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In September 1787, the Founders signed the most influential document in American history, the U.S. Constitution. On Constitution Day, the National Constitution Center presents a series of programs and events highlighting the history and meaning of the amendment.

What Is Constitution Day?

Constitution Day and Citizenship Day commemorate the Constitution's signing and recognize all who, by coming of age or by naturalization, have become citizens. By law, "the civil and educational authorities of States, counties, cities, and towns are urged to make plans for the proper observance of Constitution Day and Citizenship Day and for the complete instruction of citizens in their responsibilities and opportunities as citizens of the United States and of the State and locality in which they reside."

When Is Constitution Day Observed?

September 17 is designated as Constitution Day and Citizenship Day. If Constitution Day falls on a weekend, it may be held in the previous or next week. The Center offers extensive virtual and in-person programming supported by educational materials for learners of all ages!

Six Great Ways to Celebrate Constitution Day

Visit the National Constitution Center from anywhere with this special virtual tour of our iconic Signers' Hall exhibit.

In this video from our Constitution 101 Curriculum , we break down the major debates at the Constitutional Convention. 

On this episode of the We the People Podcast , Jeffrey Rosen is joined by special guest scholars to explore the intellectual inspirations behind the Constitution.

Learn more about Benjamin Franklin's Closing Speech at the Constitutional Convention, now avalible on our Founders Library . 

Quiz yourself and test how much you know about the delegates at the Constitutional Convention.

Our DIY Preamble Scramble puzzles are great for younger learners! 

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Essay on Constitution Day

Students are often asked to write an essay on Constitution Day in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Constitution Day

Introduction.

Constitution Day, also known as Samvidhan Divas, is celebrated every year on November 26th. It is a day of great importance in India’s history.

Significance

Celebrations.

Various activities and programs are organized to raise awareness about the Constitution. It helps us understand our rights and duties as citizens.

Constitution Day reminds us of our commitment to uphold the values of our Constitution, promoting unity, integrity, and harmony in the country.

250 Words Essay on Constitution Day

Constitution Day, also known as National Law Day, is celebrated annually on the 26th of November. This day commemorates the adoption of the Constitution in India. It is a day of great significance, as it acknowledges the efforts taken by our forefathers to establish a democratic republic.

Historical Significance

On November 26, 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution, which came into effect on January 26, 1950. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the drafting committee, played a pivotal role in its creation. The day emphasizes the value of democracy and the rule of law.

Objective of Constitution Day

The objective of Constitution Day is to promote constitutional values among citizens. It is a day to remember the architects of our Constitution and to reiterate our commitment to uphold its ideals. It also serves to spread awareness about the fundamental rights and duties enshrined in the Constitution.

Observance of Constitution Day

Constitution Day is observed with great fervor across the nation. Activities such as reading the Preamble in schools and colleges, organizing lectures, and debates on constitutional topics are common. These events aim to instill respect for the Constitution and promote democratic values.

500 Words Essay on Constitution Day

Introduction to constitution day, significance of constitution day.

The day holds immense significance as it marks the culmination of the hard work of the drafting committee who meticulously crafted the Constitution over a period of 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days. The Constitution of India is not merely a document but the embodiment of the values, hopes, and aspirations of the people of India. It is a beacon of democracy, securing to all its citizens justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It is the supreme law of the land, providing the framework for the political, legal, and social systems in India.

Constitution Day was first observed in 2015 as part of a year-long celebration of the 125th birth anniversary of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. The day is observed by reading the Preamble of the Constitution in schools, colleges, and other public institutions. It is a day to reflect on the journey of India as a democratic republic and to reiterate our commitment to upholding the values enshrined in the Constitution.

The Constitution: A Living Document

Constitution Day is a reminder of our duty to uphold and protect the principles of our Constitution. It is a day to celebrate our democratic heritage and to acknowledge the role of the Constitution in shaping the destiny of the nation. It is a day to pay tribute to the visionaries who drafted this magnificent document and to reaffirm our faith in the values it embodies. As we celebrate Constitution Day, let us pledge to uphold the constitutional ideals and values and strive to build an inclusive and just society.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Happy studying!

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Home » Resources » Constitution Day Writing Prompts – Middle and High School

Constitution Day Writing Prompts – Middle and High School

Three writing prompts for Constitution Day are provided for middle school and high school. The prompts can be used as a formal essay, at writing stations, or as a “discuss and write.”

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Commemorating Constitution Day

Washington at Constitutional Convention of 1787, signing of U.S. Constitution.

Wikimedia Commons

September 17th is Constitution Day, commemorating the day in 1787 when, at the end of a long hot summer of discussion, debate and deliberation, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention signed America’s most important document. George Washington, on behalf of the Convention, transmitted the proposed Constitution to the Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation. Eleven days later, the Congress by unanimous resolution passed the proposal on to conventions of delegates to be chosen in each state. It was in these state conventions that the Constitution was thoroughly discussed, debated and eventually ratified.

The United States Constitution is the oldest written national constitution still in operation, and many of the nations that have established themselves in the centuries since have turned to this document as a model for their own constitutions. As a document that defines the structure of our federal government and delineates the rights of the states within the union, and of individual citizens within the nation, the Constitution has become a symbol to Americans and to the world of our political principles and the democratic way of life that flows from them.

Guiding Questions

Who is included in the phrase "We the People"?

How do we form "a more perfect union"?

What makes the U.S. Constitution a living document?

To what extent does the Constitution influence people's lives on a daily basis?

It has become a tradition for the NEH Chair to make remarks in honor of this day. Chair Shelly C. Lowe (Navajo) is the second woman to lead the agency and the first Indigenous American. Her remarks below begin with greetings in Navajo and outline the ways in which the goals of Constitution Day align with NEH’s larger mission of understanding ourselves and our world through the humanities. As Chair Lowe reminds us, “We know that this work can build bridges, rather than divide us, and that the humanities are critical to building the ‘more perfect union’ the founders envisioned."

Video Transcript:

​​​​​​[Navajo introduction]  Hello, my name is Shelly Lowe, and I am Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities. NEH is proud to join all Americans in recognizing September 17 as Constitution Day. Today we acknowledge not only the visionary work and courage of the founders who signed this important document in 1787, but also the courage required of us all to continue making the United States “a more perfect union.”  Engaging in the work of the humanities is itself an exercise in courage. Through the humanities, we can approach a topic, however painful, in the spirit of fearless inquiry. The humanities help us to ask tough questions and give us the strength to grapple with the answers. When we bring this lens to the study of the U.S. Constitution, we can investigate why certain choices were made by the founders – in terms of Indigenous sovereignty, enslavement, or the rights of women. Why are some people’s rights limited by the words of this document? And why are others not even mentioned?  We must ask these questions about the experiences and choices of those in the past to inform how we live today, how we interact with others and the natural world, and the decisions we make both now and for the future. The humanities illuminate our understanding of our place in the world and the ideals that guide us. These ideals and values are the building blocks of our Constitution, and it is our unique responsibility as American citizens to keep our democratic values alive.  At NEH, we do this by supporting projects that explore, reflect on, and tell the stories of our ongoing quest for a more just, inclusive, and sustainable society. Through grants to scholars and cultural and educational organizations across the country, we support research, exhibitions, and public events on the Constitution, civics, and U.S. history. NEH provides lesson plans and resources on EDSITEment, our K-12 humanities education website, to help students learn about the framework of our constitutional democracy. And we work closely with state and jurisdictional humanities councils to ensure that local histories and diverse perspectives are included in our national story.  We know that this work can build bridges, rather than divide us, and that the humanities are critical to building the “more perfect union” the founders envisioned. 

The Constitution opens with these magnificent words:

"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

The Preamble sets forth, first, the source of the authority on which the Constitution rests ("WE the people of the United States") and, second, the six goals for which the government is to be established and upon which it is to operate. You can learn more about the significance of these goals in  The Preamble to the Constitution: A Close Reading Lesson .

Nobody understood the aspirational character of the Preamble better than the abolitionist orator Frederick Douglass. In the 1850s, when the question of the extension of slavery into the territories was dividing the nation, Douglass developed his anti-slavery interpretation of the Constitution as "a GLORIOUS LIBERTY DOCUMENT." In one of his most famous speeches, he urged his audience to "Read its preamble, [and] consider its purposes. Is slavery among them? Is it at the gateway? or is it in the temple? It is neither." For more insight into Douglass's greatest speech and his interpretation of the Constitution, see the launchpad Frederick Douglass What to the Slave is the Fourth of July ?

What better way to celebrate this important document, its place within our society and throughout our history, than to closely investigate the words and ideas contained in it. Unlike more recent constitutions, the document is written in the language of ordinary people and is only a few pages.

EDSITEment’s worksheet “ Understanding the U.S. Constitution ” will help students read and interpret the original document by working their way through the text and answering questions about each section. After they examine the Constitution section by section, students can further engage with the text with an  essay outline worksheet  in which they define and defend their own understanding of the significance of the document. We suggest  four engaging and thoughtful essay topics  as well as  another essay outline worksheet  to help your students organize their ideas, evidence, and analysis.

Teachers, parents, caregivers, and students, jump on board for a tour of the United States Constitution!

Follow the links below to obtain a transcription of the Constitution or an image of the original document, provided by the National Archives and Records Administration.

