how to write bibliography for assignment in kannada

How To Write Bibliography For Assignment

A bibliography is an essential component of any academic or research assignment, as it provides a comprehensive list of the sources consulted and cited within the document. Properly formatting and structuring your bibliography is crucial for giving credit to the original authors and allowing readers to locate the sources for further study. In this guide, we’ll outline the key steps and considerations on how to write bibliography for assignment for your assignment.

Before you begin compiling your bibliography, it’s important to understand the specific formatting requirements provided by your instructor or the style guide specified for your assignment. Common citation styles include MLA (Modern Language Association), APA (American Psychological Association), Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard.
Gather all the sources you consulted during your research process, including books, journal articles, websites, interviews, and other relevant materials. Organize them in a systematic manner to facilitate the citation process.
Select the citation style that aligns with the requirements of your assignment or the preferences of your instructor. Each citation style has its own rules and guidelines for formatting bibliographic entries, including the order of elements, punctuation, and formatting of titles and authors’ names.
For each source, provide all the necessary bibliographic information required by the chosen citation style. This typically includes the author’s name(s), title of the source, publication date, publisher, and relevant page numbers. Pay attention to the specific formatting rules for each element, such as italicizing titles or using quotation marks for article titles.
Ensure that you include all relevant details for each source, including edition, volume number, issue number, URL (for online sources), DOI (Digital Object Identifier), and any other information required by the citation style. Accuracy and completeness are essential for facilitating accurate referencing and citation.
Arrange the bibliographic entries alphabetically by the author’s last name (or by title if there is no author). This makes it easier for readers to locate specific sources and maintains consistency with standard bibliographic practices.
Review your bibliography carefully to ensure consistency and accuracy in formatting and citation style. Check for any spelling or formatting errors, verify that all necessary information is included, and confirm that the entries are arranged correctly.
Consider using citation management tools such as Zotero, Mendeley, or EndNote to automate the process of formatting and organizing your bibliography. These tools can save you time and ensure adherence to the correct citation style.
If you’re unsure about how to format your bibliography or if you encounter any difficulties, don’t hesitate to seek clarification from your instructor or refer to the relevant style guide for guidance. It’s better to ask for clarification than to submit an incorrectly formatted bibliography.
Before finalizing your bibliography, review it one last time to ensure that it meets all the requirements and guidelines specified for your assignment. Make any necessary revisions or corrections to ensure accuracy and completeness.

Essay Writing in Kannada: A Comprehensive Guide

Writing an essay can be a daunting task for many, no matter what the language. But writing an essay in Kannada can prove to be especially challenging if you aren’t well-versed in the language. To help make this process easier and give aspiring writers the tools they need to create beautiful works of art, we present our “Essay Writing in Kannada: A Comprehensive Guide”! In this comprehensive guide you will learn all about how to structure your work, craft perfect sentences and more. Read on as we equip you with all the knowledge needed for success when it comes to writing essays in Kannada!

1. Introduction to Essay Writing in Kannada

Essay Writing in Kannada: Kannada is a language spoken predominantly in the south Indian state of Karnataka. As such, it belongs to the Dravidian family of languages that are largely confined to India and South Asia. Essay writing in Kannada refers to essays written within this specific linguistic context. Typically, these kinds of essays will focus on topics related to culture, literature or history of Karnataka.

What essay writing in Kannada involves is an understanding and appreciation for its unique structure – with regards to grammar rules as well as stylistic nuances particular to this language. In addition, components like appropriate word choice and sentence structure also hold special importance when crafting any essay written completely or partially in Kannada. Furthermore authors would need keep certain conventions established by literary greats like Kuvempu and Shivarama Karanth at heart while constructing their works.

Linguistic structures
Stylistic distinction
Appropriate word choice

2. Understanding the Requirements of Kannada Essays

Kannada essays are an important form of writing in Kannada. When it comes to essay writing, one has to be aware of the rules and guidelines that need to be followed. Whether you are a student or a professional writer, understanding these requirements is essential to crafting quality content in this language.

Key Aspects:

Word limit for what essay writing in Kannada
Structure and presentation style
Appropriate use of language fundamentals

In order for any piece written in Kannada to qualify as an essay, it must adhere strictly to its specific word limit, which depends on what kind of paper the author is attempting at. For example, college level papers would require more words than those intended for high school students . Following this requirement helps give due credit where necessary.

When it comes down formatting topics related to what essay writing in Kannada , there needs to be consistency throughout the document with respect basic structure elements such as margins, line spacing paragraphs etcetera so that each page follows uniformity . Writing styles may vary depending on topic but appropriate use of grammar remains core part all forms writings done within this language. Taking into account cultural differences also imperative ensure accuracy translations works created using kanna script while being considered scholarly work will stay relevant regardless context times they were discussing .

3. Developing a Plan for Effective Kannada Essays

Planning for Kannada Essays When writing a Kannada essay, it is important to plan the overall structure. Without planning in advance, an essay can lack clarity and relevance. The following steps should be taken when developing a plan for effective essays:

Decide on the purpose of what essay you are trying to write.
Choose a topic related to the subject or theme that you want to explore.
Carefully research all topics related to your chosen theme before starting writing process.

Having researched your subject matter fully, it is now time formulate an appropriate outline. An effective plan will define both how each part of your argument flows logically from one another as well as providing guidance over which points are most relevant.

Define specific goals at each stage of your paper – this could include precise descriptions in terms of information sources or arguments/counterarguments that need addressing

. alink=”https://www.google.com/search?ei=FxxmXpm-LfSr9QP37K6oCw&q=what+essay+writing+in+kannada&oq=what+essay+writi”>What Essay Writing in Kannada entails . li > Natural ly , creating such plans requires knowledge about What Essay Writing in Kanna da involves . Therefore, ample background reading needs t o take place be fore embark ing on th e task itself . Once competency has been gained through preparatory work done prior crea ting course outlines becomes easier and more effective .

4. Crafting Quality Content with Proper Usage and Grammar

Creating quality content starts with proper usage and grammar rules. What essay writing in Kannada requires the knowledge of how to construct sentences, correct spelling, punctuation and capitalization – all of which are essential tools for creating a well-written document.

To achieve consistency in one’s writing it is important to pay attention to the tiniest details. Below are few tips that can help while working on an assignment:

Proofread multiple times

With careful proofreading comes accuracy and reliability of your work. Taking time out between two reads will give you enough clarity when correcting mistakes or eliminating errors if any.

Make use of spell checkers

Spell checks do not replace your own review but can be quite helpful while fixing minor errors as they come up quickly without consuming much time.

5. Articulating Ideas through Logical Flow of Thought and Argumentation

The ability to is essential in clear and concise communication. To communicate thoughts logically, one must be able to articulate them effectively. What essay writing in kannada assists with this by focusing on the structure of an essay and encouraging a logical flow from introduction to conclusion.

Unnumbered List :

Formal introductions: When beginning an academic paper, it’s important that students learn how to introduce their topic using formal language.
Developing arguments: Once the introduction has been written, body paragraphs need to have sophisticated reasoning which requires careful fact-checking and consideration.

Essay writers who successfully apply these strategies can create content that flows well throughout its entirety—from start to finish —and propels forward through argumentation that raises questions as much as answers them whenever appropriate.. In addition , they must consider if each sentence supports and builds upon overall objectives set out at the very onset—this process offers valuable learning experiences since connecting evidence organically reinforces student understanding because it teaches thoughtful inquiry toward other sources beyond given scope . With time devoted towards practicing techniques like those mentioned above , individuals gain better command over how they express themselves intellectually within any type of text based format – something invaluable both inside classroom walls and outside during professional arenas .

6. Polishing Your Final Drafts with Relevant Points and Accurate Citations

When putting together any kind of essay, especially those requiring in-depth research and synthesis of sources, it is essential to provide the readers with accurate citations. This will serve multiple purposes: firstly, it shows that you have done your due diligence in researching the assigned topic thoroughly; secondly, it allows readers and citation checkers to track down all relevant materials without hindrance; thirdly, proper citation adds authority to whatever position you are taking on a certain issue.

Incorporating Relevant Points
Accurate Citations

7. Conclusion: The Importance of Effective Kannada Essay Writing

Kannada essay writing is an important part of communication within the Kannada language. It not only allows for a more efficient exchange of ideas, but it also serves as an effective way to communicate the thoughts and feelings associated with different topics in this native tongue. Ultimately, what essay writing in Kannada does is it helps people express themselves better through its varied range of tools and techniques that are essential to composing such sophisticated pieces.

First off, one must understand core components associated with successful Kannadat essay writing—effective sentence structure, grammar accuracy and lexical choice. Without these fundamental tenets embedded into the craftsmanship itself, any attempt at expressing thoughts or feelings may be reduced to a jumble of words leaving both reader and writer completely bewildered as to their true meaning or intent. Additionally, having well-defined rhetorical strategies make all the difference when trying talking about specific issues coherently while thoroughly providing numerous perspectives on them as well via comparison/contrasting techniques among other approaches included when creating said essays for maximum effectuality . By using persuasive elements like ethosimpathosand logosin conjunction with figurative devices such astmetaphorsanalogiesand similesessay writers can truly create masterful works capable of simultaneously turning heads yet rewarding readers intellectually too! Therefore concluding that learning how compose quality written work (especially if arguing over controversial subject matter) in this respected dialect should undeniably take precedence over other nonacademic tasks given its importance once entering higher education settings where poor literacy skills will ultimately lead intellectual pursuits down paths otherwise avoidable had proper attention been paid beforehand when honing those very same ability sets needed here! Writing Kannada essays is a great way for anyone to express their thoughts, feelings and beliefs in an elegant and culturally relevant language. This comprehensive guide should help you understand the basics of essay writing in Kannada so that you can use this powerful tool to communicate effectively with your readers. Now get out there, put pen-to-paper—or finger-to-keyboard—and let your words flow!

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How To Write a Bibliography (Plus Printable Guide With Examples)

Give credit where credit is due.

