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How to Cite an Image in MLA | Format & Examples
Published on November 20, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on March 5, 2024.
The format in which you cite an image in MLA style depends on where you viewed the image. Images are often found by searching online; in this case, you’ll cite the website where the image is hosted, in the following format.
MLA format | Creator last name, First name. “Image Title.” or Description of image. , Day Month Year, URL. |
---|---|
Quinn, Pete. “European Grey Wolf Portrait.” , 21 Dec. 2019, flic.kr/p/2k6vq7V. | |
(Quinn) |
Note that if you find an image using a search engine like Google, you should cite and link to the site hosting the image, not the search engine.
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Table of contents
Including images as figures, citing images from museums and galleries, citing images from books, citing images from journal articles, frequently asked questions about mla citations.
If you include an image directly in your paper, it should be labeled “Fig.” (short for “Figure”), given a number, and presented in the MLA figure format .
Directly below the image, place a centered caption starting with the figure label and number (e.g. “Fig. 2”), then a period. For the rest of the caption, you have two options:
- Give full information about the source in the same format as you would in the Works Cited list, except that the author name is not inverted.
- Or give just basic information about the source, like the author, title, and year.
If you go for option 1, you can leave this source out of your Works Cited list, since you already give full information in the caption. With option 2, you do need a Works Cited entry giving full information. The example below takes the second approach.
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To cite an artwork from a museum or gallery, mention the name of the institution and the city it is located in (unless the city name is already part of the institution’s name).
MLA format | Artist last name, First name. or Description of artwork. Year, Institution Name, City. |
---|---|
Rembrandt. 1642, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. | |
(Rembrandt) |
If you viewed the artwork on the museum’s website, instead of in person, you should include the website name (usually the same as the name of the museum) and the URL.
MLA format | Artist last name, First name. or Description of artwork. Year. , URL. |
---|---|
Goya, Francisco. . 1820–23. , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/saturn/18110a75-b0e7-430c-bc73-2a4d55893bd6. | |
(Goya) |
When you refer to an image you encountered in a book, it’s often sufficient to just cite the book as a whole. Include a figure and/or a page number to identify the image you’re referring to.
MLA format | Author last name, First name. . Publisher, Year. |
---|---|
Aarts, Bas. , Oxford UP, 2011. | |
(Aarts, fig. 3.1, p. 67) |
But if the image is by someone other than the book’s main author , provide details of the image (i.e. author, title or description , year) followed by details of the book in the usual format.
If the Works Cited entry specifies a single page on which the image appears, you don’t need to add a page number in the in-text citation.
MLA format | Image creator last name, First name. or Description of image. Year. , by Author first name Last name, Publisher, Year, p. Page number of image. |
---|---|
Hals, Frans. . 1625. , 3rd ed., edited by Stephen Greenblatt, W. W. Norton, 2016, p. 35. | |
(Hals) |
A similar format is used to cite an image reproduced in a PowerPoint .
Images from journal articles can also often just be referred to in the text, citing the whole article with a figure and/or page number specifying the image’s location. This approach makes sense when the image was created by the article’s author(s).
MLA format | Author last name, First name. “Article Title.” , vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year, pp. Page Range, DOI or URL. |
---|---|
Abrahms, Max, et al. “Explaining Civilian Attacks: Terrorist Networks, Principal-Agent Problems and Target Selection.” , vol. 12, no. 1, Feb. 2018, pp. 23–45, www.jstor.org/stable/26343744. | |
(Abrahms et al., fig. 2, p. 30) |
Where the image is not by the author(s) of the article, it’s better to list details of the image followed by the usual details for a journal article .
MLA format | Author last name, First name. or Description of image. Year. “Article Title,” by Author first name Last name, , vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year, pp. Page Range, DOI or URL, p. Page number of image. |
---|---|
Rembrandt. . 1640. “Art in Social Studies: Exploring the World and Ourselves with Rembrandt,” by Iftikhar Ahmad, , vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2008, pp. 19–37, www.jstor.org/stable/25160276, p. 26. | |
(Rembrandt) |
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Whenever you refer to an image created by someone else in your text, you should include a citation leading the reader to the image you’re discussing.
If you include the image directly in your text as a figure , the details of the source appear in the figure’s caption. If you don’t, just include an MLA in-text citation wherever you mention the image, and an entry in the Works Cited list giving full details.
When a source has no title , this part of your MLA reference is replaced with a description of the source, in plain text (no italics or quotation marks, sentence-case capitalization).
If a source has no author, start the MLA Works Cited entry with the source title . Use a shortened version of the title in your MLA in-text citation .
If a source has no page numbers, you can use an alternative locator (e.g. a chapter number, or a timestamp for a video or audio source) to identify the relevant passage in your in-text citation. If the source has no numbered divisions, cite only the author’s name (or the title).
If you already named the author or title in your sentence, and there is no locator available, you don’t need a parenthetical citation:
- Rajaram argues that representations of migration are shaped by “cultural, political, and ideological interests.”
- The homepage of The Correspondent describes it as “a movement for radically different news.”
If a source has two authors, name both authors in your MLA in-text citation and Works Cited entry. If there are three or more authors, name only the first author, followed by et al.
Number of authors | In-text citation | Works Cited entry |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Moore 37) | Moore, Jason W. |
2 authors | (Moore and Patel 37) | Moore, Jason W., and Raj Patel. |
3+ authors | (Moore et al. 37) | Moore, Jason W., et al. |
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How and When to Use Images in an Essay
- 3-minute read
- 15th December 2018
Pages of text alone can look quite boring. And while you might think that ‘boring’ is normal for an essay, it doesn’t have to be. Using images and charts in an essay can make your document more visually interesting. It can even help you earn better grades if done right!
Here, then, is our guide on how to use images in an academic essay .
How to Use Images in an Essay
Usually, you will only need to add an image in academic writing if it serves a specific purpose (e.g. illustrating your argument). Even then, you need to make sure images are presently correctly. As such, try asking yourself the following questions whenever you add an image in an essay:
- Does it add anything useful? Any image or chart you include in your work should help you make your argument or explain a point more clearly. For instance, if you are analysing a film, you may need to include a still from a scene to illustrate a point you are making.
- Is the image clearly labelled? All images in your essay should come with clear captions (e.g. ‘Figure 1’ plus a title or description). Without these, your reader may not know how images relate to the surrounding text.
- Have you mentioned the image in the text? Make sure to directly reference the image in the text of your essay. If you have included an image to illustrate a point, for instance, you would include something along the lines of ‘An example of this can be seen in Figure 1’.
The key, then, is that images in an essay are not just decoration. Rather, they should fit with and add to the arguments you make in the text.
Citing Images and Illustrations
If you have created all the images and charts you want to use in your essay, then all you need to do is label them clearly (as described above). But if you want to use an image found somewhere else in your work, you will need to cite your source as well, just as you would when quoting someone.
