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AP Biology Practice Exams

We have links to all of the best online AP Biology practice exams. These resources will provide thousands of challenging practice questions to work through. Choose from the listing below to get started with your test prep right now!

AP Biology Practice Test

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FREE AP Biology Practice Tests

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While High School Biology is required by most curricula during freshman year, content in AP Biology courses extends well beyond the brief conceptual introduction given in the preliminary class. AP Biology is generally taken by students in their third or fourth year of high school; it offers rigorous coverage of several biological concepts and principles that are only briefly addressed in High School Biology. Courses in AP Biology usually culminate in the AP Biology exam, which is designed to evaluate subject mastery on a standardized scale. Whether you need top Biology tutors in Albany , Biology tutors in Cleveland , or top Biology tutors in Houston , working with a pro may take your studies to the next level. Topics covered in AP Biology are numerous and diverse, and include cell biology, molecular concepts, systems biology, and ecology. Most AP Biology classes focus on cell biology first, teaching structures and functions, cell division, cellular respiration, and the central dogma. The central dogma deviates into some molecular biological concepts, as students must become familiar with proteins and nucleic acid sequences associated with DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Students will also become familiar with the organization and characteristics of organisms, learning the biology of plants, fungi, bacteria, and viruses, as well as the biology of humans and animals. Several physiological systems are covered in the AP Biology curriculum, including the nervous, musculoskeletal, respiratory, excretory, and immune systems. Most physiology tested in AP Biology remains on the general level, and very few specific proteins or pathways are tested. The remainder of AP Biology consists of genetics, evolution, and ecology. Students should be prepared to analyze phylogenetic relationships, food webs, inheritance patterns, and symbiotic interspecies relationships. Familiarity with famous theorists, such as Darwin, Mendel, and Lamarck, may be required when learning about these topics. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and population genetics will also be tested. Finally, it is essential that students have a strong understanding of experimental setup and analysis techniques. Questions on the AP Biology exam will frequently ask students to analyze the results of a given experimental setup. In addition to the AP Biology Practice Tests and  AP Biology tutoring , you may also want to consider taking some of our  AP Biology Diagnostic Tests . The AP Biology exam is divided into two sections. The first section consists of 63 multiple-choice questions and 6 mathematical grid-in responses. The multiple-choice questions are mostly independent of one another, but sometimes draw information and concepts from the same given figure or data. Grid-in responses are often based on graphical representations of data, requiring students to perform calculations in order to analyze the information presented. Students are given 90 minutes to complete the first section of the exam. The second section of the AP Biology exam is the free-response section. The questions in this section are largely essay-based, and frequently require students to compose paragraph-length responses to explain various biological processes and concepts. Data interpretation and experiment analysis are common topics on this section, requiring students to demonstrate a full understanding of an experimental setup and the results it produces. There are 8 questions in the free response section, with each question generally containing 2 to 5 individual parts. Timing for the free response section includes 10 minutes of dedicated reading time, during which students may review the presented data, but may not enter any responses. Following this period, you will have 80 minutes to complete the free response section. No matter if it’s a few days before test day or you haven’t even started your AP Biology class yet, you can start studying for your AP Biology class and exam by making use of Varsity Tutors’ free AP Biology Practice Tests. Containing ten to twelve AP Biology questions each, you can take Practice Tests organized to give you a general assortment of AP Biology questions, or you can hone in on a particular topic that’s giving you trouble and answer questions that all relate to that topic. Each AP Biology Practice Test question includes a detailed explanation of how to arrive at the correct answer, so make sure to pay attention to the explanation of any questions you miss so can learn from any mistakes you make. Varsity Tutors offers resources like a free AP Biology Flashcards  help with your self-paced study, or you may want to consider an AP Biology tutor . You might also like to test your skills by taking a Full-Length AP Biology Practice Test. These test you on the full range of concepts you’ll be expected to master before the exam, and are designed to be like the real exam experience. It can help to begin your review by taking one of the complete practice tests, as the feedback you get on the results page can assist you as you create a personalized AP Biology study plan. The results from the free full-length online tests include the same helpful metrics you get on the shorter, topic-focused practice tests. However, they have the added bonus of enabling you to tailor your study sessions by helping you discover the concepts on which you’ll want to spend more time studying. You can exercise your skills with any of the other Learning Tools, and return to the Full-Length AP Biology Practice Tests when you’re ready to check your progress. By using Varsity Tutors’ free AP Biology resources, you can make sure that you understand each AP Biology topic in detail and be fully confident in your AP Biology knowledge when you sit down to take the AP Biology exam!

Free AP Biology Practice Tests

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Every AP Biology Practice Test Available: Free and Official

Advanced Placement (AP)

Practice tests can help you get familiar with the structure of the AP Biology exam and feel more comfortable with the types of questions you'll be expected to answer on test day. Studying with practice tests can also give you insight into the specific struggles you might have with the material as presented on the AP test. You can then focus your studying appropriately to tackle these problems.