Cover page plus several other pages from bibliography writing guide for students.

Writing a research paper involves a lot of work. Students need to consult a variety of sources to gather reliable information and ensure their points are well supported. Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky for students. Learn how to write a bibliography in multiple styles and find basic examples below.

Plus grab our printable Bibliography Guide for Students with examples from all three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . Just fill out the form on this page to get the free guide.

IMPORTANT: Each style guide has its own very specific rules, and they often conflict with one another. Additionally, each type of reference material has many possible formats, depending on a variety of factors. The overviews shown here are meant to guide students in writing basic bibliographies, but this information is by no means complete. Students should always refer directly to the preferred style guide to ensure they’re using the most up-to-date formats and styles.

What is a bibliography?

When you’re researching a paper, you’ll likely consult a wide variety of sources. You may quote some of these directly in your work, summarize some of the points they make, or simply use them to further the knowledge you need to write your paper. Since these ideas are not your own, it’s vital to give credit to the authors who originally wrote them. This list of sources, organized alphabetically, is called a bibliography.

A bibliography should include all the materials you consulted in your research, even if you don’t quote directly from them in your paper. These resources could include (but aren’t limited to):

Books and e-books
Periodicals like magazines or newspapers
Online articles or websites
Primary source documents like letters or official records

Bibliography vs. References

These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings. As noted above, a bibliography includes all the materials you used while researching your paper, whether or not you quote from them or refer to them directly in your writing.

A list of references only includes the materials you cite throughout your work. You might use direct quotes or summarize the information for the reader. Either way, you must ensure you give credit to the original author or document. This section can be titled “List of Works Cited” or simply “References.”

Your teacher may specify whether you should include a bibliography or a reference list. If they don’t, consider choosing a bibliography to show all the works you used in researching your paper. This can help the reader see that your points are well supported and allow them to do further reading on their own if they’re interested.

Bibliography vs. Citations

Citations refer to direct quotations from a text that are woven into your own writing. There are a variety of ways to write citations, including footnotes and endnotes. These are generally shorter than the entries in a reference list or bibliography. Learn more about writing citations here.

What does a bibliography entry include?

Depending on the reference material, bibliography entries include a variety of information intended to help a reader locate the material if they want to refer to it themselves. These entries are listed in alphabetical order and may include:

Author/s or creator/s
Publication date
Volume and issue numbers
Publisher and publication city
Website URL

These entries don’t generally need to include specific page numbers or locations within the work (except for print magazine or journal articles). That type of information is usually only needed in a footnote or endnote citation.

What are the different bibliography styles?

In most cases, writers use one of three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . There are many others as well, but these three are the most common choices for K–12 students.

Many teachers will state their preference for one style guide over another. If they don’t, you can choose your own preferred style. However, you should also use that guide for your entire paper, following their recommendations for punctuation, grammar, and more. This will ensure you are consistent throughout.

Below, you’ll learn how to write a simple bibliography using each of the three major style guides. We’ve included details for books and e-books, periodicals, and electronic sources like websites and videos. If the reference material type you need to include isn’t shown here, refer directly to the style guide you’re using.

APA Style Bibliography and Examples

Example of APA style bibliography entry.

Technically, APA style calls for a list of references instead of a bibliography. If your teacher requires you to use the APA style guide , you can limit your reference list to only items you cite throughout your work.

How To Write a Bibliography (References) Using APA Style

Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list:

Title your bibliography section “References” and center the title on the top line of the page.
Do not center your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines should use a hanging indent of 1/2 inch.
Include all types of resources in the same list.
Alphabetize your list by author or creator, last name first.
Do not spell out the author/creator’s first or middle name—only use their initials.
If there are multiple authors/creators, use an ampersand (&) before the final author/creator.
Place the date in parentheses.
Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, unless the word would otherwise be capitalized (proper names, etc.).
Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, and videos.
For websites, include the full site information, including the http:// or https:// at the beginning.

Books and E-Books APA Bibliography Examples

For books, APA reference list entries use this format (only include the publisher’s website for e-books):

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title with only first word capitalized (unless there’s a proper name/noun) . Publisher. Publisher’s website

Wynn, S. (2020). City of London at war 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military. https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical APA Bibliography Examples

For journal or magazine articles, use the following format. If you viewed the article online, include the URL at the end of the citation.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title of article. Magazine or Journal Title (Volume number) Issue number, page numbers. URL

Bell, A. (2009). Landscapes of fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945. Journal of British Studies (48) 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

Here’s the format for newspapers. For print editions, include the page number/s. For online articles, include the full URL:

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date) Title of article. Newspaper title. Page number/s. URL

Blakemore, E. (2022, November 12) Researchers track down two copies of fossil destroyed by the Nazis. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic APA Bibliography Examples

For articles with a specific author on a website, use this format:

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title . Site name. URL

Wukovits, J. (2023, January 30). A World War II survivor recalls the London Blitz . British Heritage . https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

When an online article doesn’t include a specific author or date, list it like this:

Title . (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Growing up in the Second World War . (n.d.). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war

When you need to list a YouTube video, use the name of the account that uploaded the video, and format it like this:

Name of Account. (Upload year, month day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL

War Stories. (2023, January 15). How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? Cities at war: London [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc

For more information on writing APA bibliographies, see the APA Style Guide website.

APA Bibliography (Reference List) Example Pages

how to write bibliography for assignment in kannada

MLA Style Bibliography Examples

MLA style calls for a Works Cited section, which includes all materials quoted or referred to in your paper. You may also include a Works Consulted section, including other reference sources you reviewed but didn’t directly cite. Together, these constitute a bibliography. If your teacher requests an MLA Style Guide bibliography, ask if you should include Works Consulted as well as Works Cited.

How To Write a Bibliography (Works Cited and Works Consulted) in MLA Style

For both MLA Works Cited and Works Consulted sections, use these general guidelines:

Start your Works Cited list on a new page. If you include a Works Consulted list, start that on its own new page after the Works Cited section.
Center the title (Works Cited or Works Consulted) in the middle of the line at the top of the page.
Align the start of each source to the left margin, and use a hanging indent (1/2 inch) for the following lines of each source.
Alphabetize your sources using the first word of the citation, usually the author’s last name.
Include the author’s full name as listed, last name first.
Capitalize titles using the standard MLA format.
Leave off the http:// or https:// at the beginning of a URL.

Books and E-Books MLA Bibliography Examples

For books, MLA reference list entries use the following format. Add the URL at the end for e-books.

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . Publisher, Date. URL

Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military, 2020. www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical MLA Bibliography Examples

Here’s the MLA-style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing:

For magazines and journals:

Last Name, First Name. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , volume number, issue number, Date of Publication, First Page Number–Last Page Number.

Bell, Amy. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies , vol. 48, no. 1, January 2009, pp. 153–175. www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

When citing newspapers, include the page number/s for print editions or the URL for online articles:

Last Name, First Name. “Title of article.” Newspaper title. Page number/s. Year, month day. Page number or URL

Blakemore, Erin. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post. 2022, Nov. 12. www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic MLA Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title.” Month Day, Year published. URL

Wukovits, John. 2023. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” January 30, 2023. https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

Website. n.d. “Title.” Accessed Day Month Year. URL.

Imperial War Museum. n.d. “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Accessed May 9, 2023. www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war.

Here’s how to list YouTube and other online videos:

Creator, if available. “Title of Video.” Website. Uploaded by Username, Day Month Year. URL.

“How did London survive the Blitz during WW2?” Cities at war: London | War stories.” YouTube . Uploaded by War Stories, 15 Jan. 2023. youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing MLA-style bibliographies, see the MLA Style website.

MLA Bibliography (Works Cited) Example Pages

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes called “Turabian”) actually has two options for citing reference material: Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. Regardless of which you use, you’ll need a complete detailed list of reference items at the end of your paper. The examples below demonstrate how to write that list.

How To Write a Bibliography Using The Chicago Manual of Style

Example of Chicago style bibliography entry.

Here are some general notes on writing a Chicago -style bibliography:

You may title it “Bibliography” or “References.” Center this title at the top of the page and add two blank lines before the first entry.
Left-align each entry, with a hanging half-inch indent for subsequent lines of each entry.
Single-space each entry, with a blank line between entries.
Include the “http://” or “https://” at the beginning of URLs.

Books and E-Books Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For books, Chicago -style reference list entries use the following format. (For print books, leave off the information about how the book was accessed.)

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . City of Publication: Publisher, Date. How e-book was accessed.

Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2020. Kindle edition.

Periodical Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

Here’s the style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing.

For journal and magazine articles, use this format:

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , Volume Number, issue number, First Page Number–Last Page Number. URL.

Bell, Amy. 2009. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies, 48 no. 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966.

When citing newspapers, include the URL for online articles:

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Newspaper , Month day, year. URL.

Blakemore, Erin. 2022. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post , November 12, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/.

Electronic Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. “Title.” Site Name . Year, Month Day. URL.

Wukovits, John. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” British Heritage. 2023, Jan. 30. britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz.

“Title.” Site Name . URL. Accessed Month Day, Year.

“Growing Up in the Second World War.” Imperial War Museums . www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war. Accessed May 9, 2023.

Creator or Username. “Title of Video.” Website video, length. Month Day, Year. URL.

War Stories. “How Did London Survive the Blitz During WW2? | Cities at War: London | War Stories.” YouTube video, 51:25. January 15, 2023. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing Chicago -style bibliographies, see the Chicago Manual of Style website.

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Example Pages

Get Your Free Printable Bibliography Style Guide

Cover of printable bibliography writing guide.

Just fill out the form on this page to grab our printable Bibliography Guide for Students with examples from all three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style .

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How to Write Bibliography?

Many students struggle with the pressure of completing assignments on time to meet the deadline, writing essays on different topics, and being committed to the other tasks of their daily life. They may be requested to prepare a bibliography for a variety of assignments. Thus, learning how to write a bibliography is crucial for students. They might not appreciate producing a bibliography because of how difficult it is.