The exact format for this will depend on the referencing system you’re using. However, with author–date referencing, it usually involves giving the source author’s name and a year of publication:
![referring to a picture in an essay Image plus caption.](https://proofed.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/image.png)
In the caption above, for example, we have cited the paper containing the image and the page it is on. We would then need to add the paper to the reference list at the end of the document:
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Gramblička, S., Kohar, R., & Stopka, M. (2017). Dynamic analysis of mechanical conveyor drive system. Procedia Engineering , 192, 259–264. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.045
You can also cite an image directly if it not part of a larger publication or document. If we wanted to cite an image found online in APA referencing , for example, we would use the following format:
Surname, Initial(s). (Role). (Year). Title or description of image [Image format]. Retrieved from URL.
In practice, then, we could cite a photograph as follows:
Booth, S. (Photographer). (2014). Passengers [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevebooth/35470947736/in/pool-best100only/
Make sure to check your style guide for which referencing system to use.
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Referencing style - APA 7th: Images, tables and figures
- Introduction
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APA examples: Images, tables and figures
All images, figures and tables referred to in the text or reproduced in an essay, assignment or presentation, must be cited and included in your reference list.
See this guides images, figures and tables tab to view how the attribution of these examples below are treated within the text.
See APA Style examples, Clip Art Image and Artwork References for general notes and more examples.
|
|
|
---|---|---|
Copied Image (reproduced within the document) For | Example: Species such as the Pilotus flower (Figure 2) are ideal for weed control due to their spreading habit.
: No need to cite the author of an image when you refer to an image figure within your text.
| Provide the full end-text reference for any copyrighted images you have used in your text in your reference list. Denisbin. (2012). [Photograph]. Flickr. This should consist of: Author, year of publication, title, description in brackets, source (usually the name of the website and URL). See for an example of full attribution required in the below the image, as well as an example of an image not requiring attribution. |
Image (reproduced in the document, no copyright attribution required) For
| Use the title of the image figure if referring to it within your text. E.g.: (Figure 1) | No end-text reference is required for images used that do not require copyright attribution. : Includes images that are yours and haven't been published elsewhere. See with and without attribution for clarification. |
Artwork or Image (referred to in the document) | Use the Artist and date the artwork was produced. (Millais, 1851-2) or Ophelia by Millais (1851-2)... | Provide a full end-text reference for the artwork or image referred to within your document. Millais, J. E. (1851-2). [Painting]. Tate, London, United Kingdom. This image has not been reproduced in the text. |
Copied figure (reproduced within the document) For | When you refer to the figure in-text you can just use the figure title rather than the author-date style. .... | Provide a full text reference for the source of the figure following the end-text reference guidelines for that format. This reference is for a figure copied from a journal article: Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Berry, H., Bouley, T., Boykoff, M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chambers, J., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Davies, M., Depoux, A., Dominguez-Salas, P., Drummond, P., Ebi, K. L., ... Costello, A. (2018). The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Shaping the health of nations for centuries to come. (10163), 2479-2514. See for an example of a copyright acknowledgment required in the below the figure. |
Adapted figure For | Use the figure title. | Provide a full text reference for the source of the figure following the end-text reference guidelines for that format. This reference is for a figure adapted from a webpage: International Monetary Fund. (2021, April). . See for an example of a copyright acknowledgment required in the below the figure. |
Copied table (reproduced within the document) For Farley's (2018) inquiry into municipalities' economic development | Use the table title. | Provide a full text reference for the source of the table following the end-text reference guidelines for that format. This reference is for a table copied from a blog post: Farley, B. (2018, October 10). Community wealth shapes local economic development programs. See for an example of a copyright acknowledgment required in the below the table. |
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / How to reference an image in Harvard style
How to reference an image in Harvard style
Referencing images can be confusing. Do you reference the photographer or the subject of the image itself? Do you include where you saw or found the image? What if you took the photograph yourself? This guide will help clear up the confusion!
Below, the guide will cover how to cite images in different scenarios, both as an in-text citation and a reference. For each scenario, you will be given a citation structure, along with examples to illustrate each case.
Online images/photographs
Today, finding and citing a digital or online image is simple. You’ll need the following information:
- Photographer’s name
- (Year published)
- Title of the photograph, italizised
- Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)
In-text citation structure and example:
(Photographer’s name, Year published)
Photographer’s name (Year published)
B.B. King’s beautiful Gibson semi-hollow body ES-355 guitar (Joseph, 2001) ……
Reference list structure and example:
Photographer’s Last Name, Initial. (Year published) Title of the photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)
Joseph, J. (2001) Lucille. Available at: http://www.jackjoseph.co.uk/photo_23456.html (Accessed: 22 August 2016)
Online images/photographs from a curated collection
As we know, the Internet has a vast repository of curated image collections, especially on sites like Tumblr, Pinterest and Instagram, to name just a few. The rules stay pretty much unchanged in this case, as well.
You will just need to direct the viewer/reader to the source where you viewed or uploaded the image. You may cite relevant information about images sourced from such Internet collections as follows:
- (Year published)
- Title of the photograph/collection, italicized
Photographs by Gustavo Grandissimo (2015) …
Grandissimo, G. (2015) The heights of abstraction. Available at: https://instagram.com/theheightsofabstraction (Accessed: 10 August 2012)
Images without a listed photographer or artist
You may cite information about images without a listed creator. You’ll need the following information:
- Title of the photograph, italicized
As you can see in the image of the controversial protest rally ( Up in arms , 2019) …
Title of the photograph (Year published) Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)
Up in arms (2019) Available at: http://www.therevolutionbeat.com/protests/2019/image_34567.html (Accessed: 10 March 2019)
Prints or slides
A print refers to a printed reproduction of a popular work of art or image. A slide, on the other hand, is a transparent photograph that consists of chromogenic dyes mounted inside a plastic frame to be projected onto a large screen.
Information needed:
- [Photograph]
- Place of publication: Publisher’s name, if available
The expanding mushroom cloud from the resulting blast was captured on that fateful day (Tanaka, 1945)
Tanaka, N. (1945) The day Fat Boy fell to Earth [Photograph]. Hokkaido: Kurosawa Publishers
Images photographed by you
It is not necessary to provide a reference to a photograph or image if you are the creator. However, check with your tutor about the most appropriate way to present original images or photographs in your work.
If you need to reference an original image, you can use the following citation structure:
- Your name (Year published or taken)
…lays emphasis on the fact that the sun doesn’t need to be the focus of a picture (Koenig, 2019)
Your Last Name, Initial. (Year published) Title of the photograph [Photograph]
Koenig, K. (2019) The sunset [Photograph]
Published October 29, 2020.
Harvard Formatting Guide
Harvard Formatting
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APA 7th Referencing Style Guide
- Figures (graphs and images)
- Referencing & APA style
- In-text citation
- Elements of a reference
- Format & examples of a reference list
- Conferences
- Reports & grey literature
General guidelines
From a book, from an article, from a library database, from a website, citing your own work.
