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The Intricacies of Sociopathy: Defining the Disorder and its Traits

This essay about sociopathy explains the characteristics and behaviors of individuals with this condition, which is linked to Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). It highlights traits such as a lack of empathy, impulsivity, manipulative behavior, and superficial charm. The essay discusses the genetic, environmental, and neurological factors that contribute to sociopathy and the challenges in treating it. It underscores the importance of recognizing and addressing the impact of sociopathy on individuals and society, advocating for early intervention and comprehensive support.

How it works

Sociopathy – a term used often, to describe to the individuals, that show the signs of specific person, what conduces to anti-social maintenance. Then it is closely related to Anti-social Disorder of Person (Aspd), a condition admitted in clinical psychology. Fully to understand sociopathy, substantially to understand his determination and key descriptions that differentiate it from the second disturbances of person and distinguish his operating on individuals and society.

Fundamentally, sociopathy includes the permanent standard of indifference for the second rights. This condition is marked such, that is managed, covinous, and often harmful maintenance.

Sociopaths has long history of violation of social norms and rights often, bringing over to the actions for example time-table, cheating, whether doing crimes. Unlike the second disturbances of person, sociopaths in general feels the defect of sympathy and uncapable to forming of the real emotional cleating with the second.

One of the most surprizing properties of sociopathy is a presence of the superficial charming and report. Sociopaths can appear by charisma and bringing in, doing their heavy to detect. They are often highly skilled in a management, second for a personnel extract a benefit, using charming and swindle, to attain their aims. This sign can be especially dangerous, when sociopaths occupies positions of power or influences, where their actions can have wide negative consequences.

Second attempt of sociopathy – impulsivity and tendency in the direction of aggressive maintenance. Sociopaths often operates without consideration of their potential consequences of actions. Then impulsivity can take to absolute maintenance, by the way abuse of substance, risky sexual activity, and strong explosions. Their aggressive tendencies can also be refined, leading to how psychological manipulation and tension of control above the second.

The origins of sociopathy are complicated and include combination of the genetic, external influencing, and neurological factors. Research offers, that individuals with domestic history of Aspd or second disturbances of person, more reliable, develop sociopathic of sign. Additionally, unfavorable childhood it experiences, for example abuse or neglect, can play substantial role to development of this maintenance.

Neurological, studies identified a difference in a cerebral structure and function for individuals with sociopathy. Technician Neuroimaging was shown by abnormality in a zawczasufrontalnej bark and almond, the regions of brain brought over to the decision-making, control impulse, and emotional adjusting. But a neurological difference, presumably, helps explain, that some of characteristic maintenance associated with sociopathy, for example absence of sympathy and poor impulse control.

Though “sociopath” of terms and “psychopath” is often used in relay, there is a difference between both. Psychopathy in general is examined, strict created with Aspd, what is characterized by the high degree of emotional department and greater passion for strong maintenance. From other side, more reliable, sociopaths forms attaching to the specific individuals or groups, though these mutual relations often dysfunctional.

Treating sociopathy can stimulate, as individuals with this disorder are often proof to seeking help. Traditional therapeutic approaches, for example cognitive-dynamic therapy (CBT), can be effective in some cases, especially, when it is concentrated on the change of specific maintenance. However, success of treatment largely depends on readiness of individual to attract to the process and their level of penetrating in their behavior.

In conclusion, sociopathy is a complex and multifaceted disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of antisocial behavior, lack of empathy, and impulsive actions. Understanding the definition and characteristics of sociopathy is crucial for recognizing and addressing the impact of this disorder on individuals and society. While treatment can be challenging, early intervention and a comprehensive approach that includes both psychological and social support can improve outcomes for those affected by sociopathy. Recognizing the signs and seeking appropriate help can make a significant difference in managing this challenging condition.

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Theory Figures and Causal Claims in Sociology

• Open access
• Published: 20 July 2024

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• Gordon Brett   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7710-3281 1 &
• Daniel Silver 2  

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When sociologists examine the content of sociological knowledge, they typically engage in textual analysis. Conversely, this paper examines the relationship between theory figures and causal claims. Analyzing a random sample of articles from prominent sociology journals, we find several notable trends in how sociologists both describe and visualize causal relationships, as well as how these modes of representation interrelate. First, we find that the modal use of arrows in sociology are as expressions of causal relationship. Second, arrow-based figures are connected to both strong and weak causal claims, but that strong causal claims are disproportionately found in U.S. journals compared to European journals. Third, both causal figures and causal claims are usually central to the overarching goals of articles. Lastly, the strength of causal figures typically fits with the strength of the textual causal claims, suggesting that visualization promotes clearer thinking and writing about causal relationships. Overall, our findings suggest that arrow-based figures are a crucial cognitive and communicative resource in the expression of causal claims.

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Introduction

Typically, when sociology itself is the object of study, scholars engage in a textual analysis, focusing on the verbal claims that sociologists have made in order to identify patterns and trends within the discipline (e.g., Abend et al., 2013 ; Maryl & Wilson, 2020 ; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 ). However, sociologists are not bound to a single medium, using both words and figures (among other mediums) to convey their ideas. As such, a few scholars have found that analyzing the kind of figures sociologists use can also generate important insights; locating affinities between previously incommensurable schools of thought (Bargheer, 2021 ), providing deeper understanding of theoretical logic (Baldamus, 1992 ) as well as establishing the grounds for scrutinizing and improving the practices of theorizing and theory visualization within sociology (Brett et al., 2020 ; Lynch, 1991 ; Silver, 2020 ; Swedberg, 2016 ; Turner, 2010 ). However, to our knowledge scholars have yet to systematically analyze the relationship between text and figures within sociology.

This relationship is vitally important for sociological practice, especially in that it is now commonplace to have visual representations embedded in textual descriptions. In an early critique of theory visualization, Lynch ( 1991 ) argued that most of the theory figures used by sociologists are merely scientistic ornaments which do little beyond the text save create the “impression of rationality”. Conversely, more recent work suggests that, for better or worse, theory figures often do things that their surrounding text simply cannot; they can make our work clearer, more memorable, and more easily communicable than words alone, but they can also easily mislead readers and outstrip the carefully constructed textual claims surrounding them (Brett et al., 2020 ; Swedberg, 2016 ; Turner, 2010 ). To substantiate and contextualize these discussions, what is required is a systematic analysis of how sociological texts and figures interrelate.

This paper focuses specifically on the textual description and visual representation of causality. Causality is a particularly compelling and instructive case, not only because it is a fundamental concern within sociological analysis, but because establishing causality is both a language-bound and visual affair (see Abend et al., 2013 ; Elwert, 2013 ; Gangl, 2010 ; Morgan & Winship, 2015 ; Pearl, 1998 ). On the one hand, sociologists are almost unavoidably tasked with describing the nature of the relationship between variables and are typically quite cautious and precise with the language they use when making causal claims (Abend et al., 2013 ; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 ). On the other hand, sociologists regularly use arrow-based figures to illustrate causal relationships (see Brett et al., 2020 ; Elwert, 2013 ; Pearl, 1998 ). While these may be carefully represented in the context of formal causal modelling, they may be less thoughtfully constructed in our more general theoretical efforts, which often produce unclear and under-specified visualizations that may or may not be interpreted as causal (Brett et al., 2020 ). This contrast between the care and vigilance with which sociologists describe causal relationships and their more relaxed approach to theory visualization suggests a potential disjuncture in the communication of causality.

What is the relationship between arrow-based diagrams and causal language within sociology? We answer this question by analyzing the figures and causal claims in sociology articles, drawing on a random sample of articles from seven prominent sociology journals. Our findings revealed several important trends in how sociologists both describe and visualize causal relationships, as well as how these modes of representation interrelate. First, we find that figures with arrows are usually connected to causal claims within the text, suggesting that the modal use of arrows in sociology are as expressions of causal relationship. Second, the textual causal claims connected to these figures are a relatively even mix of strong and weak causal claims, but strong causal claims are disproportionately found in U.S. journals compared to European journals. Third, in general both causal figures and causal claims are central to the broader aims of the articles as a whole. Lastly, the strength of causal figures typically fits with the strength of the textual causal claims. Overall, our analysis suggests that theory figures are a crucial cognitive and communicative resource in the development of sociological claims.

Literature Review

For many sociologists, establishing causal relationships is the central aim of sociology, but the grounds upon which sociologists are able to make causal claims (if at all) is thorny, both philosophically and methodologically. In recent years this has spurred sociologists to develop and refine how we think about cause and effect: quantitative sociologists have worked to clarify the requirements for valid causal inference (see Gangl, 2010 ; Morgan & Winship, 2015 ); historical sociologists have differentiated their broad approaches to causal investigation (Ermakoff, 2019 ); ethnographers have specified how to construct robust causal claims (Tavory & Timmermans, 2013 ) and theorists have developed the nature of causal mechanisms and the properties of larger causal chains (Gross, 2009 , 2018 ), establishing them as central to empirical investigation (see Hedström & Ylikoski, 2010 ). At present, we have several broad perspectives or models for approaching causality within sociological research (see Gangl, 2010 ; Hirschman & Reed, 2014 ; Small, 2013 ).

Rather than debating causality itself, some sociologists have chosen to empirically examine the way sociologists themselves make causal claims in published articles, and how these claims vary by the journals they are published in, the type of data and methods the articles employ, and even national variation in causal claims (Abend et al., 2013 ; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 ). This work has found that sociologists infrequently use direct causal language, and instead rely on metaphors and euphemisms of causality; that quantitative work makes stronger and more direct causal claims than ethnography; and that strong and central causal claims appear more frequently in U.S. generalist journals, amongst other things (Abend et al., 2013 ; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 ). These findings are said to demonstrate the “epistemic machinery” or “thought style” underpinning sociological claims (Abend et al., 2013 : 640–641; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 : 5).

While the analysis of text provides some insight about how sociologists think about and communicate causality, the representation of causality in sociology is also highly visual. This is clearest in the visualization of causal models, which has been essential to establishing causal relationships in sociological research. Historically, sociologists have relied heavily on path diagrams, which are a qualitative expression of causal relationships using arrows and variables. Path diagrams were developed by the geneticist Sewall Wright in the 1920’s and 1930’s as a means of identifying, interpreting, and understanding a series of causal relationships (Griesemer, 1991 ; Wright, 1934 ). The graphing of causal models garnered interest in sociology starting in the 1960’s with the rise of path diagrams for linear causal modelling (e.g., Blalock, 1964 ; Duncan, 1966 , see Bielby & Hauser, 1977 ). However, in recent years the focus on causal modelling has shifted toward directed acyclical graphs (DAGs) which emerged from path diagrams (Elwert, 2013 ; Elwert & Winship, 2014 ). DAGs are visual representations of qualitative causal assumptions in the data-generating process (Elwert, 2013 ; Elwert & Winship, 2014 ; Pearl, 2001 ). The three graphical elements in DAGs are variables, arrows (indicating possible direct causal effects), and non-arrows (representing a strong assumption of no causal effects) (Elwert, 2013 ). Importantly, throughout their history, path-based models have all explicitly invited causal interpretation (Blalock, 1964 ; Duncan, 1966 ; Elwert, 2013 ; Elwert & Winship, 2014 ; Griesemer, 1991 ). Both path diagrams and DAG’s support the ambitions of much of mainstream sociology: to establish the absence or presence of causal relationships between or among a set of bounded and discrete variables.

It is no coincidence that both path diagrams and DAG’s use arrows to visualize causality, because arrows are well suited to the expression and interpretation of causality. In two experiments on interpreting and producing diagrams of mechanical systems, Heiser and Tversky ( 2006 ) found that arrows were connected to functional information (related to sequences of actions or events, i.e., temporal, dynamic, and causal processes) rather than structural information (parts and their relations or arrangement). Depicting a function often entails “depicting movement, changes of state, forces, goals, and outcomes” (Heiser & Tversky, 2006 : 582), and arrows supported descriptions based on motion and causes (see also Huey et al., 2021 ). This suggests that “arrows added to diagrams will be readily interpreted as conveying change, movement, or causality” (Heiser & Tversky, 2006 : 589–590). Footnote 1

For sociologists, the ease with which arrows are interpreted as expressing causal relationships make them incredibly useful, but also makes them a potential source of unwanted inferences. Outside of the traditions of causal modelling discussed above, theory visualizations often use arrows in an ad-hoc manner, without established conventions or explicit graphical rules to rely on for construction or interpretation. Brett et al. ( 2020 ) found that sociologists often use arrows to represent relationships between variables, but rarely do they provide reading rules or legends to guide their visual interpretation. As a result, the meanings of arrows in theory visualization are often vague, making it unclear whether or not the arrow is meant to convey a causal relationship. This undisciplined use of arrows, combined with the typical interpretation of arrows revealed by Heiser and Tversky’s research, suggests that arrows in sociological visualizations are particularly likely to be misinterpreted as expressing causal relations.