• Text of the Constitution
• NUEVO:  La Constitución de los Estados Unidos
• Image of the Constitution

In 1939, in celebration of the 150th anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the United States Congress commissioned Howard Chandler Christy to produce the 20 by 30 foot painting of the signing. This famous painting was unveiled in 1940 in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. Christy had established his reputation with the "Christy Girl" posters that presented images of smart, sophisticated young women, often in conjunction with patriotic themes. His " Signing of the Constitution " reflects a deep commitment to historical accuracy, including the obscuring of the faces of delegates for whom no contemporary portraits were available as models.

Professor Gordon Lloyd, working with the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, has produced an interactive version of this painting . Roll the cursor over the figures of the delegates to learn more about their lives and contributions to America. Read more about Christy and his painting at  TeachingAmericanHistory.org .

The Framers

You may wonder who were these individual sometimes called "framers" were. How did they gain a place at the table in Philadelphia? And by what right did they claim to represent “We the People of the United States” when they signed the Constitution? Begin your investigation with the man who is most closely associated with the drafting of the Constitution, James Madison. You can learn more about Madison and his role at the Constitutional Convention in  James Madison: Madison Was There . Most Americans of all ages have heard of Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin, all present at the Convention but have they heard of Oliver Ellsworth? You and your students can learn about a few of the drafters of the Constitution with whom they may not yet be familiar in the lesson plan  The Constitutional Convention: Four Founding Fathers You May Never Have Met .

Indigenous Americans are mentioned in the Constitution of the United States three times: twice regarding population counts and once pertaining to Congress's right to regulate commerce between the nation and recognized tribes. Despite this fleeting presence in the Constitution, an enormous body of law concerning Indigenous sovereignty has been developed over the past 250 years.  

Throughout the coexistence era of Federal Indian Policy (1780's-1820's) treaties between the U.S. and tribes were used to negotiate relations, but as land concerns increasingly influenced national politics in the early nineteenth century, new legislation like the Indian Removal Act was passed, asserting federal dominance over Indigenous rights to self-determination. Although these actions were found to be unconstitutional through U.S. Supreme Court cases like Worcester vs. Georgia , Indigenous nations were forcibly removed from ancestral lands.  

Today, the United States pursues a policy of cooperation with and self-determination by Indigenous tribes. Landmark cases like United States vs Mitchell (1983) confirmed that the United States has an obligation to uphold the terms of the treaties it has signed with Indigenous tribes, known as the Trust Responsibility . As a result of the articulation of the Trust Responsibility, the federal government is required to support the continued existence of all federally recognized tribes through economic and social partnerships with the tribes.  

Additionally, new scholarship into the founders’ influences as they drafted the Constitution has revealed that many of the ideas that form the cornerstones of the American government may have their origins in Indigenous principles of government. Benjamin Franklin, who was responsible for negotiating treaties with the Iroquois Confederacy, remarked in 1751 that the Six Nations should serve as a model for the “ten or a Dozen English Colonies […]” working together. During the Constitutional Convention, John Adams suggested that the framers should study “the ancient Germans and modern Indians” because of their well devised separation of powers within their governments. These influences came full circle as, throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Indigenous nations created their own constitutions, many of which were modeled after the Constitution of the United States. 

The Constitutional Convention, held in Philadelphia and lasting nearly four months, was fraught with debate, discussion, and compromise. From May 25, 1787 until the signing of the final draft on September 17, 1787, every issue was on the table, every word was scrutinized. One can follow the debate by going to  The Constitutional Convention  at  Teaching American History.org  or follow the link to  George Washington's annotated draft of the Constitution , digitized as part of the NEH-funded Papers of George Washington Project, to gain a sense of the meticulous care the delegates gave to the drafting process.

In a series of  lesson plans on the Constitutional Convention , students can examine the roles key delegates played in drafting the Constitution and the challenges they faced. They will learn why many Americans in the 1780's believed that reforms to the Articles of Confederation were necessary, and about the steps taken to authorize the convention in Philadelphia. They will become familiar with the main issues that divided delegates and how the spirit of compromise was necessary for the convention to fulfill its task of improving the American political system.

Born from the experience of an overly powerful central government in the form of the British monarchy, or an ineffectively weak central government under the Articles of Confederation, the framers of the Constitution designed a national government that clearly assigned power to three branches, while at the same time guaranteeing that the power of any branch could be checked by another.  Balancing Three Branches at Once: Our System of Checks and Balances  examines this inventive use of power to check and balance power. The balance of power between the federal government and the states was another hotly debated issue throughout the convention and are surveyed in  The Federalist Debates: Balancing Power Between State and Federal Governments .

EDSITEment, NEH's website that helps teachers bring online resources into the classroom, provides a number of lesson plans and reviewed websites that help you commemorate Constitution Day with your students. Listed here is a lesson plan for each grade band that can help you bring the Constitution into your classroom.

Constitution Day

A Day for the Constitution —This one day lesson is specially designed for Constitution Day and offers an introduction, warm up activity, short videos for each of the three activities that can be used independent of one another or combined, and reflection questions for closure. 

The President's Roles and Responsibilities: Understanding the President's Job —As a nation, we place no greater responsibility on any one individual than we do on the president. Through these lessons, students learn about the roles and responsibilities of the U.S. president and their own roles as citizens of a democracy.

The President's Roles and Responsibilities: Communicating with the President —Through these lesson, students learn about the roles and responsibilities of the U.S. president and their own duties as citizens of a democracy.

The Preamble to the Constitution: How Do You Make a More Perfect Union? —Archival materials and other resources available through EDSITEment-reviewed websites can help your students begin to understand why the Founders felt a need to establish a more perfect Union and how they proposed to accomplish such a weighty task.

The First Amendment: What's Fair in a Free Country? —This series of activities introduces students to one of the most hotly debated issues during the formation of the American government -how much power the federal government should have — or alternatively, how much liberty states and citizens should have.

Before and Beyond the Constitution: What Should a President do? —In this curriculum unit, students look at the role of President as defined in the Constitution and consider the precedent-setting accomplishments of George Washington.

The Constitutional Convention: What the Founding Fathers Said —By examining records of the Constitutional Convention, such as James Madison's extensive notes, students witness the unfolding drama of the Constitutional Convention and the contributions of those who have come to be known as the Founding Fathers: Madison, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and others who played major roles in founding a new nation. In this lesson, students will learn how the Founding Fathers debated, and then resolved, their differences as they drafted the U.S. Constitution.

The Constitutional Convention: Four Founding Fathers You May Never Have Met —Introduce your students to four key, but relatively unknown, contributors to the U.S. Constitution — Oliver Ellsworth, Alexander Hamilton, William Paterson, and Edmund Randolph. Learn through their words and the words of others how the Founding Fathers created "a model of cooperative statesmanship and the art of compromise."

The Federalist Debates: Balancing Power Between State and Federal Governments —This series of activities introduces students to one of the most hotly debated issues during the formation of the American government — how much power the federal government should have — or alternatively, how much liberty states and citizens should have.

The Supreme Court: The Judicial Power of the United States —This lesson provides an introduction to the Supreme Court. Students will learn basic facts about the Supreme Court by examining the United States Constitution and one of the landmark cases decided by that court. The lesson is designed to help students understand how the Supreme Court operates.

Grades 9–12

Magna Carta: Cornerstone of the U.S. Constitution —Magna Carta served to lay the foundation for subsequent declarations of rights in Great Britain and the United States. In attempting to establish checks on the king's powers, this document asserted the right of "due process" of law. It also provided the basis for the idea of a "higher law," one that could not be altered either by executive mandate or legislative acts. This concept, embraced by the leaders of the American Revolution, is embedded in the supremacy clause of the United States Constitution and enforced by the Supreme Court.

“An Expression of the American Mind”: Understanding the Declaration of Independence —The major ideas in the Declaration of Independence, their origins, the Americans’ key grievances against the King and Parliament, their assertion of sovereignty, and the Declaration’s process of revision. This lesson will focus on the views of the founders as expressed in primary documents from their own time and in their own words.

Slavery and the American Founding: The "Inconsistency Not to Be Excused " —John Jay wrote in 1786, “To contend for our own liberty, and to deny that blessing to others, involves an inconsistency not to be excused." This lesson will focus on the views of the founders on slavery as expressed in primary documents from their own time and in their own words.

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 —The delegates at the 1787 Convention faced a challenge as arduous as those who worked throughout the 1780s to initiate reforms to the American political system.

J ames Madison: From Father of the Constitution to President —Even in its first 30 years of existence, the U.S. Constitution had to prove its durability and flexibility in a variety of disputes. More often than not, James Madison, the "Father of the Constitution," took part in the discussion. Madison had been present at the document's birth as the mastermind behind the so-called Virginia Plan. He had worked tirelessly for its ratification including authoring 29 Federalist Papers, and he continued to be a concerned guardian of the Constitution as it matured.

The Federalist and Anti-federalist Debates on Diversity and the Extended Republic —The proposed Constitution, and the change it wrought in the nature of the American Union, spawned one of the greatest political debates of all time. In addition to the state ratifying conventions, the debates also took the form of a public conversation .

Balancing Three Branches at Once: Our System of Checks and Balances —Attempting to form a more perfect union, the framers of the Constitution designed a government that clearly assigned power to three branches, while at the same time guaranteeing that the power of any branch could be checked by another.

John Marshall,  Marbury v. Madison , and Judicial Review: How the Court Became Supreme —It is safe to say that as James Madison was the "father" of the Constitution and George Washington the "father of the powers of the Presidency," John Marshall was the "father of the Supreme Court," almost single-handedly clarifying its power of judicial review.