- Theses and dissertations
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- Computer software, games & apps
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A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration or image other than a table is referred to as a figure.
Figure Components
- Number: The figure number (e.g., Figure 1 ) appears above the figure in bold (no period finishing).
- Title: The figure title appears one double-spaced line below the figure number in Italic Title Case (no period finishing).
- Image: The image portion of the figure is the chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or illustration itself.
- Legend: A figure legend, or key, if present, should be positioned within the borders of the figure and explain any symbols used in the figure image.
- Note: A note may appear below the figure to describe contents of the figure that cannot be understood from the figure title, image, and/or legend alone (e.g., definitions of abbreviations, copyright attribution). Not all figures include notes. Notes are flush left, non-italicised. If present they begin with Note. (italicised, period ending). The notes area will include reference information if not an original figure, and copyright information as required.
General rules
- In the text, refer to every figure by its number, no italics, but with a capital "F" for "Figure". For example, "As shown in Figure 1, ..."
- There are two options for the placement of figures in a paper. The first option is to place all figures on separate pages after the reference list. The second option is to embed each figure within the text.
- If you reproduce or adapt a figure from another source (e.g., an image you found on the internet), you should include a copyright attribution in the figure note, indicating the origin of the reproduced or adapted material, in addition to a reference list entry for the work. Include a permission statement (Reprinted or Adapted with permission) only if you have sought and obtained permission to reproduce or adapt material in your figure. A permission statement is not required for material in the public domain or openly licensed material. For student course work, AUT assignments and internal assessments, a permission statement is also not needed, but copyright attribution is still required.
- Important note for postgraduate students and researchers: If you wish to reproduce or adapt figures that you did not create yourself in your thesis, dissertation, exegesis, or other published work, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder/s, unless the figure is in the public domain (copyright free), or licensed for use with a Creative Commons or other open license. Works under a Creative Commons licence should be cited accordingly. See Using works created by others for more information.
Please check the APA style website for an illustration of the basic figure component & placement of figure in a text.
More information & examples from the APA Style Manual , s. 7.22-7.36, pp. 225–250
Figure reproduced in your text
Note format - for notes below the figure
. Explanations to supplement or clarify information in the image. From [ Adapted from] (page number), by First Initial. Second Initial. Author Surname, Year, Publisher. Copyright Year by Name of Copyright Holder [ In the public domain Creative Commons license abbreviation]. Reprinted with permission. [ Adapted with permission.] . |
In-text citation:
This is clearly indicated in Figure 1,... |
Reference list entry:
Rasmussen, E. J. (2009). (2nd ed.). Pearson. |
Referring to a figure in a book
If you refer to a figure included in a book but do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way, citing the page number where the figure appears.
... interpretations of the portrait (Gombrich 1995, p. 203). |
Gombrich, E. H. (1995). (16th ed.). Phaidon. |
Note format - for notes below the figure
. Explanations to supplement or clarify information in the image. From [ Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by First Initial. Second Initial. Author Surname, Year, (Issue), page number (url doi ). Copyright Year by Name of Copyright Holder [ In the public domain Creative Commons license abbreviation]. Reprinted with permission. [ Adapted with permission.] . |
As shown in Figure 2, there are five groups of factors that influence... |
Jahan, N., & Rahman, S. (2016). Factors that obstruct tourism development in Bangladesh. (9), 48–55. |
Referring to a figure in an article
If you refer to a figure in an article but do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way for an article, citing the page number where the figure appears.
... in the installation (Randerson, 2007, p. 446) ... |
Randerson, J. (2007). Between reason and sensation: Antipodean artists and climate change. , (5), 442–448. |
Note format - for notes below the figure
. Explanations to supplement or clarify information in the image. Title of the database. Copyright year by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
As Figure 1 shows, sales of meat pies ... As shown in Figure 2, ... |
Reference list:
EconData. (2019). [Graph]. EMED Emerging Asia database. The Nielsen Company. (2011). [Graph] Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand. |
. Explanations to supplement or clarify information in the image. From Title of Webpage, by First Initial. Second Initial. Author Surname [ Group Author], Year, Site Name [ ] (url). Copyright Year by Name of Copyright Holder [ In the public domain Creative Commons license abbreviation]. Reprinted with permission. [ Adapted with permission.] . |
As shown in Figure 5, ... |
Department of Conservation. (n.d.). |
Referring to a figure on a webpage
If you refer to a figure on a webpage and do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way for a webpage,
Not every reference to an artwork needs a reference list entry. For example, if you refer to a famous painting, as below, it would not need a reference.
... facial expression reminiscent of Munch’s . |
Finding image details for your figure caption or reference
- clicking on or hovering your mouse over the image
- looking at the bottom of the image
- looking at the URL
- If there is no title, create a short descriptive one yourself and put it in square brackets e.g. [...]
- For more guidance, see Visual works
If it has been formally published reference your work as you would any other published work.
If the work is available on a website reference it as a webpage (see examples in the webpage section ).
Citing your own figures, graphs or images in an assignment:
- Include the title
- Add a note explaining the content. No copyright attribution is required.
- You can, if you wish, add a statement that it is your own work
- You do not need an in-text citation or add it to your reference list
- See example in APA manual p.247, Figure 7.17 Sample photograph
Great Barrier Island
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Note. Photo of Great Barrier Island taken from Orewa at sunrise. Own work.
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MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): Charts, Graphs, Images, and Tables
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- Citation Software
Is it a Figure or a Table?
There are two types of material you can insert into your assignment: figures and tables. A figure is a photo, image, map, graph, or chart. A table is a table of information. For a visual example of each, see the figure and table to the right.
Still need help? For more information on citing figures, visit Purdue OWL .
Reproducing Figures and Tables
Reproducing happens when you copy or recreate a photo, image, chart, graph, or table that is not your original creation. If you reproduce one of these works in your assignment, you must create a note (or "caption") underneath the photo, image, chart, graph, or table to show where you found it. If you do not refer to it anywhere else in your assignment, you do not have to include the citation for this source in a Works Cited list.
Citing Information From a Photo, Image, Chart, Graph, or Table
If you refer to information from the photo, image, chart, graph, or table but do not reproduce it in your paper, create a citation both in-text and on your Works Cited list.
If the information is part of another format, for example a book, magazine article, encyclopedia, etc., cite the work it came from. For example if information came from a table in an article in National Geographic magazine, you would cite the entire magazine article.
Figure Numbers
The word figure should be abbreviated to Fig. Each figure should be assigned a figure number, starting with number 1 for the first figure used in the assignment. E.g., Fig. 1.
Images may not have a set title. If this is the case give a description of the image where you would normally put the title.
A figure refers to a chart, graph, image or photo. This is how to cite figures.
The caption for a figure begins with a description of the figure followed by the complete citation for the source the figure was found in. For example, if it was found on a website, cite the website. If it was in a magazine article, cite the magazine article.
