Research methodology vs. research methods
The research methodology or design is the overall strategy and rationale that you used to carry out the research. Whereas, research methods are the specific tools and processes you use to gather and understand the data you need to test your hypothesis.
To further understand research methodology, let’s explore some examples of research methodology:
a. Qualitative research methodology example: A study exploring the impact of author branding on author popularity might utilize in-depth interviews to gather personal experiences and perspectives.
b. Quantitative research methodology example: A research project investigating the effects of a book promotion technique on book sales could employ a statistical analysis of profit margins and sales before and after the implementation of the method.
c. Mixed-Methods research methodology example: A study examining the relationship between social media use and academic performance might combine both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It could include surveys to quantitatively assess the frequency of social media usage and its correlation with grades, alongside focus groups or interviews to qualitatively explore students’ perceptions and experiences regarding how social media affects their study habits and academic engagement.
These examples highlight the meaning of methodology in research and how it guides the research process, from data collection to analysis, ensuring the study’s objectives are met efficiently.
When it comes to writing your study, the methodology in research papers or a dissertation plays a pivotal role. A well-crafted methodology section of a research paper or thesis not only enhances the credibility of your research but also provides a roadmap for others to replicate or build upon your work.
Wondering how to write the research methodology section? Follow these steps to create a strong methods chapter:
At the start of a research paper , you would have provided the background of your research and stated your hypothesis or research problem. In this section, you will elaborate on your research strategy.
Begin by restating your research question and proceed to explain what type of research you opted for to test it. Depending on your research, here are some questions you can consider:
a. Did you use qualitative or quantitative data to test the hypothesis?
b. Did you perform an experiment where you collected data or are you writing a dissertation that is descriptive/theoretical without data collection?
c. Did you use primary data that you collected or analyze secondary research data or existing data as part of your study?
These questions will help you establish the rationale for your study on a broader level, which you will follow by elaborating on the specific methods you used to collect and understand your data.
Now that you have told your reader what type of research you’ve undertaken for the dissertation, it’s time to dig into specifics. State what specific methods you used and explain the conditions and variables involved. Explain what the theoretical framework behind the method was, what samples you used for testing it, and what tools and materials you used to collect the data.
Once you have explained the data collection process, explain how you analyzed and studied the data. Here, your focus is simply to explain the methods of analysis rather than the results of the study.
Here are some questions you can answer at this stage:
a. What tools or software did you use to analyze your results?
b. What parameters or variables did you consider while understanding and studying the data you’ve collected?
c. Was your analysis based on a theoretical framework?
Your mode of analysis will change depending on whether you used a quantitative or qualitative research methodology in your study. If you’re working within the hard sciences or physical sciences, you are likely to use a quantitative research methodology (relying on numbers and hard data). If you’re doing a qualitative study, in the social sciences or humanities, your analysis may rely on understanding language and socio-political contexts around your topic. This is why it’s important to establish what kind of study you’re undertaking at the onset.
Now that you have gone through your research process in detail, you’ll also have to make a case for it. Justify your choice of methodology and methods, explaining why it is the best choice for your research question. This is especially important if you have chosen an unconventional approach or you’ve simply chosen to study an existing research problem from a different perspective. Compare it with other methodologies, especially ones attempted by previous researchers, and discuss what contributions using your methodology makes.
No matter how thorough a methodology is, it doesn’t come without its hurdles. This is a natural part of scientific research that is important to document so that your peers and future researchers are aware of it. Writing in a research paper about this aspect of your research process also tells your evaluator that you have actively worked to overcome the pitfalls that came your way and you have refined the research process.
1. Remember who you are writing for. Keeping sight of the reader/evaluator will help you know what to elaborate on and what information they are already likely to have. You’re condensing months’ work of research in just a few pages, so you should omit basic definitions and information about general phenomena people already know.
2. Do not give an overly elaborate explanation of every single condition in your study.
3. Skip details and findings irrelevant to the results.
4. Cite references that back your claim and choice of methodology.
5. Consistently emphasize the relationship between your research question and the methodology you adopted to study it.
To sum it up, what is methodology in research? It’s the blueprint of your research, essential for ensuring that your study is systematic, rigorous, and credible. Whether your focus is on qualitative research methodology, quantitative research methodology, or a combination of both, understanding and clearly defining your methodology is key to the success of your research.
