, and Underemploymentpass:[*]. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 97(5), 1174–1188. https://doi-org.libdb.dccc.edu/10.1111/ssqu.12244

Parts of a research article

In general, the parts of a primary research article should include:

• Abstract : Summary of the research question and findings.
• Introduction : Overview of the context of the research question, including literature review.
• Materials/Methods : Description of the method used to collect data.
• Results : Analysis of data and outcomes of the study.
• Discussion : Description of how the results answer or don't answer the research question.
• Conclusion : Summary, significance of research.
• References : Research papers and other information sources that were referenced in the article, most prominently in the Introduction/Literature review.

Typically these sections are usually called out with headings throughout the article.

Look for these sections in the article above to help you understand the information and its purpose in each section.

Still lost? Find help from a librarian in the Learning Commons.

Tools for organizing ideas

These tools may help you organize ideas from various sources thematically.

• NCSU Lit Review Matrix Need help getting started? Here's a useful guide from North Carolina State University with guidance on how to read and organize your thoughts for a literature review.
• Transitional words and phrases A giant list of words that will jump start your thinking on comparing and contrasting ideas from outside sources.
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Annotated Bibliography Assignment

Note to instructors: This annotated bibliography assignment may be used as a stand-alone project, or it may be used as part of an ongoing research project. You are encouraged to adopt, adapt, or remix these guidelines to suit your goals for your class. 

Due dates 

Rough Draft:  Peer Review:  Final Draft:  

 This assignment will help you become aware of how writers and researchers review and become familiar with previous work on a topic before they begin additional research.  

• Skills : This assignment will help you practice skills essential to success in and beyond this course:  Locate a variety of scholarly print and digital sources that represent multiple perspectives on a topic.   Analyze sources by critically reading, annotating, engaging, comparing, and drawing implications.
• Methods for conducting research
• Analytical reading and writing strategies   

An annotated bibliography is an alphabetized list of source citations that includes an annotation underneath each entry. In your annotated bibliography, each of your source citations will include an annotation summarizing the source and describing the aim, purpose, and relevance to your research project.  

You will develop an annotated bibliography containing five academic sources as well as a discussion of what you learned from your research. Your annotated bibliography should have three parts: an introduction, a discussion of sources, and a conclusion. 

  Introduction, 150-200 words 

In the introduction, present your research topic. Consider the following: Why does this topic interest you personally? (Finding a topic that interests you leads to a better paper.) Why should others care about this topic? Why is your topic worth researching? What were your research questions? 

 Discussion of Sources, 150-200 words per source 

Gather at least five sources on your topic. Two of these sources must come from academic journals (peer-reviewed, scholarly, found using GALILEO), but the others may come from credible newspapers and magazines. One of the sources may be chosen from a website, but this site should be from a reliable organization like The Associated Press or the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Articles from GALILEO databases are not considered internet sources. Read and reread each source carefully.    Once you have selected your sources and read them carefully, write annotations for each. Each annotation should . . . 

• Include a brief summary of the source.
• Evaluate the source and its use in your research.
• Discuss relation of the source to your other sources. Consider whether sources agree or disagree with/contradict each other.
• Comment on the source’s reliability. 

Write citations in MLA, 9th edition, format. Summarize the articles using your own words. List your entries alphabetically and check them carefully for mistakes in MLA documentation.    Here are two sample annotations: link.  

 Conclusion, 150-200 words 

In the conclusion, detail the most important contributions your sources make to your research topic; you may also point out commonalities, conflicts, or problems. Include a discussion of what your review of your sources has demonstrated about the topic. Consider the following: What is your preliminary thesis? Did your research create new questions for you? What sources (in addition to those listed in your discussion) do you need to find? What possible conclusions to your questions do you foresee? 

  Final Directions 

Remember to properly cite any information from your sources that you use in your introduction and conclusion. Be sure that your summaries are very different from the abstracts of the articles you have read.  

 Formatting requirements 

Follow MLA format. Use black Calibri or Times New Roman font in size 12. Double-space the entire document. Use 1-inch margins on all sides.  

Criteria for Success

 general criteria: .

• The writing is clear and coherent/makes sense.
• The tone and language are appropriate for the audience.
• The writer has gone through the entire writing process, revising substantially and thoughtfully.
• The writing adheres to grammar and punctuation rules. 

 In the introduction, you should . . . 

• Present your research topic.
• Clarify why this topic matters and is worth researching.
• Ensure your introduction is 150-200 words. 

In the source discussion section, you should . . . 

• Include at least five scholarly sources from reliable sources.  
• Alphabetize your entries.  
• Ensure each annotation includes complete and accurate works cited information following MLA format.
• Briefly summarize each source.
• Ensure each annotation contains an explanation of how the source will be used in your research project.
• Note difference of opinions among sources.
• Comment on the reliability of each source.
• Ensure annotations are in your own words, not copied from abstracts or the source itself.
• Ensure each annotation is 150-200 words. 