Data and Methods

To analyze the relationship between arrow-based figures and causal claims, we draw from a large database of figures from seven leading sociology journals, including three generalist journals ( The American Journal of Sociology (AJS), The American Sociological Review (ASR), and The European Journal of Sociology (EJS)) and four theory journals ( Sociological Theory (ST), Theory and Society (T&S), The European Journal of Social Theory (EJST), and Theory, Culture, and Society (TCS)). We collected all issues of these journals published until 2015, and randomly selected 60 articles from each journal for analysis (save for EJST, which had fewer than 60 articles with visuals). We coded only those articles that used figures containing arrows.

We coded articles based on six features (see Appendix ). (1) Whether the article’s text made a causal claim pertaining to the relationship specified by the arrows used in the figure. (2) The strength of the causal claim in the article’s text. (3) Whether the specific causal claim represented in the diagram was one of the paper’s primary aims. (4) Whether or not the strength of the causal language in the text fit the strength of the causal relationships as represented by the figure. (5) Whether causal arguments or claims were central to the papers’ explicitly stated aims. (6) Whether the figure was a data visualization or a theory visualization. Footnote 2 The first three codes were borrowed from Abend et al. ( 2013 ) and adapted to the study of visuals as well as text, while the latter three codes were added and refined based on our independent coding of a small subset of articles and a comparison of the results. This allowed us to discuss our coding decisions, clarify our interpretation and definition of each code, and identify previously unaccounted for variables that necessitated the addition of new codes.

After our preliminary rounds of coding, we coded the rest of the data in full. Coding was conducted independently by three coders, the two authors and a research assistant. While our preliminary coding and discussion was intended to establish consistency across coders, the codes applied in our analysis require subjective and occasionally challenging assessments about the text, figures, and articles as a whole. Because of the complexity and interpretive nature of the coding, we ensured that every article was coded independently by multiple coders. A comparison of the results revealed that while coders tended to be consistent in assessing the more straight-forward features of the articles (e.g., whether figures were theory visualizations or data visualizations), they were less consistent on those that required major interpretive judgement (e.g., whether causality was central to the article as a whole). Because of these interpretive differences, we average out the counts across the two coders of each article, and we use percentages not to establish precise figures, but simply as a means to locate broad patterns in published sociological work.

The Correlation Between Arrows and Causal Claims

Because of the ease with which arrows are interpreted as expressing causal relations, our first concern was whether or not the text in articles made causal claims pertaining to the relationship specified by the arrows in their figures. Overall, we found that the majority (~60%) of arrow-based figures are connected to claims that explicitly state the directionality of their relationships, rather than using the language of “correlation” or “association,” or simply leaving these relationships undiscussed. As such, arrows are quite often used to express causal relations, making them part of the “epistemic machinery” (Abend et al., 2013 ) of sociological claims, and important for how sociologists think about and communicate causality. This finding alone should give pause to sociologists using arrows for anything other than expressing causal relations, because it means that arrows are not only usually perceived as causal, but also institutionally expected to express causality.

Importantly, this does not mean that the remaining portion (~40%) of articles neglected discussing causal arrows or exclusively used the language of correlation when discussing them. Oftentimes there were no explicit causal claims made because the arrow itself was clearly used to signify something other than causal relations. Within sociology, arrows are regularly used to visualize the passage of time, hierarchy in an organization chart, the flow of information, or for far more generic purposes like labelling. For example, in Fig.  1 a, Wernick ( 1983 ) clearly uses arrows to represent signification, and in Fig.  1 b, Nielsen ( 2004 ) uses arrows to signify both the level of technological advancement as well as common patterns of societal evolution. In such instances, it is clear that the arrow signifies something other than causality, and is therefore logically unaccompanied by textual causal claims.

Wernick’s a  principal lines of signification in the Eves ad, and Nielson’s b  visualization of Gerhard Lenski’s ecological-evolutionary taxonomy of societies

Having established the correlation between arrow-based figures and causal claims, our second concern was the nature of these causal claims. This is particularly interesting because, while arrows are readily interpreted as causal, sociologists often have an aversion to causal language, relying on metaphors and euphemisms rather the explicitly using the word “cause” or “causal” (Abend et al., 2013 ; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 ; see King et al., 2021 : 76). Following Abend et al. ( 2013 ), we first coded for the strength of causal claims. Strong causal claims make definitive statements about the relationship between X and Y, using language like “cause,” “affect,” “produce,” and “determine”. Conversely, weaker causal claims are more ambiguous or euphemistically presented, relying on weaker causal language like “inform,” “foster,” and “facilitate”.

Overall, we found that, among articles making causal claims connected to figures, there was a fairly even split between strong causal claims (~55%) and weak causal claims (~45%). This suggests that arrows are used to represent causal relationships regardless of the strength of the claim. To illustrate, let us compare the figures and text of two articles. First, in Fig.  2 , Gates ( 2009 ) uses two path-style models to develop a historically contingent theory of business power, one that makes strong causal claims. The text accompanying Fig.  2 a specifies that arrow #1 (dotted) involves “assessing whether policies that serve business interests correlate with proximate sources of business power,” while arrow #2 involves “identifying the underlying conditions that produce the proximate sources of business power.” (pg. 60, emphasis added). The following figure, Fig.  2 b, details (among other things) the mechanisms involved in the causal relationship specified in Fig.  2 a, and continues to consistently use the language of “production,” throughout the article.

Gates’ a  generalized model for a historically contingent theory of business power, and b the sources and conditions of business power in advanced industrial societies

Compare this with Fig.  3 from Wernick ( 1983 ), which uses an arrow as part of a larger illustration of how advertisements operate as ideological messages. As we are told in the text, “the arrow at the centre of the figure represents the surface level at which the ad hooks the consumer and attracts her/him towards the (critically undifferentiated) symbolised product” (pg. 24, emphasis added). The arrow therefore effectively signals movement towards the bracket (the “hook”), while the bracket itself indicates that while product and symbols are analytically distinct facets of “symbolized products,” our experience of them is unified (because consumers confuse or fuse the properties of the product and its mythical and psychological value). While the arrow and the text suggest a kind of causality, it is not as strong or direct as in Gates ( 2009 ).

Wernick’s main elements and relations of symbolic ads

While the connection between causal figures and strong causal claims is unsurprising, their coupling with weak causal claims is more notable. In cases where arrows are used to represent weak causal claims, it is likely that the figure will make the causal relationship much more direct and explicit than does the text alone. In general, inferring causal relationships can be an important part of comprehending scholarly texts, and if causal claims are implicit or more ambiguous, causal diagrams make these causal relationships better and more easily understood (Corter et al., 2011 ; Larkin & Simon, 1987 ; McCrudden et al., 2007 ). Phrased another way, these figures may facilitate the inference of causal relationships in ways that weak causal claims do not and that their authors may not want. Alternatively, it may be that authors can and do use these strategically in order to imply causality visually in ways that they are less comfortable or less justified in doing textually. In either case, the use of arrow-based figures likely strengthens the causal interpretation offered by weak causal claims. We return to this issue later in our analysis of “fit”.

We also found that the strength of causal claims varied between U.S. and European sociology journals. While only a quarter (~25%) of the causal claims in European journals (TCS, EJS, and EJST) were strong causal claims, this was more than doubled (~60%) by the causal claims in U.S. journals (ASR, AJD, ST, TS). Abend et al. ( 2013 ) found that the strength (and centrality) of causality was much more pronounced in U.S. compared to Mexican journals, and we find a similar pattern in comparison to European journals. However, in contrast to the findings from Abend et al. ( 2013 ), this was not exclusively propped up by U.S. generalist journals, with roughly 55% of the causal claims from U.S. theory journals (ST and TS) being strong ones. Overall, this provides further evidence that U.S. journals disproportionately encourage, reward, or are targeted by authors making strong causal claims, and suggests that U.S. journals have a particular commitment to causal explanations as central to sociological knowledge and its advancement.

The Centrality of Causal Claims

After analyzing the strength of causal claims, we next examined their centrality . We looked at both the centrality of the causal relationship in the diagram specifically, coding articles based on whether the specific causal claim represented in the diagram was one of the papers primary aims, as well as the centrality of causality within the article as a whole, assessing whether causal arguments or claims were central to the paper’s general aims. We made these determinations by carefully reading key sections of the text, including the abstract, the introduction, and other sections where the paper’s main aims were explicitly stated (following statements like “this paper seeks to…” or “this paper examines….”). If either the causal relationship in the diagram, or causal arguments more generally were included in these sections, we considered them central to the aims of the paper.

Overall, we found that the relationships specified by arrow-based figures were almost always (~90% of the time) central to the article’s aims. This was the strongest relationship found in our analysis. Take Bakanic et al. ( 1987 ) for example, where the first two sentences of the abstract are:

“Peer review and editorial decision-making processes were examined for manuscripts submitted to the American Sociological Review between 1977 and 1981. Authors' professional characteristics, manuscript characteristics, review procedures, and referees’ recommendations accounted for more than 58 percent of the variance in the editors’ final decisions.” (Bakanic et al.,  1987 : 631)

The path diagram, which is presented several pages later, almost completely captures this information, specifying the variables and analytical steps taken in the paper (see Fig.  4 ). In fact, the reader could have simply looked at the figures and correctly inferred the overall aim of the paper.

Bakanic, McPhail, and Simon’s diagram of their multi-stage path analysis of manuscript review and decision making

Similarly, Ozgen ( 2015 ) sets up a puzzle in an introductory section which her article then aims to resolve:

“Although constructivist studies have generated important findings, much of this scholarship has focused on the fluidity boundaries, rendering cases of durability a puzzle of sorts. If ethnic boundaries are routinely made and unmade by political, cultural, and economic institutions like nationalist regimes, assimilationist cultural policies, and market competition, what accounts for cases like Turkey where they persist? This article aims to move toward an analytically stronger theory of constructivism by showing how it can help explain both change and stability in an important but understudied region.” (Ozgen,  2015 : 34)

Later, Ozgen draws on practice theory to develop a model of stability and change in ethnic boundaries (see Fig.  5 ). While the model precedes the specific empirical analysis of ethnic boundaries in Turkey, it specifies the mechanisms involved in the maintenance and weakening of ethnic boundaries, and therefore speaks directly to the broader theoretical aims set forth in the introduction.

Ozgen’s model of ethnic boundary maintenance through marriage choices

In general, this finding suggests that visualization (or at least arrow-based visualization) is rarely a trivial issue. Sociologists by and large do not bother visualizing their minor claims or more peripheral ideas, but reserve them for the most important relationships they wish to establish in their articles. Visualization is usually a meaningful attempt to clarify, develop, illustrate, distil, or make memorable their core ideas, and therefore diagrams are one of the most crucial components of an article. Given their significance, this re-affirms the need for sociologists to improve our visualization efforts by establishing and committing to best practices, and increasing disciplinary standards for visualization at an institutional level (e.g., Brett et al., 2020 ; Healy & Moody, 2014 ).

In terms of the centrality of causality within articles as a whole, we found that in the majority (~70%) of articles causality in general was central to their aims. Some papers boldly use the language of cause and effect when stating their articles’ goals, for example Marks et al. ( 2009 : 615) who “propose a causal argument” or Stahura ( 1979 ) who explicitly develops and deploys “a causal model of status persistence/evolution” (Stahura, 1979 : 937). Others make clear that the ambitions of their article are causal in nature, but without using the word “cause”. For example, Olzak and Shanahan’s ( 2014 ) article suggests that “competitive threat from minorities shapes a broad spectrum of social control responses” more generally (Olzak & Shanahan, 2014 : 392, emphasis added), and Kyriazis ( 2006 ) argues that “the choice of a primarily military-land power or seapower by a state does make a difference in subsequent historical evolution of this state (Kyriazis, 2006 : 71, emphasis added). This once again suggests that causality is a major component of sociological theory and research, and that arrow-based figures are a core ingredient in causal theorizing and analysis.

The Fit Between Figures and Causal Claims

As discussed above, the ease with which arrow-based figures are interpreted as causal, combined with the cautious language sociologists use when discussing causal claims, should raise concerns regarding the fit between causal claims and causal diagrams. We treat fit as the (mis)match between the strength of the causal language in the text and the strength of the causal relationships as represented by the figure. Of course, determining the strength of causal relationships in figures is even more subjective than assessing causal language. We suggest that the visual representation of “strong causal relationships” would typically look like a solid arrow, or a series of solid arrows, linking variables in a way that is easily interpreted as causal. Conversely, the visual representation of a “weak causal relationship” might use dotted arrows, lines, or other elements to represent relationships in a way that is less readily interpreted as causal, and may use legends or reading rules to facilitate a softer interpretation. Nevertheless, the challenging nature of determining whether or not the text matches the figure was reflected in the moderate amount of inter-coder variation we had in our assessment of fit. As such, we focus below only on examples where coders agreed there was indeed a mismatch between figure and text.

In general, cases of mismatch involved diagrams which express clear and unambiguous causal relationships accompanied by much weaker and more ambiguous causal language. A clear example of this is Loner’s ( 2008 ) research on opinions about genetically modified foods. Loner provides a path style model of the acceptance of genetically modified foods, which guides the empirical analysis (see Fig.  6 ). The model specifies three factors associated with genetically modified food acceptance, each of which is represented by solid and direct arrows, and is straight-forwardly read as a causal diagram. However, the underlying data do not reveal a clear and direct relationship, specifically for “WORRY”, but instead, as acknowledged in the text (see pgs. 43–44), show a substantial amount of national and regional variation in significance. As such, “WORRY” does not necessarily have the clear and direct relationship that the model implies, and we are not given an “updated” figure that reflects this variation. Therefore, the weakness of the text is inconsistent with the much stronger impression given by the figure.