What is the importance of bibliography writing?

Bibliography writing is of significant importance in academic and research contexts for several reasons:

Credibility and Integrity:

A well-crafted bibliography demonstrates the credibility and integrity of your academic work. It shows that you've conducted thorough research and have properly cited the sources you used, which adds weight to your arguments and conclusions.

Enhancing Research:

Bibliographies are valuable resources for both researchers and readers.

Tracking Sources:

A bibliography serves as a record of the sources you've consulted during your research. It helps you keep track of your references, making it easier to revisit them if needed for future projects or to verify your work.

Academic Transparency:

Including a bibliography in your work demonstrates transparency about your research process. It allows others to assess the quality and relevance of the sources you've used and verify the accuracy of your citations.

Meeting Academic Standards:

Many academic institutions and publications require the inclusion of a bibliography as part of their writing standards and guidelines. Adhering to these standards is essential for academic success and bibliography of assignments .

Avoiding Legal Issues:

Failing to cite sources properly can lead to legal issues, particularly in copyright infringement cases. A bibliography helps you stay within legal boundaries by acknowledging the original creators of copyrighted material.

Building Knowledge:

Bibliographies contribute to the accumulation of knowledge in various fields. When researchers cite and build upon the work of others, it leads to the advancement of scholarship and the dissemination of valuable information.

Different Types of Bibliography:

Bibliography writing is a fundamental aspect of academic and research writing that upholds academic integrity, supports the credibility of your work, and contributes to the broader academic community by facilitating the exchange of knowledge and ideas. It is a practice that reflects ethical scholarship and responsible research conduct. Various bibliographies are used for different purposes. Here are some of the commonly known types of bibliographies:

Annotated Bibliography:

An annotated bibliography includes a brief summary or annotation for each source listed. It often concisely evaluates the source's relevance, quality, and contribution to the topic.

Descriptive Bibliography:

This type provides detailed information about the physical aspects of a book, document, or bibliography of assignments. It may include details like the typeface, paper used, printing methods, etc. It's commonly used in the study of rare books and manuscripts.

Analytical Bibliography:

Analytical bibliographies go beyond describing physical characteristics. They analyze and evaluate a work's historical and textual aspects, such as variations in different editions or manuscripts.

How to write a bibliography in an assignment?

Writing a bibliography in an assignment is a critical component of academic writing, as it gives credit to the sources you've used and allows readers to locate and verify those sources. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to write a bibliography in an assignment:

1. Collect Information:

Before writing your bibliography, gather all the necessary information about your sources. This typically includes the author's name, title of the source, publication date, publisher, and page numbers (if applicable).

2. Format Each Entry:

Format each source entry according to the chosen citation style. Here's a general format for common citation styles:

3. Include All Necessary Elements:

Ensure that each entry includes all the required elements in the correct order, such as author names, publication dates, titles, and page numbers.

4. Use Italics and Punctuation:

Follow the specific punctuation and italicization rules of your chosen citation style. For example, in APA, titles of books and journals are italicized, while article titles are in sentence case with only the first word and proper nouns capitalized.

5. Maintain Consistency:

Be consistent in your formatting throughout the entire bibliography. Check for consistency in terms of punctuation, capitalization, and order of elements.

6. Check for Accuracy:

Verify that all information in your bibliography is accurate and matches the details in your sources. Check for typos and errors.

7. Double-Check Style Guidelines:

Review the specific guidelines for your chosen citation style, as different styles may have variations in formatting.

8. Proofread:

Before submitting your assignment, proofread your bibliography for errors, including spelling and formatting issues.

Difference between a bibliography and a reference list:

A reference list and a bibliography are sources used in academic or research writing, but they serve slightly different purposes and differ in content and formatting. Here are the key differences between a reference list and a bibliography:

A reference list is typically used in academic writing styles like APA (American Psychological Association) and Harvard to provide detailed information about the sources directly cited within the text. It lists only the sources that you've directly referenced in your paper.

In a reference list, you include sources that you've cited in your paper. Each entry typically includes the author's name, publication date, title of the work, source type (e.g., book, journal article), and other publication-specific details.

Formatting:

Bibliographies can be less rigidly formatted than reference lists. While they should still follow a specific citation style, they may include additional descriptive elements, annotations, or notes about each source, depending on the purpose and guidelines.

A bibliography can be placed at the end of your document, like a reference list, but it can also be a separate section. Sometimes, it might be labeled as "Works Consulted" or "Further Reading" to indicate that it goes beyond the sources directly cited.

Enumerative Bibliography:

An enumerative bibliography is a simple list of sources on a particular topic or by a specific author. It doesn't include annotations or evaluations but is a comprehensive list of relevant sources.

Subject Bibliography:

Subject bibliographies focus on sources related to a specific subject or topic. They are often used as reference guides for researchers in a particular field.

National Bibliography:

These bibliographies aim to catalog all publications within a specific country. They provide a comprehensive record of a nation's published works.

Selective Bibliography:

Unlike enumerative bibliographies, selective bibliographies include only a carefully chosen list of sources deemed the most relevant, authoritative, or significant for a particular topic.

Systematic Bibliography:

This type organizes sources by a systematic or logical classification system, such as by subject, author, or date. It helps users find sources based on specific criteria

Historical Bibliography:

Historical bibliographies focus on the publication history of a specific work or author. They trace the evolution of a book, manuscript, or author's works.

Reference Bibliography:

Reference bibliographies are used for quick reference and often include sources commonly consulted in a specific field, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and handbooks.

Mixed Bibliography:

A mixed bibliography combines elements of different types, depending on the goals and requirements of the project. It may include annotations, descriptions, and categorizations as needed in a bibliography for assignment help.

These are some of the most common types of bibliographies, and the choice of which type to use depends on the bibliography's purpose and the author's or researcher's preferences.

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(+61)" > Australia (+61)
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()" > Other ()
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How to Write a Bibliography

Last Updated: June 12, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Diane Stubbs . Diane Stubbs is a Secondary English Teacher with over 22 years of experience teaching all high school grade levels and AP courses. She specializes in secondary education, classroom management, and educational technology. Diane earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Delaware and a Master of Education from Wesley College. There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 670,078 times.

When you write a paper or a book, it's important to include a bibliography. A bibliography tells your reader what sources you've used. It lists all the books, articles, and other references you cited in or used to inform your work. Bibliographies are typically formatted according to one of three styles: American Psychological Association (APA) for scientific papers, Modern Language Association (MLA) for humanities papers, and Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for the social sciences. Make sure you always check with your superior - whether a professor or boss - about which style they prefer.

Sample Bibliographies

Writing an APA Bibliography

For example, if the author's name for a source is "John Adams Smith," you would list him as "Smith, J.A.," before listing the title of his piece.

Step 3 Use ellipses if there are more than seven authors.

For example, if one source has twelve authors, and the seventh author is "Smith, J.A." and the twelfth is "Timothy, S.J.," you would list the first six authors, then write "Smith, J.A. ...Timothy, S.J."

Step 4 List sources by the same author is chronological order.

For example, if you have a World Health Organization Report without an author as one of your sources, you would write, "World Health Organization, "Report on Development Strategies in Developing Nations," July 1996."

Step 6 Indent each line after the first line of each source.

For example, an article citation might look like this: Jensen, O. E. (2012). "African Elephants." Savannah Quarterly , 2(1), 88.
If the periodical the article comes from always begins with page number 1 (these types of periodicals are called “paginated by issue” periodicals, you should include the full page range of the article.
If the article was retrieved online, end the citation with the words "Retrieved from" followed by the web address.

Example: Worden, B. L. (1999). Echoing Eden. New York, New York: One Two Press.
If the title is more than one word long and doesn’t contain any proper nouns, only the first word should be capitalized. Only the first letter of any subtitle should be capitalized as well.

For example, a cited website might look like this: Quarry, R. R. (May 23, 2010). Wild Skies. Retrieved from https://wildskies.com.
If no author is available, just start with the title. If no date is available, write "n.d."

Step 10 Check a reliable source for other citation rules.

Writing a MLA Bibliography

You shouldn’t use an author’s title or degrees when listing their names in your bibliography. This is true even if they are listed that way on the source.

For example, a book citation might look like this: Butler, Olivia. Parable of the Flower. Sacramento: Seed Press, 1996.

For example, an article published in a scholarly journal might look like this: Green, Marsha. "Life in Costa Rica." Science Magazine vol. 1, no. 4, Mar 2013: 1-2.
If you’re citing an article in a newspaper, you only need the name of the newspaper, followed by the date it was published, and the page number. A citation for that might look like this: Smith, Jennifer. “Tiny Tim Wins Award.” New York Times, 24 Dec 2017, p. A7.

For example, a website citation might look like this: Jong, June. "How to Write an Essay." Writing Portal. 2 Aug. 2012. University of California. 23 Feb. 2013. <https://writingportal.com>
Some websites, particularly academic ones, will have what’s called a DOI (digital object identifier). Write “doi:” in front of this number in place of the website’s url if a DOI is available.

Step 9 Use reliable sources to look for the citations rules for other types of sources.

Writing a CMS Bibliography

Example: Skylar Marsh. "Walking on Water." Earth Magazine 4(2001): 23.

For example, a book entry might look like this: Walter White. Space and Time . New York: London Press, 1982

Example: University of California. "History of University of California." Last modified April 3, 2013. https://universityofcalifornia.com.
Unless there is a publication date for the website you’re citing, you don’t need to include an access date. If you do have an access date, it goes at the end of the citation.