In this article, I'll list all the practice tests for AP Biology that you can find online and give you a few tips on how to use them effectively as study aids for both the AP test and any in-class tests you have throughout the school year.

Official AP Biology Practice Exams

Official practice tests provide the best preparation for the AP test. You can be sure that the questions are accurate representations of what you'll see on the final exam.

Unfortunately, I could only find one official practice test for the new version of the AP Biology test since the format and content changed so recently (2012). However, this practice test also has other information that makes it more helpful. It tells you how to calculate your score and includes detailed answer explanations for each question at the end.

Official Practice Test #1

Don't start your practice with this test. It's the most accurate preparation you'll have for the real AP test, so you should save it for towards the end of your second semester when you feel confident that you've mastered the material. It's better to begin studying with the unofficial tests in the next section as a warm-up!

You can also access official free-response questions from 2013, 2014, and 2015 on the College Board website.

Free Response Questions

The free-response section of the AP Biology test is usually considered to be the most difficult part, so it's good to have a little extra practice with these even if you're not answering them in the context of a full practice test.

In addition to these resources, all AP teachers have access to a bunch of free official practice AP tests online. You can ask your teacher if he or she will print a couple out for you to use in your studying.

Unofficial AP Biology Practice Exams

There are many unofficial AP Biology practice tests out there that you can use to help review the material. There's nothing wrong with using these tests to get more practice, but try not to rely on them exclusively because they are not always totally accurate representations of the real AP Biology exam. Some are aligned with the format of the pre-2012 exam, and some are just multiple-choice tests of varying lengths with no free response questions.

Because the AP Biology exam has been revised, you'll get a more accurate estimate of how well you're doing if you use recent practice tests that are aligned with the new test's format. Before 2012, the AP Biology test had 100 multiple-choice questions and four free-response questions rather than the current 63 multiple-choice questions, six grid-in questions, six short free-response questions, and two long free-response questions. The old test was also more memorization-based.

On the current AP Biology exam, you'll have to answer a lot of questions that involve analyzing experimental data using your background knowledge of biology. You won't see questions that just ask you to do something like identify parts of a process in a diagram.

A couple of these unofficial tests do have the same format as the current exam, including the Barron's practice test and all the tests in the "subscription needed" section. You should save these for later on in your second semester when you want to get a more accurate assessment of your readiness for the final exam (and then follow them up with the official practice test in the previous section if you feel confident that you've fixed your problem areas!).

Free AP Biology Practice Tests

Barron's Practice Test

• Barron's offers a free practice test online that has the same format as the current AP test.
• You can take it in timed or untimed ("practice") mode.
• If you use practice mode, you can see answer explanations as you go along.
• The multiple-choice section has automated scoring, but you'll have to self-score your free-response answers (guidelines are provided).

My Max Score Practice Test

• This is an old-format test that includes 100 multiple choice questions and four free-response questions.
• It also has detailed answer explanations for all questions.

Varsity Tutors Diagnostic Tests

• This is a list of ten multiple-choice diagnostic tests rated by difficulty level.
• Tests 4-10 have the same number of questions as the real multiple-choice section.
• Sorry, there are no free-response questions on this site.

Kaplan Practice Tests

• There are a few unit-specific quizzes here along with two longer practice tests that have almost as many questions as the multiple-choice section on the real exam (58 and 62 as opposed to 63 + 6 grid-ins).
• There are no free-response questions.

Learning Express 120-Question and 100-Question Practice Tests

• These are a couple more old-format multiple-choice tests with answers included at the end.
• If you just want to test yourself on the basic information in the course, these could be useful.

Subscription Needed

Shmoop Practice Tests (free trial available, $24.68 a month for subscription)

• A subscription to Shmoop will get you access to a diagnostic test plus five full AP Biology practice tests (including both multiple-choice and free-response questions, although these are of course unofficial).
• Shmoop tries a little too hard to relate to kids with their writing style, but if you're not put off by that, it might be a good resource for you.

BenchPrep Practice Tests (with subscription that costs $30 a month)

• Here, you'll get access to two full practice tests plus a ton of lessons.

Practice Tests in Review Books

• You might also decide to order a review book to get access to more practice tests.
• You'll find some good resources in the books listed in my article on the best AP Biology books for 2016.

How to Use AP Biology Practice Tests

This section is full of all the advice you need to follow to use AP Biology practice tests effectively during both your first and second semesters in the class.

First Semester: Using Practice Tests for Your Class

Although it might not make sense to take full practice tests yet, you can still use the materials in this article as resources for your studying. Look for free-response questions that relate to what you've learned so far so that you can start to get familiar with their format and expectations.

There are also plenty of sites that have quizzes that touch on specific units in the AP Biology curriculum. These include Learnerator , Varsity Tutors (which I mention above for diagnostic tests, but they also have subject-by-subject quizzes), and Quizlet . These won't be official questions, but they will help prepare you for in-class assessments and serve as a solid introduction to the types of questions you might be asked on the AP test. You should also check out my complete AP Biology review guide for more advice on how you can use online resources to study specific units of the course.