Loner’s ( 2008 ) multi-sample model of acceptance of GM foods

Archer’s ( 1983 ) critique of Basil Bernstein and Pierre Bourdieu’s scholarship on education provides another useful example. Here, it is Archer herself who is critiquing the totalizing causal figure produced by Bernstein ( [1975] 2003 ). As she points out, Bernstein has a dramatically oversimplified conception of society, the educational system, and their relationship, which is encapsulated by his causal diagram. To say that Bernstein’s figure is too strong is not to imply that Bernstein’s figure does not fit his own ideas; rather, it does not fit with the more complex account of social structure developed by Archer, and she annotates the broader implications of her account for Bernstein’s model on the right side of the figure (Fig. 7 ).

Archer’s ( 1983 ) critical annotations of Bernstein’s diagram

However, our most notable finding regarding fit was that most (~85%) figures matched the strength of the causal language in the text. We found this high degree of fit surprising. In our previous work (Brett et al., 2020 ) we found that the uses of arrows by sociologists were sometimes vague in terms of the exact kind of relationship they were meant to represent (causal or otherwise), and were occasionally employed to create reductive distillations of more complex theoretical accounts. Conversely, scholarship on causal language has found that sociologists generally avoid clear and explicit causal language in their published work, cautiously employing metaphors and euphemisms to describe relationships (Abend et al., 2013 ; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 ). Therefore, we expected a mismatch between the carefully crafted language in articles and the often under-scrutinized visualization of these relationships.

This surprising finding suggests a new hypothesis: that the use of diagrams encourages authors to think and write in clearer causal terms. As Wright Mills ( 1959 : 213) noted, diagrams are not merely representations; they are also “genuine tools of production” that enable discovery and trigger imagination (see Silver, 2020 ; Swedberg, 2016 ). But diagrams are generative not only because they help us solve problems and stimulate new ideas, but also because they place demands on scholars, requiring us to make theoretical commitments (see Silver, 2020 ). For example, when we construct a path diagram, we commit to a specific causal hypothesis, a particular causal structure for the sake of argument (Griesemer, 1991 : 172–173). In this sense, diagrams are “a vehicle for creatively clarifying, confronting, and even discovering what our theories commit us to” (Silver, 2020 : 9). This would explain why we see a larger proportion of strong and explicit causal language in our sample relative to prior work on causal claims in sociology (Abend et al., 2013 ; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 ), as the visualization efforts of the author(s) have forced them to take a stand on causality. While it certainly could be the reverse, that people tend to use figures only when they have a clear sense of the kind of causal claims they are willing and able to make, we suggest that the practice of creating figures forces authors to more thoroughly and reflectively come to grips with causality in their scholarship.

Supplementary Analysis

Importantly, this analysis of the relationship between arrow-based figures and causal claims is limited in a few respects. First, it does not take into account the methods used in the articles, nor how methodological standards for adjudicating causality have changed (see Brand et al., 2023 ; Morgan & Winship, 2015 ), which may confound the analysis. Second, it does not take into account how sociologists’ preoccupation with causality has waxed (1960s–1980s, 2010s) and waned (1990s–2000s) over time (see Abbott, 1998 ; Barringer et al., 2013 ). Lastly, because we sampled on articles with figures, we are unable to compare our results against the causal language of articles without figures, and are therefore limited in our ability to capture their broader significance.

To address these limitations and provide additional support for our claims, we performed a smaller supplementary analysis which compared the causal claims of articles using arrow-based figures to all other articles published within the same issue. To account for the changing standards and scrutiny around causality, we selected two articles and issues from ASR: one published in 1978 (issue 2, totalling 9 articles), at a time in which regression analysis could often be considered a legitimate method for identifying causality, and one published in 2011 (issue 6, totalling 7 article), at a time where the methodological stringency for establishing causality had greatly increased. The first article (Lincoln, 1978 ) used path diagrams and employed strong causal language both in the description of the figures and throughout the article, which involved establishing “causal relationships” and specifying which variables “affect” strike activity (see Fig.  8 ). Similarly, the second article (Simons et al., 2011 ) employed a path diagram that explicitly served as a causal model of aggression (see Fig.  9 ). We coded every article in these issues for the strength and centrality of its causal claims, whether it used an arrow-based figure, and whether it used regression.

Lincoln’s ( 1978 ) path diagram of causal relationships among urban structure, union organization, and strike variables

Simons et al.’s ( 2011 ) integrated model of aggression

Although our analysis is merely suggestive, the findings are notable. First, related to historical changes in the methodological standards for adjudicating causality, we found that the use of regression analysis was unrelated to both the strength and centrality of causal claims in both issues. Second, addressing the historical variation in sociology’s concern over causality, we found that the nature of causal claims did not differ significantly between issues, with both featuring a relatively even mix of strong and weak causal claims, and articles in which causality was central and non-central. Lastly, we found that the three articles using arrow-based figures (5 including Lincoln, 1978 ; Simons et al., 2011 ) all made strong, central causal claims. Though these results are far from definitive, they assuage concerns over confounding historical variables, and support our hypothesis that, independent of other factors, strong and definitive causal thinking and writing is anchored in theory visualization.

This paper examined visual and textual representations of causality in sociology articles. Whether explicit or implicit, literal or metaphorical, sociologists regularly make causal claims about the social relationships they theorize and analyze (Abend et al., 2013 ; Vaidyanathan et al., 2016 ). But causal arguments are not limited to text; when sociologists use arrows to visualize social relationships, they are often making a kind of visual causal claim. As we (Brett et al., 2020 : 229) previously noted, because much of sociology involves describing, analyzing, and theorizing connections and relationships of various kinds, “to a large degree, the substantive domain of sociology is the visual domain of lines and arrows”. We would be hard pressed to avoid arrows when visualizing sociological thought, and nowhere is this more apparent than in visualizing causal relationships (see Elwert, 2013 ; Pearl, 1998 ).

Our findings suggest that arrow-based figures are fundamental to how sociologists think about and communicate causality. When we employ arrows in sociology, they are usually a means for expressing causal relationships specified in the text. Arrows are used to represent both weak and strong causal claims, though stronger claims are much more prominent in U.S. sociology journals compared to European journals. When we do choose to visualize causality, we generally do it to develop, illustrate, distil, or clarify the primary arguments, claims, or relationships in our articles. Moreover, we seem to construct causal figures that generally match the strength of our causal language, which may reflect a level of clarity that is achieved through the process of visualization itself. Overall, our analysis reveals that text and visualization work hand-in-hand in the construction of causal claims within sociology.

Moving forward, analyses of how text and figures work in conjunction may provide new insights into the production of sociological knowledge. At present, such analyses have only been conducted on a narrow set of sociological texts or thinkers (see Baldamus, 1992 ; Bargheer, 2021 ). This may reflect the largely taken-for-granted place of theory visualization within sociology. While sociologists have demonstrated the thoroughly visual nature of scientific practice generally (see Coopmans et al., 2014 ; Lynch & Woolgar, 1990 ), until recently sociologists had dismissed our own theory figures as “pictures of nothing,” visual ornaments rather than genuine workspaces for solving puzzles (Lynch, 1991 ). More recently, scholars have come to recognize that, even within sociology, the figures we employ actively shape and direct our thinking (Silver, 2020 ; Turner, 2014 ). Certainly, some of the visualizations that guide our work are “visual sketches” that are thrown away well before publication (see Swedberg, 2016 ). However, those that remain may still be crucial to the production of sociological knowledge, and analyzing them in conjunction with the text may shed light on how and why sociologists find and solve some problems and not others, ask certain kinds questions, make particular assumptions, and, in this case, make certain claims.

The findings from this paper suggest several questions and avenues for future research, especially those extending our supplemental analysis. Specifically, how does causal language vary between articles with figures compared to those without? Between articles with arrow-based figures versus those with non-arrow-based figures? Does the relationship between text and figure change based on the kind of methods employed in the article? It also opens up opportunities for parallel research involving non-causal visualizations. Are there patterns in their visual elements? What kinds of textual claims accompany these sorts of figures? Are they more prominent in certain kinds of journals? We hope this article lays a pathway for future analyses joining the visual and textual dimension of sociological thought.

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It is therefore no coincidence that some scholars define a causal diagram as “a visual display that uses arrows to depict cause-and-effect relationships among spatially arranged events” (McCrudden et al., 2007 : 369).

Because there were more theory journals than generalist journals in our sample, the majority (~75%) of the figures we coded were theory figures, meaning they did not contain empirics.

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Brett, G., Silver, D. Theory Figures and Causal Claims in Sociology. Am Soc (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-024-09632-4

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An term paper examples on sociology is a prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.

Some signs of sociology term paper:

• the presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems in biology, by definition, cannot be performed in the genre of sociology term paper topic.
• The term paper expresses individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue, in this case, on sociology and does not knowingly pretend to a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
• As a rule, an essay suggests a new, subjectively colored word about something, such a work may have a philosophical, historical, biographical, journalistic, literary, critical, popular scientific or purely fiction character.
• in the content of an term paper samples on sociology , first of all, the author’s personality is assessed - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.

The goal of an term paper in sociology is to develop such skills as independent creative thinking and writing out your own thoughts.

Writing an term paper is extremely useful, because it allows the author to learn to clearly and correctly formulate thoughts, structure information, use basic concepts, highlight causal relationships, illustrate experience with relevant examples, and substantiate his conclusions.

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Examples of Sociology Term Papers

There are several examples of sociology term papers, thanks to the course’s broad spectrum. From race to society, technology and education, there are a lot of topics to discuss. However, we will give you a few of these topics and a brief explanation. We intend to guide you when coming up with a sociology term paper and how to structure your argument.

Examples of Sociology Term Papers on Family

These are examples of sociology term papers that directly affect family as a unit and its impact on the general society. Some of the term paper topics include:

The Effects of Divorce on Children

Family is the basic unit in any society, which makes it the primary source of comfort and companionship. Children come along and grow into that unit. However, when divorce comes, the shift in children’s growth is significant since all they know is living with their dad and mom. This sociology term paper seeks to explain the causes and implications of divorce on children. 

Masculinity and Femininity and How it Affects Children

Every person has a dominant side which portrays their personality. Its manifestation brands one as a masculine or feminist. Masculinity is inherent in most men, which makes it a normal occurrence. However, femininity usually comes out strongly, and most people view it as an attempt to compete with masculinity. In retrospect, each of these personalities is not competing, although there is an attempt to show otherwise. This sociology term paper will explain the concept behind these two personalities and how they can co-exist without friction.

Cross-Cultural Marriages and their Effects on Race Globalisation

Exposure has led to intermarriages between races, giving birth to crossbreeds. Although some communities are still racially discriminative, a good percentage have embraced this idea and view it as a bridge to different races. Children borne out of these unions have features for both parents, with the hair differentiating between the races. How is this concept supporting race-bridge? Is it a good thing? This term paper looks into the genesis and effects of cross-cultural marriages. 

Parenting in LGBTQ Families

Science dictates that a man and woman will unite and sire a child. However, among the LGBTQ fraternity, the concept is different. Some have gone ahead and either sired through surrogacy or even opted for adoption. These children’s perception when growing up is different from those growing up with male-female parents. It is a growing concern among sociologists on the type of precedence we are setting for these children. This term paper explores such scenarios to discover how this arrangement works and its effects on children.

The Rationale of Children and Social Media: Should Children Be Posted on Social Media?

The social media frenzy has taken over the world, with parents and guardians posting pictures of young ones online. Some go as far as opening social media pages for their children. Whereas one of the requirements to access social media is attaining 18 years, parents do it for selfish reasons. This sociology term paper seeks to understand the push behind this and its possible implications on the child’s life when they grow into adulthood.

Examples of Sociology Term Papers on Developmental Sociology

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Leadership and Responsibility in the Contemporary World

Democracy has personified leadership with enthusiasm and oomph, thanks to the process of getting leaders. It makes leaders accountable to people since they derive the mandate directly from the people. However, representation is not equal to responsibility in the real sense. Whereas responsibility is a function of representation, our leaders do not have the mechanism to gather and process information from the electorate and use it to develop policies. This sociology term paper explains the relationship between responsibility in leadership, especially in democracies. 

Does Foreign Education Influence Professional Success?

Scholarships and good education are the main reasons why students fly out to study. The analogy is to learn different approaches to life, interact with people from other cultures and view the world differently. Companies prefer workers who have schooled abroad. Is it an advantage, or is it segregation? Is the education system abroad superior to local education? We seek answers to these questions and advise education policymakers on the need to develop home-grown talents.