Expert Q&A

Ask your teacher or professor which style they prefer you to use in your paper. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 2
Be sure to include each and every source you reference in your work. Thanks Helpful 7 Not Helpful 5
When writing a bibliography or a reference page, it really comes down to looking at an example and applying it to your own information. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

↑ https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/compilingbibliography
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
↑ Cite articles
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/08/
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/
↑ https://www.scribbr.com/mla/works-cited/
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/
↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_page_basic_format.html
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/06/
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/07/
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/03/
↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/05/

About This Article

To create an APA bibliography, title a separate page at the end of your paper "References." Then, use the authors' last names to organize your list alphabetically, for example by writing the author John Adam Smith as "Smith, J. A." If a source has more than 7 authors, list the first 7 before adding an ellipses. To cite an article, include the author's name, year of publication, article title, publication title, and page numbers. When citing a book, begin with the author's name, then the date of publication, title in Italics, location of the publisher, and publisher's name. For tips on how to write an MLA or CMS bibliography, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯುವ ವಿಧಾನ | How to Write Prabandha in Kannada

ಕನ್ನಡ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯುವ ವಿಧಾನ ಹಾಗು ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯುವುದು ಹೇಗೆ, how to write prabandha in kannada, Prabandha Bareyuva Vidhana in Kannada

ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯುವ ವಿಧಾನ

ಈ ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ನೀವು, ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಎಂದರೇನು? ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಗುರಿ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಸಲಹೆಗಳು, ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ವಿಧಗಳು ಎಷ್ಟು?, ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಮೂರು ಬಗೆಯ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ, ಹಂತಗಳು, ಪೀಠಿಕೆ ಎಂದರೇನು?, ವಿಷಯ ನಿರೂಪಣೆ ,ಉಪಸಂಹಾರ ಎಂದರೇನು?, ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಾತ್ಮಕ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯಲು ಟಿಪ್ಸ್, ಉತ್ತಮ ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಇದೆಲ್ಲದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುವಿರಿ

ಈ ‘ಪ್ರಬಂಧ’ ಎಂಬ ಪದವು ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಪದ ‘ಎಕ್ಸಾಜಿಯಂ’ ನಿಂದ ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು ಒಬ್ಬರ ವಾದ ಅಥವಾ ಒಬ್ಬರ ಅನುಭವಗಳು, ಕಥೆಗಳು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸುವ ಒಂದು ಸಣ್ಣ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು ತುಂಬಾ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿವೆ.

ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ನಾವು ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳು, ಸ್ವರೂಪ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಬಂಧ-ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯ ಸಲಹೆಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳೋಣ.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧವು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬರಹಗಾರನ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನ ಅಥವಾ ಕಥೆಯನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುವ ಒಂದು ಸಣ್ಣ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಕಥೆ ಅಥವಾ ಕಾಗದ ಅಥವಾ ಲೇಖನಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮಾನಾರ್ಥಕವೆಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು ಔಪಚಾರಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಅನೌಪಚಾರಿಕವಾಗಿರಬಹುದು. ಔಪಚಾರಿಕ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಸ್ವರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಗಂಭೀರ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ನಿಭಾಯಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.

ನಾವು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಹಾಸ್ಯದ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಅನೌಪಚಾರಿಕ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಿಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಎಂದರೇನು?

ಇದು ಲೇಖಕನ ಆಲೋಚನೆಯನ್ನು, ಸ್ವಂತ ವಾದವನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯವನ್ನು ಲಿಖಿತವಾಗಿ ಅಭಿವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಸುವ ಹಾಗೂ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ಕ್ರಮಬದ್ಧ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮರ್ಪಕವಾಗಿ ಗದ್ಯ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರೂಪಿಸುವ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರವಾಗಿದೆ.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯುವವರನ್ನು ಪ್ರಬಂಧಕಾರರು ಎನ್ನಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. 20ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ವೈವಿಧ್ಯಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪದಗಳ ಬಂಧ ಅಂದರೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧವು ಕೂಡ ಒಂದು.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಗುರಿ

ವಿಷಯದ ಆಳ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಸ್ತಾರದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ ನೀಡುವುದು ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಗುರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ವಿಧಗಳು ಎಷ್ಟು?

ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ವಿಧಗಳು ಹಾಗೆ ನೋಡಿದರೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧವನ್ನು ರಚನೆ, ವಸ್ತು, ಉದ್ದೇಶ, ತಾರ್ಕಿಕ ಸಂಯೋಜನೆ, ವಸ್ತುನಿಷ್ಠತೆ, ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಬಹಳ ವಿಧಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಬಹುದು. ಆದರೆ, ಪ್ರಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನಂತೆ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಬಹುದು.

ವರ್ಣನಾತ್ಮಕ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು

ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಪ್ರಬಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ವಸ್ತು ವಿಷೇಷದ ಜೀವಂತ ವರ್ಣನೆ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಪ್ರಬಂದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಾಣಿ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು,ಕಾಡು ಮೇಡು, ಮಳೆಗಾಲ, ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ ವಿಕಾಸವಾದ ಮುಂತಾದ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತವೆ.

ವಿವರಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು

ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಪ್ರಬಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ಯುದ್ದಗಳು,ಪೌರಾಣಿಕ ವೃತ್ತಾಂತರಗಳ ದರ್ಷನವಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಪುರಾಣ,ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ,ಆತ್ಮಕಥೆ,ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಅವಘಡಗಳು, ಅಪಘಾತ, ಪ್ರವಾಸ ಸಹಜ ಅಥವಾ ಕಾಲ್ಪನಿಕ ಕಥೆಗಳು ಮೊದಲಾದವುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂದಿಸಿದ್ದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ವೈಚಾರಿಕ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು

ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಪ್ರಬಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ಯೋಚನೆ ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಚಾರ ಅಥವಾ ಬುದ್ದಿತ್ವದ ಅಧಿಕತೆ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ, ತರ್ಕ, ವ್ಯಾಕ್ಯಾನಗಳ ಸಮಾವೇಷವಿರುತ್ತದೆ ಹಾಗು ಭಾಷೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಕಠಿಣವಾಗಿಯೂ ನಿಗೂಡವಾಗಿಯೂ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಕಾಲ್ಪನಿಕ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು

ತನ್ನ ಸ್ವಂತ ಅನುಭವಕ್ಕೆ ಬಾರದಿದ್ದರೂ, ತಾನಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ ಆದಂತೆ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸಿ ಅಥವಾ ಭಾವಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಬರೆಯುವುದು.ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ನಾನು ಪ್ರದಾನಮಂತ್ರಿಯಾದರೆ,ಶಿಕ್ಷಕನಾದರೆ,ಆಗರ್ಭ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತನಾದರೆ, ಪ್ರಾಣಿಯಾದರೆ ಹೀಗೆ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಉತ್ತಮ ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು

ವಿಚಾರದ ಏಕತೆ : ಗೊಂದಲಕ್ಕೆ ಅವಕಾಶವಿಲ್ಲದಂತೆ ಯಾವುದಾದರೊಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಉದ್ದೇಶದೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಬೇಕು.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಮುಕ್ತಾಯ ಭಾಗವಾದ ಈ ಉಪಸಂಹಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಇರುವ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೂಕ್ತ ಪರಿಹಾರ ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳು, ಸಲಹೆಗಳು, ತಜ್ಞರ ತೀರ್ಮಾನಗಳು ಹಾಗೂ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳು ನೀಡುವುದರಿಂದ ಪ್ರಬಂಧವು ತುಂಬಾ ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದಂತೆ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ಕ್ರಮಬದ್ಧತೆ : ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸುವ ಮುನ್ನ ಏನನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು . ಯಾವುದು ಮೊದಲು ಯಾವುದು ಆನಂತರ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂಬುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಒಂದು ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡು ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತವಾದ ಆಲೋಚನೆ , ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಅಥವಾ ಖಚಿತ ತೀರ್ಮಾನವಿರಬೇಕು .

ವಿಷಯ ಜೋಡಣೆ ಅಚ್ಚುಕಟ್ಟಾಗಿರಬೇಕು . ಯಾವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಒತ್ತು ನೀಡಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಖಚಿತ ಹಾಗೂ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟವಾದ ಕಲ್ಪನೆ ಇರಬೇಕು

ವೈವಿಧ್ಯತೆ : ವಿಷಯಕ್ಕೆ ಪೂರಕವಾದ ವಿವಿಧ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನಗಳಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದ ವೈವಿಧ್ಯತೆಯಿರಬೇಕು . ಪುನರಾವರ್ತನ ಏಕತಾನತೆಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶವಿಲ್ಲದಂತೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಗಾದೆ ಅಥವಾ ನುಡಿಗಟ್ಟು ಹೊಂದಿಕೆಯಾಗುವಂತಿರಬೇಕು

ವಿಷಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣೆ : ಸರಳವಾದ ವಿಷಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ವಿಷಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹದ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ . ಆದರೆ ಕೆಲವು ವಿಷಯಗಳಿಗೆ ವಿಶೇಷ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಳ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಆರಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಕುರಿತು ಬರೆಯುವಾಗ ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿರುವ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವಿಚಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಗತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಲೆಹಾಕಬೇಕು . ಅಂಕಿ – ಅಂಶಗಳ ಕಡೆಗೂ ಗಮನ ಕೊಡಬೇಕು.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ರಚನೆಯ ಮೂರು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಹಂತಗಳು

ಪೀಠಿಕೆಯು ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ರಚನೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ಹಂತವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಇದು ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು. ಇದರ ಆರಂಭವು ಆಕರ್ಷಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪರಿಣಾಮಕಾರಿ ಆಗಿರಬೇಕು. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಗುರಿ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಷಯ ಖಚಿತತೆಯನ್ನು ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟಪಡಿಸಬೇಕು.

ಓದುಗರಿಗೆ ವಿಷಯದ ಕುರಿತು ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ಮೂಡಿಸುವಂತೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಆರಂಭ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು.