Second Semester: Preparing for the AP Test

By this time, you should be familiar with most of the material that you'll see on the test. This means you can start using full practice tests to judge how you'll score on the AP test and where your weaknesses lie. Remember to time yourself accurately when you take practice tests! Each time you take and score a practice test, you should also do an evaluation of your mistakes that will inform your studying going forward. Mistakes come in a few different forms, and things can be even more complex on the AP Biology test because there are technically four types of questions.

Focus on the multiple-choice section first, including the grid-ins. Notice whether your mistakes tend to happen on straightforward questions where you just didn't have the content knowledge or on questions that require deeper analysis. Were there specific content areas where you missed a significant number of questions? Keep track of this so that you can go back into your notes and review the appropriate unit(s). These are easy mistakes to fix.

Did you have trouble interpreting and analyzing scenarios on the test even though you knew the background information? The remedy for this is more practice. There are many sites with AP Bio practice questions available. This book of practice questions is also useful because the questions faithfully replicate the new design of the test.

It's possible that your problem lies outside the specifics of the questions and more in the format of the test. Did you run out of time? Make a ton of careless mistakes? The solution to this is greater awareness of your pacing and more practice questions.

Grid-ins are weird, so you may have had trouble on them if you're not big on the math aspect of biology. Try to find similar problems in your textbook, review book, or online so that you can practice your skills. The more math-oriented biology questions you do over time, the more likely it is that the questions on the test will be aligned with what you've already seen.

After taking your multiple-choice mistakes into account, you can move onto the free response section. Notice which questions gave you the most trouble and why. Did you forget the information you needed, or were you confused about what the question was asking or how to analyze a diagram? Take these findings and apply them to your future practice!

Essential AP Biology Practice Testing Tips

Follow these four tips to be sure to get the most out of your AP Biology practice tests.

#1: Replicate Realistic Test Conditions

It's always important to be faithful to the rules of the real test when you take practice tests so that your scores accurately reflect your potential. That means an hour and thirty minutes for each section. This is the only way to judge whether time is going to be an issue for you. You should also print out the test so that you take it in the right format. Have a calculator on hand as well. If you're really dedicated, you can even have someone serve as your mock proctor.

#2: Don't Panic if You're Not Familiar With Scenarios You See on the Test

Even if you've gone over every in-class lab that you had to do for AP Biology, you will still run into examples you haven't seen before. It's important not to psych yourself out when this happens. Focus on the diagrams and what you can learn from them, and see if you can think of a related experiment that will clue you into what they mean. Use your common sense; many questions will depend more heavily on your ability to analyze the situation at hand than on your memorization talent.

#3: Give Yourself Plenty of Time for the Grid-Ins

The so-called multiple-choice section also includes six grid-in questions. These questions are at the end of the section, and they will probably take you longer to solve than most multiple-choice questions. Try not to spend more than a minute on each multiple-choice question. If you find that you're taking too much time, you should move on and come back to it later!

#4: Spend 5-10 Minutes Reading the Free-Response Questions Before You Start Writing

It's a smart idea to start with the free-response questions that you know you can answer quickly and accurately. Leading with these questions will boost your confidence and help you avoid problems with time. Use the short reading period to look over all eight free-response questions and see which ones will be easiest for you to tackle.

You should take plenty of practice tests as part of your studying for AP Biology. You can't expect pure memorization to save you on questions that ask you to analyze scenarios you've never seen before. Practice questions are the key to improvement!

You can use a mixture of official and unofficial tests to practice. Just be wary of major differences in your scores from test to test so that you can accurately assess your readiness for the final. You can even use these tests throughout the year to practice for specific units of the course. If you do enough serious practice, the real AP test will be a piece of cake (well, maybe not, but it will be much less traumatizing).

What's Next?

Check out my detailed guide to the AP Biology Exam for more information about what's on this test and how you can prepare for it.

Are you taking both AP tests and SAT Subject Tests? Find out which kind of test is more important and what the major differences are between the two.

Many students take AP classes in the hopes of earning credit for college coursework in high school. Learn more about how AP credit works in college.

These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

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Samantha is a blog content writer for PrepScholar. Her goal is to help students adopt a less stressful view of standardized testing and other academic challenges through her articles. Samantha is also passionate about art and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College as a Studio Art major in 2014. In high school, she earned a 2400 on the SAT, 5's on all seven of her AP tests, and was named a National Merit Scholar.

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Have any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply!

Learn all about the course and exam. Already enrolled? Join your class in My AP.

Not a Student?

Go to AP Central for resources for teachers, administrators, and coordinators.

About the Exam

The AP Biology Exam will test your understanding of the biological concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to utilize the scientific method and analyze data. You are allowed to use a four-function calculator (with square root), scientific, or graphing functions throughout exam.

Mon, May 5, 2025

AP Biology Exam

This is the regularly scheduled date for the AP Biology Exam.

Exam Components

Section i: multiple choice.

60 questions 1hr 30mins 50% of Score

The multiple-choice section includes individual, single questions as well as sets of questions that refer to the same diagram or data presentation.