Examples of Sociology Term Papers on Gender

These are examples of sociology term papers that address roles of men and women in society and their individual contributions. Some of the term paper topics include:

Gender Stereotypes and Resurgence of Gender Human Rights

In developed countries, there is too little on gender rights because human rights cover both males and females. However, there are utmost preferences on specific jobs, owing to the type of work. As the world gears towards gender equity, there are strides towards making it a practical other than a theoretical approach. The issue is worse in developing countries. This sociology term paper opens up the plight of women as they try to compete with men on the few opportunities available. 

Cultism in Religion and Human Rights Legislation

Modern religion is turning believers into obsessive beings with incriminating doctrines and extremist proclamations. Whereas freedom of worship is part of most constitutions, some countries are moving to liberalise worship to follow human rights. For example, churches within residential areas should observe noise pollution. The idea is freedom of worship without infringing other people’s freedom of association. 

Gender Inequality at Workplaces

The gender composition, especially among senior managers, is mostly one-sided to favour men. Whether it is a social construct or an inferiority complex is subject to discussion. However, women are proven managers, with the majority of companies steered by women highly rated. Is it that educated and career women are few compared to men, or is there a skewed approach to promotions? We look at this social discussion to get to the bottom of it. 

Social Groups and Their Contribution to Ethics and Social Growth

People of the same social class tend to come together for different reasons. Most of them easily relate since they have almost the same lifestyle. Such groups grow into investment groups which end up being economically viable organisations. On the other hand, some groups degenerate with no clear vision of life. The impetus to grow is a self-initiative, with social groups adding momentum to an already-developed idea. This sociology term paper seeks to learn more about these social groups and how we can harness them for greater positive activities. 

There are several examples of sociology term papers we can enumerate. However, if you need a special topic, reach out and let us help you customise your sociology term paper .

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Sociology of Sport Research Paper Topics

The sociology of sport began to emerge as a formally recognized subdiscipline of sociology in the second half of the twentieth century. There were a number of earlier examples of sociological attention to the field of sport. In the United States, Veblen (1899) referred to sports as “marks of an arrested spiritual development” (1934:253) and to college sports as “manifestations of the predatory temperament” (p. 255) in his The Theory of the Leisure Class . W. I. Thomas (1901) and G. E. Howard (1912) dealt with “the gaming instinct” and the “social psychology of the spectator,” respectively in articles published in the American Journal of Sociology. Spencer, Simmel, Weber, Piaget, Hall, Sumner, Huizinga, and Mead all made reference to play, games, and/or sport in their work, but it was probably the German, Heinz Risse (1921) who first characterized sport as a sociological field of study in his book Soziologie des Sports .

30 Sociology of Sport Research Paper Topics

• Alternative Sports
• Amateur Sports
• Consumption of Sport
• Deviance in Sport
• Disability Sport
• Ethnicity in Sport
• Exercise and Fitness
• Figurational Sociology
• Gambling on Sports
• Gender and Sports
• Health and Sports
• Ideology and Sports
• Professional Sports
• Race and Sports
• Social Theory and Sport
• Sport and Culture
• Sport and Identity
• Sport and Social Capital
• Sport and the Body
• Sport and the City
• Sport and the Environment
• Sport Culture and Subcultures
• Sports and Nationalism
• Sports and Religion
• Sports and Socialization
• Sports in Sociology
• Sport and the State
• Sports Industry
• Virtual Sports
• Youth Sports

Following World War II, there was growing interest in sport from a sociological perspective. By the 1960s, television was beginning to devote significant amounts of time to sport, professional leagues were developing and expanding, organized youth sports in communities and educational institutions were beginning to proliferate, and the Cold War was being fought at the Olympics and other international competitions. In the United States, social scientists such as Gregory Stone, David Riesman, Erving Goffman, Eric Berne, James Coleman, and Charles Page all produced works referring to sport. Their interests were reflected internationally in the emergence of the first academic association in the field in 1964. The International Committee for the Sociology of Sport (now named the International Sociology of Sport Association) was comprised of both sociologists and physical educators from East and West Germany, France, Switzerland, Finland, England, the Soviet Union, Poland, the United States, and Japan. The Committee/Association, which is affiliated with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization through the International Council of Sport Sciences and Physical Education and the International Sociological Association, has held annual conferences since 1966 and began to produce a journal (the International Review for the Sociology of Sport, now published by Sage) in that same year.

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The first English language books in the field also began to appear in the 1960s (e.g., McIntosh 1963; Jokl 1964). Kenyon and Loy’s (1965) call for a sociology of sport is considered to be a key programmatic statement, and the same authors produced the first anthology in the field, Sport, Culture, and Society: A Reader on the Sociology of Sport (Loy and Kenyon 1969).

Sports as Cultural Practices

People in all cultures have always engaged in playful physical activities and used human movement as part of their everyday routines and collective rituals (Huizinga 1955). The first examples of organized games in societies worldwide probably emerged in the form of various combinations of physical activities and religious rituals (Guttmann 1978). Those games were connected closely with the social structures, social relations, and belief systems in their societies. Although they often recreated and reaffirmed existing systems of power relations and dominant ideologies, they sometimes served as sites for resistant or oppositional behaviors (Guttmann 1994; Sage 1998). Variations in the forms and dynamics of physical activities and games indicate that they are cultural practices that serve different social purposes and take on different meanings from time to time and place to place. Research on these variations has provided valuable insights into social processes, structures, and ideologies (Gruneau 1999; Sage 1998).

The physical activities that most sociologists identify as ”modern sports” emerged in connection with a combination of rationalization, industrialization, democratization, and urbanization processes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As various forms of physical activities and play were constructed as institutionalized, competitive, rule-governed challenges and games, they became associated with a range of processes and structures in societies. To varying degrees in different settings, ”organized sports” were implicated in processes of social development and the structure of family life, socialization and education, identity formation and government policy, commodification and the economy, and globalization and the media. Today, sports constitute a significant part of the social, cultural, political, and economic fabric of most societies.

As cultural practices, organized sports constitute an increasingly important part of people’s lives and collective life in groups, organizations, communities, and societies. In addition to capturing individual and collective attention, they are implicated in power relations and ideological formation associated with social class, gender, race and ethnicity, sexuality, and physical ability. Because sports are social constructions, they may develop around particular ideas about the body and human nature, how people should relate to one another, expression and competence, human abilities and potential, manhood and womanhood, and what is important and unimportant in life. These ideas usually support and reproduce the dominant ideology in a society, but this is not always the case. Ideology is complex; therefore, the relationship between sports and ideological formation and transformation is sometimes inconsistent or even contradictory. Furthermore, sports come in many forms, and those forms can have many different associated social meanings.

Although sports continue to exist for the enjoyment of the participants, commercialized forms are planned, promoted, and presented for the entertainment of vast numbers of spectators. Sport events such as the Olympic Games, soccer’s World Cup (men’s and women’s), the Tour de France, the tennis championships at Wimbledon, American football’s Super Bowl, and championship boxing bouts capture the interest of billions of people when they are televised by satellite in over 200 countries around the world. These and other formally organized sports events are national and global industries. They are implicated in processes of state formation and capitalist expansion and are organized and presented as consumer activities for both participants and spectators. Although sport programs, events, and organizations may be subsidized directly or indirectly by local or national governments, support increasingly comes from corporations eager to associate their products and images with cultural activities and events that are a primary source of pleasure for people all over the world. Corporate executives have come to realize, as did Gramsci (1971) when he discussed hegemony and consensus-generating processes, that sponsoring people’s pleasures can be crucial in creating a consensus to support corporate expansion. At the same time, most sport organizations have sought corporate support.

People of all ages connect with sports through the media. Newspapers in many cities devote entire sections of their daily editions to sports, especially in North America, where the space devoted to sports frequently surpasses that given to the economy, politics, or any other single topic of interest (Lever and Wheeler 1993). Major magazines and dozens of specialty magazines cater to a wide range of interests among participants and fans. Radio coverage of sporting events and sports talk shows capture the attention of millions of listeners every day in some countries. Television coverage of sports, together with commentary about sports, is the most prevalent category of video programming in many countries. First the transistor radio and more recently satellites and Internet technology have enabled millions of people around the world to share their interest in sports. As Internet technology expands, these media-facilitated connections that revolve around sports will take new forms with unpredictable social implications.

Worldwide, many people recognize high-profile teams and athletes, and this recognition fuels everything from product consumption to tourism. Sports images are a pervasive part of life in many cultures, and the attention given to certain athletes today has turned them into celebrities, if not cultural heroes. In cultures in which there have been assumed connections between participation in sports and character formation, there has been a tendency to expect highly visible and popular athletes to become role models of dominant values and lifestyles, especially for impressionable young people. This has created a paradoxical situation in which athletes often are held to a higher degree of moral accountability than are other celebrities while at the same time being permitted or led to assume permission to act in ways that go beyond traditional normative boundaries.

People around the world increasingly talk about sports. Relationships often revolve around sports, especially among men but also among a growing number of women. Some people identify with teams and athletes so closely that what happens in sports influences their moods and overall sense of well-being. In fact, people’s identities as athletes and fans may be more important to them than their identities related to education, religion, work, and family.

Overall, sports and sports images have become a pervasive part of people’s everyday lives, especially among those who live in countries where resources are relatively plentiful and the media are widespread. For this reason, sports are logical topics for the attention of sociologists and others concerned with social life.

Using Sociology to Study Sports

Although play and games received attention from various European and North American behavioral and social scientists between the 1880s and the middle of the 20th century, sports received scarce attention in that period (Loy and Kenyon 1969). Of course, there were notable exceptions. Thorstein Veblen wrote about college sports in the United States in 1899 in Theory of the Leisure Class. Max Weber mentioned English Puritan opposition to sports in the 1904 and 1905 volumes of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, and William Graham Sumner discussed ”popular sports” in his 1906 Folkways. Willard Waller devoted attention to the ”integrative functions” of sports in U.S. high schools in The Sociology of Teaching in 1932.

The first analyst to refer to a ”sociology of sport” was Theodor Adorno’s student Heinz Risse, who published Sociologie des Sports in 1921. Sports received little or no further analytic attention from social scientists until after World War II. Then, in the mid-1950s, there was a slow but steady accumulation of analyses of sports done by scholars in Europe and North America (Loy and Kenyon 1969; Dunning 1971).

The origins of the sociology of sport can be traced to both sociology and physical education (Ingham and Donnelly 1997; Sage 1997). The field initially was institutionalized in academic terms through the formation of the International Committee for Sport Sociology (ICSS) and the publication of the International Review for Sport Sociology (IRSS) in the mid-1960s. The ICSS was a subcommittee of the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education and the International Sociological Association, and it sponsored the publication of the IRSS. Other publications in the 1960s and 1970s provided examples of the research and conceptual issues discussed by scholars who claimed an affiliation with the sociology of sport (Kenyon 1969; Krotee 1979; Luschen 1970). In addition to meeting at the annual conferences of the ICSS beginning in the mid-1960s, many scholars in the sociology of sport also met at the annual conferences of the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS). This organization was founded in 1978. It has sponsored conferences every year since then, and its membership has been as high as 326 in 1998. In 1984, the Sociology of Sport Journal was published under the sponsorship of the NASSS.

Although the sociology of sport involves scholars from many countries and has its foundations in traditional academic disciplines, its early growth was fueled partly by the radical and reform-oriented work of social activists trained in a variety of social sciences. That work attracted the attention of a number of young scholars in both sociology and physical education. For example, in U.S. universities, many courses devoted to the analysis of sport in society in the 1970s highlighted sport as a social institution, but many also used sports as a focal point for critical analyses of U.S. society as a whole. Objections to the war in Vietnam inspired analyses of autocratic and militaristic forms of social organization in sports and other spheres of social life. Critiques of capitalism were tied to research on the role of competition in social life and the rise of highly competitive youth and inter-scholastic sports. Concern with high rates of aggression and violence in society was tied to an analysis of contact sports that emphasize the physical domination of opponents. Analyses of racial and civil rights issues were tied to discussions of racism in sports and to issues that precipitated the boycott of the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games by some black American athletes (Edwards 1969). Analyses of gender relations were inspired by the widespread failure of U.S. high schools and universities to comply with Title IX legislation that, among other things, mandated gender equity in all sport programs sponsored by schools that received federal funds.

Today, those who are dedicated to studying sports as social and cultural phenomena constitute a small but active, diverse, and steadily expanding collection of scholars from sociology, physical education and kinesiology, sport studies, and cultural studies departments. This has made the field unique because many of these scholars have realized that to maintain the field they must engage each other despite differences in the research questions they ask and the theoretical perspectives and methodologies they use.

Mainstream sociology has been slow at the institutional level to acknowledge the growing social and cultural significance of sports and sports participation. The tendency among sociologists to give priority to studies of work over studies of play, sports, or leisure accounts for much of this disciplinary inertia. Furthermore, sports have been seen by many sociologists as nonserious, nonproductive dimensions of society and culture that do not merit scholarly attention. Consequently, the sociology of sport has continued to exist on the fringes of sociology, and studying sports generally does not forward to a scholar’s career in sociology departments. For example, in 1998-1999, only 149 (1.3 percent) of the 11,247 members of the American Sociological Association (ASA) declared ”Leisure/Sport/Recreation” as one of their three major areas of interest, and over half those scholars focused primarily on leisure rather than sports. Only thirty-seven ASA members identified ”Leisure/Sports Recreation” as their primary research and/or teaching topic (0.3 percent of ASA members), and only two Canadian and two U.S. sociology departments offer a graduate program in the sociology of sport, according to the 1998 Guide to Graduate Departments of Sociology. At the 1998 annual ASA meeting, there were approximately 3,800 presenters and copresenters, and only 20 dealt with sport-related topics in their presentations; only 2 of the 525 sessions were devoted to the sociology of sport. Patterns are similar in Canada, Great Britain, and Australia (Rowe et al. 1997).