Frederick Douglass's, “What To the Slave Is the Fourth of July? ” —Students are guided through a careful reading of Douglass' greatest speech in which he both praises the founders and their principles, and condemns the continued existence of slavery. The Constitution is presented as a "glorious liberty document" which, if properly interpreted, is completely anti-slavery

Abraham Lincoln's Fragment of the Constitution & the Union (1861): The Purpose of the Union —This lesson will examine Abraham Lincoln's brief but insightful reflection on the importance of the ideal of individual liberty to the constitutional structure and operation of the American union.

We the People Teachers - This program created by the Arkansas Humanities Council contains a number of resources and lesson plans  for 9th-12th grade classrooms. 

Challenge your students with some fun games about the Constitution and the Bill of Rights:

• Materials to Prepare for the Citizenship Exam  (lessons, flashcards and booklets, some of which are available in Spanish)
• Constitution Day resources from the Bill of Rights Institute
• Interactive Constitution  from the  National Constitution Center
• Traducción de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, incluyendo el preámbulo
• La Constitución de los Estados Unidos
• La Carta de Derechos, o las Garantías Individuales
• Celebrando el Día de la Constitución
• Información acerca de los Archivos Nacionales  (propósito y bienvenida)
• Enseñando con documentos, “La Ratificación de la Constitución”
• La Declaración de Independencia
• La Constitución en varios idiomas
• Civics Renewal Network
• A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation
• To Form a More Perfect Union
• Presidents and the Constitution
• Constitution Day educational resources and interactives
• Interactive Constitution
• Founders' Constitution
• Introduction to the American Founding and Constitutionalism
• DocsTeach: Constitution Page
• Educator Resources at the National Archives
• Constitution of the United States--A History
• Constitution question-and-answer page
• Meet the Framers of the Constitution
• The Supreme Court Historical Society
• The Constitutional Convention
• Ratification of the U.S. Constitution
• Federalist-Antifederalist Debates

Materials & Media

Constitution: understanding the u.s. constitution, the constitution: writing an argumentative essay, constitution: four engaging and thoughtful essay topics, constitution: a writing guide, related on edsitement, a day for the constitution, before and beyond the constitution: what should a president do, the constitutional convention of 1787, a more perfect union, magna carta: cornerstone of the u.s. constitution, lesson 1: the road to the constitutional convention, lesson 2: james madison: the second national bank—powers not specified in the constitution, the reconstruction era.

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Constitution Day: Essay On Constitution Of India For Students

Constitution Day, celebrated on November 26th, holds profound significance in the tapestry of India's democratic journey. It commemorates the historic occasion when the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution of India, laying the foundation for the world's largest democracy. This essay delves into the essence of Constitution Day, its historical context, and its contemporary relevance in upholding democratic values and principles.

Significance Of Constitution Day

On November 26, 1949, the Indian Constitution was formally ratified by the Constituent Assembly. Although it was accepted on November 26, 1949, it was delivered to President Dr. Rajendra Prasad on November 25, 1949, by Mr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. Even though November 26th is Constitution Day, the day the Constitution was adopted, it went into effect on January 26, 1950, also known as Republic Day.

History Of Constitution Day

It was Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi who broached an itinerary of Constitution Day celebrations. The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi intended to mark the 125th anniversary of the birth of the Father of the Constitution, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, as one of the most significant dates in 2015. Many events were held across the nation as part of the year-long commemoration after that.

At one of these events in Mumbai in October, when he laid the foundation stone for the Ambedkar memorial, the Prime Minister proclaimed November 26th to be Constitution Day. Consequently, the government recognized November 26th as the Constitution Day of India in an official gazette that was published on November 19.

Celebration Of The First National Constitution Day

India's first constitution day was commemorated by numerous government agencies, educational institutions, and Indian schools. Children must read the preamble to the Constitution, according to directives from the Department of Education to schools.

Essay competitions were held on topics related to India's constitution. These contests took place on both online and offline platforms. Mock parliamentary debates had also been held at several campuses across the country.

The Ministry of External Affairs has issued guidelines to all Indian schools operating abroad to observe Constitution Day on November 26th. The Constitution was also to be translated into local languages and disseminated in libraries and other relevant locations by Embassies.

Constitution Day enables us to recognize the historical importance of the nation's constitution and helps us get back in touch with our fundamental roots. Not just government agencies, but all facets of society ought to celebrate it with never-before-seen fervor and joy.

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Essay on Constitution of India

500+ words indian constitution essay for students and children in english.

A Constitution is a set of rules and regulations guiding the administration of a country. The Constitution is the backbone of every democratic and secular fabric of the nation. The Constitution of India is the longest Constitution in the world, which describes the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government. The Constitution of India was written on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950. In this essay on the Constitution of India, students will get to know the salient features of India’s Constitution and how it was formed.

Constitution of India Essay

On 26th January 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect. That’s why 26th January is celebrated as Republic Day in India.

How Was the Constitution of India Formed?

The representatives of the Indian people framed the Indian Constitution after a long period of debates and discussions. It is the most detailed Constitution in the world. No other Constitution has gone into such minute details as the Indian Constitution.

The Constitution of India was framed by a Constituent Assembly which was established in 1946. Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected President of the Constituent Assembly. A Drafting Committee was appointed to draft the Constitution and Dr B.R. Ambedkar was appointed as the Chairman. The making of the Constitution took a total of 166 days, which was spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days. Some of the salient features of the British, Irish, Swiss, French, Canadian and American Constitutions were incorporated while designing the Indian Constitution.

Also Read: Evolution and Framing of the Constitution

Features of The Constitution of India

The Constitution of India begins with a Preamble which contains the basic ideals and principles of the Constitution. It lays down the objectives of the Constitution.

The Longest Constitution in the world

The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest Constitution in the world. It had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of commencement. Now it has 448 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules. There are 104 amendments (took place on 25th January 2020 to extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies) that have been made in the Indian Constitution so far.

How Rigid and Flexible is the Indian Constitution?

One of the unique features of our Constitution is that it is not as rigid as the American Constitution or as flexible as the British Constitution. It means it is partly rigid and partly flexible. Owing to this, it can easily change and grow with the change of times.

The Preamble

The Preamble has been added later to the Constitution of India. The original Constitution does not have a preamble. The preamble states that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic. The objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure justice, liberty, and equality for all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain the unity and integrity of the nation.

Federal System with Unitary Features

The powers of the government are divided between the central government and the state governments. The Constitution divides the powers of three state organs, i.e., executive, judiciary and legislature. Hence, the Indian Constitution supports a federal system. It includes many unitary features such as a strong central power, emergency provisions, appointment of Governors by the President, etc.

Fundamental rights and fundamental duties

The Indian Constitution provides an elaborate list of Fundamental Rights to the citizens of India. The Constitution also provides a list of 11 duties of the citizens, known as the Fundamental Duties. Some of these duties include respect for the national flag and national anthem, integrity and unity of the country and safeguarding of public property.

Also Read: Difference between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties

India is a republic which means that a dictator or monarch does not rule the country. The government is of the people, by the people and for the people. Citizens nominate and elect its head after every five years.

Related Read: Constitution of India – 13 Major Features

The Constitution serves as guidelines for every citizen. It helped India to attain the status of a Republic in the world. Once Atal Bihari Vajpayee said that “governments would come and go, political parties would be formed and dissolved, but the country should survive, and democracy should remain there forever”.

We hope that this essay on the “Constitution of India” must have helped students. For the latest updates on ICSE/CBSE/State Board/Competitive Exams, stay tuned to BYJU’S. Also, download the BYJU’S App for watching interesting study videos.

Also Read: Independence Day Essay | Republic Day Essay | Essay on Women Empowerment

Frequently Asked Questions on Constitution of India Essay

Who is the father of our indian constitution.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is the father of our Indian Constitution. He framed and drafted our Constitution.

Who signed the Indian Constitution?

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first person from the Constitution Assembly to have signed the Indian Constitution.

What is mentioned in the Preamble of our Indian Constitution?

The preamble clearly communicates the purpose and emphasis the importance of the objectives of the Indian Constitution.

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10 Points Students Can Include In Constitution Day Speech, Essay

Constitution Day or Samvidhan Divas is celebrated in India on November 26, the day when the Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in 1949.

After India became an Independent nation, the Constituent Assembly entrusted the job of drafting the Constitution to a committee chaired by Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar. Dr Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, was the President of the Constituent Assembly.

In the beginning of 1948, Dr. Ambedkar completed the draft of the Indian Constitution and presented it in the Constituent Assembly. On November 26, 1949, this draft was adopted with very few amendments.

The Indian Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.

The Preamble of the Constitution declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic and aims to secure justice, liberty, equality to all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Here is the complete text:

"WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a

SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION".

Preamble to the Constitution of India (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)

Here are some interesting and lesser known facts about the Constitution of India that students can use in their Constitution Day speech and essay:

The Constitution of India has borrowed features from other countries, including Britain, Ireland, Japan, USA, South Africa, Germany, Australia, and Canada.

The Constituent Assembly of India was established in 1946. It met for 166 days spread over 2 years, 11 months and 18 days.

The Constitution of India is a hand-written document. It is one of the longest hand-written documents in the world. There are a total of 1,17,369 words in the English version.

Initially, the word “socialist” was not a part of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. During the emergency, by the 42nd amendment act of 1976, the word was added. This is the only amendment to the Preamble so far.

The basic structure of the Indian Constitution stands on the Government of India Act, 1935.

The original hand-written copies of the Constitution are preserved in helium-filled cases in the Library of Parliament House.

On November 26, 1949, the Constituent assembly met and with loud and prolonged cheers and thumping of desks greeted the passing of the Constitution.