Questions will test your ability to:

• Explain biological concepts, processes, and models
• Analyze diagrams, flow charts, and other visual representations
• Use the scientific method
• Perform mathematical calculations to analyze data
• Support scientific claims with evidence

Section II: Free Response

6 questions 1hr 30mins 50% of Score

The free-response section includes two long questions  and four short questions.

• Interpret and evaluate results from an experiment
• Graph and analyze data
• Understand the principles and procedures of lab investigations
• Predict the causes or effects of a change in a biological system
• Analyze a visual representation of a biological phenomenon

Exam Essentials

Exam preparation, ap classroom resources.

Once you join your AP class section online, you’ll be able to access AP Daily videos, any assignments from your teacher, and your assignment results in AP Classroom. Sign in to access them.

• Go to AP Classroom

AP Biology Equations and Formulas Sheet

You are allowed to use this resource on the AP Biology Exam. It is also available in Appendix A of the Course and Exam Description.

Free-Response Questions and Scoring Information

Go to the Exam Questions and Scoring Information section of the AP Biology Exam page on AP Central to review the latest released free-response questions and scoring information.

Past Exam Free-Response Questions and Scoring Information

Go to AP Central to review free-response questions and scoring information from past AP Biology exams.

AP Biology Course and Exam Description

This is the core document for the course. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the exam and AP Program in general.

Services for Students with Disabilities

Students with documented disabilities may be eligible for accommodations for the through-course assessment and the end-of-course exam. If you’re using assistive technology and need help accessing the PDFs in this section in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] . For information about taking AP Exams, or other College Board assessments, with accommodations, visit the Services for Students with Disabilities website.

Credit and Placement

Search AP Credit Policies

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Additional Information

Critical Thinking Questions

• ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light dependent reactions to be used in the light independent reactions that produce sugars.
• ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light independent reactions, to be used in the light dependent reactions that produce sugars.
• ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light dependent reactions to be used in the light independent reactions that produce proteins.
• ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light dependent reactions to be used in the light independent reactions that use sugars as reactants.
• NADPH and ATP molecules are produced during the light-independent reactions and are used to power the light-dependent reactions.
• Sugar and ATP are produced during the light-dependent reactions and are used to power the light-independent reactions.
• Carbon dioxide and NADPH are produced during the light-independent reactions and are used to power the light-dependent reactions.
• NADPH and ATP molecules are produced during the light-dependent reactions and are used to power the light-independent reactions.

Examine the illustration of the photosynthesis equation. How does the equation relate to both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and what is the connection between the two processes?

• Photosynthesis utilizes energy to build carbohydrates, while cellular respiration metabolizes carbohydrates.
• Photosynthesis utilizes energy to metabolize carbohydrates, while cellular respiration builds carbohydrates.
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both utilize carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates.
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both metabolize carbohydrates to produce carbon dioxide and water.
• When photons strike photosystem (PS) I, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll, molecules that excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex then transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-II to PS-I. The products of the light-dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.
• When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll a molecules that in turn excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-I to PS-II. The products of the light-dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.
• When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll a molecules that excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-II to PS-I. The products of the light-dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.
• When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll a molecules that excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS II to PS I. The products of the light-independent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.
• Because UV rays and X-rays are high-energy waves, they penetrate the tissues and thus damage cells.
• Because UV rays and X-rays are long-wavelength waves, they penetrate the tissues and thus damage cells.
• Because UV rays and X-rays are low-energy waves, they cannot penetrate tissues and thus damage cells.
• Because UV rays and X-rays are low-frequency waves, they can penetrate tissues and thus damage cells.
• Photosynthesis is not possible.
• Photosynthesis is possible.
• Photosynthesis is possible only with blue light.
• Photosynthesis is possible only with green light.
• After splitting water in PS-I, high-energy electrons are delivered through the chloroplast electron transport chain to PS-II.
• After the photosynthesis reaction, released products like glucose help in the transfer of electrons from PS-II to PS-I.
• After splitting water in PS-II, high-energy electrons are delivered through the chloroplast electron transport chain to PS-I.
• After the completion of the light-dependent reactions, the electrons are transferred from PS-II to PS-I.
• This event will have no effect on the rate of photosynthesis in the leaf.
• Photosynthesis in the leaf will slow down or possibly stop.
• Photosynthesis in the leaf will increase exponentially.
• Photosynthesis in the leaf will first decrease and then increase.
• The product of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and RuBP is regenerated.
• The product of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and RuBisCO is regenerated.
• The product of the Calvin cycle is a 3-PGA molecule and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate is regenerated.
• The product of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and oxygen is regenerated.
• by using CAM photosynthesis and by closing stomatal pores during the night
• by using CAM photosynthesis and by opening stomatal pores during the night
• by using CAM photosynthesis and by keeping stomatal pores closed at all times
• by bypassing CAM photosynthesis and by keeping stomatal pores closed at night
• The prey of lions are generally herbivores, which depend on heterotrophs.
• The prey of lions are generally smaller carnivorous animals, which depend on non-photosynthetic organisms.
• The prey of lions are generally herbivores, which depend on autotrophs.
• The prey of lions are generally autotrophs, which depend onother autotrophs.
• It takes three turns to fix enough oxygen to export one G3P molecule.
• It takes three turns to produce RuBisCO as an end product.
• It takes three turns to produce ATP and NADPH for fixation of G3P.
• It takes three turns to fix enough carbon to export one G3P molecule.