ಪೀಠಿಕೆಯು ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಬಾಗಿಲು ಇದ್ದಂತೆ. ಓದುಗರನ್ನು ನಿಮ್ಮ ವಿಷಯದ ಒಳಗೆ ಹೇಗೆ ಬರಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತೀರಿ ಎಂಬುದು ಇದರ ಮೇಲೆ ನಿರ್ಧಾರವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ವಿಸ್ತಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದಂತೆ ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ಚೊಕ್ಕದಾಗಿ ಕೆಲವು ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದಿರಬೇಕು.

2. ವಿಷಯ ನಿರೂಪಣೆ

ಇದನ್ನು ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಒಡಲು, ಜೀವಾಳ ಅಥವಾ ಶರೀರ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಇದು ಪ್ರಬಂಧದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿದೆ. ನಾವು ವಿವರಿಸಬೇಕಾದ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಖಚಿತವಾಗಿ, ನಿಶ್ಚಿತ ರೂಪರೇಷಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಪೂರ್ಣ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಮರ್ಶಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿ ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು.

ಇದನ್ನು ಬರೆಯುವಾಗ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು, ನುಡಿಗಳು, ವಿಷಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಅಂಕಿ ಅಂಶಗಳು, ಹಾಗೂ ವಿಷಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಅಂಶಗಳು ಎದ್ದು ಕಾಣುವಂತಿರಬೇಕು.

ಅಂದರೆ ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ತಿದ್ದಿ ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದಲ್ಲ! ಬದಲಾಗಿ ಓದುಗರಿಗೆ ಅವು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದವು ಎನಿಸಬೇಕು.

ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುವ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಅಕ್ಷರ ಮತ್ತು ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಪರಸ್ಪರ ವಿಚಾರಪೂರ್ವಕ ಸಂಬಂಧವಿರಬೇಕು. ಈ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಪರಿಹಾರ, ತಜ್ಞರ ಅಥವಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ ಹಾಗೂ ನಿಮ್ಮ ತೀರ್ಮಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಬಹುದು.

ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂಕಗಳಿಗೆ ಆಸೆ ತೋರಿ ಅನವಶ್ಯಕವಾಗಿ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಹಿಗ್ಗಿಸಬಾರದು. ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾದರೂ ಪರವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ ಚೊಕ್ಕದಾಗಿರಬೇಕು.

ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಸಲಹೆಗಳು

೧) ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ರಚನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲಿಗೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಭಾಷೆ ಸರಳವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು.

೨) ವಿಷಯದ ನಿರೂಪಣೆ ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ಮತ್ತು ನಿಖರವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು.

೩) 300-500 ಪದಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಇರಿಸಿ. ಇದು ಆದರ್ಶ ಉದ್ದವಾಗಿದೆ, ಅದನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಲು ನೀವು ಸೃಜನಾತ್ಮಕ ಪರವಾನಗಿಯನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು

೪) ನಿಮ್ಮ ಭಾಷೆಯನ್ನು ಸರಳ ಮತ್ತು ಗರಿಗರಿಯಾಗಿ ಇರಿಸಿ. ಅನಗತ್ಯ ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು ಕಷ್ಟಕರವಾದ ಪದಗಳು ವಾಕ್ಯದ ಹರಿವನ್ನು ಮುರಿಯುತ್ತವೆ.

೫) ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ತಪ್ಪುಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಬೇಡಿ, ಸರಿಯಾದ ವಿರಾಮಚಿಹ್ನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಗುಣಿತಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ. ಇದನ್ನು ಮಾಡದಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದು ಓದುಗರನ್ನು ವಿಷಯದಿಂದ ದೂರವಿಡುತ್ತದೆ

೬) ಭಾಷೆ ಮತ್ತು ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯು ತಪ್ಪಿಲ್ಲದಂತೆ ಎಚ್ಚರವಹಿಸಬೇಕು.

೮) ವಿಷಯದ ನಿರೂಪಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟತೆ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾದ ಗುರಿಯುಳ್ಳದ್ದಾಗಿರುವಂತೆ ಗಮನವಿರಬೇಕು.

ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಾತ್ಮಕ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯಲು ಸಲಹೆಗಳು

1. ತಪ್ಪಾದರೆ ಗೀಟುಗಳನ್ನು ಹಾಕಬಾರದು

2. ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ, ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ವಿವಾದಾತ್ಮಕ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಕೇತಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಬಾರದು

3. ಯಾವುದೇ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಅಥವಾ ಜಾಲತಾಣದಲ್ಲಿನ ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ಬಾಯಿಪಾಠ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡು ಹೋಗಿ ಬರೆಯಬಾರದು.

4. ಪ್ರಬಂಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಾದೆಮಾತುಗಳು, ಸೂಕ್ತಿಗಳು, ತಜ್ಞರ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಗಳು ಹಾಗೂ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಿ.

5. ಪ್ರಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲು ಶುರು ಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಂಚೆ, ಏನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದರ ಕುರಿತು ಯೋಚಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ.

ಉದಾಹರಣೆ ಗಳು

ಕುವೆಂಪು ಅವರ ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ

ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಮಹತ್ವ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ

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ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯುವ ವಿಧಾನ | Prabandha Bareyuva Vidhana in Kannada

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How to Write a Bibliography for a Research Paper

Do not try to “wow” your instructor with a long bibliography when your instructor requests only a works cited page. It is tempting, after doing a lot of work to research a paper, to try to include summaries on each source as you write your paper so that your instructor appreciates how much work you did. That is a trap you want to avoid. MLA style, the one that is most commonly followed in high schools and university writing courses, dictates that you include only the works you actually cited in your paper—not all those that you used.

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Get 10% off with 24start discount code, assembling bibliographies and works cited.

If your assignment calls for a bibliography, list all the sources you consulted in your research.
If your assignment calls for a works cited or references page, include only the sources you quote, summarize, paraphrase, or mention in your paper.
If your works cited page includes a source that you did not cite in your paper, delete it.
All in-text citations that you used at the end of quotations, summaries, and paraphrases to credit others for their ideas,words, and work must be accompanied by a cited reference in the bibliography or works cited. These references must include specific information about the source so that your readers can identify precisely where the information came from.The citation entries on a works cited page typically include the author’s name, the name of the article, the name of the publication, the name of the publisher (for books), where it was published (for books), and when it was published.

The good news is that you do not have to memorize all the many ways the works cited entries should be written. Numerous helpful style guides are available to show you the information that should be included, in what order it should appear, and how to format it. The format often differs according to the style guide you are using. The Modern Language Association (MLA) follows a particular style that is a bit different from APA (American Psychological Association) style, and both are somewhat different from the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). Always ask your teacher which style you should use.

A bibliography usually appears at the end of a paper on its own separate page. All bibliography entries—books, periodicals, Web sites, and nontext sources such radio broadcasts—are listed together in alphabetical order. Books and articles are alphabetized by the author’s last name.

Most teachers suggest that you follow a standard style for listing different types of sources. If your teacher asks you to use a different form, however, follow his or her instructions. Take pride in your bibliography. It represents some of the most important work you’ve done for your research paper—and using proper form shows that you are a serious and careful researcher.

Bibliography Entry for a Book

A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author’s name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author’s name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in italicized type. Be sure to capitalize the words in the title correctly, exactly as they are written in the book itself. Following the title is the city where the book was published, followed by a colon, the name of the publisher, a comma, the date published, and a period. Here is an example:

Format : Author’s last name, first name. Book Title. Place of publication: publisher, date of publication.

A book with one author : Hartz, Paula. Abortion: A Doctor’s Perspective, a Woman’s Dilemma . New York: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1992.
A book with two or more authors : Landis, Jean M. and Rita J. Simon. Intelligence: Nature or Nurture? New York: HarperCollins, 1998.

Bibliography Entry for a Periodical

A bibliography entry for a periodical differs slightly in form from a bibliography entry for a book. For a magazine article, start with the author’s last name first, followed by a comma, then the first name and a period. Next, write the title of the article in quotation marks, and include a period (or other closing punctuation) inside the closing quotation mark. The title of the magazine is next, underlined or in italic type, depending on whether you are handwriting or using a computer, followed by a period. The date and year, followed by a colon and the pages on which the article appeared, come last. Here is an example:

Format: Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the Article.” Magazine. Month and year of publication: page numbers.

Article in a monthly magazine : Crowley, J.E.,T.E. Levitan and R.P. Quinn.“Seven Deadly Half-Truths About Women.” Psychology Today March 1978: 94–106.
Article in a weekly magazine : Schwartz, Felice N.“Management,Women, and the New Facts of Life.” Newsweek 20 July 2006: 21–22.
Signed newspaper article : Ferraro, Susan. “In-law and Order: Finding Relative Calm.” The Daily News 30 June 1998: 73.
Unsigned newspaper article : “Beanie Babies May Be a Rotten Nest Egg.” Chicago Tribune 21 June 2004: 12.

Bibliography Entry for a Web Site

For sources such as Web sites include the information a reader needs to find the source or to know where and when you found it. Always begin with the last name of the author, broadcaster, person you interviewed, and so on. Here is an example of a bibliography for a Web site:

Format : Author.“Document Title.” Publication or Web site title. Date of publication. Date of access.

Example : Dodman, Dr. Nicholas. “Dog-Human Communication.” Pet Place . 10 November 2006. 23 January 2014 < http://www.petplace.com/dogs/dog-human-communication-2/page1.aspx >

After completing the bibliography you can breathe a huge sigh of relief and pat yourself on the back. You probably plan to turn in your work in printed or handwritten form, but you also may be making an oral presentation. However you plan to present your paper, do your best to show it in its best light. You’ve put a great deal of work and thought into this assignment, so you want your paper to look and sound its best. You’ve completed your research paper!

Back to How To Write A Research Paper .

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How to Write a Bibliography for Assignments

Team Desklib

Published: 2022-09-24

Every written assignment must include a bibliography, which is just as important as the material itself. This phrase refers to a list of all the resources you used to complete a particular assignment.