"Dr. Rajendra Prasad, President of the Constituent Assembly, in his speech before putting the motion to pass the Constitution, paid tributes to Mahatma Gandhi and said that I shall only hope that all those whose good fortune it may be to work this Constitution in future, will remember that it was a unique victory which we achieved by unique method taught by the Father of the Nation, and it is upto us to preserve and protect the Independence that we have won and to make it really bear fruit for the man in the street," wrote Sailen Chatterjee, journalist and freedom fighter.

After the Constitution was passed, the historic session of the Constituent Assembly ended with the singing of the National Anthem "Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka Jai Hey, Bharat Bhagya Vidhata," by Purnima Banerjee, a veteran freedom fighter, According to Mr Chatterjee.

Later, in accordance with the Constitution, the assembly elected Dr Rajendra Prasad as the first President of the Indian Republic at a special session on January 24, 1950.

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• Speech on National Constitution Day

National Constitution Day

Every year, the 26 th of November is National Constitution Day or Samvidhan Divas. This day marks the adoption of the Indian Constitution by the Constituent Assembly in 1949. However, the Indian Constitution became effective on 26 th January 1950. Every year, we celebrate Republic Day on 26 th January.

Long Speech

Greetings to all. This is my opportunity to speak a few words about our nation's National Constitutional Day.

I am grateful to all of you for allowing me this wonderful opportunity to speak on Constitution Day, which is an extremely important subject. On 26 November 1949, the Indian constitution was adopted, which was a major milestone on the country's path to becoming an independent, sovereign republic. After coming into force on 26 January 1950, the Indian constitution was a legal document in India.

Representatives from across the spectrum of communities make up the constituent assembly, which reflects the diversity of our country. Our constitution makers took about two years to draft a comprehensive document that would reflect the current state of our country. India has been a successful democracy since its constitution was ratified more than a century ago, unlike many other countries that became independent at the same time.

Rather than being a collection of articles and schedules, the Indian Constitution goes far beyond that. In addition to establishing and empowering India's institutions of governance, it has other benefits. As a matter of fact, studies have referred to the constitution as a "Transformative Constitution," which means it is embedded with vision and reflection of the future. Until now, it has not been required to alter an article completely; rather, the law merely amends the article, so our constitution has been drafted after proper analysis and examination. For the constitution's drafting, complete credit belongs to an outstanding leader, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who is also known as the father of the Indian Constitution. There are provisions in the bill that concern not just India as it now exists, but also social justice and economic justice for each citizen of India.

A fascinating fact about the Indian constitution is that it was enacted at the time of independence, when India faced enormous challenges, including safeguarding the lives and welfare of millions of people who had been displaced by the partition. In the face of violence and uncertainty, the Constituent Assembly drafted a Constitution that reflects the nation's exceptional diversity, spanning languages, races, castes, and classes. Several other nations contributed encouragement and inspiration to the Constituent Assembly during this challenging time.

There is an important lesson to be learned from our constitution-makers which is taking decisions with a lot of patience among people from diverse communities. I found it difficult to reach a consensus that supported all communities within our country. Our Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi, emphasized this very fact in his "Mann Ki Baat" motivational speech this very year, i.e. in 2018.

Because of these reasons, I am delighted to be able to speak today about our Constitution and how it is unique because of its openness to diversity, acceptance, and exploitation of intellectual traditions and lessons from around the world, and commitment to social welfare and uplift. It is important in today's times that we all respect our constitution religiously.

Short speech

Good morning to all of you. Having the pleasure of speaking about National Constitution Day is an honour and a privilege for me. National Constitution Day had never been celebrated prior to 2015. Dr. BR Ambedkar celebrated his 125 th birthday on November 26 th , 2015, which is the constitution day in India. Our Prime Minister Narendra Modi made this day a national holiday.

The 15 th of August 1947 marks the date of India's independence. We celebrate Republic Day on 26th January because that is when the Indian constitution came into effect. Did you know that the constitution of India was a product of Indian history? Representatives from several fields were voted into the constitutional assembly. There were four notable members: Dr. B.R Ambedkar, Jawaharlal Nehru, B.N Rau, and Sardar Vallabhai Patel.

The constitution was adopted after 166 days of meetings by the constitutional assembly. On January 24, 1950, the members of the constitutional assembly signed two copies in Hindi and English. The Indian constitution took effect on January 26, 1950, and became the supreme law of the land. India celebrates Constitution Day every year to commemorate this momentous occasion. Dr. B R Ambedkar is also commemorated on this day.

Constitutionally, India is a democratic, socialist, secular, sovereign republic. In addition to the guarantees of justice, equality, and liberty, this Constitution also promotes fraternity among Indians. Besides establishing the guidelines for the government structure, procedures, and powers, the constitution of India stipulates the fundamental rights, central principles, and duties of citizens towards their country. 

Students celebrate the constitutional day in schools and colleges to raise awareness regarding the constitutional importance of our daily lives.

Thank you. 

10 Lines About Indian Constitution Day Speech

The constitutional day is celebrated every year on 26th November to honor the adaptation of the constitution of India.

The constitutional day is also called National law day or Samvidhan Diwas.

Dr BR Ambedkar is also known as the Father of the constitution. 

In the year 2015, our Prime Minister, Narendra Modi marked November 26 as the constitution day in India to celebrate the 125th birthday of Dr. BR Ambedkar.

Constitution day aims to celebrate the significance of the Indian constitution.

It is the day that celebrates the life of Dr. B R Ambedtkar was is considered to be the architect of our constitution.

The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic. It guarantees the Indian citizens justice, equality, and liberty and endeavors to promote fraternity.

The constitution of India lays down the framework for the political code, structure, procedure, powers, and duties of the government bodies.

The constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any country.

The constitution of India provides the fundamental rights, core principles, and duties of the citizens towards the country.

FAQs on Speech on National Constitution Day

1. When is Constitution Day celebrated?

Every year, on 26th November, we celebrate Constitution Day or Samvidhan Divas, the day on which the Indian Constitution was adopted. As of 26th January 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect after the Constituent Assembly of India adopted it on 26th November 1949.

2. How do We celebrate the Constitution?

Constitution Day will be celebrated in Parliament. Parliament and Vigyan Bhawan will also host celebrations honouring Prime Minister Narendra Modi. On Friday, PM Modi will launch the two-day celebrations of Constitution Day, which will take place at Vigyan Bhawan at 5:30 pm.

3. What is the Significance of the Indian Constitution?

India's Constitution (IAST: Bharatiya Samvidhana) is its supreme law. In the document, a framework is outlined, which describes the fundamental tenets of government, its scope, procedures, powers, and responsibilities, as well as the fundamental rights, directive principles, and responsibilities of citizens.

4. What are the Three Purposes of a Constitution?

First, it establishes a national government with three branches: a legislative branch, an executive branch, and a judicial branch, all of which have checks and balances among them. The second purpose of the Constitution is to divide power between the states and the federal government. The third purpose is to guarantee individual liberties.

Essay on National Constitution Day in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on National Constitution Day: The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949; though it came into effect only on 26 th January 1950. Hence, the day on which the Constitution was adopted, that is 26 th January, is celebrated as the Constitution Day in India. The day was declared by the Government of India by a gazetted notification issued on 19 th November 2015. Prior to the notification the day was observed as the Law Day. It was implemented to raise the awareness of people on Indian Constitution and its significance. National Constitution Day isn’t a public holiday and various events are organized in schools, colleges and offices to make people familiar with their Constitution.

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Target Exam ---

On November 26, 2015, Constitution Day was observed in honor of Dr. BR Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian Constitution, on his 125th birth anniversary. This special day pays tribute to Dr. Ambedkar and the principles that underpin the foundation of India.

Long and Short Essay on National Constitution Day of India in English

We have provided below short and long essay on constitution Day of India in English. The essays have been written in simple English language, making them easily memorable and presentable on need.

After going through the essays you will have useful information not only on National constitution Day but also on the constitution of India along with questions like – why is national constitution day celebrated, when is the day celebrated, how is it celebrated and its significance etc.

These constitution Day of India essay will be helpful for you during your school assignments on National Constitution Day.

Essay on National Constitution Day in 200 words

National Constitution Day is a day of pride for every Indian as it is a day to celebrate the adoption of our constitution.

The need to write and incorporate constitution of our own was felt after India got independence from the British rule in August 1947. Everything seemed hay wire back then and there was a dire need to make it all systematic. The Constituent Assembly of India set up a Drafting Committee which was assigned the responsibility of drafting the constitution of the country. The drafting committee worked under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

They drafted the constitution of India after considering the country’s socio economic conditions and various other aspects. The constitution of India came into effect on the 26 th of January 1950; though, it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949.

It was in the year 2015 that it was decided to celebrate November 26 as the constitution Day and commemorate the efforts of our leaders who worked hard to bring our constitution to form. The declaration for the same was made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 11 th October 2015 while laying the foundation stone of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial in Mumbai. 26 th November thus became our National Constitution Day.

The day is celebrated in government offices. Speeches are delivered and people congratulate each other for the adoption and implementation of the constitution of the country. Speeches are also delivered in schools to acquaint the young generation with the features of the Indian constitution of our country.

It is indeed a day of national pride.

Essay on National Constitution Day of India in 300 words

The constitution of India was drafted on 26 th November 1949 after almost three years (two years and eleven months) of rigorous hard work by the drafting committee. The committee was headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar who played a key role in drafting our constitution. The constitution came into effect on 26 th January 1950 which is celebrated as the Republic Day. National Constitution Day is celebrated on 26 th November each year since 2015.