This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's permission.

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution License and you must attribute OpenStax.

Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/1-introduction

• Authors: Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht
• Publisher/website: OpenStax
• Book title: Biology for AP® Courses
• Publication date: Mar 8, 2018
• Location: Houston, Texas
• Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/1-introduction
• Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/8-critical-thinking-questions

© Jul 10, 2024 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.

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WAEC Biology Past Questions | FREE DOWNLOAD

WAEC Biology Questions – Free WASSCE past questions for Biology.

Here is collection of Biology past examination questions to assist you with your studies for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) for both School and GCE candidates.

If you are in your last stage of Secondary School Education (May/June) or not in the School system (GCE), the importance of using old exam papers in preparing for your West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE), cannot be over emphasised. By using past exam papers as part of your preparation, you can find out what you already know. By the same token you also find out what you do not know well enough or don’t know at all.

See: WAEC Timetable for May/June Candidates and WAEC Timetable for GCE Candidates .

What is more, the WAEC past questions for Biology can also be used as an organisational tool to manage your time better, as you can plan according to each section of the paper.

As a matter of fact, revision is more better than memorising facts and going over notes. You can practise for your Biology WAEC Exam by answering real questions from past papers. This will give you a better chance of passing.

WAEC Past Questions for Biology

Click on the year you want to start your revision.

• Biology Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – June 1993
• Biology Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – June 1994
• Biology Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2011

Do you have any other past question(s) other than the ones listed here? If yes, don’t hesitate to share them with others by sending it to  [email protected] .

You have to keep trying more than one exam to increase your success in the forthcoming WAEC Exam.

Recommended:

• WAEC Syllabus For Biology .
• WAEC Sample Questions and Scheme For Biology
• WAEC Past Questions and Answers For Other Subjects .

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A-Level Biology Papers

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Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems ( AQA GCSE Biology )

Topic questions.

Figure 1 shows a cross section of a leaf.

Which of the options below correctly describes the organisational structure of a leaf?

Organ system

Choose your answer

Name structure X and Y in Figure 1.

How did you do?

Describe how structure X (in Figure 1 ) helps control gas exchange in response to changing environmental conditions.

Which feature of palisade mesophyll cells makes them adapted for efficient photosynthesis?

They are transparent to allow light to pass through.

They have a thick waxy coating.

Contain lots of mitochondria

Contain lots of chloroplasts

Did this page help you?

Figure 2 shows a drawing of the cross-section of a plant root.

The transport tissues are labelled.

What is the structure labelled  X ?

Which substance is transported in the phloem.

Dissolved sugars.

Mineral ions.

Carbon dioxide.

Which of A to D best represents the direction of movement of substances in the phloem and structure X ?

What is the name given to the flow of water from the roots to the leaves via the xylem vessel?

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box

The __________ transports food substances such as dissolved __________ made in the __________ to the rest of the plant, this process is called __________ .

Which of the statements A to D does not refer to the xylem?

Tiny pores allow water and mineral ions to enter.

Composed of tubes of elongated living cells. 

Strengthened by lignin.

Dead cells form a hollow tube.

Complete the sentences.

Choose the answers from the box

Water moves into the cytoplasm of root hair cells by the process of __________ .

Mineral ions move into the cytoplasm of root hair cells by the process of __________ .

Root hair cells possess long hair-like projections.

Explain why this is a beneficial adaptation for absorbing water and mineral ions.

What is the predominant process by which water is lost from the leaf?

Evaporation.

Translocation.

Photosynthesis.

Suggest two reasons why transpiration is beneficial for the plant.

Figure 3 shows the movement of water through a plant. Arrows indicate the direction of movement.

Explain how the transpiration stream happens in plants. Use the information in Figure 3 .

What would happen to the transpiration rate of the plant in Figure 3 during the night time?

Transpiration increases

Transpiration remains constant

Transpiration stops

Transpiration decreases

Table 2 below lists some of the factors that affect the rate of transpiration in plants.

Place a tick (✔) for each factor, in the correct box that corresponds to either a decrease or increase in transpiration rate.

Two students set up the equipment shown in Figure 4 to investigate the effect of air flow on the rate of transpiration of a plant shoot.

What is the equipment shown in Figure 4 called?

Using the equipment shown in Figure 4 , some students investigated transpiration in a plant.

The students initially left the equipment for 20 minutes and recorded the distance moved by the bubble.

They then repeated the experiment but placed a moving electric fan next to the plant. Two different fan speeds were tested (fast and slow).

The results are shown in Figure 5   

Explain why the air movement, caused by the fan, affects the rate of uptake of water by the shoot.