These resources primarily fall under two categories:

Written down, such as in books, articles, reports, etc.

The majority of digital sources are found on the web.

Many students find it difficult to finish the first, second, and third pages of their bibliography. Continue reading if you want to learn how to effectively compose a Bibliography for a project on any subject.

The majority of digital sources are found on the web

Things to be noted while writing a Bibliography

A work's author should be credited using their full name;

Title in its entirety (for magazines, be sure to note the volume and number);

Date, location, and publication company (often, the city will suffice);

The name of the publishing house;

The page's border.

When using web sources, the following information is necessary

If there is a clear title,

The name of the business that designed the website;

The date that you last used this source;

Copy the URL in its entirety.

What is the Meaning of Bibliography

A research paper may be required for several academic assignments. The chore of writing a paper for a school project can be challenging. You must keep track of the sources you utilize, whether you are writing for a college or high school audience, and cite them at the end of your paper. Your professor or you will determine the style of a reference list or bibliography you use for your academic project.

Better use end-to-end numbering when compiling a bibliographic list. Before you hit the submit button on your work, go over the basics and double-check that no sources were consulted. All sources must be cited in this manner.

Not sure about the proper order in which to list your sources? Generally, follow the accepted procedure.

The official literature is the first to be cited in an academic publication. Therefore, the works by foreign authors ought to be removed. You should continue immediately to the native works in the other language.

The alphabet is your best buddy if one author uses a lot of sources.

Theses and term papers have no place in a bibliography. These are instructional pieces. The specific guidelines of a journal govern the sequence of links in a bibliography for academic articles. As a result, before turning in a paper, you should thoroughly research how to create a bibliography for an assignment using, for example, the MLA style.

Last but not least, remember that the bibliographic description includes crucial details about the document. Its presentation often adheres to a set of guidelines. Typically, the goal is the same: to identify and describe the document's general features in the bibliographic record.

Despite the intricacy, adhering to following general guidelines will help you succeed while creating bibliographies for your assignments.

Understand the Bibliography Format

You have completed your essay. Make an alphabetical list of all the books, magazines, and websites you used right now. This list is sometimes referred to as the bibliography. Get a sample of a bibliography in the MLA, APA, or Chicago styles because a bibliography example can be more persuasive than words. Then, educate yourself on the many kinds of bibliographies that are available and that you might utilize.

It can be complicated when it comes to bibliography examples. This is due to the fact that, in terms of writing styles, the word "bibliography" can have two different meanings.

A general term for all source listings in all writing styles is "bibliography." It also serves as the heading for the end citation in Chicago/Turabian. However, MLA and APA styles use reference lists rather than bibliographies in actuality. Following are the differences between each style:

All the sources utilized to construct a piece of literature are included in the bibliography. Even if you didn't cite something in the writing itself, everything you used to create the work falls under this category. This may comprise background materials but need not be confined to them.

Only the sources that were specifically cited in the text of the essay or paper are listed in the references. These are genuine quotations and concepts that have been applied by other authors or materials.

Step-by-step Bibliography Writing

We have put together a thorough, step-by-step guide to help you better understand how to construct a bibliography for an assignment.

Choose your sources: There aren't many things more crucial when it comes to academic tasks than sources. As a result, college students must become adept at conducting research and locating reliable sources. Here's an illustration for you. Let's say you are political science, security studies, or international relations major. On the other hand, the best strategy would be to search Scopus or Web of Science for the most reliable sources, such as the academic journals listed below: - Security on a global scale; - The world's affairs; - Journal of American Political Science

Analyse Every Source: Beyond having some seemingly excellent sources available, your primary duty while completing a bibliography goes beyond that. The task includes evaluating each and every one of them. Let's examine some typical traits of reliable sources: - - Find current publications, such as those that were released no earlier than 2011; - The texts should, of course, be authored by reputable authors; - Whenever a website is required, look for those of governmental and educational institutions; - If you haven't already, look into the Google Scholar database as well as other academic databases.

Here are some indications that a source is not reliable for you:

Unqualified authors (those without academic degrees or institutional ties) have published texts; avoid commercial websites to avoid blatantly biassed promotional content;

It is best to omit any texts that lack appropriate references;

Blog posts lack sufficient authority.

Examine the author's experience and credentials.

Lastly, you must be selective while choosing sources and writers if you want to create a stellar bibliography. Before adding a resource, please respond to the following questions at least twice:

Is the author authority in the subject matter of your research questions?

Are you and a certain researcher on any similar intellectual wavelengths? What school of thinking does this scientist represent?

Not everything will always function properly. However, these straightforward responses will enable you to select the appropriate writers to mention.

How to Cite Various Sources

You must follow specific guidelines while working on a variety of sources in order to create a stellar bibliography. You can learn how to cite someone for an assignment, regardless of the subject.

The bibliography item will closely mirror the one for a book if you use the one from the journal. Normally, mention the author's name and the article's title.

Name of the journal, volume, issue (sometimes, the year of publication is included), page range.

When you use evidence from one of your sources in your assignment, you will typically need to include a citation in the text of your paper (references). When you discuss or summarise an idea or piece of information in your either in your own words or a direct quote from that source.

Avoid using a lot of in-depth direct quotes. For direct quotations, even if your in-text citations are exact, these mostly indicate. You are able to point out a pertinent quotation to the reader.

It is necessary to confirm the significance and intent of the quote after it has been used. transparent to your reader. How does the quotation help to make your point or support it?

The information you provide in your in-text reference must be sufficient for your reader to locate the complete specifics of the source of your evidence in your "List of References" (or "Bibliography").

The extent to which the information in your in-text citation will replicate the detail provided in the ‘List of References’ depends on the referencing system. Systems that use endnotes or footnotes typically provide more information about the entire source than Harvard in-text references that are enclosed in brackets. If a "brief direct quotation is given," Harvard often simply wants the author's last name and the date of publication, with page numbers provided.

If you keep track of each book, encyclopedia, or article you use as you read and make notes, it will be simpler for you to create your final bibliography. Start a preliminary or draft bibliography by making a list of all your sources on a separate piece of paper. For each source, make a note of the whole title, author, publication location, publisher, and publication date.

List your sources (texts, articles, interviews, etc.) in alphabetical order by the last names of the writers when creating a final bibliography. Encyclopedias and movies are examples of sources without writers that should be arranged alphabetically by title. Use the format that your teacher likes if there are multiple options for bibliographies.

Final Take :

You must include a specific list called a bibliography for assignments or in your essay whenever you refer to a book, magazine, or website. Even if you are only using the source to further your understanding of the subject without really quoting it, you still need to include it. You would just need to include the author's name and the source's publication date when citing the source in the text.

Additional information is required in your bibliography, where the citation about it will appear. The citation style and source type, though, would be important factors. Check out our guide if you're not familiar with the standards and the various citation formats.

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Biligiri h.s. 1970 varnana:tmaka vya:karana bangalore university, bangalore..

It is a collection of special lectures in kannada language. The first lecture deals with language and descriptive grammar: the second with phonemes, morphemes and the word and the last with syntax. It is an assumption among scholars that the grammar is a very technical subject and the linguistics even more. The subject is treated in a direct and convincing manner. The book reads like a long story, simple yet comprehensive, and all aspects of the kannada language is described from the point of view of modern linguistics.

Chidanandamurthy. M 1965 bʰa:sa: vijna:nada mu:latatvagaLu. D.V.K.Murthy, Publication, Mysore.

This book has 13 chapters. As the author himself has admitted, the book has emphasised on historical linguistics. The exposition of descriptive linguistics is also found to some extent. Murthy’s presentation of the subject is quite technical and simple.

Dharwadkar 1968 ‘Kannada bʰa:s̡a śa:stra’

This book is useful from the point of view of the material it contains. Whenever the author takes up certain issue for discussion he quotes in detail the view of different scholars in the field. It also contains many examples.

Dondo Narasimha Mulabagilu 1892 ‘nuDigaTTu’

The grammar was written for the use of secondary schools and training colleges. While writing, the author has referred śabda:nuśa:sana and other ancient grammars. There are three parts in the grammar viz. akas̡ara vica:ra, śabda vica:ra, and va:kya vica:ra. It is interesting to note this division in the description of a language, viz., phonology, morphology and syntax. Surprisingly the author has given the definition of language before referring to the usual grammatical topics. Besides, points of articulation etc., are given.

Hampanagarajayya 1966 Dra:viDa bʰa:s̡a:vijna:na

It is a comparative study of Dravidian languages. The book extending over 463 pages deals with Dravidian linguistics. Much work has been done, mostly by westerns scholars, in Dravidian linguistics in the course of hundred years and such book incorporating all the results in kannada is a welcome addition. This book in 48 chapters with an appendix has gathered exhaustive information by way of theories, views and other means. Much material is found about Dravidian languages.

---- 1968. bʰa:s̡a:vijna:na

It contains most of the topics on linguistics, both historical and descriptive. But neither brevity nor clarity is found in the book.

Harlod spencer 1985. A kannada grammar Asian educational services. New Delhi.

This hand book is designed for the use of those who desire to learn the modern form of kannada, their own mother tongue being English. In the paragraphs which follow, the roman alphabet, pointed where necessary, is used to indicate kannada sounds.

Hiremath. R.C. 1961. The structure of kannada. Karnataka university Dharwar.

R.C.Hiremath is a renowned scholar in kannada linguistics and literature, trained in India and Western techniques of linguistics. The work is a special research problem under taken during his stay in the University of California, Berkeley. He has traced the structure of the kannada language on a descriptive level. An interesting feature of the book is that it bases its descriptions entirely on colloquial forms. Analysis of the topics, in detail, of colloquial forms collected for illustration, and attempt to build a system out of the apparent, disorder of colloquial forms are some of the salient features of this book.

John Mckerrel 1820 Karna:Taka vya:karNa Fort St, george college. Madras.