In physical education and kinesiology, the primary focus of most scholars has been on motor learning, exercise physiology, biomechanics, and physical performance rather than the social dimensions of sports (see Sage 1997). Social and cultural issues have not been given a high priority in the discipline except when research has had practical implications for those who teach physical education, coach athletes, or administer sport programs. As the legitimacy and role of physical education departments have been questioned in many universities, the scholars in those departments have been slow to embrace the frequently critical analyses of sports done by those who use sociological theories and perspectives. Therefore, studying sports as social phenomena has not earned many scholars high status among their peers in physical education and kinesiology departments. However, the majority of sociology of sport scholars with doctorates have earned their degrees and now have options in departments of physical education or kinesiology and departments of sport studies and human movement studies.

There have been noteworthy indications of change. For example, there are a number of journals devoted to social analyses of sports (Sociology of Sport Journal, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Journal of Sport & Social Issues, Culture, Sport, Society). Many mainstream journals in sociology and physical education now accept and publish research that uses sociological perspectives to study sports. National and regional professional associations in sociology and physical education in many countries sponsor regular sessions in the sociology of sport at their annual conferences. Annual conferences also are held by a number of national and regional sociology of sport associations around the world, including those in Japan, Korea, and Brazil as well as the countries of North America and Europe. The International Sociology of Sport Association (ISSA, formerly the ICSS) holds annual conferences and meets regularly with the International Sociological Association. Attendance at many of these conferences has been consistent, and the quality of the programs has been impressive. The existence of such organizational endorsement and support, along with continued growth in the pervasiveness and visibility of sports in society, suggests that the discipline will continue to grow.

Among other indications of growth, articles in the Sociology of Sport Journal are cited regularly in social science literature. Scholars in the field are recognized as ”public intellectuals” by journalists and reporters associated with the mass media. Quotes and references to sociology of sport research appear increasingly in the popular print and electronic media. Amazon.com, the world’s major Internet bookseller, listed over 260 books in its ”Sociology of Sport” reference category in March 1999.

Complicating the issue of future growth is the fact that scholars in this field regularly disagree about how to ”do” the sociology of sport. Some prefer to see themselves as scientific experts who do research on questions of organization and efficiency, while others prefer to see themselves as facilitators or even agents of cultural transformation whose research gives a voice to and empowers people who lack resources or have been pushed to the margins of society. This and other disagreements raise important questions about the production and use of scientific knowledge, and many scholars in the sociology of sport are debating those questions. As in sociology as a whole, the sociology of sport is now a site for theoretical and paradigmatic debates that some scholars fear will fragment the field and subvert the maintenance of an institutionalized professional community (Ingham and Donnelly 1997). Of course, this is a challenge faced in many disciplines and their associated professional organizations.

Conceptual and Theoretical Issues in the Sociology of Sport

Through the mid-1980s, most research in the sociology of sport was based on two assumptions. First, sport was assumed to be a social institution similar to other major social institutions (Luschen and Sage 1981). Second, sports were assumed to be institutionalized competitive activities that involve physical exertion and the use of physical skills by individuals motivated by a combination of personal enjoyment and external rewards (Coakley 1990). These conceptual assumptions identified the focus of the sociology of sport and placed theory and research on sports within the traditional parameters of sociological theory and research.

Theory and research based on these assumptions were informative. However, many scholars in the field came to realize that when analytic attention is focused on institutionalized and competitive activities, there is a tendency to overlook the lives of people who have neither the resources to formally organize their physical activities nor the desire to make them competitive. Scholars became sensitive to the possibility that this tendency can reinforce the ideologies and forms of social organization that have disadvantaged certain categories and collections of people in contemporary societies (Coakley 1998). This encouraged some scholars to ask critical questions about sports as contested activities in societies. Consequently, their research has come to focus more on the connections between sports and systems of power and privilege and the changes needed to involve more people in the determination of what sports can and should be in society.

These scholars used an alternative approach to defining sports that revolved around two questions: What gets to count as a sport in a group or society? and Whose sports count the most? These questions forced them to focus more directly on the social and cultural contexts in which ideas are formed about physical activities and the social processes that privilege some forms of physical activities. Those who have used this approach also note numerous cultural differences in how people identify sports and include them in their lives. In cultures that emphasize cooperative relationships, the idea that people should compete for rewards may be defined as disruptive, if not immoral, and for people in cultures that emphasize competition, physical activities and games that have no winners may seem pointless. These cultural differences are important because there is no universal agreement about the meaning, purpose, and organization of sports. Similarly, there is no general agreement about who will participate in sports, the circumstances in which participation will occur, or who will sponsor sports or the reasons for sponsorship. It is now assumed widely by scholars who study sports that these factors have varied over time from group to group and society to society and that sociological research should focus on the struggle over whose ideas about sports become dominant at any particular time in particular groups or societies. This in turn has highlighted issues of culture and power relations in theory and research in the sociology of sport.

Before the mid-1980s, most research and conceptual discussions in the sociology of sport were inspired or informed by structural functionalist theories and conflict theories (Luschen and Sage 1981; Coakley 1990), and in parts of western Europe, figurational sociology was used by some scholars who studied sports (see Dunning 1992). Those with structural functionalist perspectives often focused on questions about sports and issues of socialization and character development, social integration, achievement motivation, and structural adaptations to change in society. The connections between sports and other major social institutions and between sports and the satisfaction of social system needs were the major topics of concern.

Those who used conflict theories viewed sports as an expression of class conflict and market forces and a structure linked to societal and state institutions. Their work was inspired by various interpretations of Marxist theory and research focused generally on connections between capitalist forms of production and consumption and social behaviors in sports and on the ways in which sports promote an ideological consciousness that is consistent with the needs and interests of capital. Specifically, they studied the role of sports in processes of alienation, capitalist expansion, nationalism and militarism, and racism and sexism (Brohm 1978; Hoch 1972).

Figurational, or ”process,” sociology was and continues to be inspired by the work of Elias (Elias 1978; Elias and Dunning 1986;Jarvie and Maguire 1994). Figurational sociologists have focused on issues of interdependence and interaction in social life and have identified historical linkages between the structure of interpersonal conduct and the overall structure of society. Unlike other theoretical approaches, figurational sociology traditionally has given a high priority to the study of sport. Figurational analyses have emphasized sports as a sphere of social life in which the dichotomies between seriousness and pleasure, work and leisure, economic and noneconomic phenomena, and mind and body can be shown to be false and misleading. Before the mid-1980s, research done by figurational sociologists focused primarily on the historical development of modern sport and the interrelated historical processes of state formation, functional democratization, and expanding networks of international interdependencies. Their best known early work focused on linkages between the emergence of modern sports and the dynamics of civilizing processes, especially those associated with the control of violence in society (Elias and Dunning 1986).

Since the mid-1980s, the sociology of sport has been characterized by theoretical and methodological diversity. Fewer scholars use general theories of social life such as structural functionalism and conflict theories. The theories more often used are various forms of critical theories, including feminist theories and hegemony theory; also used are interpretive sociology (especially symbolic interactionism), cultural studies perspectives, and various forms of poststructuralism (Rail 1998). Figurational sociology still is widely used, especially by scholars outside North America. A few scholars have done research informed by the reflexive sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Laberge and Sankoff 1988; Wacquant 1995a, 1995b) and the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens (Gruneau 1999).

Methodological approaches also vary. Quantitative data and statistical analyses remain popular, although various qualitative methods and interpretive analyses have become increasingly popular, if not the dominant research approaches in the field (Donnelly 2000). Ethnography and in-depth interviewing, along with textual and discourse analysis, have emerged as common methodologies among many scholars studying sports and sport participation (Coakley and Donnelly 1999). Quantitative methods have been used most often to study issues and questions related to sport participation patterns, the attitudinal and behavioral correlates of participation, and the distribution of sports-related resources in society. Both quantitative and interpretive methods have been used to study questions and issues related to socialization, identity, sexuality, subcultures, the body, pain and injury, disability, deviance, violence, emotions, the media, gender relations, homophobia, race and ethnic relations, new and alternative sports forms, and ideological formation and transformation (Coakley and Dunning 2000).

References:

• Brohm, Jean-Marie 1978 Sport—A Prison of Measured Time, trans. I. Frasier. London: Ink Links.
• Coakley, J. 1990 Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies, (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.
• Coakley, J. 1998 Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Coakley, J., and P. Donnelly, eds. 1999 Inside Sports. London: Routledge.
• Coakley, J., and P. Donnelly, eds. 2000 Handbook of Sport and Society. London: Sage.
• Donnelly, P. 2000 ‘‘Interpretive Approaches to the Sociology of Sport.’’ In J. Coakley and E. Dunning. eds., Handbook of Sport and Society. London: Sage.
• Dunning, E. 1992 ‘‘Figurational Sociology and the Sociology of Sport: Some Concluding Remarks.’’ In E. Dunning, and C. Rojek, eds., Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
• Dunning, E., ed. 1971 The Sociology of Sport. London: Cass.
• Edwards, H. 1969 The Revolt of the Black Athlete. New York: Free Press.
• Elias, N. 1978 The Civilizing Process, vol. 1: The History of Manners. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
• Elias, N., and E. Dunning, eds. 1986 Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
• Gramsci, A. 1971 Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. and ed. Q. Hoare and G. Smith. New York: International Publishers.
• R. 1999 Class, Sports, and Social Development. Champaign, Ill. Human Kinetics.
• Guttmann, A. 1978 From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Guttmann, A. 1994 Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Hoch, P. 1972 Rip Off the Big Game: The Exploitation of Sports by the Power Elite. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor.
• Howard, George E. 1912. “Social Psychology of the Spectator.” American Journal of Sociology 18:33–50.
• Huizinga, J. 1955 Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.
• Ingham, A. G., and P. Donnelly 1997 ‘‘A Sociology of North American Sociology of Sport: Disunity in Unity, 1965–1996.’’ Sociology of Sport Journal 14(4):362–418.
• Jarvie, G., and J. Maguire 1994 Sport and Leisure in Social Thought. London: Routledge.
• Jokl, E. 1964. Medical Sociology and Cultural Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
• Kenyon, G. and J. Loy. 1965. “Toward a Sociology of Sport: A Plea for the Study of Physical Activity as a Sociological and Social Psychological Phenomenon.” Journal of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 36:24–25, 68–69.
• Kenyon, G. S., ed. 1969 Aspects of Contemporary Sport Sociology. Chicago: Athletic Institute.
• Krotee, M., ed. 1979 The Dimensions of Sport Sociology. West Point, N.Y.: Leisure Press.
• Laberge, S., and D. Sankoff 1988 ‘‘Physical Activities, Body Habitus and Lifestyles.’’ In J. Harvey and H. Cantelon eds., Not Just a Game: Essays in Canadian Sport Sociology. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
• Lever, J., and S. Wheeler 1993 ‘‘Mass Media and the Experience of Sport.’’ Communication Research 20(1):299–313.
• Loy, J. and Gerald K., eds. 1969. Sport, Culture, and Society. New York: Macmillan.
• Loy, J. W., G. S. and Kenyon, eds. 1969 Sport, Culture, and Society. London: Collier-Macmillan.
• Lüschen. G. ed. 1970 The Cross-Cultural Analysis of Sport and Games. Champaign, Ill. Stipes.
• Lüschen. G., and G. H. Sage 1981 ‘‘Sport in Sociological Perspective.’’ In G. Lüschen and G. H. Sage, eds., Handbook of Social Science of Sport. Champaign, Ill. Stipes.
• McIntosh, P. 1963. Sport in Society. London, England: C. A. Watts.
• Rail, G., ed. 1998 Sport and Postmodern Times. Albany: State University of New York Press.
• Risse, H. 1921. Soziologie des Sports. Berlin, Germany: Reher.
• Rowe, D., J. McKay, and G. Lawrence 1997 ‘‘Out of the Shadows: The Critical Sociology of Sport in Australia, 1986–1996.’’ Sociology of Sport Journal 14(4):340–361.
• Sage, G. H. 1997 ‘‘Physical Education, Sociology, and Sociology of Sport: Points of Intersection.’’ Sociology of Sport Journal 14(4):317–339.
• Sage, G. H. 1998. Power and Ideology in American Sport. Champaign, Ill. Human Kinetics.
• Thomas, W. I. 1901. “The Gaming Instinct.” American Journal of Sociology 6:750–63.
• Veblen, T. 1934. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Modern Library.
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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Books — 1984

Essays on 1984

Hook examples for "1984" essays, the dystopian warning hook.

Open your essay by discussing George Orwell's "1984" as a prophetic warning against totalitarianism and government surveillance. Explore how the novel's themes are eerily relevant in today's world.