Once you write the research methodology and complete writing the entire research paper, the next step is to edit your paper. As experts in research paper editing and proofreading services , we’d love to help you perfect your paper!
Here are some other articles that you might find useful:
What does research methodology mean, what types of research methodologies are there, what is qualitative research methodology, how to determine sample size in research methodology, what is action research methodology.
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Before conducting a study, a research proposal should be created that outlines researchers’ plans and methodology and is submitted to the concerned evaluating organization or person. Creating a research proposal is an important step to ensure that researchers are on track and are moving forward as intended. A research proposal can be defined as a detailed plan or blueprint for the proposed research that you intend to undertake. It provides readers with a snapshot of your project by describing what you will investigate, why it is needed, and how you will conduct the research.
Your research proposal should aim to explain to the readers why your research is relevant and original, that you understand the context and current scenario in the field, have the appropriate resources to conduct the research, and that the research is feasible given the usual constraints.
This article will describe in detail the purpose and typical structure of a research proposal , along with examples and templates to help you ace this step in your research journey.
A research proposal¹ ,² can be defined as a formal report that describes your proposed research, its objectives, methodology, implications, and other important details. Research proposals are the framework of your research and are used to obtain approvals or grants to conduct the study from various committees or organizations. Consequently, research proposals should convince readers of your study’s credibility, accuracy, achievability, practicality, and reproducibility.
With research proposals , researchers usually aim to persuade the readers, funding agencies, educational institutions, and supervisors to approve the proposal. To achieve this, the report should be well structured with the objectives written in clear, understandable language devoid of jargon. A well-organized research proposal conveys to the readers or evaluators that the writer has thought out the research plan meticulously and has the resources to ensure timely completion.
A research proposal is a sales pitch and therefore should be detailed enough to convince your readers, who could be supervisors, ethics committees, universities, etc., that what you’re proposing has merit and is feasible . Research proposals can help students discuss their dissertation with their faculty or fulfill course requirements and also help researchers obtain funding. A well-structured proposal instills confidence among readers about your ability to conduct and complete the study as proposed.
Research proposals can be written for several reasons:³
Research proposals should aim to answer the three basic questions—what, why, and how.
The What question should be answered by describing the specific subject being researched. It should typically include the objectives, the cohort details, and the location or setting.
The Why question should be answered by describing the existing scenario of the subject, listing unanswered questions, identifying gaps in the existing research, and describing how your study can address these gaps, along with the implications and significance.
The How question should be answered by describing the proposed research methodology, data analysis tools expected to be used, and other details to describe your proposed methodology.
Here is a research proposal sample template (with examples) from the University of Rochester Medical Center. 4 The sections in all research proposals are essentially the same although different terminology and other specific sections may be used depending on the subject.
If you want to know how to make a research proposal impactful, include the following components:¹
1. Introduction
This section provides a background of the study, including the research topic, what is already known about it and the gaps, and the significance of the proposed research.
2. Literature review
This section contains descriptions of all the previous relevant studies pertaining to the research topic. Every study cited should be described in a few sentences, starting with the general studies to the more specific ones. This section builds on the understanding gained by readers in the Introduction section and supports it by citing relevant prior literature, indicating to readers that you have thoroughly researched your subject.
3. Objectives
Once the background and gaps in the research topic have been established, authors must now state the aims of the research clearly. Hypotheses should be mentioned here. This section further helps readers understand what your study’s specific goals are.
4. Research design and methodology
Here, authors should clearly describe the methods they intend to use to achieve their proposed objectives. Important components of this section include the population and sample size, data collection and analysis methods and duration, statistical analysis software, measures to avoid bias (randomization, blinding), etc.
5. Ethical considerations
This refers to the protection of participants’ rights, such as the right to privacy, right to confidentiality, etc. Researchers need to obtain informed consent and institutional review approval by the required authorities and mention this clearly for transparency.
6. Budget/funding
Researchers should prepare their budget and include all expected expenditures. An additional allowance for contingencies such as delays should also be factored in.