- Label your figures starting at 1.
- Information about the figure (the caption) is placed directly below the image in your assignment.
- If the image appears in your paper the full citation appears underneath the image (as shown below) and does not need to be included in the Works Cited List. If you are referring to an image but not including it in your paper you must provide an in-text citation and include an entry in the Works Cited.
![referring to a picture in an essay Black and white male figure exercising](https://lgimages.s3.amazonaws.com/data/imagemanager/14014/image_magazine.png)
Fig. 1. Man exercising from: Green, Annie. "Yoga: Stretching Out." Sports Digest, 8 May 2006, p. 22.
Fig. 2. Annakiki skirt from: Cheung, Pauline. "Short Skirt S/S/ 15 China Womenswear Commercial Update." WGSN.
Images: More Examples
In the works cited examples below, the first one is seeing the artwork in person, the second is accessing the image from a website, the third is accessing it through a database, and the last example is using an image from a book.
Viewing Image in Person
Hopper, Edward. Nighthawks . 1942, Art Institute of Chicago.
Accessing Image from a Website
Hopper, Edward. Nighthawks . 1942. Art Institute of Chicago, www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/111628 .
Note : Notice the period after the date in the example above, rather than a comma as the other examples use. This is because the date refers to the painting's original creation, rather than to its publication on the website. It is considered an "optional element."
Accessing Image from a Database
Hopper, Edward. Nighthawks . 1942, Art Institute of Chicago. Artstor , https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/AWSS35953_35953_41726475 .
Using an Image from a Book
Hopper, Edward. Nighthawks . 1942, Art Institute of Chicago. Staying Up Much Too Late: Edward Hopper's Nighthawks and the Dark Side of the American Psyche , by Gordon Theisen, Thomas Dunne Books, 2006, p. 118.
Above the table, label it beginning at Table 1, and add a description of what information is contained in the table.
The caption for a table begins with the word Source, then the complete Works Cited list citation for the source the table was found in. For example, if it was found on a website, cite the website. If it was in a journal article, cite the journal article.
Information about the table (the caption) is placed directly below the table in your assignment.
If the table is not cited in the text of your assignment, you do not need to include it in the Works Cited list.
Variables in determining victims and aggressors
Source: Mohr, Andrea. "Family Variables Associated With Peer Victimization." Swiss Journal of Psychology, vol . 65, no. 2, 2006, pp. 107-116. Psychology Collection , doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.65.2.107.
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How to Cite Images, Tables and Diagrams
The pages outlines examples of how to cite images, tables and diagrams using the Harvard Referencing method .
An image found online
In-text citations
Mention the image in the text and cite the author and date:
The cartoon by Frith (1968) describes ...
If the image has no named author, cite the full name and date of the image:
The map shows the Parish of Maroota during the 1840s (Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849)
List of References
Include information in the following order:
- author (if available)
- year produced (if available)
- title of image (or a description)
- Format and any details (if applicable)
- name and place of the sponsor of the source
- accessed day month year (the date you viewed/ downloaded the image)
- URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets).
Frith J 1968, From the rich man’s table, political cartoon by John Frith, Old Parliament House, Canberra, accessed 11 May 2007, <http: // www . oph.gov.au/frith/theherald-01.html>.
If there is no named author, put the image title first, followed by the date (if available):
Khafre pyramid from Khufu’s quarry 2007, digital photograph, Ancient Egypt Research Associates, accessed 2 August 2007, <http: // www . aeraweb.org/khufu_quarry.asp>.
Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849, digital image of cartographic material, National Library of Australia, accessed 13 April 2007, <http: // nla . gov.au/nla.map-f829>.
Online images/diagrams used as figures
Figures include diagrams, graphs, sketches, photographs and maps. If you are writing a report or an assignment where you include a visual as a figure, unless you have created it yourself, you must include a reference to the original source.
Figures should be numbered and labelled with captions. Captions should be simple and descriptive and be followed by an in-text citation. Figure captions should be directly under the image.
Cite the author and year in the figure caption:
![referring to a picture in an essay referring to a picture in an essay](https://www.student.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/uploads/group40/Diagrams/COGNITIVE.jpg)
Figure 1: Bloom's Cognitive Domain (Benitez 2012)
If you refer to the Figure in the text, also include a citation:
As can be seen from Figure 1 (Benitez 2012)
Provide full citation information:
Benitez J 2012, Blooms Cognitve Domain, digital image, ALIEM, accessed 2 August 2015, <https: // www . aliem.com/blooms-digital-taxonomy/>.
Online data in a table caption
In-text citation
If you reproduce or adapt table data found online you must include a citation. All tables should be numbered and table captions should be above the table.
Table 2: Agricultural water use, by state 2004-05 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)
NSW (including Canberra) | 3 976 108 |
Vic. | 2 570 219 |
Qld | 2 864 889 |
SA | 1 004 828 |
WA | 429 372 |
Tas | 255 448 |
NT | 45 638 |
If you refer to the table in text, include a citation:
As indicated in Table 2, a total of 11 146 502 ML was used (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)
Include the name of the web page where the table data is found.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Water Use on Australian Farms , 2004-05, Cat. no. 4618.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, accessed 4 July 2007, <https: // www . abs.gov.au>.
FAQ and troubleshooting
Harvard referencing
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- Citing and referencing
- Images / Figures
Citing and referencing: Images / Figures
- In-text citations
- Reference list
- Books and book chapters
- Journals/Periodicals
- Newspapers/Magazines
- Government and other reports
- Legal sources
- Websites and social media
- Audio, music and visual media
- Conferences
- Dictionaries/Encyclopedias/Guides
- Theses/Dissertations
- University course materials
- Company and Industry reports
- Patents and Standards
- Tables and Figures
- Abbreviations used in referencing
- Medicine and Health sources
- Foreign language sources
- Music scores
- Journals and periodicals
- Government sources
- News sources
- Web and social media
- Games and apps
- Ancient and sacred sources
- Primary sources
- Audiovisual media and music scores
- Images and captions
- University lectures, theses and dissertations
- Interviews and personal communication
- Archival material
- Reference list guidelines
- Journal articles
- Government and industry publications
- Websites, newspaper and social media
- Conference papers, theses and university material
- Video and audio
- Images, graphs, tables, data sets
- Personal communications
- In-text Citations
- Journals / Periodicals
- Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
- Interviews and lectures
- Music Scores / Recordings
- Film / Video Recording
- Television / Radio Broadcast
- Online Communication / Social Media
- Live Performances
- Government and Organisation Publications
- Medicine & health sources
- Government/organisational/technical reports
- Images, graphs, tables, figures & data sets
- Websites newspaper & magazine articles, socia media
- Conferences, theses & university materials
- Personal communication & confidential unpublished material
- Video, audio & other media
- Generative AI
- Indigenous knowledges
Turabian Contents
- Introduction to Turabian Style
- Websites / Blogs
- Audiovisual
- Exhibitions
- Magazines / Newspapers
- Citing a source within a source
- University course materials / Theses / Exegeses
Rules for images
1. If you include any images in your document, also include a figure caption. See the "Positioning images in your document" box for more information.