Father of the Indian Constitution and Constitution Drafting Committee Members

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution. A Drafting Committee was set up by the Constituent Assembly to draft the Indian Constitution. This committee comprised of seven members. These were Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, N. Gopalaswami Ayengar, B.L. Mitter, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Mohammad Saadullah and DP Khaitan. They took various things into account to come up with a constitution that preached to treat everyone equally and set goals for a better nation.

The Constituent Assembly comprised of many prominent leaders who played a key role in the Indian struggle for independence. There were a total of 389 members in the Constituent Assembly. These were reduced to 299 after the partition of India. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Abul Kalam Azad, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, B.R. Ambedkar, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee and C. Rajagopalachari were among few esteemed members of the Constituent Assembly. They played a major role in building our nation.

A Day Dedicated to Our Constitution

Since the constitution of our country came into form on 26 th November 1949, this date was chosen to celebrate the National Constitution Day. This day is being celebrated since the year 2015 after Prime Minister Narendra Modi came up with the suggestion to dedicate a special day to our constitution.

It is a day of celebration for every Indian citizen. It is celebrated in schools, colleges and government offices.

The Indian constitution gave our country a direction and a sense of responsibility to our leaders. National Constitution Day is a mark of respect to the constitution.

Essay on National Constitution Day 400 words

National Constitution Day, also known as Samvidhan Divas, is a day to rejoice the adoption of Constitution of India. It is celebrated on 26 th November every year. While the constitution of our country was implemented back in 1950, it was only recently that it was decided to dedicate a special day to celebrate this big achievement.

National Constitution Day Declaration

The decision to dedicate a special day to our constitution was taken by Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. It was on 11 th October 2015 that PM Modi made this declaration as he laid the foundation stone of the B.R. Ambedkar Memorial in Mumbai. On 19 th November the same year, the Indian Government declared 26 th November as the National Constitution Day via a gazette notification.

2015 was the year when we celebrated Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s 125 th birth anniversary. Ambedkar headed the Drafting Committee for the Indian Constitution. He played a key role in drafting the constitution of our country.

The decision to dedicate a day for the constitution of our country is an attempt to emphasize its importance and the need to follow it. The constitution was laid to ensure a systematic approach to run the country. It gave a sense of direction to the leaders and ensured a fair play. Some of the clauses in the constitution have been amended since then to keep it relevant as per the time. The procedure to amend the constitution has been shared in the constitution of India.

National Constitution Day Celebrations

National constitution day is celebrated in various government offices and schools across India. It is the day to celebrate the adoption of our national constitution. It is not a national holiday. It is a working day for schools as well as offices. However, people in government offices take a break from their routine tasks to celebrate this day.

Speeches are delivered and words of praise are sung in the honour of the Indian constitution. People often get into discussion about the Indian politics on such an occasion. Such discussions and celebrations are a good way to connect with each other.

Many schools also make efforts to organize special event to celebrate this day. Speeches, debates and quiz competitions form a part of National Constitution Day in schools.

A country’s constitution is its pillar of strength. It is the basis of a strong and peaceful society. National Constitution Day is a way to remind us of its importance and celebrate its existence.

Essay on National Constitution Day in 500 words

National Constitution Day came into being in the year 2015. Since then, 26 th November is being celebrated as National Constitution Day. It was Prime Minister Narendra Modi who came up with the idea of celebrating this day as National Constitution Day every year. The idea was welcomed by everyone. The constitution of India was adopted on 26 th November 1949 and hence this date was chosen to celebrate this accomplishment.

The Constitution of India

The Constitution of India was written by a drafting committee that was formed by the Constituent Assembly of India. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar headed this committee. Here are few interesting facts about the Indian Constitution:

• The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 th November 1949. It came into effect two months later that is on 26 th January 1950 which is celebrated as the Republic Day.
• B.R. Ambedkar is considered as the Father of the Indian Constitution.
• It is referred to as a bag of borrowings as different concepts and clauses included in our constitution were directly inspired and taken from the constitutions of various countries including Ireland, France, Japan, South Africa, Australia, Germany, USA, Britain and Russia.
• After the drafting committee presented the final draft, more than 2000 amendments were made before it was finally approved. These amendments were made after a lot of discussion.
• The Constitution of India was handwritten and carefully calligraphed. It was written in both English and Hindi languages.
• The Constitution of India comprises of 448 articles. It has 5 appendices, 12 schedules and 25 parts.
• The Constitution was signed by 284 members of the Constituent Assembly on 24 th January 1950. This was just two days before it was enforced.
• Indian constitution has undergone 101 amendments since its inception.

Significance of National Constitution Day

National Constitution Day is a day of national importance. It is a day to celebrate the adoption of the constitution of our country. It is also a day to honour and appreciate the committee that worked hard to come up with it. As he declared 26 th November as the Constitution Day of India, PM Modi mentioned that this initiative has been taken to spread awareness about the Indian Constitution. He also said that the schools shall impart knowledge about the constitution of India to the students on this day.

Since, this special day has come into being just around three years ago people are still trying to understand its relevance and importance. While this day is as important as the Republic Day and Independence Day, its significance hasn’t been emphasized as much and it is not celebrated on such a grand scale. However, the fondness for this day is likely to increase over the years as the awareness about this special day grows and as people get to understand the significance of our Constitution.

National Constitution Day is a day of pride for every Indian. It should not just be celebrated in schools and government offices. Events should be organized to celebrate this day at other places as well. After all, it is a day of national importance.

Long Essay on National Constitution Day in 600 words

The Constitution of India came into being on 26 th November 1949 and after almost 66 years it was decided to celebrate the day of its adoption. On the suggestion of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, 26 th November was declared as National Constitution Day on 19 th November 2015.

The day is celebrated in various schools, colleges and offices across India since 2015.

National Constitution Day Celebration in My School

National Constitution Day has been celebrated with great enthusiasm in our school since the last three years. This year also a lot of activities were organized to commemorate this day. Everyone took active participation in these activities. The celebrations were as grand as those organized on Republic Day and Independence Day.

Our school was all decked up to celebrate this event. Students were asked to prepare posters of different members of the Drafting Committee of the Indian constitution as well as the Constituent Assembly. Many posters of Indian freedom fighters were also made. All these were pinned up at different places in the school. Famous slogans given by some of our prominent leaders were also written on posters and pasted all around the school. Our teachers made us write the fundamental rights and duties of the Indian citizens and these were hung in our classes.

The idea behind all this was to generate our interest in the Indian Constitution and acquaint us with what it is all about. We have not had a chance to learn much about our constitution as we had not been celebrating this day since long and also because we have not been taught much about it in the school. The concept is new and thus it seems more interesting.

As a part of the celebration, we all assembled in the school auditorium and read the ‘Preamble of Constitution of India’. It was a good start. This was followed by a speech by our principal. She spoke at length about how a special drafting committee consisting of seven members worked hard and came up with the final draft of the Indian constitution after almost three years of rigorous research and efforts.

We learned many new and interesting facts about our constitution through her speech. Many other teachers also stepped forward to talk about the significance of the constitution. This gave us a deep insight into our country’s constitution and made us aware about our fundamental rights and duties as well as various constitutional laws.

After this, it was time for debate competition. The topic for this was the Constitution of India. Many students from the senior classes prepared for this competition. After a heavy dose of debates by several students, it was time for the quiz competition. This was an inter-house competition. I also participated in it along with various other students from different classes. Each team comprised of students from the junior as well as senior classes. We learned a lot about the Constitution of our country in order to do our best in the quiz as all the questions were based on it.

Some students also performed a skit which was very entertaining as well as informative. This was the best part of the event. It was a fun-filled day. We thoroughly enjoyed the celebrations.

National Constitution Day Calls for Grand Celebration

National Constitution Day is an important day as the constitution of our country holds immense importance for us. The celebrations for this day must not be restricted just to schools and government institutions. The Government of India must spread more awareness about this day and its significance and it should be celebrated with enthusiasm across the country.

National Constitution Day has certainly generated the youth’s interest in the constitution of the country. It has also helped them understand its importance and role in building the nation.

Related Topics to Ambedkar Jayanti

Frequently Asked Questions on National Constitution Day

Why do we celebrate national constitution day.

We celebrate National Constitution Day to honor the adoption of India's constitution on November 26, 1949.

What is constitution in 150 words?

A constitution is a set of fundamental rules and principles that guide how a country is governed and protects the rights of its citizens.

What is constitution 10 lines?

A constitution is a document that outlines the basic laws and principles of a country's government, providing a framework for its functioning.

What is constitution in 15 lines?

A constitution is a crucial legal document that establishes the rules and principles for governing a country, protecting the rights and freedoms of its people.

What is 20 Constitution of India?

The 20 Constitution of India doesn't exist; there's one Constitution for India, which is the supreme law of the land.

Why do we need 10 lines of constitution?

We need a 10-line constitution to clearly define the fundamental rules and rights of a nation, ensuring fair and just governance.

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A Proclamation on Constitution Day and Citizenship Day, and Constitution Week,   2021

For 234 years, America’s Constitution has guided our growth, shaped our progress, and defined us as a Nation of sacred laws and fundamental values.  When our democracy is tested, we draw strength from the Constitution to see us through.  When we look ahead in our uniquely American way — restless, bold, and optimistic — our Constitution is the bedrock we build upon to make our Nation more equal, more just, and more prosperous for all our people.