The Orwellian Language Hook

Delve into the concept of Newspeak in "1984" and its parallels to modern language manipulation. Discuss how the novel's portrayal of controlled language reflects real-world instances of propaganda and censorship.

Big Brother is Watching Hook

Begin with a focus on surveillance and privacy concerns. Analyze the omnipresent surveillance in the novel and draw connections to contemporary debates over surveillance technologies, data privacy, and civil liberties.

The Power of Doublethink Hook

Explore the psychological manipulation in "1984" through the concept of doublethink. Discuss how individuals in the novel are coerced into accepting contradictory beliefs, and examine instances of cognitive dissonance in society today.

The Character of Winston Smith Hook

Introduce your readers to the protagonist, Winston Smith, and his journey of rebellion against the Party. Analyze his character development and the universal theme of resistance against oppressive regimes.

Technology and Control Hook

Discuss the role of technology in "1984" and its implications for control. Explore how advancements in surveillance technology, social media, and artificial intelligence resonate with the novel's themes of control and manipulation.

The Ministry of Truth Hook

Examine the Ministry of Truth in the novel, responsible for rewriting history. Compare this to the manipulation of information and historical revisionism in contemporary politics and media.

Media Manipulation and Fake News Hook

Draw parallels between the Party's manipulation of information in "1984" and the spread of misinformation and fake news in today's media landscape. Discuss the consequences of a distorted reality.

Relevance of Thoughtcrime Hook

Explore the concept of thoughtcrime and its impact on individual freedom in the novel. Discuss how society today grapples with issues related to freedom of thought, expression, and censorship.

Surveillance and Totalitarian Control in George Orwell's "1984"

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Orwell's Use of Literary Devices to Portray The Theme of Totalitarianism in 1984

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Dictatorship of The People: Orwell's 1984 as an Allegory for The Early Soviet Union

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The Theme of Survival and Selfishness in The Handmaid's Tale in 1984

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8 June 1949, George Orwell

Novel; Dystopia, Political Fiction, Social Science Fiction Novel

Winston Smith, Julia, O'Brien, Aaronson, Jones, and Rutherford, Ampleforth, Charrington, Tom Parsons, Syme, Mrs. Parsons, Katharine Smith

Since Orwell has been a democratic socialist, he has modelled his book and motives after the Stalinist Russia

Power, Repressive Behaviors, Totalitarianism, Mass Surveillance, Human Behaviors

The novel has brought up the "Orwellian" term, which stands for "Big Brother" "Thoughtcrime" and many other terms that we know well. It has been the reflection of totalitarianism

1984 represents a dystopian writing that has followed the life of Winston Smith who belongs to the "Party",which stands for the total control, which is also known as the Big Brother. It controls every aspect of people's lives. Is it ever possible to go against the system or will it take even more control. It constantly follows the fear and oppression with the surveillance being the main part of 1984. There is Party’s official O’Brien who is following the resistance movement, which represents an alternative, which is the symbol of hope.

Before George Orwell wrote his famous book, he worked for the BBC as the propagandist during World War II. The novel has been named 1980, then 1982 before finally settling on its name. Orwell fought tuberculosis while writing the novel. He died seven months after 1984 was published. Orwell almost died during the boating trip while he was writing the novel. Orwell himself has been under government surveillance. It was because of his socialist opinions. The slogan that the book uses "2 + 2 = 5" originally came from Communist Russia and stood for the five-year plan that had to be achieved during only four years. Orwell also used various Japanese propaganda when writing his novel, precisely his "Thought Police" idea.

“Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.” “But if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.” “Being in a minority, even in a minority of one, did not make you mad. There was truth and there was untruth, and if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not mad.” “Confession is not betrayal. What you say or do doesn't matter; only feelings matter. If they could make me stop loving you-that would be the real betrayal.” “Power is in tearing human minds to pieces and putting them together again in new shapes of your own choosing.” "But you could not have pure love or pure lust nowadays. No emotion was pure, because everything was mixed up with fear and hatred."

The most important aspect of 1984 is Thought Police, which controls every thought. It has been featured in numerous books, plays, music pieces, poetry, and anything that has been created when one had to deal with Social Science and Politics. Another factor that represents culmination is thinking about overthrowing the system or trying to organize a resistance movement. It has numerous reflections of the post WW2 world. Although the novella is graphic and quite intense, it portrays dictatorship and is driven by fear through the lens of its characters.

This essay topic is often used when writing about “The Big Brother” or totalitarian regimes, which makes 1984 a flexible topic that can be taken as the foundation. Even if you have to write about the use of fear by the political regimes, knowing the facts about this novel will help you to provide an example.

1. Enteen, G. M. (1984). George Orwell And the Theory of Totalitarianism: A 1984 Retrospective. The Journal of General Education, 36(3), 206-215. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27797000) 2. Hughes, I. (2021). 1984. Literary Cultures, 4(2). (https://journals.ntu.ac.uk/index.php/litc/article/view/340) 3. Patai, D. (1982). Gamesmanship and Androcentrism in Orwell's 1984. PMLA, 97(5), 856-870. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/pmla/article/abs/gamesmanship-and-androcentrism-in-orwells-1984/F1B026BE9D97EE0114E248AA733B189D) 4. Paden, R. (1984). Surveillance and Torture: Foucault and Orwell on the Methods of Discipline. Social Theory and Practice, 10(3), 261-271. (https://www.pdcnet.org/soctheorpract/content/soctheorpract_1984_0010_0003_0261_0272) 5. Tyner, J. A. (2004). Self and space, resistance and discipline: a Foucauldian reading of George Orwell's 1984. Social & Cultural Geography, 5(1), 129-149. (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1464936032000137966) 6. Kellner, D. (1990). From 1984 to one-dimensional man: Critical reflections on Orwell and Marcuse. Current Perspectives in Social Theory, 10, 223-52. (https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/from1984toonedimensional.pdf) 7. Samuelson, P. (1984). Good legal writing: of Orwell and window panes. U. Pitt. L. Rev., 46, 149. (https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/upitt46&div=13&id=&page=) 8. Fadaee, E. (2011). Translation techniques of figures of speech: A case study of George Orwell's" 1984 and Animal Farm. Journal of English and Literature, 2(8), 174-181. (https://academicjournals.org/article/article1379427897_Fadaee.pdf) 9. Patai, D. (1984, January). Orwell's despair, Burdekin's hope: Gender and power in dystopia. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 85-95). Pergamon. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0277539584900621) 10. Cole, M. B. (2022). The Desperate Radicalism of Orwell’s 1984: Power, Socialism, and Utopia in Dystopian Times. Political Research Quarterly, 10659129221083286. (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10659129221083286)

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Sociology Take Home Exam Term Paper Examples

Type of paper: Term Paper

Topic: World , Sociology , Farmer , Agriculture , Food , Politics , Canada , Family

Words: 2500

Published: 02/08/2020

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- National Policy (1878 Tariffs) The term National policy was an economic program that was introduced by the Canadian Conservative party through John Macdonald in the year 1976 buy enforced in the year 1978 (Geyer, 2007). The policy was intended to be nationalistic and intended to broaden the economic base of the country. This was argued to have the potential of restoring the confidence of the citizens in the development of the country. It was also intended to offer growth to a number of wealthy business individuals to whom the conservative party could count on. The policy was introduced at a time the Liberal party, which had supported free trade, had been unable to raise sufficient revenue for financing the national budget. The policy was meant to increase the amount of tariffs that was being charged on the imported goods with an aim of offering protection to the locally manufactured products. The policy also reduced the amount of custom duties charged on the raw materials that were being used by the local industries in the production of goods. Either, the policy was meant to spur the Canadianism spirit rather than let the continentalism spirit thrive at the expense of the growth of the Canadian economy. It was thus a political tool for economic growth. - Sociological Imagination Sociological Imagination is a term that was coined by an American sociologist by the name Wright Mills in an attempt to describe the various insights that were offered within the field of sociology. It is majorly used to explain different natures of sociology and the relevance it has in the day to day life of individuals (Geyer, 2007). The term has been defined by different sociologist as a concept that involves the relationships that exists between an individual’s life experiences and the society at large. The concept is used the sociological imaginative thoughts in the understanding of how various social outcomes are shaped by the social contexts, social actions and the social actors. Social imagination concept dictates that factors such as social norms, individuals’ motives and the social contexts in which people act in significantly shape the social out comes within the societies. Either, the social imagination is also argued to be the ability and capacity an individual has that enables them to shift form one sociological perspective to another. It relates to individuals’ personal choices and the manner in which the society at large plays a role in shaping the individuals’ lives. The concept is helpful in the field of sociology as it helps sociologists to understand the varying patterns that are shown in individuals’ behaviors. - Continentalism and Globalization The term continentalism is used in reference to various policies or agreements that are in favor of the regionalization process that involves the cooperation between nations within a specific continent (Geyer, 2007). The term continentalism has have widely been used within the continents of North America and also in Europe but in the recent days other continents such as Australia and South America have also embraced it. In Africa, continentalism is mainly seen through Pan Africanism while in the South American region it is mainly seen through the union of South American Nations. The term globalization, on the other hand, refers to the processes involved in the integration of countries on an international level through the interchanging of views, ideas, aspects of culture and products. Either, it refers to the process that involves the increase of world wide exchanges of cultural and national resources among world nations. The IMF has identified four aspects that should be used in the process of globalization. They include transactions, trade, movement of investments and capital. It also includes the migration of people and sharing of knowledge on an international level. Either, the globalization process is argued to have an impact on the sociological, economic and natural environment of various nations. - Food Sovereignty The term food sovereignty is argued to have been coined by members of a group know as the Via Campesina society who wanted to assert that people had the right to define the type of food they wanted to exist within the systems and diets (Geyer, 2007). There are individuals who advocate for the food security and have the tendency of putting the individuals who are actively involved in the production, distribution and consumption of the food materials at the center of every decision making process when it comes to the formulation of systems and policies. This differs with the usual practice whereby institutions and other corporations have been allowed to dominate the processes that are involved in decision making concerning global food systems. The concept of food sovereignty was established due to the failures of food security. The food security concept has over the years emphasized on the need to have a corporate food regime on a large scale basis through industrialized farming, land concentration, specialized production and liberalization of trade. Food sovereignty, on the other hand, has gone beyond the scope of food security and ensured the certainty of individuals having enough to eat although it is silent on the sources of food and the manner in which it has to be produced. The concept provides support for small scale farm ownership providing a platform to revitalize equitable distribution of food on a global level. - Feminism The term feminism refers to a collection of ideologies and movements that are aimed at giving definition and establishing the rights of women through the provision equal economic, social and political platforms (Geyer, 2007). Feminism also endeavors to defend these rights of women and seeks to ensure the establishment of equal opportunities within the employment and education sectors. The term was coined by a Utopian socialist who also doubled up as a philosopher by the name Charles Fourier. This led to the development of the feminism theory that mainly emerged form the feminist movements. Activities involved in feminism are meant to campaign for the rights of women more especially when it comes to issues related to ownership of properties, reproductive rights and voting rights in certain countries. Acts of feminism have also offered protection to girls and women against domestic violence, sexual assaults and violence and general discrimination in various areas such as work places and social arenas.

- The Agrarian Protest Movements of 1900 and the World War II According To Conway According to Conway, the agrarian movements and protests that occurred during the period of 1900 and that which occurred during the World War II period were occasioned by various factors. Most of the protests and movements were majorly found within the American continents and Europe where intensive agricultural activities were taking place in large scale (Conway, 2012). These movements marked the beginning of various developments in agricultural activities that led to the increase of food productivity and the overall net output that eventually saw the end of the historical scarcity in the production of food and other agricultural products. According to Conway, there are a number of factors that led to the emergence of the agrarian revolutions of the 1900 and those that subsequently followed during the World War II period. According to Conway, population growth was the major cause for agrarian revolution during these periods. In terms of protests, Conway argues that the misuse of slave labor to produce agricultural commodities that were then sent to factories in England with the farmers being left with nothing led to the protests. Civil rights groups emerged that fought for the rights of the farmers who were being over exploited by their masters. People were tied of working so hard in the fields to grow crops and then their produce taken whenever they got ready for harvesting. The farmers wanted to enjoy the benefits of their fruits too. - Analysis of the Rise of Conservative Parties in the West Between 1970’s and 1990’s The conservative party members were those individuals with relatively conservative views on matters politics. The rise of the conservative parties within the west arose due to the actions of the leadership of the progressive parties that included the democrats who decided to support the civil rights of the Negros (Conway, 2012). This action led to a mass walk out by a majority of the members who were attending the congressional summit and formed their own parallel party that wanted to continue with the segregation of the blacks. The members who walked out of the congress meeting were mostly from the south. The conservatives wanted to maintain the initial status where people were segregated along racial lines thus leading to the rise of the conservative parties. - Conway’s Analysis of the Use of Natural Resources in politics within Western Canada According to Conway, the politics within the regions of western Canada is dynamic and majorly influenced by the natural resources found within the area such as the oil and natural gas that is found within the area of Alberta (Conway, 2012). The control of these vast deposits of natural resources within west Canada has caused deep rooted differences among the political leadership of western Canada with most politicians supporting the conservative governments who are in tight competition with their democrats for power. The political wing that is in power does have the absolute authority and control over the natural resources that also include a vast agricultural land. The division over the political control of the region has also taken an ethnic dimension with the northern woodland tribes within the western region holding a bigger sway in the political dealings. these have limited the level of democratic space within the region as those in power do not want to lose the control of the vast natural resources thus for a longer period of time the democrats have not been able to ascend to power do to the influence that the vast natural resources have played in the politics of the region. - Conway’s Notion of Politics of Fragmentation Conway’s notion of the term political fragmentation refers to the various tensions that were underlying tensions that existed between the urban centers and their rural counterparts (Conway, 2012). These tensions have manifested themselves in the politics of various countries causing conflicts that were seen to be causing segregations among different populations. Conway argues that the process of political fragmentation involves the polarization of the attitudes of the urban dwellers and that of their rural counterparts. This involves the maintenance of a given level of political autonomy and the skewed provision of government services due to the scarcity of resources. Political fragmentation, therefore, involves the discrimination of other areas within a jurisdiction for purposes of political gain.