2. If you refer to any visual material, i.e. art, design or architecture, you have seen in person and you are not including an image of it in your document, provide a detailed in-text citation or footnote. See the "Art, design and architecture you have seen in person" box for more information.
3. If you have sourced an image from the web or a publication:
a) Notes Bibliography style: you need to include the publication information or web address in the footnote. See the "Images from the web" or "Images from books or other published sources" for more information.
b) Author Date style: you need to include a brief in-text citation AND a full bibliography entry. See the "Images from the web" or "Images from books or other published sources" for more information.
Positioning images in your document
- Author-Date (Parenthetical citations)
Positioning images in your document
Figures are any images that you include in your document, i.e. illustrations, diagrams, graphs, photographs, images of artworks and etc. Whenever you include a figure in your document, you also provide a caption. Captions give concise descriptions, explanations, legends, or identify elements—depending on the type of figure. Position a caption below each figure.
Begin each caption with a figure number. And in your text, refer to the particular figure as you introduce it, spell out the word 'figure' if its in your sentence, or abbreviate to 'fig.' if it's written in parenthesis i.e. "in figure 1 you can see..." or (see fig. 1).
You may be the author of a figure in your document or you may have sourced it from elsewhere. If figures aren’t your work, captions can provide reference information, i.e. authors, titles and sources. Some assessments may require you to include a courtesy line acknowledging the name of the source organisation, archive or database, followed by an access date and the web address.
Example: In his painting The Banquet of Cleopatra (see fig. 1), Venetian artist Giambattista Tiepolo portrays a famous contest where Cleopatra wins a wager with Mark Antony by dissolving a pearl earring in a glass of vinegar and drinking it. Tiepolo stage this scene amid columns of the composite order (see fig. 2), which visually underline links to ancient Rome (see fig. 3).
![referring to a picture in an essay Image of Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra, 1743-44](https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/168480/images/Fd100921.jpg)
Figure 1. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra , 1743-44, oil on canvas, 250 x 357 cm. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Victoria, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4409/.
![referring to a picture in an essay](https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/168480/images/column_a_b.png)
Figure 2. The composite order, showing a , the entablature and b , the column capital. Courtesy of OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://pixabay.com/vectors/column-capital-composite-antiquity-148231/.
![referring to a picture in an essay The Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome, 203 ce., triumphal arch, Roman Forum, Rome.](https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/168480/images/SCALA_ARCHIVES_1039931293.jpg)
Figure 3. The Arch of Septimius Severus, 203 ce., Roman Forum, Rome. Courtesy of Artstor, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au.
Example: In his painting The Banquet of Cleopatra (see fig. 1), Venetian artist Giambattista Tiepolo portrays a famous contest where Cleopatra wins a wager with Mark Antony by dissolving a pearl earring in a glass of vinegar and drinking it. Tiepolo stage this scene amid columns of the composite order (see fig. 2), which visually underline links to ancient Rome (see fig. 3).
Figure 2. The composite order, showing a , the entablature and b , the column capital. Courtesy of OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://pixabay.com/vectors/column-capital-composite-antiquity-148231/.
Figure 3. The Arch of Septimius Severus, 203 ce., Roman Forum, Rome. Courtesy of Artstor, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au.
Art, design and architecture you have seen in person
If you are referring to art, design or architecture and you are not including the image in your document, you only need to provide a detailed footnote.
Include the following information:
- artist or designer
- title of the work
- year of creation of work
- type of materials (optional)
- dimensions of the work (optional)
- location of item, e.g. name of the institution that houses the work, or city the building is in
Footnote 1. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra , 1743-44, oil on canvas, 250.3 x 357.0 cm, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
If you are referring to the actual artwork and you are not including the image in your document, you only need to provide a detailed in text citation.
- location of item, e.g. name institution that houses the work, or city the building is in
Parenthetical (In Text) (Georgia O'Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys , 1938, Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin )
Images from the web
- Author-Date (Parenthetical citations)
If you found the image online you will need to include in your footnote:
- title of work
- access date
1. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra , 1743-44, oil on canvas, 250.3 x 357.0 cm, accessed 24 May, 2012, http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/4409 .
2. Max Dupain, The Sunbaker , 1937, gelatin silver photograph, 38.0 x 43.1 cm, accessed 24 May, 2012 , http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/7621 .
If you found the image online you need to include a brief parenthetical (in text) citation and a bibliography entry that includes:
Examples:
Parenthetical (In Text)
(Tiepolo 1743-44)
(Dupain 1937)
Bibliography
Tiepolo, Giambattista. 1743-44. The Banquet of Cleopatra. Oil on canvas. A ccessed 24 May, 2012. http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/4409 .
Dupain, Max. 1937. The Sunbaker . Photograph. A ccessed 24 May, 2012. http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/7621 .
Images from books or other published sources
If you found the image in a book or other published source you will need to include in the footnote:
- date of creation of work
- author of book
- title of book
- place of publication
- date of publication
- figure or plate number of the reproduction (optional)
1. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra , 1743-44, in Ted Gott and Laurie Benson, Painting and Sculpture before 1800 in the International Collections of the National Gallery of Victoria (Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2003), 102.
2. Max Dupain, "The Sunbaker", 1937, in Isobel Crombie, Body Culture: Max Dupain, Photography and Australian Culture 1919-1939 (Images Publishing Group in association with National Gallery of Victoria, 2004), 150, 17.1.
If you found the image in a book or other published source you will need to include an in text citation as well as a bibliography entry that includes:
(Georgia O'Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys , 1938, in Lynes, Poling-Kempes, and Turner 2004, 25)
Lynes, Barbara Buhler, Lesley Poling-Kempes, and Frederick W. Turner. 2004. Georgia O'Keeffe and New Mexico: A sense of place . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
![referring to a picture in an essay library logo banner](https://libapps-eu.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/135714/images/New_Library_Banner.png)
Finding and referencing images: Referencing images
- Referencing images
- Finding images and videos
Introduction
In this guide, ' IMAGE ' is used to refer to any visual resource such as a diagram, graph, illustration, design, photograph, or video. They may be found in books, journals, reports, web pages, online video, DVDs and other kinds of media. This guide also refers to ‘ CREATOR ’. This could be an illustrator, photographer, author or organisation.
The examples are presented in Harvard (Bath) style and offer general guidelines on good practice. For essays, project reports, dissertations and theses, ask your School or Department which style they want you to use. Different referencing styles require the use of similar information but will be formatted differently. For more information on other referencing styles, visit our referencing guide .