In the conclusion, you should . . . 

• Detail the most important contributions your sources make to your research topic.
• Include a discussion of what your review of your sources has demonstrated about your research topic.
• Identify your preliminary thesis.
• Identify new questions that have arisen as a result of your research.
• Discuss sources (in addition to those listed in your discussion) you still need to find.
• Identify any possible conclusions to your questions that you foresee. 

 The annotated bibliography should adhere to all formatting criteria: 

• Follow MLA format for all citations.
• The entire document should be double-spaced.  
• The font should be Calibri or Times New Roman in size 12.
• The margins should be one inch on all sides.

This material was developed by the COMPSS team and is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . All materials created by the COMPSS team are free to use and can be adopted, adapted, and/or shared at will as long as the materials are attributed. Please keep this information on COMPSS materials you adapt, adopt, and/or share.

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Children's Literature and Librarianship

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Subject Guide

Bring your children's collection up to date with this supplement to the eighth edition of the classic guide that includes nearly 4,500 new titles that helps you to identify the right books for your patrons and to create theme- and genre-based reading lists. The thematic organization, concise annotations, and complete bibliographic data plus review citations make this volume equally useful for reader's advisory, research, and collection development. Books in series and award winners are noted.

This supplement to the 8th edition (2006) of the classic guide to children's books incluldes nearly 4,500 new in-print titles recommended for children in grades PreK-6. The thematic organization, concise annotations, and complete bibliographic data plus review citations make this volume equally useful for reader's advisory, research, and collection development. Books in series and award winners are noted.

This highly affordable and authoritative guide enables you to thoroughly evaluate your young teen literature collection and to create thematic and genre-oriented reading lists for curriculum-related and recreational reading. The entries provide annotations with lively, succinct plot summaries and indications of ISBNs, price, reading level, and review citations. Award-winning and series titles are noted. If you work with teens and teen literature, this guide is a must-purchase.

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What is An Annotated Bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) with short paragraph about each source. An annotated bibliography is sometimes a useful step before drafting a research paper, or it can stand alone as an overview of the research available on a topic.

Each source in the annotated bibliography has a citation - the information a reader needs to find the original source, in a consistent format to make that easier. These consistent formats are called citation styles.  The most common citation styles are MLA (Modern Language Association) for humanities, and APA (American Psychological Association) for social sciences.

Annotations are about 4 to 6 sentences long (roughly 150 words), and address:

•     Main focus or purpose of the work
•     Usefulness or relevance to your research topic 
•     Special features of the work that were unique or helpful
•     Background and credibility of the author
•     Conclusions or observations reached by the author
•     Conclusions or observations reached by you

Annotations versus Abstracts

Many scholarly articles start with an abstract, which is the author's summary of the article to help you decide whether you should read the entire article.  This abstract is not the same thing as an annotation.  The annotation needs to be in your own words, to explain the relevance of the source to your particular assignment or research question.

APA 7th Annotated Bibliography Examples

Journal article.

Alvarez, N. & Mearns, J. (2014). The benefits of writing and performing in the spoken word poetry community.  The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41 (3), 263-268.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2014.03.004 Prior research has shown narrative writing to help with making meaning out of trauma. This article uses grounded theory to analyze semi-structured interviews with ten spoken word poets.  Because spoken word poetry is performed live, it creates personal and community connections that enhance the emotional development and resolution offered by the practice of writing. The findings are limited by the small, nonrandom sample (all the participants were from the same community).

• APA 7th Sample Annotated Bibliography

Literature Review Resources

Literature Review How To  (Univrsity Library) offers useful tips on how to write a literature review and provides you with information on things you should and should not do.

Literature Reviews (Purdue OWL )

Review of Literature (University of Wisconsin)

Write a Literature Review (UC Santa Cruz)

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TLS 481 - Children's Literature in the Classroom

Finding children's literature: selecting a book & favorite author to share, resources for author & illustrator profiles, resources for the text set project, finding copyright information for children's books, resources for the inquiry project, apa citation guides, creating an annotated bibliography.

• Troubleshooting tips for accessing resources
• Additional resources for accessing books

Let us know

Your librarian.

The library has a rich collection of children's literature. You can find both fiction and non-fiction titles by browsing the Children's Literature Collection on the third floor of the Main Library or by visiting the Worlds of Words  collection in the Education Building.

These two exercises show you how to locate children's literature in the Main Library and in the Worlds of Words .

• Locating Children's Literature Learn how to find children's books using the library catalog.
• Locating Children's Books in the Catalog (PDF of tutorial above) Complete this activity to located children's books in the University of Arizona catalog.
• Library Scavenger Hunt Open the PDF, Scan the QR Code and get started!
• Access your local library Complete this activity to find your local library and access materials.

Something About the Author is an excellent database to use to locate information for your author profile assignment. The exercise will help guide you through the process of searching for information on your selected author.

• Something About the Author This link opens in a new window Find detailed biographies and autobiographies of authors and illustrators for children and young adults.
• Exercise - Something About the Author Practice exploring the Something About the Author database.