Identify two factors that should be kept the same during the experiment...

Like animals, plants exchange substances with the environment to obtain what they need to survive and to remove waste.

Substances need to be moved around a plant.

Name two organs through which substances move in a plant.

The roots of a plant use active transport to absorb mineral ions.

A mature bean plant is replanted in soil lacking mineral ions, as shown in Figure 1 .

Describe and explain the impact of the soil on the ability of the roots of the bean plant to take up water.

Explain what is meant by the term 'transpiration stream'

Plant leaves have many adaptations to maximise the rate at which they can photosynthesise.

A group of students wanted to investigate the behaviour of stomata in different plants.

Figure 2 is a drawing of the underside of a leaf of one of the plants as visualised under a light microscope.

Name cell X in Figure 2 and outline its role in the leaf.

Calculate the number of stomata per mm 2 of this leaf surface.

Another plant species has 200 stomata per mm 2 of its leaf surface. An increased number of stomata is not always advantageous.

Explain why.

The students then measured the mean widths of the stomata from three different species of plant which had been growing under different light conditions.

Table 1 shows their results.

Species A is unlikely to be found growing in a hot, dry desert.

Explain why, using data from Table 1 .

Figure 3 shows a drawing of the cross-section of a plant root.

What tissue is labelled X ?

Name two substances transported by the xylem.

Compare the structure of the xylem with that of tissue X .

A process called translocation occurs in tissue X .

What is translocation and why is it important for plants?

Figure 4 shows two guard cells surrounding an open stoma and two guard cells surrounding a closed stoma.

When light intensity is low, the stoma closes.

Describe how the stoma close.

Guard cells have cell walls with unevenly distributed cellulose.

Suggest why this is important.

A student investigated the effect of varying concentrations of salt solution on the opening of stomata on the lower epidermis of a leaf.

Her results are shown in Table 2 .

The student calculated one of the percentages for open stomata in the field of view incorrectly.

Identify for which solution the result was incorrect and give the correct value.

Write a conclusion for the results of the experiment as shown in Table 2 .

The student measured the real diameter for the field of view to be 0.475 mm.

Calculate the total number of stomata per mm 2 of the leaf epidermis placed in 0.8 mol / dm 3 salt solution if the value of π (pi) is 3.14.

Show your working.

A potometer can be used to measure the uptake of water by a leafy shoot.

Figure 5 shows a potometer.

A group of students measured the uptake of water by the shoot under normal conditions.

As water was taken up by the shoot, the level of water in the capillary tube decreased.

The water level of the shoot was recorded at 2 minute intervals over a 12 minute period.

The results are shown in  Table 3 .

The area of the cross section of the capillary tube was 0.6 mm 2 .

Calculate the volume of water taken up by the shoot in mm 3 per minute.

The students decided to repeat the investigation but this time placed a humidifier in the room next to the potometer.

A humidifier adds water vapour to the air.

Suggest and explain how the results would be different to those obtained in  Table 3.

The students considered repeating the investigation again by measuring the uptake of water at different temperatures.

They were conscious of not leaving the leaves for too long at temperatures above 30 °C.

Explain how palisade cells are adapted to their function.

A scientist saw the following query on a question and answer website:

"If plant leaf epidermis cells are the outermost cells in a leaf and closer to the sun, why do they not contribute much to photosynthesis?"

Suggest a suitable response to the query.

Explain how the leaf is adapted for gas exchange.

Sketch an annotated diagram of the cross-section of a leaf. You do not need to include the structures responsible for transport of food and water.

Which statement from A to D would indicate that transport of materials in the phloem involves metabolic processes rather than just a physical process?.

Material can be transported in both directions within the phloem.

Removing the leaves results in a decrease in rate of transport.

No transport is observed if the plants are grown in an anoxic environment.

The rate of transport fluctuates between different plant species.

Figure 1  shows an aphid feeding on a plant stem.

Explain why they target structure X.

Describe how the xylem is adapted for the transport of water.

Compare the transport systems in plants and animals.

Figure 2 shows a cross section of a leaf.

State what is unusual about the underside of the leaf.

Explain which kind of environment the leaf shown in Figure 2 is adapted for.

Many plants that grow in hot arid environments like the desert, take in CO 2 during the night and store it.

Explain how this is advantageous to the plant.

During an exam a student wrote the following statement:

"Transpiration and photosynthesis in plants is a compromise".

Suggest what evidence they could use to support this statement.

The development of root hair cells is complicated and under the control of many genes.

Scientists have created mutants where particular genes are deleted ('knocked out'), these result in different phenotypes (observable characteristics). Table 1 shows the effect of knocking out various genes on the growth of root hair cells.

Suggest why it is important for a plant to have such developmental control over the growth of root hair cells.

Explain why a tree loses more water during the day compared to night time.

Xerophytes are plants that are specially adapted to live in the desert.

Explain why Xerophytes need to be adapted to their environment.

Describe the special features that allow guard cells to open and close stomata.

Explain how a potometer can be used to estimate transpiration rates. 