The purpose of writing this grammar is made clear in the preface of the book: “In India, a knowledge of language of the country is of the highest importance to public interests, for without that knowledge no public servant can discharge the duties of his office” that was the purpose of almost all the grammars written by christian missionary authors. Mekerrel wrote his grammar on the basis of śabdamaNidarpaNa by ke:sira:ja.

Kempegowda 1993 sa:ma:nyabʰa:s̡avijna:na bʰa:rati: praka:śana, Mysore.

It is purely general linguistics book. It contains most of the topics on linguistics like, phonology, morphology, syntax, semintax, lexicon etc,…

Kulli G.S. 1976 ke:śira:ja:’s śabdamaNidarpaNa, Karnataka University, Dharwar.

Dr. Kulli has been awarded the Doctorate Degree of the Karnataka University, Dharwar for this work. He richly deserves this Degree for his valuable work. The entire grammar has been rearranged for the purpose of this study and now and then the missing links higher and higher have been pointed out. This therefore, has become a study with the new interpretations which is the Kernal point of the thesis.

1927 Kannada kaipiDi Mysore University, Mysore

It is a reference work on the kannada language and related topics in kannada literature. The object of producing these volumes was to present the material that was available till then. However difficult and controversial topics are generally avoided. It contains five parts written by eminent scholars. There was no single book which could give information about all the branches of kannada literature. A book that could deal with all the branches of the kannada language and literature was a long felt necessity, with that view the mysore university planed the volume. Part-I (grammar of old kannada) and part IV (History of kannada language) are important for our purpose.

Part I deals with kannada grammar. The treatment through out is on the model of old kannada grammars. In most places, it is a paraphrase of those grammars. This fact need not affect the merit of this book which has become a valuable reference work in respect of old kannada grammars.

Part IV deals with the history of the kannada language. It was brought out in a separate volume. The authors responsible are B.M.Sreekantayya and T.S.Venkannayya, renowed scholars both in kannada language and literature.

A detailed treatment of grammatical topics through various aspects of kannada is found in this book.

Kikkeri Narayana 1994 kannada speech sounds For Second Language Learners. CIIL Publication, Mysore.

Kannada alphabetic order is followed while describing the speech sounds in this book. To facilitate the kannada language learners and to appreciate the speech sounds of kannada, the approximate equivalent in urdu, Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam, Tamil, Telagu and English speech sounds are also given through examples, along with the kannada speech sounds described. If there are no corresponding speech sounds in the language/languages considered for illustration an extra note is given.

Kittel. F 1903 A grammar of the kannada language. Mangalore masel mission book.

This book is based on ke:śira:ja’s śabdamaNidarpaNa. The terminology of his grammar is simple, and set for the three dialects of kannada. They are Ancient kannada, Medieval kannada and Modern kannada.

Krishnarao 1968 kannaDa bʰa:s̡eya svaru:pa

This book deals with the nature of the kannada language. There are 10 chapters dealing with language and linguistics. Origin of kannada, phonemic system, variations in languages etc., The treatment of topics is laboured thought, as the author wants to present as much material as possible.

Kulakarni 1967 kannaDa bʰa:s̡eya caritre.

The author who had his training in grammar in the traditional way had supplemented it further by self-study. The book is the out come of his nearly 40 years of teaching experience and study. The book contains a great deal of information about kannada grammar. It contains 26 chapters dealing with topics like: existence of kannada, kannada and Sanskrit, stages of kannada. The alphabet based on principles of philology etc. Though the treatment appears to be traditional one cannot miss the modern out look and application of modern advanced knowledge of languages. In such a voluminous work, there is bound to be room for difference of opinion about many facts. The work is valuable contribution to the knowledge of the kannada language.

Kulli G.S. 1973 aitiha:sika bʰa:s̡avijna:na sirigannaDa praka:śana, Dharwar.

It deals with historical lingustics in a technical manner and has introduced new technical terms relating to the subject.

Muguli 1971 kannaDa sa:hitya caritre us̡a:sa:hitya ma:le, Mysore.

It contains some parts written by R.S.Mugali. A book that could deal with first three stages of the kannada language and literature was a long felt necessity. Part I deals with the history of the kannada literature through the various stages of kannada is found in this book.

Narasimhachar. R 1934 The history of the Kannada Language. Mysore University. Mysore.

The book is divided into five chapters. The topic dealt with are: Dravidin languages, place of kannada among these languages, structure of kannada, kannada , borrowings, various stages of kannada and process of language change.

Narasimhacharya R.A.P. 2002. The kannadas Cosmo Publication. New Delhi

The kannadas, with a view to discovering its uniqueness as a vital part of India, and its indebtedness as well as contribution to Indian culture whole. The reference work, perhaps the first of this kind, show cases the Historical, social, political and literary development of the kannada’s.

Nayak H.M. 1967 Kannada:literary and colloquil.

It is a doctoral thesis submitted to the Indian University. Dr. Nayak has attempted to study the two styles of kannada, literary and colloquial, comparatively. In the first chapter, the introduction, he has produced evidence for the existence of diglossia in early kannada literature. In the 2nd chapter he compares the two styles on the phonological level and he gives exhaustive rules for both styles. The work is an useful addition to kannada linguistic literature. This book being the scientific study of two styles can be considered as the heralder of similar studies.

Pujar, M.P 1952 kelavu kannaDa vya:karaNa vica:ragaLu, Kannada Research Institute, Dharwar.

This book is one of the brillant products of the traditional learning in both Sanskrit and Kannada. Among the several topics, dealt with in this book are kannada phonetics, phonology, active and passive voice etc…..

Ramachandra C.S. 1999 KannaDa bʰa:s̡a:locana ma:ngiri praka:śana, Mysore.

The book being the scientific study of the kannada language and lingustics. There are 12 articles, dealing with language and linguistics like kannada language structure, phonemic system, variations in language etc…

---- 1999 studies in kannaDa linguistics ma:ngiri praka:śana, Mysore.

The aim of this book is to explain various significant aspects of kannada language. It has seven articles. Each articles explains the salient features and some issues of kannada language.

Sanford B.Steever – The Dravidian languages Routledge. London and Newyork.

This book contains readable description of 12 of the individual languages written by internationally recognized experts. Fifty chapter introduces the reader to the language and its speaker, then proceeds to discuss its internal structure in section devoted to phonology, morphology, and the parts of speech, syntax and lexicon.

Sangamesha savadatti matha 1986 dra:viDa bʰa:s̡a vijna:na ru:pa raśmi praka:śana. Kalburgi.

This book is useful from the point of view of the materials it contains. A book that could deal with Dravidian languages and it’s linguistic functions. Like, Dravidian family, Dravidian race, language classification, parts of speech and so on.

----1990 kannaDa bʰa:s̡a vya:sańga ru:paraśmi praka:śana. Gulbarga

The book makes the scientific study of kannada linguistic and language grammar. There are seven chapters, dealing with descriptive, comparative and historical kannada grammar and it also describes different stages of kannada language and grammar. Each chapters explains the salient features of kannada grammar.

Sediyapu krishnabhat 1955 kannaDa varNagaLu kannada Research Institute, Dharwar.

Here is an attempt to describe the kannada alphabet against the background of Dravidian pronounciation. An interesting feature of the book is that it has made use of both colloquial and literary forms. It has also used forms of sister languages, like Tamil, Malayalam and Tulu for comparison.

Shankar bhat D.N 1970 bʰa:seya bagege ni:ve:nu balliri.

There is a collection of popular articles on language and language learning. The articles in this collection may be divided into three categories: nature of language, defects in the procedures of learning and teaching language, and miscellaneous.

---- KannaDa bʰa:s̡eya sańks̡ipta caritre.

It treats in a short compass the history of the kannada language on modern lines. This brief work has trodden new grounds in this useful book. It would have been better if Bhat had written a comprehensive history of the kannada language.

Shankar kedilaya 1970 Foreign loan words in Kannada University of Madras. Madras.

Shrikanthayya t.n. 1939 kannada madʰyama vya:karana.

This grammar is meant for middle schools. Notable among the features of ‘Madhyama vya:karaNa’ are that there are no statements of suffix of the first case, omission of the fifth case and separation of compound verbs.

Sridhar.S.N. 1990 Kannada, Routledge, Newyork.

The present descriptive grammar gives a detailed and sophisticated account of the standard language, drawing on the insights of traditional, structuralist, and generative linguistists and on the author’s own extensive.

A valuable features of this grammar is the authors consistent attempt to relate formal and functional aspects of the language. Although the variety described is the standard literary variety (because of its greater morphological transparency), the forms of the colloquial varieties are continuously referred to, and the examples convey the flavour of spoken, idiomatic kannada with its descriptive rigour, range of phenomena covered.

Thomas. R. Truatmann 1995 Dravidian Kinship vistaar publication. New Delhi

The argument of this book is that the Dravidian kinship is an historical contras. Specifically, that the empirial kinship systems called Dravidian are the desendants of common ancestral kinship system. Whence to apprehend the Dravidian kinship system is an act of historical reconstruction, requiring the use of methods and materials of both anthropology and history.

Thomas Hudson 1859 ‘An elementary grammar of the kannada OR canarese language’ Wesleyan Mission Press, Mysore.

This book is specifically written for the use of English people wishing to learn kannada. Accordingly every word used in the examples is translated and the pronounciation is given in English characters. This book of over 350 pages treats alphabets, parts of speech, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and articles in detail and some other informations are also covered.

Tirumalesh, K.V. 2000 The land scape of language (Issues in kannada linguistics) Allied Publishers Ltd., New Delhi

The structure of a language may be linked to the architecture of a natural landscape with its largely autonomous and yet inter connected spaces. And that metaphor informs the contents of this book which is about the form of kannada sentences and words. This is not comprehensive grammar of the language but gives the reader a broad-specim-view of its structure. The main focus is on certain key issues that are of interest to modern linguistics.

Upadyaya U.P. 2000 Kannada Phonetic Reader CIIL Publication. Mysore.

Phonetic Reader is to introduce the sound system of kannada language to non native speakers by providing descriptions of sounds with illustrative example and drills. It is hoped that this will enable the learner to acquire the acceptable pronounciation of kannada sounds.