American democracy requires our constant care, vigilance, and full participation to determine the course and conscience of our Union.  As President, I swore an oath to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution, and I will continue to work tirelessly to ensure that we uphold and strengthen this remarkable system of self-government for future generations ready to put their own shoulders to the wheel.  

The Framers of the Constitution understood the extraordinary promise of a democratic system of government — a Nation that could be made a “more perfect Union” by each passing generation to come.  They laid out a set of basic principles and equipped the American people with all that was necessary to meet the changing needs and values of our country through the years.

For more than two centuries, women and men have struggled and strived to make good on the promise of our founding document and to expand the promise of America by amending our Constitution in accordance with our growth and progress as a Nation — just as the Framers envisioned they would.  Through Civil War, the fight for universal suffrage, and the heroic non-violent resistance of the Civil Rights Movement — from Seneca Falls to Selma and countless acts of civic bravery beyond — courageous Americans have fought, sacrificed, and changed hearts and minds to deliver the full breadth of human dignity to which our Constitution aspires.  Fully realizing these ideals and attaining justice for all remains an urgent and enduring imperative.

Today, we are in the midst of grave attempts to suppress and subvert the right to vote in free and fair elections — the most sacred right in our democracy and the very heart of our Constitution.  We must continue to rebuff these threats to ensure that American democracy remains healthy and strong.  My Administration is pursuing an all-of-government effort to protect and expand the fundamental right to vote and make our democracy more equitable and accessible for all Americans.  

I have often said that America is the only Nation founded on an idea.  Though we have never fully lived up to it, we have never walked away from it.  We have never stopped striving to fulfill the founding promise of our Nation — that all of us are created equal and deserve to be treated equally throughout our lives.  My Administration is committed to bringing us closer to the fulfillment of that promise.

To honor the timeless principles enshrined in our Constitution, the Congress has, by joint resolution of February 29, 1952 (36 U.S.C. 106), designated September 17 as “Constitution Day and Citizenship Day” and authorized the President to issue a proclamation calling on United States officials to display the flag of the United States on all Government buildings on that day.  By joint resolution of August 2, 1956 (36 U.S.C. 108), the Congress further requested that the President proclaim the week beginning September 17 and ending September 23 of each year as “Constitution Week.” 

NOW, THEREFORE, I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 17, 2021, as Constitution Day and Citizenship Day, and September 17, 2021, through September 23, 2021, as Constitution Week.  On this day and during this week, we celebrate our Constitution and the rights of citizenship that together we enjoy as the people of this proud Nation. 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-one, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-sixth.

                                JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.

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Essay On Constitution Of India

The Constitution of India is a set of rules and regulations that was drafted by a committee headed by Dr. B.R Ambedkar. It contains the guidelines as per which our country is expected to function such that its political, legal, and social ecosystems stay maintained. Here are a few sample essays on “Constitution of India”.

100 Words Essay On Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is a legal document that outlines the political system's framework and the obligations, privileges, and restraints to which this country should adhere.

The Indian Constitution came into force on this date in 1950. Although Dr. Ambedkar is renowned for his significant contribution to the constitution's drafting, 299 people put a lot of effort into making it what it is today.

The Indian constitution is the lengthiest in the world. There are 25 parts, 448 articles, and 12 schedules in it. The people who wrote the constitution had to pay attention to even the most minor details because our country is vast, with many different cultures, castes, religions, and states.

200 Words Essay On Constitution of India

The Indian constitution is a document which contains the framework of our political system, the duties, rights, limitations, and structure of government that we should follow in this nation. In addition, it lays out the rights and obligations of Indian citizens. In India, nobody, not even the prime minister or the president, can violate the constitution.

Republic Day | India celebrates Republic Day on January 26 every year. This day is remembered as when the Indian Constitution became effective in 1950. Dr. Ambedkar played a significant role in drafting the constitution, but 299 others prominently contributed to its creation.

Length | The Indian constitution is the lengthiest in the world. It has 448 articles organised into 25 parts and 12 schedules. The drafting and enforcement of the constitution were democratic processes. It protects the fundamental rights of every Indian.

Provisions | The constitution divides the strengths of three governmental institutions: the executive, judiciary, and legislature. This means that the Indian Constitution advocates for a federal government. According to the Preamble, the country's unity and integrity must be safeguarded by achieving justice, liberty, and equality for all people. State governments and the central government share government powers. The constitution says India is a republic, meaning no dictator or king governs it. Individuals are the public authority. Citizens elect their leaders every five years.

500 Words Essay on The Constitution of India

The longest constitution of any sovereign state in the world, the Indian Constitution offers a comprehensive framework for governing the nation while considering its diversity in social, cultural, and religious beliefs.

Constituent Assembly

The members of the provincial assemblies chosen by the Indian people formed the Constituent Assembly of India, which drafted the constitution. Dr Sachidanand Sinha presided over the Constituent Assembly as its first president. Later, Dr Rajendra Prasad was chosen to serve as its leader.

Length Of The Constitution

The Indian Constitution is the world's longest-written constitution for any sovereign nation and is a unique document with many extraordinary features. The constitution's original text had 395 articles divided into 25 parts and 12 schedules. It became effective on January 26, 1950, and India celebrated Republic Day. Since then, 100 amendments have brought the total number of articles to 448.

Drafting Of The Constitution

The Indian Constitution, which offers a comprehensive and dynamic framework to guide and govern the country while keeping in mind its unique social, cultural, and religious diversity, is credited to Dr BR Ambedkar, chairman of its drafting committee. It creates the three main branches of government—executive, legislative, and judicial—and lays out their respective roles, responsibilities, and powers. It also governs their interactions with one another.

In the Preamble to the Constitution, India is described as a welfare state dedicated to securing justice, liberty, and equality for all citizens and fostering fraternity, the dignity of each person, and the unity and integrity of the country. The Preamble's objectives form the fundamental framework of the Indian Constitution, which cannot be changed. The Preamble's opening and closing clauses, "We, the People... adopt, enact, and give to ourselves this Constitution," indicate that the people ultimately hold the reins of power.

Fundamental Rights

The constitution grants citizens a wide range of fundamental rights. These include the following:

The right to equality

The right to freedom

The right against exploitation

The right to freedom of religion

The right to cultural and educational freedom

The right to constitutional remedies

These rights are actionable in court, and if one is violated, a person may file a petition with the Supreme Court or one of the High Courts. However, there are limitations to India's fundamental rights. It is possible to impose reasonable limitations. Fundamental duties were added to the constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 to remind people that while exercising their rights as citizens, they also have obligations because rights and obligations are correlated.

Directive Principles Of State Policy

The constitution also has a chapter on the ‘Directive Principles Of State Policy’. These serve as instructions to the government on how to put them into practice to establish social and economic democracy in the country.

The fact that the constitution is a living document that can change over time through interpretation or amendment is one of its advantages. To avoid impeding the nation's and its people's progress, it is also among the most frequently amended constitutions in the world.

As a result, the success of the Indian Constitution for a nation as diverse and as complex as India continues to fascinate, astound, and incite experts worldwide.

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Home — Essay Samples — Law, Crime & Punishment — Constitution — The Constitution of the United States

The Constitution of The United States

• Categories: Constitution

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Words: 613 |

Published: Jan 4, 2019

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Submissions Due: Constitution Day Essay Contest

Most people do not spend much time thinking about the United States Constitution. Nor do they have much knowledge about its contents.

Write an essay on the importance of the Constitution and why people should learn more about it, including its history and its contents.

Winners will be announced on September 26 at the Constitution Day Lecture/University Forum with Akhil Amar, Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale, at 11 a.m. in the Marriott Center.

Essay on Constitution of India for Students and Children

500+ words essay on constitution of india.

The constitution of India came into force from 26 January. A special committee is gathered to draw and outline the constitution. The constitution gives all the details related to what is legal and what is illegal in the country. In addition, with the enforcement of the constitution, the Indian sub-continent become the Republic of India . Besides, the drafting committee consists of seven members that were supervised by B.R. Ambedkar. Moreover, the constitution helps in maintaining prosperity and peace in the country.

Salient Features of the Constitution

The list of salient features of the Indian constitution is very long and there are many uniqueness about it that you won’t find in any other countries constitution.

Longest Written Constitution

The first thing that makes the Indian constitution different is its length. The constitution of India contains a preamble, 448fourhundred, and forty-eight Articles, twenty-five groups, twelve Schedules, and five appendices. Moreover, it takes around 3 years to complete the draft of the constitution.

The Rigidity and Flexibility of the Indian Constitution

The constitution is hard as well as soft both at the same time. While on one side the supreme power needs to be followed carefully to maintain the law and order in the country, on the other side the citizen can appeal to amend the outdated provisions. But there are certain provisions that can be easily amended and there are some that take a lot of time and resources to amend. Furthermore, there have been more than 100 amendments in the constitution from the day of its enforcement.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

The original constitution does not have preamble but it was later on added to the constitution. Also, it gives a detailed account of the constitution’s philosophy. The preamble states that India is a Socialist, Secular, Sovereign, and Democratic republic. In addition, it believes in equality, justice, and freedom of its people . The constitution puts the welfare of its people first rather than the state.

A Secular State

According to the constitution of India is a secular country that means that it does not give special status to any religion. Anyone can perform his religion freely.

It means a dictator or monarch does not rule the country. Moreover, it nominates and elects its head every five years.

Fundamental Policies

The constitution of t5he country states every fundamental duty of its citizens under it. These duties have to be followed by all the citizens of the country equally whether it’s a rich person or a poor one. Besides, these duties include the respect of national flag and national anthem , integrity and unity of the country, the safeguard of public property, and various others.