Using images to illustrate or make clear the description and discussion in your text is useful, but it is important that you give due recognition to the work of other people that you present with your own. This will help to show the value of their work to your assignment and how your ideas fit with a wider body of academic knowledge.
It is just as important to properly cite and reference images as it is the journal articles, books and other information sources that you draw upon. If you do not, you could find yourself accused of plagiarism and/or copyright infringement.
Using images and copyright
For educational assignments it is sufficient to cite and reference any image used. If you publish your work in any way , including posting online, then you will need to follow copyright rules. It is your responsibility to find out whether, and in what ways, you are permitted to use an image in your coursework or publications. Please refer to our copyright guidance and ask for further assistance if you are unsure.
Some images are given limited rights for reuse by their creators. This is likely to be accompanied with a requirement to give recognition to their work and may limit the extent to which it can be modified. The ‘Creative Commons’ copyright licensing scheme offers creators a set of tools for telling people how they wish their work to be used. You can find out more about the different kinds of licence, and what they mean, on the organisation’s web pages .
What is a caption?
Any image that you use should be given a figure number and a brief description of what it is. Permission for use of an image in a published work should be acknowledged in the figure caption. Some organisations will require the permission statement to be given exactly as they specify. If they are required, permissions need to be stated in addition to the citing and referencing guidance given below.
Referencing images in PowerPoint slides
For a presentation you should include a brief citation under the image. Keep a reference list to hand (e.g. hidden slide) for questions. Making a public presentation or posting it online is publishing your work. You must include your references and observe permission and copyright rules.
Example of a caption
Figure 1. Library book. Reproduced with permission from: Rogers, T., 2015, University of Bath Library
Citing and referencing images
Citing images from a book or journal article.
If you wish to refer to images used in a book or journal, they are cited in the same way as text information , for example:
The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell can be visualised as a complex system (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Campbell et al. (2015, pp. 282-283) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
If you were to include this example in an essay the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
The reference at the end of the work would be as recommended for a book reference in our general referencing guide .
For a large piece of work such as a dissertation, thesis or report, a list of figures may be required at the front of the work after the contents page. Check with your department for information on specific requirements of your work.
Google images
When referencing an image found via Google you need to make sure that the information included in your reference relates to the original website that your search has found. Click on the image within the results to get to the original website and take your reference information from there. Take care to use credible sources with good quality information.
![](http://writinghelp.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
Citing and referencing images from a web page
If you use an image from a web page, blog or an online photograph gallery you should reference the individual image . Cite the image creator in the caption and year of publication. The creator may be different from the author of the web page or blog. They may be individual people or an organisation. Figure 2 below gives an example of an image with a corporate author:
![referring to a picture in an essay Nasa Astronaut Tim Kopra on Dec. 21 2015 Spacewalk](https://libapps-eu.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/135714/images/Tim_Kopra_NASA.jpg)
List the image reference within your references list at the end of your work, using the format:
NASA, 2015. NASA astronaut Tim Kopra on Dec. 21 spacewalk [Online]. Washington: NASA. Available from: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/nasa-astronaut-tim-kopra-on-dec-21-spacewalk [Accessed 7 January 2015].
Wikipedia images
If you want to reference an image included in a Wikipedia article, double-click on the image to see all the information needed for your reference. This will open a new page containing information such as creator, image title, date and specific URL. The format should be:
Iliff, D., 2006. Royal Crescent in Bath, England - July 2006 [Online] . San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Crescent_in_Bath,_England_-_July_2006.jpg [Accessed 7 January 2016].
Images and designs from exhibitions, museums or archives
If you want to reference an image or design that you have found in an exhibition, museum or archive, then you also need to observe copyright rules and reference the image correctly. The format is:
For example, if you want to reference an old black and white photograph from 1965 that is held in an archive at the University of Bath:
Bristol Region Building Record, 1965. Green Park House (since demolished), viewed from southwest [Photograph]. BRBR, D/877/1. Archives & Research Collections, University of Bath Library.
NB if you were to reproduce this archive image in your work, or any part of it (rather than just cite it), you would also need to note ‘© University of Bath Library’. This copyright note should be added to the image caption along with the citation.
Referencing your own images
If you take a photograph, you do not have to reference it. For sake of clarity you may want to add “Image by author” to the caption. If you create an original illustration or a diagram that you have produced from your own idea then you do not have to cite or reference them. If you generate an image from a graphics package, for example a molecular structure from chemistry drawing software, you do not need to cite the source of the image.
Referencing images that you adapt from elsewhere
If you use someone else’s work for an image then you must give them due credit. If you reproduce it by hand or using graphics software it is the same as if you printed, scanned or photocopied it. You must cite and reference the work as described in this guide. If the image is something that you have created in an earlier assignment or publication you need to reference earlier piece of work to avoid self-plagiarism. If you want to annotate information to improve upon, extend or change an existing image you must cite the original work. However, you would use the phrase ‘adapted from’ in your citation and reference the original work in your reference list.
AI generated images
If you have used an AI tool to generate an image you must acknowledge that tool as a source (see point 7 of the academic integrity statement ).
If the content is not recoverable i.e. cannot be linked or retrieved, then there is no published source that you can reference directly. In that case you would give an in-text, ‘personal communications’ citation , as described in part 15 of our 'Write a citation' guidance (from the Harvard Bath guide). This type of citation includes the author details followed by (pers. comm.) and the date of the communication.
For example, an image of a shark in a library generated with Craiyon with a ‘personal communications’ citation included in the image caption:
![referring to a picture in an essay referring to a picture in an essay](https://libapps-eu.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/135714/images/AI-generated_image_example.png)
Figure 3. Shark in a library image generated using an AI tool (Craiyon, AI Image Generator (pers. comm.) 14 July 2022).
However, if the content is retrievable, then you can cite and reference it the same way you would cite and reference an image taken from a web page (see relevant section above). Use the example on the ‘Generative AI content’ section of our Harvard Bath guide to correctly reference retrievable content.
Online images and resources for your work
The library has compiled a list of useful audio-visual resources, including images, that can be used for essays or assignments. Visit the ' finding images and videos ' tab of this guide to find out more.
- Next: Finding images and videos >>
- Last Updated: Aug 28, 2024 3:35 PM
- URL: https://library.bath.ac.uk/images
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Leeds Harvard: Image
Reference examples.
If you refer to an image that you have found in a printed source, eg a book , you must provide a reference for that source. Check with your tutor about the most appropriate way to present images in your work, eg including a list of images in an appendix.
It is not necessary to provide a reference in your bibliography for an image that you have created yourself. Images generated by AI tools must be referenced. See below for an example of how to do this.
Online image
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the originator). Year. Title of image . [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL
Bowry, J. 2013. Telephone boxes in the snow . [Online]. [Accessed 10 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.flickr.com/
Picasso, P. 1925. The Dance . [Online]. [Accessed 4 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.oxfordartonline.com
Original image or photograph
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the originator). Year. Title . [Material type]. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable).