The present Reader is divided into three parts. Part I, gives a brief description of the vocal organs involved in the production of speech sounds for the correct understanding of articulatory processes. Part II gives a description of kannada speech sounds. Phonetic labels of the sounds and illustrations to show the occurrence of the sounds in different environments are also given. Part III contains contrastive pairs for ear, training and oral, practice, a note on the phonemics of kannada and phonemegrapheme correspondence.

Varadaraj .R Umarjis 1969 ‘The kannada language, its origin and Development.’ Karnataka Historical Research Society, Dharwar.

The book deals with the history of the kannada language from a comparative point of view. The book disappoints us since the author instead of describing the origin and development of kannada has tried to prove that kannada has sprouted from Sanskrit.

William Bright 1958 An out line of colloquial kannada. Poona. Deccan College.

This work is offered as a first approximation to a grammar of the spoken language. The colloquial forms elicited from the informants are analysed in detail on phonological, morphological, morphophonemic and syntactic levels. On a narrow canvas the book has clearly analysed colloquial kannada.

William carey 1817 The grammar of the Karnataka language.

This is the first grammar in the kannada language (19th century). Not only it was the first grammar on modern lines but also the first book to be published in kannada.

William madtha 1975 KannaDa bʰa:s̡eya ru:pure:s̡egaLu, Karnataka University, Dharwar.

A bare outline of all the grammatical concepts of kannada language, it deals with the subject from linguistic point of view.

Zeigler 1872 a practical key to canarese language.

This grammar is again meant for English students wishing to learn kannada. It deals exhaustively with all the topics of kannada grammar. The scheme of the book Is: explanation of English examples in kannada, their transliteration in English and the translation. One of the interesting features of the book is the omission of Sanskrit letters not necessary for kannada. The treatment is simple detailed and easy to understand.

Dravidian Encyclopaedia – 1997 (volume 1-2-3) ** The International school of Dravidian Linguistics

The aim of these books refers to various significant aspects of History, people, culture, language and literature (Dravida)!. Early political movements were for the preservation of the Dravidian identity by differentiating it from other cultures, especially the Aryan culture. The third volume is purely academic. The major and minor languages spoken in India and in other parts of the world have been covered adequately in this volume. ** Source for the : Bibbligraphy part in ke:sirakas ‘sabdamaNidarpaNa’ by J.S. Kulli 1976. pp 271 to 294.

TRANSLITERATION


ಅ	a	ಟ್	t
ಆ	a:	ಠ್	ṭʰ
ಇ	i	ಡ್	d
ಈ	i:	ಢ್	dʰ
ಉ	u	ಣ್	ṇ
ಊ	u:	ತ್	t
ಋ	r	ಥ್	tʰ
ಎ	e	ದ್	d
ಏ	e:	ಧ್	dʰ
ಒ	o	ನ್	n
ಓ	o:	ಪ್	p
ಐ	ai	ಫ್	pʰ
ಔ	au	ಬ್	b
ಃ	h	ಭ್	bʰ
ಂ	m	ಮ್	m
ಕ್	k	ಯ್	y
ಖ್	kʰ	ರ್	r
ಗ್	g	ಲ್	l
ಘ್	gʰ	ವ್	v
ಙ್	ń	ಶ್	ś
ಚ್	c	ಷ್	s̡
ಛ್	cʰ	ಸ್	s
ಜ್	j	ಹ್	h
ಝ್	jʰ	ಳ್	ļ/L
ಞ್	ń

-->

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Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

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Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

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Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

Entire book
Book chapter
Translated book
Edition of a book

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . City: Publisher.
Example	Coetzee, J. M. (2000) . London: Vintage.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Chapter title’, in Editor name (ed(s).) . City: Publisher, pp. page range.
Example	Greenblatt, S. (2010) ‘The traces of Shakespeare’s life’, in De Grazia, M. and Wells, S. (eds.) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–14.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . Translated from the [language] by ranslator name. City: Publisher.
Example	Saramago, J. (1997) . Translated from the Portuguese by G. Gontiero. London: Vintage.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . Edition. City: Publisher.
Example	Danielson, D. (ed.) (1999) . 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Notes

Journal articles

Print journal
Online-only journal with DOI
Online-only journal without DOI

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Volume(Issue), pp. page range.
Example	Maceachen, D. B. (1950) ‘Wilkie Collins and British law’, , 5(2), pp. 121–139.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Volume(Issue), page range. DOI.
Example	Adamson, P. (2019) ‘American history at the foreign office: Exporting the silent epic Western’, , 31(2), pp. 32–59. doi:10.2979/filmhistory.31.2.02.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Volume(Issue), pagerange. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Theroux, A. (1990) ‘Henry James’s Boston’, , 20(2), pp. 158–165. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20153016 (Accessed: 13 February 2020).
Notes

General web page
Online article or blog
Social media post

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Google (2019) . Available at: https://policies.google.com/terms?hl=en-US (Accessed: 29 April 2020).
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Rakich, N. (2020) ‘How does Biden stack up to past Democratic nominees?’, , 28 April. Available at: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-does-biden-stack-up-to-past-democratic-nominees/ (Accessed: 29 April 2020).
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. [username] (Year) or text [Website name] Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Dorsey, J. [@jack] (2018) We’re committing Twitter to help increase the collective health, openness, and civility of public conversation … [Twitter] 1 March. Available at: https://twitter.com/jack/status/969234275420655616 (Accessed: 29 April 2020).
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) [Medium]. Institution, City or Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Bosch, H. (1482) [Triptych]. Groeningemuseum, Bruges.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Vox (2020) . 10 April. Available at: https://youtu.be/BE-cA4UK07c (Accessed: 29 April 2020).
Notes

Newspapers and magazines

Newspaper article
Magazine article

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , date, p. page number. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Butler, S. (2020) ‘Women’s fashion manufacturer to make reusable gowns for NHS’, , 28 April. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/apr/28/womens-fashion-manufacturer-to-make-reusable-gowns-for-nhs (Accessed: 29 April 2020).
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Volume(Issue) or (Month) or (Season), pp. page range. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Newman, J. (2020) ‘For autistic youths entering adulthood, a new world of challenges awaits’, , (May), pp. 20–24.
Notes

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Number of authors	Reference example
1 author	Davis, V. (2019) …
2 authors	Davis, V. and Barrett, M. (2019) …
3 authors	Davis, V., Barrett, M. and McLachlan, F. (2019) …
4+ authors	Davis, V. (2019) …

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

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Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

	In-text citation	Reference list
1 author	(Smith, 2014)	Smith, T. (2014) …
2 authors	(Smith and Jones, 2014)	Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) …
3 authors	(Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014)	Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) …
4+ authors	(Smith , 2014)	Smith, T. (2014) …

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

(Smith, 2019a)
(Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

Highlight all the entries
Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
Then close the window with ‘OK’.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 27 July 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/

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What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format

What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format

Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.

An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.

Scribbr’s free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.

An example of an annotated source is shown below:

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Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.

Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide you’re working with. Three common styles are covered below:

In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.

The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.

In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.

The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.

Chicago style

In a Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.

The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.

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The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

Missing commas and periods
Incorrect usage of “et al.”
Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
Missing reference entries

For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style you’re using.

The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.

Consider the instructions you’ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they’re looking for:

Descriptive annotations : When the assignment is just about gathering and summarizing information, focus on the key arguments and methods of each source.
Evaluative annotations : When the assignment is about evaluating the sources , you should also assess the validity and effectiveness of these arguments and methods.
Reflective annotations : When the assignment is part of a larger research process, you need to consider the relevance and usefulness of the sources to your own research.

These specific terms won’t necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.

A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.

In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a source’s abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . You’ll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.

The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.

Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69–86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340

An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the source’s arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .

For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.

Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.

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A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the source’s usefulness or relevance to your own research.

Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.

The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the author’s own research in the field of media studies.

Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319–331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645

Manovich’s article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.

The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.

Before you can write your annotations, you’ll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.

Make sure that you’ve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.

Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether they’re relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, it’s probably important.

Once you’ve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.

An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.

Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !

Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .

The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .

A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.

However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.

You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, August 23). What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format. Scribbr. Retrieved July 27, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/annotated-bibliography/

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6. Cite books. Include the author's last name and first name, separated by a comma and ending with a period. Then the book title comes in italics with a period at the end of the title. The place of publication and the name of the publishing company are separated by a colon, and then a comma and the publication date.
ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯುವ ವಿಧಾನ
ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರೆಯುವ ವಿಧಾನ | Prabandha Bareyuva Vidhana in Kannada. ಸ್ವಚ್ಛ ಭಾರತ ಅಭಿಯಾನ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ. ಮಹಿಳಾ ಸಬಲೀಕರಣ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳು. ಇನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ನೀವು ...
How to Write a Bibliography for a Research Paper
A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author's name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author's name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in italicized type.
How to Cite Sources
To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks. To paraphrase a source, put the text into your own words. It's important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don't want to do this manually.
How to Write a Bibliography for Assignments
Normally, mention the author's name and the article's title. Name of the journal, volume, issue (sometimes, the year of publication is included), page range. When you use evidence from one of your sources in your assignment, you will typically need to include a citation in the text of your paper (references).
Kannada Bibliography
Gulbarga. The book makes the scientific study of kannada linguistic and language grammar. There are seven chapters, dealing with descriptive, comparative and historical kannada grammar and it also describes different stages of kannada language and grammar. Each chapters explains the salient features of kannada grammar.
Harvard Style Bibliography
Formatting a Harvard style bibliography. Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading 'Reference list' or 'Bibliography' appears at the top. Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used: Harvard bibliography example.
How To
The way that you create your bibliography will depend on the specific style that you are using. There are several different styles available. MLA: This style is designed for creating liberal arts or humanities essays. APA: Use this style for creating in the education or science fields. Chicago:
What Is an Annotated Bibliography?
Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022. An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
How to write bibliography in kannada (paragraph)plz
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How to write bibliography in kannada
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