- Qualman’s Argument of People Facing the End of Agriculture Qualman has fronted an argument that in the near future, there would be an end to the agricultural activities due to the kind of developments in the current world (Borras et al, 2008). He argues that in the olden days there was intensive usage of natural means to the process of agricultural activities. His argument is that the technological changes that have been witness have affected the agricultural activities significantly. The process of industrialization is majorly to blame for this as the pollution that happens to the environment has significantly affected the ozone layer thus causing massive environmental changes and degradation that significantly affects the agricultural activities in the long run. Thus, to him, these activities will affect agricultural practices which will further diminish in the near future. - Revolution of Agriculture in Canada over the Last 20 Years Canada is one of the countries around the world that do practice agricultural activities on a large scale basis. It engages in the exportation business of its produce with agriculture being a major provider of revenue in the Canadian economy (Borras et al, 2008). There are a wide range of agricultural activities that are practiced within Canada that range form wheat production to other smaller crops that are also produced. Agricultural activities in Canada have undergone through a series of revolutions and changes that have seen it become better at the current moment as compared to the manner in which it was twenty years back. There has been a systematic introduction of various technologies in the agricultural practices within Canada with the most recent one being the introduction of the aquaculture technology. The coast line is argued to provide a potential area for fish farming and the area has over the years seen the in introduction of various fish farming methods that have seen Canada’s fish farming activities become on of the best in the world. In the field of horticulture, the country has the growth of the horticulture sector with the country venturing in the production of sugar beets, beet roots and potatoes in large scale. The country has also seen the development of its livestock industry with the latest development being the intensive researches done in the pig farming that has made it one of the best around the world. Alternative crops have also been introduced within the farms with agricultural research institutions being set up to spur further growth. - Is Family Farm An Inherently Patriarchal Institution? In most cases, the family farms are always patriarchal. Studies and research works have also shown the same arguing that the family farms are usually patriarchal in nature. The owners of the farms are always at a different level compared to the farm workers who are in most cases unskilled (Borras et al, 2008). The farm workers usually have a reaction that creates an ambiguous class status for the farm owners. Most family farms have been associated with discriminative tendencies on the females. Most family farms are managed by the male family members with the female either left to do menial jobs even though most of them could be qualified to do the same job. This is mostly influenced by the various cultural roles of the women within individual cultures. The hierarchy within the family set ups have also placed women at lower carders compared to their male counterparts who are assumed, through cultural lenses, to be the heads of the families thus in charge of the family properties. The succession practices also bestow the leadership of these family farms in the hands of the male family members. Through all these cultural and social practices through which roles rend to be assigned between different sexes within the families, family farming can conclusively be said to be hereditary patriarchal based on the findings of various studies and observations of the manner in which family farming activities have been carried out over the years. The activities and leadership of the family farms have over the years been left in the hands of the male members of different families.

Geyer, S. (2007). International Handbook of Urban Policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Conway, B. (2012). A Course in Abstract Analysis. USA: Library of Congress Publication Borras, S. Edelman, M. & Kay, C. (2008). Transnational Agrarian Movements Confronting Globalization. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishers.

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100 Sociology Research Topics You Can Use Right Now

Sociology is a study of society, relationships, and culture. It can include multiple topics—ranging from class and social mobility to the Internet and marriage traditions. Research in sociology is used to inform policy makers , educators , businesses , social workers , non-profits , etc.

Below are 100 sociology research topics you can use right now, divided by general topic headings. Feel free to adapt these according to your specific interest. You'll always conduct more thorough and informed research if it's a topic you're passionate about.

Art, Food, Music, and Culture

• Does art imitate life or does life imitate art?
• How has globalization changed local culture?
• What role does food play in cultural identity?
• Does technology use affect people's eating habits?
• How has fast food affected society?
• How can clean eating change a person's life for the better?
• Should high-sugar drinks be banned from school campuses?
• How can travel change a person for the better?
• How does music affect the thoughts and actions of teenagers?
• Should performance artists be held partially responsible if someone is inspired by their music to commit a crime?
• What are some examples of cultural misappropriation?
• What role does music play in cultural identity?

Social Solutions and Cultural Biases

• What (if any) are the limits of free speech in a civil society?
• What are some reasonable solutions to overpopulation?
• What are some ways in which different types of media content influence society's attitudes and behaviors?
• What is the solution to stop the rise of homegrown terrorism in the U.S.?
• Should prescription drug companies be allowed to advertise directly to consumers?
• Is the global warming movement a hoax? Why or why not?
• Should the drinking age be lowered?
• Should more gun control laws be enacted in the U.S.?
• What bias exists against people who are obese?
• Should polygamy be legal in the U.S.? Why or why not?
• Should there be a legal penalty for using racial slurs?
• Should the legal working age of young people be raised or lowered?
• Should the death penalty be used in all cases involving first-degree murder?
• Should prisons be privately owned? Why or why not?
• What is privilege? How is it defined and how can it be used to gain access to American politics and positions of power?
• How are women discriminated against in the workplace?
• What role does feminism play in current American politics?
• What makes a patriot?
• Compare/analyze the social views of Plato and Aristotle
• How has labor migration changed America?
• What important skills have been lost in an industrialized West?
• Is the #MeToo movement an important one? Why or why not?
• What conflict resolution skills would best serve us in the present times?
• How can violence against women be dealt with to lower incidence rates?
• Should students be allowed to take any subject they want in High School and avoid the ones they don't like?
• How should bullies be dealt with in our country's schools?
• Do standardized tests improve education or have the opposite effect?
• Should school children be forced to go through metal detectors?
• What is the best teacher/student ratio for enhanced learning in school?
• Do school uniforms decrease teasing and bullying? If so, how?
• Should teachers make more money?
• Should public education be handled through private enterprises (like charter schools)?
• Should religious education be given priority over academic knowledge?
• How can schools help impoverished students in ways that won't embarrass them?
• What are ethical values that should be considered in education?
• Is it the state's role or the parents' role to educate children? Or a combination of both?
• Should education be given more political priority than defense and war?
• What would a perfect educational setting look like? How would it operate and what subjects would be taught?

Marriage and Family

• How should a "family" be defined? Can it be multiple definitions?
• What is a traditional role taken on by women that would be better handled by a man (and vice versa)?
• How has marriage changed in the United States?
• What are the effects of divorce on children?
• Is there a negative effect on children who are adopted by a family whose ethnicity is different than their own?
• Can children receive all they need from a single parent?
• Does helicopter parenting negatively affect children?
• Is marriage outdated?
• Should teens have access to birth control without their parents' permission?
• Should children be forced to show physical affection (hugs, etc.) to family members they're uncomfortable around?
• What are the benefits (or negative impact) of maintaining traditional gender roles in a family?
• Are social networks safe for preteens and teens? Why or why not?
• Should the government have a say in who can get married?
• What (if any) are the benefits of arranged marriages?
• What are the benefits for (or negative impact on) children being adopted by LGBTQ couples?
• How long should two people date before they marry?
• Should children be forced to be involved in activities (such as sports, gymnastics, clubs, etc.), even when they'd rather sit at home and play video games all day?
• Should parents be required to take a parenting class before having children?
• What are potential benefits to being married but choosing not to have children?

Generational

• Should communities take better care of their elderly? How?
• What are some generational differences among Generations X, Y, and Z?
• What benefits do elderly people get from interaction with children?
• How has Generation Y changed the country so far?
• What are the differences in communication styles between Generation X and Generation Y (Millennials)?
• Why could we learn from our elders that could not be learned from books?
• Should the elderly live with their immediate family (children and grandchildren)? How would this resolve some of our country's current problems?
• What are some positive or negative consequences to intergenerational marriage?

Spiritualism, religion, and superstition

• Why do some people believe in magic?
• What is the difference between religion and spiritualism?
• Should a government be a theocracy? Why or why not?
• How has religion helped (or harmed) our country?
• Should religious leaders be able to support a particular candidate from their pulpit?
• How have religious cults shaped the nation?
• Should students at religious schools be forced to take state tests?
• How has our human connection with nature changed while being trapped in crowded cities?
• Which generation from the past 200 years made the biggest impact on culture with their religious practice and beliefs? Explain your answer.

Addiction and Mental Health

• How should our society deal with addicts?
• What are ethical values that should be considered in mental health treatment?
• Should mental health be required coverage on all insurance policies?
• Is mental health treatment becoming less stigmatized?
• How would better access to mental health change our country?
• What are some things we're addicted to as a society that are not seen as "addiction," per se?
• Should medicinal marijuana be made legal?
• What are some alternative treatments for mental health and wellness instead of antidepressants?
• Has social media helped or harmed our society?
• Are video games addictive for young people and what should be done to curb the addiction?
• Should all recreational drugs be made legal?
• How has mental health treatment changed in the past 20 years?
• Should recreational marijuana be made legal?
• How is family counseling a good option for families going through conflict?
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How to Write a Sociology Term Paper: Key Recommendations and 150 Topic Examples

Table of contents.

Sociology Term Paper: Basic Notions and Types of the Paper Sociology Paper Formatting The Structure of a Flawless Sociology Term Paper Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Sociology Term Paper Preparatory Stage Sociology Term Paper Outline Sociology Paper Writing Proofreading and Editing the First Draft Sociology Term Paper Topics: How to Make the Right Decision Sociology Term Paper on Family Term Paper Topics: Crime and Sociology Term Paper Ideas for Theory of Sociology Race and Ethnicity Sociology Term Paper Topics Medical Sociology Term Paper Topics Urban Sociology Term Paper Topics Conclusion

If you study Sociology, there is no way you will succeed without term paper writing. It is one of the mandatory types of academic assignments, where students should present their awareness of the field and the excellence of their writing skills. Even though the variety of sociology topics is impressive, the learner should make maximum effort to detect the most sensitive aspect that will help to showcase excellent knowledge, profound research skills, and flawless competence. 

As sociology term paper is a subtype of academic writing, it requires certain structure, format, and other elements. Therefore, working on the project, you should pay attention not only to the content of the essay but also to its form. Keep reading the article to find effective recommendations and tips that will give you a better understanding of how to set up a sociology term paper and succeed with its writing. 

Sociology Term Paper: Basic Notions and Types of the Paper

Before writing a sociology term paper, you should first find out the main peculiarities of the essay type. Pay due attention to the type of paper required, its structure, and formatting to make sure your final draft will meet the academic requirements. Once you are settled with the specifications of the work, you are ready to proceed to its writing. 

First of all, it is indispensable to remember that a sociology term paper is a scientific essay that is aimed at the analysis of a specific phenomenon. The main task of the writer is to provide readers with relevant information on a certain topic. Comprehensive analysis of relevant sources, including the scientific world, interviews, articles, and infographics, will help you make a reasonable thesis statement and prove your perspective.

What are the most critical characteristics of a successful sociology term paper? Consistency, relevance, and efficiency are the factors that will make your work relevant and worth attention. Students working on similar assignments should perform unique research on a specified topic, present a few points of view on the issue and make solid statements that will either prove or deny a selected perspective. 

Choosing a sociology term paper topic, one should make sure it is meaningful and up-to-date. Take your time to analyze the current situation, single out the most critical aspects and pick the one you want to talk about. At the same time, it is critical to note that the student should also be aware of different ideas on the same theme. Thus, you will have to work hard to analyze what famous scholars think and write about the aspect you want to discuss. 

Finally working on a sociology term paper, you should mind numerous types of data analysis that can be applied, including:

• Quantitative
• Ethnographic

Keep reading the article to find more information on the peculiarities of essay creation. Additionally, check out for impressive sociology term paper ideas that will advance the quality of your writing to a new level and will help you thrive with every single aspect of the writing. 

Sociology Paper Formatting

The overwhelming majority of college students are aware of the basic formatting styles that are used for different types of academic essays. Talking about sociology term papers, one should focus on the standard requirements applied to most papers. In most instances, essays on sociology are formatted in accordance with the requirements of the APA format:

• Times New Romans, 12pt
• Double-spaced
• 1-inch margin

Additionally, you should double-check the specific requirements mentioned by the professor so that you comply with them. Stick to the citation format predetermined by the selected formatting style. Keep in mind that if you fail with this aspect of your sociology term paper writing, you risk getting a poor-quality text.