Directive State Principle or Policy

This policy is simple guidelines to the state in which ensure the development of its socio-economy via its policies.

In conclusion, the constitution serves as guidelines for every citizen. Also, law and rule are completely defined in the constitution. The head of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar has done a remarkable job that no one can forget. He and his team draft constitution that no other country has bale to do till date. Besides, the constitution has helped India to attain the status of the Republic in the world.

FAQs about Essay on Constitution of India

Q.1 Define what is the Indian constitution in simple words? A.1 The constitution is the supreme law of the country. Everything is predefined in it. Besides, the constitution is a framework that guides the procedures, policies, and power of the government.

Q.2 Who is known as the father of the Indian constitution? A.2 Dr. B.R. Amberdkar is the father of the Indian constitution because he was the head of the drafting committee that completed the constitution.

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National Constitution Day Essay

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949; though it came into effect only on 26 th January 1950. Hence, the day on which the Constitution was adopted, that is 26 th January, is celebrated as the Constitution Day in India. The day was declared by the Government of India by a gazetted notification issued on 19 th November 2015. Prior to the notification the day was observed as the Law Day. It was implemented to raise the awareness of people on Indian Constitution and its significance.  National Constitution Day isn’t a public holiday and various events are organized in schools, colleges and offices to make people familiar with their Constitution.

Long and Short Essay on Constitution Day of India in English

We have provided below short and long essay on constitution Day of India in English. The essays have been written in simple English language, making them easily memorable and presentable on need.

After going through the essays you will have useful information not only on National constitution Day but also on the constitution of India along with questions like – why is national constitution day celebrated, when is the day celebrated, how is it celebrated and its significance etc.

These constitution Day of India essay will be helpful for you during your school assignments on National Constitution Day.

Essay on National Constitution Day – Essay 1 (200 words)

National Constitution Day is a day of pride for every Indian as it is a day to celebrate the adoption of our constitution.

The need to write and incorporate constitution of our own was felt after India got independence from the British rule in August 1947. Everything seemed hay wire back then and there was a dire need to make it all systematic. The Constituent Assembly of India set up a Drafting Committee which was assigned the responsibility of drafting the constitution of the country. The drafting committee worked under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

They drafted the constitution of India after considering the country’s socio economic conditions and various other aspects. The constitution of India came into effect on the 26 th of January 1950; though, it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949.

It was in the year 2015 that it was decided to celebrate November 26 as the constitution Day and commemorate the efforts of our leaders who worked hard to bring our constitution to form. The declaration for the same was made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 11 th October 2015 while laying the foundation stone of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial in Mumbai. 26 th November thus became our National Constitution Day.

The day is celebrated in government offices. Speeches are delivered and people congratulate each other for the adoption and implementation of the constitution of the country. Speeches are also delivered in schools to acquaint the young generation with the features of the Indian constitution of our country.

It is indeed a day of national pride.

Essay on Constitution Day of India – Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction

The constitution of India was drafted on 26 th November 1949 after almost three years (two years and eleven months) of rigorous hard work by the drafting committee. The committee was headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar who played a key role in drafting our constitution. The constitution came into effect on 26 th January 1950 which is celebrated as the Republic Day. National Constitution Day is celebrated on 26 th November each year since 2015.

Father of the Indian Constitution and Constitution Drafting Committee Members

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution. A Drafting Committee was set up by the Constituent Assembly to draft the Indian Constitution. This committee comprised of seven members. These were Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, N. Gopalaswami Ayengar, B.L. Mitter, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Mohammad Saadullah and DP Khaitan. They took various things into account to come up with a constitution that preached to treat everyone equally and set goals for a better nation.

The Constituent Assembly comprised of many prominent leaders who played a key role in the Indian struggle for independence. There were a total of 389 members in the Constituent Assembly. These were reduced to 299 after the partition of India. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Abul Kalam Azad, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, B.R. Ambedkar, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee and C. Rajagopalachari were among few esteemed members of the Constituent Assembly. They played a major role in building our nation.

A Day Dedicated to Our Constitution

Since the constitution of our country came into form on 26 th November 1949, this date was chosen to celebrate the National Constitution Day. This day is being celebrated since the year 2015 after Prime Minister Narendra Modi came up with the suggestion to dedicate a special day to our constitution.

It is a day of celebration for every Indian citizen. It is celebrated in schools, colleges and government offices.

The Indian constitution gave our country a direction and a sense of responsibility to our leaders. National Constitution Day is a mark of respect to the constitution.

Essay on National Constitution Day – Essay 3 (400 words)

National Constitution Day, also known as Samvidhan Divas, is a day to rejoice the adoption of Constitution of India. It is celebrated on 26 th November every year. While the constitution of our country was implemented back in 1950, it was only recently that it was decided to dedicate a special day to celebrate this big achievement.

National Constitution Day Declaration

The decision to dedicate a special day to our constitution was taken by Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. It was on 11 th October 2015 that PM Modi made this declaration as he laid the foundation stone of the B.R. Ambedkar Memorial in Mumbai. On 19 th November the same year, the Indian Government declared 26 th November as the National Constitution Day via a gazette notification.

2015 was the year when we celebrated Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s 125 th birth anniversary. Ambedkar headed the Drafting Committee for the Indian Constitution. He played a key role in drafting the constitution of our country.

The decision to dedicate a day for the constitution of our country is an attempt to emphasize its importance and the need to follow it. The constitution was laid to ensure a systematic approach to run the country. It gave a sense of direction to the leaders and ensured a fair play. Some of the clauses in the constitution have been amended since then to keep it relevant as per the time. The procedure to amend the constitution has been shared in the constitution of India.

National Constitution Day Celebrations

National constitution day is celebrated in various government offices and schools across India. It is the day to celebrate the adoption of our national constitution. It is not a national holiday. It is a working day for schools as well as offices. However, people in government offices take a break from their routine tasks to celebrate this day.

Speeches are delivered and words of praise are sung in the honour of the Indian constitution. People often get into discussion about the Indian politics on such an occasion. Such discussions and celebrations are a good way to connect with each other.

Many schools also make efforts to organize special event to celebrate this day. Speeches, debates and quiz competitions form a part of National Constitution Day in schools.

A country’s constitution is its pillar of strength. It is the basis of a strong and peaceful society. National Constitution Day is a way to remind us of its importance and celebrate its existence.

Essay on Indian Constitution Day – Essay 4 (500 words)

National Constitution Day came into being in the year 2015. Since then, 26 th November is being celebrated as National Constitution Day. It was Prime Minister Narendra Modi who came up with the idea of celebrating this day as National Constitution Day every year. The idea was welcomed by everyone. The constitution of India was adopted on 26 th November 1949 and hence this date was chosen to celebrate this accomplishment.

The Constitution of India

The Constitution of India was written by a drafting committee that was formed by the Constituent Assembly of India. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar headed this committee. Here are few interesting facts about the Indian Constitution:

• The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 th November 1949. It came into effect two months later that is on 26 th January 1950 which is celebrated as the Republic Day.
• B.R. Ambedkar is considered as the Father of the Indian Constitution.
• It is referred to as a bag of borrowings as different concepts and clauses included in our constitution were directly inspired and taken from the constitutions of various countries including Ireland, France, Japan, South Africa, Australia, Germany, USA, Britain and Russia.
• After the drafting committee presented the final draft, more than 2000 amendments were made before it was finally approved. These amendments were made after a lot of discussion.
• The Constitution of India was handwritten and carefully calligraphed. It was written in both English and Hindi languages.
• The Constitution of India comprises of 448 articles. It has 5 appendices, 12 schedules and 25 parts.
• The Constitution was signed by 284 members of the Constituent Assembly on 24 th January 1950. This was just two days before it was enforced.
• Indian constitution has undergone 101 amendments since its inception.

Significance of National Constitution Day

National Constitution Day is a day of national importance. It is a day to celebrate the adoption of the constitution of our country. It is also a day to honour and appreciate the committee that worked hard to come up with it. As he declared 26 th November as the Constitution Day of India, PM Modi mentioned that this initiative has been taken to spread awareness about the Indian Constitution. He also said that the schools shall impart knowledge about the constitution of India to the students on this day.

Since, this special day has come into being just around three years ago people are still trying to understand its relevance and importance. While this day is as important as the Republic Day and Independence Day, its significance hasn’t been emphasized as much and it is not celebrated on such a grand scale. However, the fondness for this day is likely to increase over the years as the awareness about this special day grows and as people get to understand the significance of our Constitution.

National Constitution Day is a day of pride for every Indian. It should not just be celebrated in schools and government offices. Events should be organized to celebrate this day at other places as well. After all, it is a day of national importance.

Long Essay on Constitution Day of India – Essay 5 (600 words)

The Constitution of India came into being on 26 th November 1949 and after almost 66 years it was decided to celebrate the day of its adoption. On the suggestion of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, 26 th November was declared as National Constitution Day on 19 th November 2015.

The day is celebrated in various schools, colleges and offices across India since 2015.

National Constitution Day Celebration in My School

National Constitution Day has been celebrated with great enthusiasm in our school since the last three years. This year also a lot of activities were organized to commemorate this day. Everyone took active participation in these activities. The celebrations were as grand as those organized on Republic Day and Independence Day.

Our school was all decked up to celebrate this event. Students were asked to prepare posters of different members of the Drafting Committee of the Indian constitution as well as the Constituent Assembly. Many posters of Indian freedom fighters were also made. All these were pinned up at different places in the school. Famous slogans given by some of our prominent leaders were also written on posters and pasted all around the school. Our teachers made us write the fundamental rights and duties of the Indian citizens and these were hung in our classes.