A student set up a potometer and stated that:

"the potometer can tell me exactly how much water has been lost through transpiration".

Suggest what is inaccurate about the student's statement.

A student investigated the effect of light intensity on transpiration in a plant using a mass potometer as shown in Figure 3 .

Six plants were used, three in each of two different conditions: in a room or in the same room next to a bright lamp. Table 2  shows the results.

The student then set up an investigation to study the effect of increasing humidity levels on transpiration.

Explain why the results of the two investigations may differ.

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Biology Paper 1 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2020 past papers

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Instructions to candidates

• Answer  all  the questions.
• Candidates should answer the questions in English.

Answer  all  the questions in the spaces provided.

• Name the taxonomic grouping that contains individuals with most similarities.   (1 mark)
• budding in yeast; (1 mark) 
• enlargement of the eye pupil in dim light.  (1 mark)
• Explain why there is no grass in most dense forests. (2 marks)
• State  one  structural difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane. (1 mark)

• Name the Kingdom to which the organism belongs. (1 mark)
• State the mode of nutrition for the organism. (1 mark)
• Name the part labelled E. (1 mark)
• State  two  functions of the part labelled E. (2 marks)
• State the importance of a well-developed blood capillary network in the alveoli. (1 mark)
• Name the genetic disorder in humans that is characterised by inability of blood to clot. (I mark)

• Account for the shape of the sketch made in (a) above. (2 marks)
• Explain why plants have lower respiratory rates compared to animals. (l mark)
• State  two  situations in plants when the rate of respiration rises more than normal. (2 marks)
• Explain why most plants growing in water-logged areas die before attaining maturity. (3 marks)

• the meaning of the term imbibition (1 mark)
• why the dry mass of the endosperm decreases while that of the embryo increases. (2 marks)
• State  two  characteristic features used to classify members of Class Coniferales. (2 marks) 

• Name the type of growth curve shown. (1 mark)
• Name the Phylum where members show the type of growth curve illustrated. (1 mark)
• State  two  limitations of using fossil records in retracing evolutionary history of living organisms.(2 marks)
• Describe cell biology as an evidence of organic evolution. (3 marks)

• Name the process that takes place around the 14th day. (1 mark))
• Name  two  hormones produced at the follicular phase. (2 marks)
• Under which two conditions would the cycle be interrupted? (2 marks)
• State  two  reasons why blood reaching the glomerulus is always under high pressure. (2 marks)
• the hormone that was deficient in the patient: (1 mark)
• the gland that produces the hormone named in (a) above; (1 mark) 
• the disease the individual was likely to be suffering from. (1 mark) 

• Name enzymes S and T. S (1 mark) T (1 mark)
• Name the part of the alimentary canal where enzyme T is likely to be found. (1 mark)
• Explain your answer in b(i) above. (2 marks)
• Explain the biological significance of completing a dose of antibiotics. (3 marks)
• State  two  reasons why females with Turners' Syndrome are infertile. (2 marks)) 
• Define the term "field of view" as used in microscopy. (1 mark)
• State  two  functions of the body tube of a light microscope. (2 marks)
• Give a reason why it is  not  advisable to use water in cleaning a microscope. (1 mark) 
• Explain the role of blood capillaries in thermoregulation. (2 marks)

• the hormone K (1 mark)
• gland L that produces ecdysone hormone (1 mark)
• State the role of ecdysone hormone in the growth and development of insects. (1 mark)
• Name process M (1 mark)
• Account for the rapid increase in size of organisms immediately after moulting. (2 marks)

• Explain why the leaf of a sisal plant has a thick and shiny cuticle. (2 marks)
• Explain why an individual with blood group AB can only donate blood to an individual with the same blood group. (2 marks)

• process N (1 mark)
• polysaccharide p (1 mark)
• State  two  conditions necessary for the formation of compound Q. (2 marks)
• State  two  environmental conditions necessary for process N to take place. (2 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

• (Asexual) reproduction; Rej sexual
• Irritability/ Response (to stimulus) /Sensitivity
• Form canopies/shadows/shade; which prevent light from reaching grass; grass die/fail to flourish due to their inability to photosynthesis; 
• Cell wall is (fully) permeable while cell membrane is semi-permeable. (cell wall has larger pores while cell membrane has smaller pores)
• Cell wall is (mainly) made up of cellulose (fibres) while cell membrane has a (double) protein layer sandwiching a lipid layer; Acc. lipoprotein
• Cell wall is rigid, tougher ( cannot burst) while cell membrane is weaker (bursts)
• Fungi; Acc. fungi
• Saprophytism/saprophytic/food on dead decaying (organic) matter; Rej. Saprophyte
• Hypha/Hyphae; Acc. mycelium Rhizoids
• Secretes digestive enzymes(for external digestion); 
• Anchors the organism/mushroom (firmly) onto the substrate. Acc. anchorage.
• Absorbs digested food materials/Absorbs water and mineral salts/ions.
• Increases the surface area for (efficient) exchange/transport of respiratory gases ( oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide)
• Haemophilia; Acc. Hemophilia