Roux, E. 1915. Photograph taken at Gallipoli by Ernest Roux . [Photograph]. At: Leeds: Leeds University Library. Liddle Collection, FR 31.
Original image or photograph (missing details)
If there is no originator, start your reference with the image title. If there is no title, start with a description.
Title . Year. [Material type]. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable).
Photograph of two members of the Shaikevich family . c1920. [Photograph]. At: Leeds: Leeds University Library, Leeds Russian Archive Collection. MS 1210.
Image generated by AI software
Some generative AI tools provide a shareable link to the output they have generated. If this is available, you should include it. Otherwise, include the URL of the tool’s homepage.
Company and software name. Year. AI generated image of (description) . [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL
Adobe Firefly. 2024. AI generated image of a tree standing in a field surrounded by wildflowers and small woodland creatures . [Online]. [Accessed 12 March 2024]. Available from: https://firefly.adobe.com/public/t2i?id=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AEU%3Abdae3474-5ded-425a-87ba-081ffbc50129&ff_channel=shared_link&ff_source=Text2Image
Citation examples
Image, figure, table or diagram.
You should provide an in-text citation for any photographs, images, tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations that you reproduce in your work. The citation would normally be given after the title of the figure, table, diagram, etc.
Example: Figure 1, A four pointed star (Jones, 2015, p.54).
A reference within the text to a table, graph, diagram, etc. taken from a source should include the author, date and page number in brackets to enable the reader to identify the data.
Example: (Jones, 2015, p.33)
If you have already named the author in the text, only the publication year and page number needs to be mentioned in brackets.
Jones (2015, p.33) gave a detailed figures on the rapid increase of trade union membership during the twentieth century.
If the source of the data is not the author's own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such.
Example: (United Nations, 1975, cited in Smith, 2016, p.33)
If you use a table/graph, etc. from a source and then adapt it to use in your own assignment, you must make that clear in your reference.
We would suggest something along the lines of: Figure 1, Title, based on Smith, 2005, p.22.
Corporate author
If the item is produced by an organisation, treat the organisation as a "corporate author". This means you can use the name of the organisation instead of that of an individual author. This includes government departments, universities or companies. Cite the corporate author in the text the same way as you would an individual author.
According to a recent report, flu jabs are as important as travel vaccines (Department of Health, 2017).
Common issues
When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.
Skip straight to the issue that affects you:
- Online items
- URL web addresses
- Multiple authors
- Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
- Multiple publisher details
- Editions and reprints
- Missing details
- Multiple sources with different authors
- Sources written by the same author in the same year
- Sources with the same author in different years
- Two authors with the same surname in the same year
- The work of one author referred to by another
- Anonymising sources for confidentiality
- Identifying the authors’ family name (surname)
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How do I refer to a picture I added in my essay?
I'm trying to write an essay about the elements and principles of design in Michelangelo's Pieta. The essay must be in MLA format and I need to include a picture to visualize a central point I'm trying to make in one of my paragraphs.
There is clearly a hierarchy here too, with the Virgin Mary at the top, and Jesus at the bottom, and they seem to form the shape of a triangle. (figure one or something)
How do I refer to a picture in this context, and furthermore, how I include pictures in an MLA formatted essay? Should there be any? This professor is pretty lenient about how it's formatted, so I'm just sticking with what most people know.
These are her instructions.
Cite all work using APA or MLA Double space, font size 12, Times Roman font A good paper will be 3 pages, not including photos (place your photos at the end) No heading or title whatsoever! iLearn does that for you already
Any help is greatly appreciated. Thanks.
A good guide to MLA figures and tables may be found here .
In short, you simply say "Figure 1" for the first figure, "Figure 2" for the second, and so on.
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Nasa, boeing welcome starliner spacecraft to earth, close mission.
Jessica Taveau
Nasa headquarters.
![referring to a picture in an essay Night vision view of Boeing's Starliner and its parachutes descending to New Mexico.](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/screenshot-21.png?w=1920)
NASA and Boeing safely returned the uncrewed Starliner spacecraft following its landing at 10:01 p.m. MDT Sept. 6 at White Sands Space Harbor in New Mexico, concluding a three-month flight test to the International Space Station.
“I am extremely proud of the work our collective team put into this entire flight test, and we are pleased to see Starliner’s safe return,” said Ken Bowersox, associate administrator, Space Operations Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “Even though it was necessary to return the spacecraft uncrewed, NASA and Boeing learned an incredible amount about Starliner in the most extreme environment possible. NASA looks forward to our continued work with the Boeing team to proceed toward certification of Starliner for crew rotation missions to the space station.”
The flight on June 5 was the first time astronauts launched aboard the Starliner. It was the third orbital flight of the spacecraft, and its second return from the orbiting laboratory. Starliner now will ship to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida for inspection and processing.
NASA’s Commercial Crew Program requires a spacecraft to fly a crewed test flight to prove the system is ready for regular flights to and from the orbiting laboratory. Following Starliner’s return, the agency will review all mission-related data.
“We are excited to have Starliner home safely. This was an important test flight for NASA in setting us up for future missions on the Starliner system,” said Steve Stich, manager of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. “There was a lot of valuable learning that will enable our long-term success. I want to commend the entire team for their hard work and dedication over the past three months.”
NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams launched on June 5 aboard Starliner for the agency’s Boeing Crewed Flight Test from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. On June 6, as Starliner approached the space station, NASA and Boeing identified helium leaks and experienced issues with the spacecraft’s reaction control thrusters. Following weeks of in-space and ground testing, technical interchange meetings, and agency reviews, NASA made the decision to prioritize safety and return Starliner without its crew. Wilmore and Williams will continue their work aboard station as part of the Expedition 71/72 crew, returning in February 2025 with the agency’s SpaceX Crew-9 mission.
The crew flight test is part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program . The goal of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program is safe, reliable, and cost-effective transportation to and from the International Space Station and low Earth orbit. This already is providing additional research time and has increased the opportunity for discovery aboard humanity’s microgravity testbed, including helping NASA prepare for human exploration of the Moon and Mars.
Learn more about NASA’s Commercial Crew program at:
https://www.nasa.gov/commercialcrew
Joshua Finch / Jimi Russell Headquarters, Washington 202-358-1100 [email protected] / [email protected]
Leah Cheshier Johnson Space Center, Houston 281-483-5111 [email protected]
Steve Siceloff / Danielle Sempsrott / Stephanie Plucinsky Kennedy Space Center, Florida 321-867-2468 [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected]
Related Terms
- Commercial Crew
- International Space Station (ISS)
- ISS Research
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- Writing Tips
When to Use an Image in an Essay
- 3-minute read
- 30th June 2019
Pages of text alone can look quite dull. And while ‘dull’ may seem normal enough for an essay , using images and charts can make a document more visually interesting. It can even help you boost your grades if done right! Here, then, is our guide on how to use an image in academic writing .