The Structure of a Flawless Sociology Term Paper

The student should mind the structure of the sociology term paper, as it will differ from other types of the academic world. A standard outline of the sociological research will include eight critical parts, each of them representing a meaningful aspect of the work. 

Remember that the structure of the sociology term paper may predetermine the scholarly significance of the essay and influence the mark you get for the work. Follow simple guidelines and stick to the rules that will guide you to the desired result. Here are the main constituents of a coherent and well-structured paper on sociology. 

Once you have selected a sociology term paper topic, you are ready to proceed to the analysis of the field, research, and conclusion-making. At this point, you should understand that although the abstract is the first part of the term paper, it should be the last to work on. This part of the work highlights the key ideas and perspectives presented in the essay. In short, it is a consistent and quick review of the term paper. 

Introduction

Interesting, appealing, and relevant are the words that should describe the introductory part of the Sociology term paper. The student should start with the question or problem under analysis. The hypothesis should also be included, followed by the relevant and meaningful claim, which will be further discussed. 

Literature Review

There is no way a college student comes up with a relevant sociology term paper without analyzing scientific works and articles. Therefore, the literature review is a must, which will contribute to the relevance of the work. 

Methodology

Next, you should provide readers with information about the methodology used for the achievement of the desired results. What instruments did you use to prove your perspective? What methods did you use to do research? Stay specific to add to the credibility of the paper and make it even more scholarly and influential. 

Outcomes and Findings

Infographics, tables, and other options should be actively used in this part of the paper. The main task here is to provide readers with information about the results of your research. Mention all the conclusions you made during the work and the aspects you wanted to highlight. 

This part of the work serves as a review of the research. Emphasize the difficulties and problems you faced during the process, specifying its weak and strong points, as well as the aspects that can be improved or changed. 

The final paragraph should not include any new information but rather sum up the facts that were mentioned in the previous parts. Reiterate the introductory passage, mention the results of the research, and comment on the topic under discussion. 

Bibliography

The last page of the term paper on sociology is a bibliography that should include detailed and properly formatted information about all the books, articles, and other works used in the essay. 

Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Sociology Term Paper

Once you are aware of the main specifications and peculiarities of the Sociology term paper, you are ready to proceed to the next stage. Following the recommendations specified below, you will get a chance to opt for the best sociology term paper topic, create a well-structured outline and write a meaningful and credible essay.  

Preparatory Stage

The first and most significant point during the preparatory stage is the analysis of valid data sources and the selection of the sociology term paper topic. If you succeed with these undertakings, you advance your chances to thrive with essay creation. 

Take your time to research and analyze the available information, singling out one specific aspect you want to discuss in your work. Narrow down a broad theme and formulate a topic that will be relevant, interesting, and appealing. Avoid trivial themes that are widely discussed, as it will be challenging for you to find authentic data and facts that will be new to readers. 

Sociology Term Paper Outline

The next step of your writing process is creating the outline. In fact, it is a guidebook to flawless essay writing. Apart from the structural parts typical for the Sociology term paper, the student should not forget about the standard division of the text into the introduction, body, and conclusion. Check out a sample outline, which will give you a better understanding of what is expected from you. 

Introduction:

• State the topic of your work.
• Highlight the gaps in the analysis of the theme, which will prove the significance of your work.
• Include a thesis statement to emphasize your perspective on the topic. 
• Start every paragraph with a new idea. 
• Make sure your passages are connected. 
• The more arguments you have on the topic, the more paragraphs you will have to include in the work. 

Conclusion:

• Reiterate the thesis statement. 
• Point out the aspects that can be analyzed and studied in the future. 

Sociology Paper Writing

Are you done with the paper outline? Follow the guidelines to create a coherent and consistent paper that meets all the requirements. Mind the formatting and citation rules, use only relevant data sources and stay specific discussing a certain social phenomenon.

Proofreading and Editing the First Draft

Once your first draft is ready, you should take a few minutes to rest. Then, read the paper once again to detect minor typos and mistakes in the text. Eliminate any inaccuracies and errors that can affect the quality of the work. 

Sociology Term Paper Topics: How to Make the Right Decision

As it has already been mentioned before, striving to create an influential paper on Sociology, the student should make maximum effort to select a relevant and up-to-date theme. Browsing the web, you are likely to detect an unlimited variety of good topics for a sociology term paper. However, you should stay creative to select the one that seems the most relevant and meaningful. 

Do you feel lost among so many sociology research topics? It is the right time to get settled. Check out an extensive list of valid topics that will inspire you and help you detect the aspect you want to discuss.  

At this point, it is fundamental to mention that the choice of topics may be immense, but the principles of its selection remain the same. So, focus on the relevant issues that are important and appealing to you. Choose themes that are narrow, precise, and definite. 

Sociology Term Paper on Family

• The Role of Family in the Development of the Child’s Personality
• Needs and Requirements of the Up-to-Date Family
• Responsible Children: The Role of Parents in Their Development
• Single Parenting and Its Impact on the Future Society
• The Importance of Child Support
• The Outcomes of Divorce on the Children and Their Future Lives
• The Way Infant Mortality Affects a Family
• Religion and Nationality-Related Problems in Modern Families
• Parental Neglect: Problems Caused by the Childhood Trauma
• Domestic Violence and Its Impact on the Future Life of a Child
• Homosexual Marriages: Peculiarities and Problems
• The Role of Every Parent in the Family
• Matriarchy in the Family and the Psychological Health of a Child
• Family Therapy Sessions: Advantages and Downsides
• Infidelity in Marriage: Most Common Reasons
• The Social Difference between Small and Large Families
• The Increase of the Divorce Rate in Recent Years
• Financial Responsibility of a Family: Key Steps to Its Achievement
• Siblings and Their Prominence 
• Depression in a Family Member: Ways to Eliminate the Problem
• Homeschooling: Social Downsides for the Child
• Effective Ways for Parents to Help Their Kids Deal with Psychological Traumas
• Perfect Family: Does It Exist?
• Importance of Mutual Understanding and Help in Family
• The Impact of Formal Education on the Contemporary Family

Term Paper Topics: Crime and Sociology

• Age and Crime: Is There a Link Between Them?
• Crimes Triggered by Substance Abuse
• Childhood Sexual Abuse as a Reason for Teenage Crimes
• Corporate Crime as a Growing Tendency
• The Specifications of the Court Systems in Various Countries
• Cybercrimes: Causes, Effects and Outcomes
• The Concept of the Natural Legal Crime
• Delinquent Subcultures and Their Impact on the Modern Communities
• Criminal Justice System: Its Pros and Cons
• Criminology Research Methods: The Way They Changed over the Years
• Life Course Theory of Crime
• Organized Crime and Punishment
• Illegal Migration and Its Impact on the Crime Rate
• Effective Ways of Youth Crime Prevention
• Psychological Help for Perspective Criminals
• How to Prevent the Increase of the Crime Rate: Tips and Guidelines
• Key Characteristics of Crime and Criminal
• Corporate Crimes: Who Are to Respond?
• Victimless Crime: When Can the Notion Be Applied?
• Capital Punishment and the Justice System
• Aggressive Behavior and Crime: The Way They Are Related
• Psychological Effects of Imprisonment
• Legal Gun Possession and Crime Rate
• Integrating Civil Laws and Decreased Crime Rates
• Criminal Justice System and Race

Read also : Criminal justice term paper topics you may like

Term Paper Ideas for Theory of Sociology

• Sociology: Peculiarities of the Study
• Writing a Sociological Paper: How to Select the Best Topic
• The Role of Sociology in Various Aspects of Human Lives
• Basic Notions of Sociology
• The History of Sociology Development
• Sociological Research and Its Methods
• Environmental Sociology: Features and Peculiarities
• Sociology of Gender, Race, and Ethnical Group
• Sociology and Media: The Connection between the Two
• Methods and Instruments Used for Sociological Research
• Types of Sociological Research
• Top 5 Sociology-Related Myths of All Times
• Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality as the Core Elements of Sociology as a Study
• Class Inequalities as the Basic Topic of Sociological Researches
• Sociological Perspective on the Gender Inequality
• Sociology of Nationality: Why Is It Fundamental to Discuss?
• Human Rights and Sociology: How Are the Notions Related?
• Sociology of Gender: The Up-to-Date Issue
• Branches of Sociology and Their Role in the Modern Society
• Racial, Gender and Nationality Discrimination: The Problems Worth Discussion
• Social Movements and Their Impact on the Advancement of the Study
• Various Phases of Sociology Development
• Social Learning Theory and Its Prominence for Modern People
• Conflict Perspective as the Main Topic of the Recent Years
• Sociological Theories and Their Role in the Study

Race and Ethnicity Sociology Term Paper Topics

• Globalization and Ethnicity: The Connection between the Notions
• Gender-Related Problems in the Modern Society
• The Link between Ethnicity and Substance Abuse
• Ethnicity and Poverty: Is There a Link?
• Race and Ethnicity: What Is the Difference?
• Migration and Unemployment Caused by Ethnicity-Related Issues
• Ethnicity and Education Perspectives
• 21st-Century Ethnicity and Gender Problems
• Migration: Main Causes and Consequences
• Prejudice Based on Religion, Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
• The History of Racial Discrimination
• The Culture, Religion, and Ethnicity of the Chinese 
• Ethnicity: Social, Cultural, and Historical Aspects
• Integration and Ethnicity: Various Aspects of the Question
• Psychological Perspective on Culture and Ethnicity
• Skin Color, Race and Ethnicity: Why Are They Important?
• Islam and Its Concept of Ethnicity and Religion
• Demographic Structure of the Up-to-Date Society
• Socioeconomic, Cultural, and Ethnical Context Influencing Human Wellbeing
• The Way Substance Abuse Is Related to Ethnicity
• Ethnicity and Specifications of the Education around the World
• Ethnicity and Racism: Key Differences and Similarities
• Basic Ethnicity Problems in the US
• The Impact of Race on the US History
• Health Care Inequality Caused by Racial and Ethnicity Issues

Read also: Great topics and writing tips for your anthropology term paper

Medical Sociology Term Paper Topics

• Challenges and Problems of Health Care in Urban Societies
• Preferential Treatment: Causes, Peculiarities, and Consequences
• The Attitude of the Society of Mental Health Patients
• The Instances of Medical Negligence in Different Countries
• The Cases of Sexual Harassment of Medical Staff on Patients
• The Perception of Female Doctors
• Rural Hospitals: The Challenges on the Medical System in the Areas
• Innovative Approaches to Mental Health Treatment
• Maternal Mortality Rate in Poor Countries
• Vaccination and the Attitude of Society to It
• Inequalities in Healthcare System: Preferred and Neglected Patients
• Effective Ways to Purify Water
• COVID-19 and Its Impact on Disabled People
• Air Pollution and Cancer: The Link between Notions
• Social Health Workers and Their Prominence for Different Types of Patients
• Postpartum Depression and Its Impact on the Interaction with the Community
• Euthanasia: Ethical Aspect of the Question
• Effective Ways to Contribute to the Care for the Elderly
• Top 10 Tips for Healthy Living
• Teenage Pregnancy and Abortion
• Effective Ways to Deal with Stress
• Immunization and the Attitude of Society to It
• Alcohol and Drug Abuse: The Problems Societies Suffer From
• The Main Cause of Fast Aging
• Obesity as the Aggravating Problem in the Modern Society

Urban Sociology Term Paper Topics

• Urban People and Their Aura
• The Innocence of the Villagers and Urban People Compared
• The Discrepancy in the Parenting Model of Urban and Rural People
• Money and Its Impact on the Mindset and Thinking Patterns of Urban People
• Social Media and Its Influence on the Lives and Development of Urban Kids
• The Role of Communities in Human Lives
• Urban Sociology: The Basics of the Study and Its Peculiarities
• Urban Poverty: Key Reasons and Outcomes
• Most Critical Urban Problems in the Developing Society
• Sociological Issues in Urban Life
• The Link Between Urban Health and Lifestyle
• Various Perspectives on Globalization
• Neighborhood Environment and Its Impact on the Human Wellbeing
• Neighborhood Context as a Reason for Aggression 
• The Impact of Community on the Self-Esteem
• The Basic Factors that Lead to the Drug Abuse
• Types of Neighborhood and Its Role in the Personality Growth and Development
• Community Change: Fundamental Factors to Mind
• Emotional and Psychological Disorders Caused by Community Attitude
• Neighborhood Effects: Problems and Issues Triggered by Them
• Social Status and Its Role in the Human Development
• Socioeconomic Status and Wellbeing of Youth
• The Impact of Place on the Emotional Health
• Advantages and Downsides of Urban Citizens
• Socioeconomic Status and Its Peculiarities

Following simple guidelines and effective tips writing a sociology term paper will be much easier. However, it is still indispensable to mind the peculiarities of the term paper as academic work and its requirements. Excellent formatting, perfect structure, profound research, and excellent grammar may be overwhelming for most learners, especially the ones who are short of time. 

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