• The rate of diffusion increases with the increase in temperature; Increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the (diffusing) molecules (increasing the rate of diffusion).
• Plants are less active than animals, hence require lower amount of energy than animals.
• During germination (to generate energy required for the process.
• During rapid growth/cell division (at the tips of roots/shoots).
• During active uptake/transport of substances (through the roots).
• Waterlogging submerges the plant root system; Cutting off supply of oxygen to the roots/soil surrounding the roots.
• (Aerobic) respiration in the roots is hampered
• active uptake/transport of materials is affected (leading to the death of the affected plants).
• K- Ulna L- Radius
• (Rapid) absorption of water by (germinating) seed (through the micropyle/seed coat).
• During germination, stored food in the endosperm is broken down/hydrolyzed/oxidized; to provide nutrients for the growing embryo.
• Presence of cones
• Naked seeds, seeds not enclosed in fruits
• Xerophytic characteristics/needle-like leaves/ thick waxy cuticle/sunken stomata.
• Intermittent/staircase (growth curve)
• arthropoda; correctly spelt Acc. arthropoda/Athropoda/athropoda    Rej. Anthropoda/ anthropoda
• Missing links due to complete decomposition of some organisms.  Acc. some parts decomposing
• Distortion of parts during sedimentation.
• Destruction of fossils by geological activities (earthquakes/faulting/mass movement of earth surfaces/volcanicity) 
• Presence of similar cell organelles ( mitochondria, ribosomes,lysosomes);
• Similar biological chemicals(ATP/proteins/DNA); 
• Similar blood pigmentation in tissues of some groups of animals show they have a common phytogenetic origin.
• Follicle stimulating hormone Rej. FSH
• Oestrogen/Estrogen
• Luteinizing hormone  Rej. LH
• (Drastic) change in weather/environment.
• Pregnancy/Implantation/Conception   Rej. fertilisation
• Emotional instability (anger, stress, anxiety).
• Renal artery branches directly from (dorsal) aorta whose blood under pressure
• Afferent arteriole/supplying blood is broader than efferent taking out blood.
• Diabetes mellitus    Rej. Diabetes alone
• S - Pepesin; Acc.  Chymosin/Rennin  Rej. Renin T- Trypsin
• In the duodenum, the medium is alkaline/basic; favouring the optimal working of the enzyme (T) as illustrated
• To completely kill/contain the (targeted) pathogens; Since failure to take full dose accords the pathogens an opportunity to develop resistance to the drug; the pathogen mutates(overtime) giving rise to a new strain; finally the drug becomes ineffective.
• They lack ovaries
• Have small uterus
• Less number of chromosomes.
• A circular area seen (on the stage) when focusing/viewing through the eyepiece of a microscope.
• Holds the revolving nose piece/objective lenses in place
• Holds the ocular/eyepiece (lens) in place
• To avoid rusting
• To avoid interference with visibility of the lens.
• Constrict during cold/low temperatures; to conserve heat
• Dilate during hot/high temperature; to facilitate heat loss
• Juvenile (hormone)
• prothoracic (gland)
• Ecdysone (hormone) causes metamorphosis; or causes the larval stage (of an insect to change/metamorphosize into pupa and pupa into adult.
• Complete Metamorphosis
• During moulting (the tough/hard impermeable) exoskeleton is shed; allowing the (soft permeable) larvae to take in air/water leading to rapid growth (which in turn results to increase in size of the organism).

• (Sisal is a xerophyte) the thick cuticle enables it to conserve water; reduce water loss;
• It is shiny to reflect light,minimizing evaporation by radiation.
• The individuals blood has both antigen A and B; which will coagulate/agglutimate with antibodies a and b; found in individuals with blood groups A,B and O; OWTTE
• Photosynthesis
• Respiratory enzymes
• Absence/little oxygen
• Optimum temperature
• Water/Moisture
• Carbon (IV) oxide

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Biology 2018 WAEC Past Questions

The scientist who introduced binomial nomenclature in the classification of organisms was

• A. Charles Darwin
• B. Carolus Linnaeus
• C. John Ray
• D. Louis Pasteur

Which of the following statements is true about arthropods?

• A. Prothorax bears only legs
• B. Mesothorax bears only legs
• C. Metathorax bears only wings
• D. Prothorax bears only wings

What level of organization is Spirogyra?

The streaming movement of cytoplasm within the Paramecium is known as

• A. Transpiration
• B. Digestion
• C. Cyclosis

Which of the following organelles is found only in plant cells?

• A. Mitochondria
• B. Ribosomes
• C. Lysosomes
• D. Plastids
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AQA A Level Biology (2018-2019) essay questions with mark scheme

AQA A Level Biology essay questions with mark scheme in 17 pages. They include 4 essay questions from 2018 and 2019. Mark schemes are included.

• School Past Papers & Exam Notes
• AQA (GCE) AS and A Level
• Biology A Level (7402)
• Number of Pages
• Staff Rating

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AQA A Level Biology four essay questions from 2018 and 2019 along with mark schemes and examiners report.

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