The idea behind all this was to generate our interest in the Indian Constitution and acquaint us with what it is all about. We have not had a chance to learn much about our constitution as we had not been celebrating this day since long and also because we have not been taught much about it in the school. The concept is new and thus it seems more interesting.

As a part of the celebration, we all assembled in the school auditorium and read the ‘Preamble of Constitution of India’. It was a good start. This was followed by a speech by our principal. She spoke at length about how a special drafting committee consisting of seven members worked hard and came up with the final draft of the Indian constitution after almost three years of rigorous research and efforts.

We learned many new and interesting facts about our constitution through her speech. Many other teachers also stepped forward to talk about the significance of the constitution. This gave us a deep insight into our country’s constitution and made us aware about our fundamental rights and duties as well as various constitutional laws.

After this, it was time for debate competition. The topic for this was the Constitution of India. Many students from the senior classes prepared for this competition. After a heavy dose of debates by several students, it was time for the quiz competition. This was an inter-house competition. I also participated in it along with various other students from different classes. Each team comprised of students from the junior as well as senior classes. We learned a lot about the Constitution of our country in order to do our best in the quiz as all the questions were based on it.

Some students also performed a skit which was very entertaining as well as informative. This was the best part of the event. It was a fun-filled day. We thoroughly enjoyed the celebrations.

National Constitution Day Calls for Grand Celebration

National Constitution Day is an important day as the constitution of our country holds immense importance for us. The celebrations for this day must not be restricted just to schools and government institutions. The Government of India must spread more awareness about this day and its significance and it should be celebrated with enthusiasm across the country.

National Constitution Day has certainly generated the youth’s interest in the constitution of the country. It has also helped them understand its importance and role in building the nation.

Related Information:

Constitution Day

Ambedkar Jayanti

Speech on National Constitution Day

Speech on Constitution of India

Essay on Constitution of India

Slogans on Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar

Dr. Ambedkar Mahaparinirvan Diwas

Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution

Speech on Article 370 of Constitution of India

Essay on Article 35A of Indian Constitution

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Jamaica Kincaid in her garden.

Photos by Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard Staff Photographer

Walking children through a garden of good and evil

Eileen O’Grady

Harvard Staff Writer

Jamaica Kincaid’s new book presents history of colonialism, identity through plants that helped shape it

In Jamaica Kincaid’s garden, surprises are common. This summer, a Canada lily bloomed by her front door, while dill, tomatillo, and parsnip cropped up in the vegetable garden — all unprompted gifts from past seasons.

Kincaid , professor of  African and African American Studies  in residence, emerita, walked through the lush beds of plantings at her Vermont, home, snipping scapes off garlic plants for dinner. The Antiguan American author, who once spent half her year in Cambridge, retired from teaching this spring and is now a year-rounder in North Bennington amid the forests, farms, and covered bridges.

“It’s where I feel most at home, really,” she said. “It’s strange, because I grew up in a seascape and now I’m surrounded by mountains. When I’m at the sea I can’t really think, but when I’m at the mountains, I can think.”

Kincaid shares her love of plants and their history in a new book published this spring. “ An Encyclopedia of Gardening for Colored Children ,” illustrated by  Kara Walker , is an ABC of plants that shaped the world, and their often-brutal colonial history. It’s the first children’s book in nearly 40 years for Kincaid, an award-winning writer whose work encompasses themes of colonialism, identity, and family relationships. 

“I wrote the book for the child I used to be and perhaps still am.”

“I wrote the book for the child I used to be and perhaps still am,” said Kincaid, the author of “Annie John” (1985), “Lucy” (1990), “The Autobiography of My Mother” (1996), and “Mr. Potter” (2002), as well as numerous other books, short stories, and essays.

That child learned to read nonfiction books at her mother’s elbow, preferring the dictionary and the Bible to children’s literature. In school, her favorite subjects were botany, history, and geography — three topics she weaves together in “An Encyclopedia.”

As a child in Antigua, Kincaid experienced an island climate dry and prone to drought, but her mother, who came from the more tropical climate of Dominica, had a natural talent for growing plants that Kincaid absorbed.

Today, she said, gardening serves as a way of getting her literary ideas flowing. The writing desk in her Vermont office sits before a wide window that looks out on a magnolia tree and the garden beyond. 

Her garden is a patchwork of memories and meaning: two hollyhocks grown from seeds she collected in Ukraine and Israel, a cotoneaster from a visit to China, and a section devoted to Antiguan plants — cotton, sugarcane, banana, cockscomb, and dahlias — which she raises with varying degrees of success in less temperate southern Vermont.

“I didn’t write [my book] to make children interested in gardening, but to be interested in the world,” Kincaid said. “It’s meant to make you love the world. Because I love the world, and the world of the garden in that book.”

“An Encyclopedia” opens in the Garden of Eden (“A Is for Apple and Adam too”), establishing themes of good, evil, and the fall of man, which come up on later pages.

“So much of the garden as we know it, or the vegetable kingdom, is involved in a great violation in our part of the world: the violation of enslaving people and attaching them to plants to yield wealth for somebody.”

“So much of the garden as we know it, or the vegetable kingdom, is involved in a great violation in our part of the world: the violation of enslaving people and attaching them to plants to yield wealth for somebody,” Kincaid explained. “In thinking about the history of Africans in the New World, you can’t help but immediately go to plants. Their presence is associated with cotton and forced labor and eventually they become a commodity like the commodity of cotton and sugar.”

In her book, Kincaid doesn’t hold back from referencing some of history’s darker moments. “B Is for Breadfruit” explains that the tree was introduced to the Caribbean by Capt. James Cook as food for enslaved people. “U Is for Ulmus” describes the elm tree under which William Penn signed a  treaty  of friendship with the Lenni Lenape Nation in 1682 that lasted only a generation before the Lenape were displaced by European settlers.

“The American Elm was introduced into the American imagination as a plant that represented love and peace,” Kincaid said. “The American Elm began to suffer from a disease, and it’s extinct now. I make the connection that the elm tree, having witnessed the betrayal of this promise, has decided to die.”

During the publishing process, Kincaid was adamant about keeping the phrase “colored children” in the title, preferring it to “children of color” despite it deterring some potential collaborators. However, Kincaid found a kindred creator in artist Walker, who is known for exploring themes of race, identity, and violence, especially via black cut-paper silhouetted figures.

“I would send her my entries, and she would then draw something for it,” Kincaid recalled. “Everything she sent was a delight.” 

Kincaid dislikes most children’s books, finding them too simple and patronizing for their young audiences. Exceptions include a few classics such as Margaret Wise Brown’s “Goodnight Moon” and “The Runaway Bunny,” and Beatrix Potter’s “Peter Rabbit.” (Kincaid identifies with Mr. McGregor.)

“Most children’s books are just utter nonsense and really seem designed to blunt a child’s thinking.”

“Most children’s books are just utter nonsense and really seem designed to blunt a child’s thinking,” Kincaid said. “You should tell us about the world. A child should know all of that, because it encourages us as children to seek out the truth.”

Kincaid taught her final course this spring. Retiring, she said, is bittersweet.

“It made me, I think, a better person,” Kincaid said about teaching. “I loved my students. I loved seeing someone flower.”

Kincaid’s immediate plans include writing, reading, cultivating her garden, and following her own curiosity. This summer, she will delve into the history of the Iberian Peninsula in the 15th century, with books on Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, and the Portuguese empire. (Also in Kincaid’s summer to-read pile: Octavia Butler’s “Parable of the Sower,” Sathnam Sanghera’s “Empireland,” and Silvia Federici’s “Caliban and the Witch.”)

“In a way, I love the feeling of not knowing, because the pleasure of then knowing what you didn’t know is so amazing,” Kincaid said. “I don’t resent being ignorant because every time the ignorance is erased it’s so thrilling. God knows there’s a lot in an individual that is ignorant, but if you just keep on, you erase a little bit of it every day.”

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Donald J. Trump intends to bring independent regulatory agencies under direct presidential control. Credit... Doug Mills/The New York Times

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By Jonathan Swan Charlie Savage and Maggie Haberman

• Published July 17, 2023 Updated July 18, 2023

Donald J. Trump and his allies are planning a sweeping expansion of presidential power over the machinery of government if voters return him to the White House in 2025, reshaping the structure of the executive branch to concentrate far greater authority directly in his hands.

Their plans to centralize more power in the Oval Office stretch far beyond the former president’s recent remarks that he would order a criminal investigation into his political rival, President Biden, signaling his intent to end the post-Watergate norm of Justice Department independence from White House political control.

Mr. Trump and his associates have a broader goal: to alter the balance of power by increasing the president’s authority over every part of the federal government that now operates, by either law or tradition, with any measure of independence from political interference by the White House, according to a review of his campaign policy proposals and interviews with people close to him.

Mr. Trump intends to bring independent agencies — like the Federal Communications Commission, which makes and enforces rules for television and internet companies, and the Federal Trade Commission, which enforces various antitrust and other consumer protection rules against businesses — under direct presidential control.

He wants to revive the practice of “impounding” funds, refusing to spend money Congress has appropriated for programs a president doesn’t like — a tactic that lawmakers banned under President Richard Nixon.

He intends to strip employment protections from tens of thousands of career civil servants, making it easier to replace them if they are deemed obstacles to his agenda. And he plans to scour the intelligence agencies, the State Department and the defense bureaucracies to remove officials he has vilified as “the sick political class that hates our country.”

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