There are several resources that you can use for your text set. You will explore a few of them here.

• Diverse Book Finder A go-to resource for librarians, educators, parents, book creators, and publishers who seek to create collections in which all children can see themselves -- and each other -- reflected in the picture books they read.
• Children's Literature Comprehensive Database This link opens in a new window Find information about children's books, authors, and illustrators.
• Exercise - Locating Resources for your Text Set

Tutorial: Finding Copyright Information In Children's Books

• ERIC This link opens in a new window Find articles and documents in all areas of education.
• Google Scholar This link opens in a new window Find peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, pre-prints, abstracts, and technical reports. To set up access to UA Libraries full text from off campus or export to a citation manager, click "more" below. more... less... The following configuration may be needed to access UA-subscribed content from off campus: 1. In Google Scholar, open the "hamburger" menu in the far upper left next to the Google Scholar logo and select "Settings. 2. From the settings menu, select "Library links". 3. Type "University of Arizona" in box and select "University of Arizona - Full-Text @ UofA Libraries". Then click Save. 4. When searching, articles for which we have full text access will display with a link "Full-Text @ UofA Libraries"; select this link to access it. (Please note that this link may be hidden in the smaller links below the citation, and you may need to click on the double arrow to the right of them to find it.) 5. To export citations to a bibliography manager, such as RefWorks or EndNote, go to the Settings menu, click on "search results", select the desired manager in the drop-down menu next to "show links to import citations into", and Save.
• Amelia Bloomer Project An annual booklist of the best feminist books for young readers, ages birth through 18.
• American Indians in Children's Literature (AICL) Established in 2006 by Dr. Debbie Reese of Nambé Pueblo, American Indians in Children's Literature (AICL) provides critical analysis of Indigenous peoples in children's and young adult books.
• American Indian Youth Literature Award Awarded biennially, the AIYLA identifies and honors the very best writing and illustrations by and about Native Americans and Indigenous peoples of North America
• ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LIBRARIANS ASSOCIATION AWARDS The goal of the Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature is to honor and recognize individual work about Asian/Pacific Americans and their heritage, based on literary and artistic merit.
• The Brown Bookshelf The Brown Bookshelf is designed to push awareness of the myriad Black voices writing for young readers.
• The Caldecott Medal Awarded annually by the Association for Library Service to Children, to the artist of the most distinguished American picture book for children.
• The Coretta Scott King Book Awards The Coretta Scott King Book Awards are given annually to outstanding African American authors and illustrators of books for children and young adults that demonstrate an appreciation of African American culture and universal human values. The award commemorates the life and work of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and honors his wife, Mrs. Coretta Scott King, for her courage and determination to continue the work for peace and world brotherhood.
• Disability in Kidlit Disability in Kidlit is dedicated to discussing the portrayal of disability in middle grade and young adult literature. We publish articles, reviews, interviews, and discussions examining this topic from various angles—and always from the disabled perspective.
• International Children's Digital Library The International Children's Library works to by make the best in children's literature available online free of charge.
• Latinxs In Kid Lit Created to: Engage with works about, for, and/or by Latinxs; Offer a broad forum on Latinx children’s, MG, and YA books; Promote literacy and the love of books within the Latinx community; Examine the historical and contemporary state of Latinx characters; Encourage interest in Latinx children’s, MG, and YA literature among non-Latin@ readers.
• The Newbery Medal Awarded annually by the Association for Library Service to Children to the author of the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children.
• Printz Award Awarded to a book that exemplifies literary excellence in young adult literature.
• Rich in Color Rich in Color is dedicated to reading, reviewing, talking about, and otherwise promoting young adult fiction starring or written by people of color or people from First/Native Nations.
• Storyline Online Storyline Online streams videos featuring celebrated actors reading children’s books alongside creatively produced illustrations
• We Are Kidlit Collective We Are Kidlit Collective works to create materials and opportunities to recognize the humanity of Indigenous and People of Color (IPOC) in youth literature.
• We Need Diverse Books: Resources WNDB resources include extensive book lists for finding diverse books, information on banned books for teachers and librarians, and resources for parents.
• Cite sources using APA
• APA quick citation guide (Penn State University)

An annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources.

"An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents just like the bibliography at the end of a paper. However, the 'annotated' part, is followed a brief (in this case around 3 sentences) descriptive and evaluative paragraph to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. For children's literature, comments on the illustrations, reading level, interest level, awards won, concerns or cautions, and possible classroom uses are included in the annotation".

(2024, January 4). Children's Literature: Bibliographies . Children's Literature Research Guide. https://libguides.uttyler.edu/c.php?g=357600&p=2738917  

Bank Street College of Education   has an excellent resource for creating an annotated bibliography for children's literature . 

University of Texas at Tyler has various resources around children's literature and annotated bibliographies .

See also:   Annotated Bibliography Samples  - Purdue Online Writing Lab

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