7. Appendices
This section typically includes information that supports the research proposal and may include informed consent forms, questionnaires, participant information, measurement tools, etc.
8. Citations
Writing a research proposal begins much before the actual task of writing. Planning the research proposal structure and content is an important stage, which if done efficiently, can help you seamlessly transition into the writing stage. 3,5
Key Takeaways
Here’s a summary of the main points about research proposals discussed in the previous sections:
Q1. How is a research proposal evaluated?
A1. In general, most evaluators, including universities, broadly use the following criteria to evaluate research proposals . 6
Q2. What is the difference between the Introduction and Literature Review sections in a research proposal ?
A2. The Introduction or Background section in a research proposal sets the context of the study by describing the current scenario of the subject and identifying the gaps and need for the research. A Literature Review, on the other hand, provides references to all prior relevant literature to help corroborate the gaps identified and the research need.
Q3. How long should a research proposal be?
A3. Research proposal lengths vary with the evaluating authority like universities or committees and also the subject. Here’s a table that lists the typical research proposal lengths for a few universities.
Arts programs | 1,000-1,500 | |
University of Birmingham | Law School programs | 2,500 |
PhD | 2,500 | |
2,000 | ||
Research degrees | 2,000-3,500 |
Q4. What are the common mistakes to avoid in a research proposal ?
A4. Here are a few common mistakes that you must avoid while writing a research proposal . 7
Thus, a research proposal is an essential document that can help you promote your research and secure funds and grants for conducting your research. Consequently, it should be well written in clear language and include all essential details to convince the evaluators of your ability to conduct the research as proposed.
This article has described all the important components of a research proposal and has also provided tips to improve your writing style. We hope all these tips will help you write a well-structured research proposal to ensure receipt of grants or any other purpose.
References
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Last updated : July 18, 2024
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Most professors will require the use of academic (AKA peer-reviewed) sources for student writing. This is because these sources, written for academic audiences of specific fields, are helpful for developing your argument on many topics of interest in the academic realm, from history to biology. While popular sources like news articles also often discuss topics of interest within academic fields, peer-reviewed sources offer a depth of research and expertise that you cannot find in popular sources. Therefore, knowing how to (1) identify popular vs. academic sources, (2) differentiate between primary and secondary sources, and (3) find academic sources is a vital step in writing research. Below are definitions of the two ways scholars categorize types of sources based on when they were created (i.e. time and place) and how (i.e. methodology):
Finding appropriate academic sources from the hundreds of different journal publications can be daunting. Therefore, it is important to find databases –digital collections of articles–relevant to your topic to narrow your search. Albertson’s Library has access to several different databases, which can be located by clicking the “Articles and Databases” tab on the website’s homepage, and navigating to “Databases A-Z” to refine your search. Popular databases include: Academic Search Premier and Proquest Central (non-specific databases which include a wide variety of articles), JSTOR (humanities and social sciences, from literature to history), Web of Science (formal sciences and natural sciences such as biology and chemistry), and Google Scholar (a web search engine that searches scholarly literature and academic sources). If you are unable to access articles from other databases, make sure you’re signed in to Alberton’s Library through Boise State!
Databases include many different types of sources besides academic journals, however, including book reviews and other periodicals. Using the search bar , you can limit search results to those containing specific keywords or phrases like “writing center” or “transfer theory.” Utilizing keywords in your search–names of key concepts, authors, or ideas–rather than questions is the most effective way to find articles in databases. When searching for a specific work by title, placing the title in quotation marks will ensure your search includes only results in that specific word order. In the example below, search terms including the author (“Virginia Woolf”) and subject (“feminism”) are entered into the popular database EBSCOhost:
Many databases have a bar on the left of the screen where you can further refine your results. For example, if you are only interested in finding complete scholarly articles, or peer-reviewed ones, you can toggle these different options to further limit your search. These options are located under the “Refine Results” bar in EBSCOhost, divided into different sections, with a display of currently selected search filters and filter options to refine your search based on your specific needs, as seen in the figure below:
Search results can also be limited by subject : If you search “Romeo and Juliet” on Academic Search Premier to find literary analysis articles for your English class, you’ll find a lot of other sources that include this search term, such as ones about theater production or ballets based on Shakespeare’s play. However, if you’re writing a literary paper on the text of the play itself, you might limit your search results to “fiction” to see only articles that discuss the play within the field of literature. Alternatively, for a theater class discussing the play, you might limit your search results to “drama.”