Usually, you will only need to add an image in academic writing if it serves a specific purpose (e.g. illustrating your argument). Even then, you need to make sure images are presently correctly. As such, try asking yourself the following questions whenever you add a picture or chart in an essay:
- Does it add anything useful? Any image or chart you include in your work should help you make your argument or explain a point more clearly. For instance, if you are analysing a film, you may need to include a still from a scene to illustrate a point you are making.
- Is the image clearly labelled? All images in your essay should come with clear captions (e.g. ‘Figure 1’ plus a title or description). Without these, your reader may not know how images relate to the surrounding text.
- Have you mentioned the image in the text? Make sure to reference any images you use in the text of your essay. If you have included an image to illustrate a point, for instance, you would include something along the lines of ‘An example of this can be seen in Figure 1’.
The key, then, is that images in an essay are not just decoration. Rather, they should fit with and add to the arguments you make in the text.
Citing Images and Illustrations
If you have created all the images you are using in your essay yourself, then all you need to do is label them clearly (as described above). But if you want to use an existing image you found somewhere else, you will need to cite your source as well, just as you would when quoting someone.
The format for this will depend on the referencing system you’re using. However, with author–date referencing, it usually involves giving the source author’s name and a year of publication. For example:
![referring to a picture in an essay Image plus caption.](https://getproofed.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-768x390-1.png)
In the caption above, we have cited the page of the paper the image comes from using an APA-style citation. We would then need to add the full paper to the reference list at the end of the document:
Gramblička, S., Kohar, R., & Stopka, M. (2017). Dynamic analysis of mechanical conveyor drive system. Procedia Engineering , 192, 259–264. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.045
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You can also cite an image directly if it not part of a larger publication or document. If we wanted to cite an image found online in APA referencing , for example, we would use the following format:
Surname, Initial(s). (Role). (Year). Title or description of image [Image format]. Retrieved from URL.
In practice, then, we could cite a photograph as follows:
Booth, S. (Photographer). (2014). Passengers [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevebooth/35470947736/in/pool-best100only/
Make sure to check your style guide if you are not sure which referencing system to use when citing images in your work. And don’t forget to have your finished document proofread before you submit it for marking.
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IMAGES
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COMMENTS
Citing an image in APA Style. In an APA Style reference entry for an image found on a website, write the image title in italics, followed by a description of its format in square brackets. Include the name of the site and the URL. The APA in-text citation just includes the photographer's name and the year. APA format. Author last name, Initials.
An APA image citation includes the creator's name, the year, the image title and format (e.g. painting, photograph, map), and the location where you accessed or viewed the image. APA format. Last name, Initials. (Year). Image title [Format]. Site Name. or Museum, Location. URL. APA reference entry. van Gogh, V. (1889).
How to Cite an Image in MLA | Format & Examples
Make sure to directly reference the image in the text of your essay. If you have included an image to illustrate a point, for instance, you would include something along the lines of 'An example of this can be seen in Figure 1'. The key, then, is that images in an essay are not just decoration. Rather, they should fit with and add to the ...
Creating an APA 7 citation for a digital image is easy. In the following example, we are going to show you how to cite a digital image found online. Reference Page. Structure. Author last name, First initial. (Publication or creation date). Title of image [Type of media].
Referencing style - APA 7th: Images, tables and figures
How to reference an image in Harvard style - Citation Guides
Generally, if you want to cite photos or images that were retrieved online in APA format, follow this formula: Last name of creator, First name initial. (Year of origin). Image title in italics [Type of media]. Website name. URL. Don't be confused by the "type of media"—this simply means the medium of the image.
Figures (graphs and images) - APA 7th Referencing Style ...
Label the image so it can be identified in the text (e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2). Provide a title for the image or describe what it shows or represents. Offer any additional details (e.g. when a photograph was taken). A photo with an APA image caption. If the image is your own work (e.g. a photo you took yourself), unless your school's style ...
Charts, Graphs, Images, and Tables - MLA Citation Guide ...
Images viewed in a museum or art gallery, both in person and through the venue's website, can also be cited as reference sources. If you viewed the image in person, use this formula to cite images in MLA format: Last name of creator, First name. Image title. Year of origin, Name of museum or gallery, Location.
Captions should be simple and descriptive and be followed by an in-text citation. Figure captions should be directly under the image. In-text citations. Cite the author and year in the figure caption: Figure 1: Bloom's Cognitive Domain (Benitez 2012) If you refer to the Figure in the text, also include a citation:
Make sure to reference any images you use in the text of your essay. If you have included an image to illustrate a point, for instance, you would include something along the lines of "An example of this can be seen in Figure 1.". The key, then, is that images in an essay are not just decoration. Rather, they should fit with and add to the ...
Citing and referencing: Images / Figures - Subject guides
In this guide, ' IMAGE ' is used to refer to any visual resource such as a diagram, graph, illustration, design, photograph, or video. They may be found in books, journals, reports, web pages, online video, DVDs and other kinds of media. This guide also refers to ' CREATOR '. This could be an illustrator, photographer, author or organisation.
Then: 1. Select the image. 2. On the Insert menu, go to Reference, then click Caption. 3. Select any other options you want, and then click OK. Citation. Images that you use in your essay have to be cited; make sure the source, if it isn't already, is listed in your Bibliography.
It is not necessary to provide a reference in your bibliography for an image that you have created yourself. Images generated by AI tools must be referenced. See below for an example of how to do this. Online image. Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the originator). Year. Title of image. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL. Examples: Bowry ...
Tables, Images, & Appendices. For some papers and reports, you may choose to add a table, graph, chart, or image within the body of the draft. Or you may choose to include an appendix at the end of your paper. These can help to provide a visual representation of data or other information that you wish to relay to your reader.
If you were to refer to the image in the text of your essay, simply state the creator's last name and year in parentheses: (Picasso, 1937). Remember that you should also include the details of the image in your reference list. MLA; MLA style dictates that an image caption should be centered, and each figure labeled as "Fig." and numbered ...
like any other source within your essay, the full reference is included in your reference list. If you found the figure or table in a journal article, follow the guidance for referencing an article. If you found it on a webpage, reference the webpage. If the image is a film still, reference the film. Where do I find how to reference my source ...
These are her instructions. Cite all work using APA or MLA. Double space, font size 12, Times Roman font. A good paper will be 3 pages, not including photos (place your photos at the end) No heading or title whatsoever! iLearn does that for you already. Any help is greatly appreciated.
NASA and Boeing safely returned the uncrewed Starliner spacecraft following its landing at 10:01 p.m. MDT Sept. 6 at White Sands Space Harbor in New Mexico, concluding a three-month flight test to the International Space Station.
Make sure to reference any images you use in the text of your essay. If you have included an image to illustrate a point, for instance, you would include something along the lines of 'An example of this can be seen in Figure 1'. The key, then, is that images in an essay are not just decoration. Rather, they should fit with and add to the ...