We read the 800-plus-page blueprint for a second trump administration so you don’t have to..
There are plenty of reasons to fear a second Donald Trump presidency, but one of the most demonstrably extreme things his administration could do is implement Project 2025, an ultraconservative policy manifesto that seeks to make drastic changes to how the U.S. government has operated for the past century.
Project 2025 is an 800-plus-page manual meant to be a road map that a future Trump administration can implement on Day 1 in the White House. It lays out in detail how Trump could wield his power to systematically eliminate federal agencies, consolidate presidential power, and make Christianity central to government policy. The report, prepared by more than 400 conservative thinkers, was spearheaded by the conservative Heritage Foundation think tank and begins with a story about how the Heritage Foundation organized a similar manual to give to Ronald Reagan, and says that he took 60 percent of their recommendations.
Much of what’s in the plan are things Trump himself has called for—mass deportations, scaling back the “deep state,” opposing trade with China. But as of late, Trump has repeatedly distanced himself from the report. “I know nothing about Project 2025,” he wrote on Truth Social . “I have not seen it, have no idea who is in charge of it, and, unlike our very well received Republican Platform, had nothing to do with it.” As for Trump’s newly minted vice presidential pick, Ohio Sen. J.D. Vance has espoused similar views to those mentioned in Project 2025, including placing more tariffs on Chinese goods and finishing the border wall that was central to Trump’s agenda during his first term in office. An analysis of Vance’s Venmo account by WIRED also revealed the senator has one Heritage Foundation director on his “friends” list.
Since the plan covers a lot of ground, with many alarming recommendations, here’s a quick overview of what’s in it and what Trump’s relationship to the project has been so far.
It kicks off by laying out the plan’s four pillars: Protecting children and families, dismantling the administrative state, defending the country’s borders, and restoring individual “God-given” freedoms. It strives to go back to a style of conservatism embodied by the Reagan administration—heavy on deregulation while prioritizing the military—through eliminating nonpartisan federal employees and replacing them with loyalists who will blindly follow a conservative president’s orders. It frequently villainizes Democrats, characterizing them as elitists who don’t believe all men are created equal—”they think they are special.”
From the jump, the extreme social conservatism pops out—on Page 5, the report’s authors call for porn to be banned (they claim this effort won’t run into any First Amendment issues) and insist that “educators and public librarians who purvey it should be classed as registered sex offenders.” (In this context, “porn” is being defined broadly as material that includes “transgender ideology and sexualization of children.”)
Then the plan dives into a series of policy proposals organized by federal agency. One of the first recommendations it makes is eliminating the Gender Policy Council—created by President Joe Biden to advance gender equity and equality in domestic and foreign policy—which is followed by a directive to delete the words “sexual orientation and gender identity, diversity, equity and inclusion, gender, gender equality, gender equity, gender awareness, gender-sensitive, abortion, reproductive health, reproductive rights” from every federal rule, agency regulation, contract, grant, and piece of legislation that exists.
It also includes a proposal to “reverse policies that allow transgender individuals to serve in the military,” and calls for a national abortion ban and undoing federal approval for the abortion drug mifepristone. It also includes a directive to review all U.S. policy to remove any taxpayer-funded initiatives that support abortion while also cutting off any pro-choice groups from receiving federal or foreign funds.
Immigration is also a major focus of Project 2025, which recommends overhauling the current structure of the government’s various immigration enforcement agencies, including eliminating the Department of Homeland Security. It also suggests gutting certain visa programs created for victims of physical or mental abuse and human trafficking. Then comes education policy, where Project 2025 says the Department of Education should be eliminated and that the U.S. should lower the number of student visas issued every year and deny federal student loans to non-U.S. citizens.
The plan urges the next administration to take a much harsher stance with China, including expanding tariffs to all Chinese products, so much so that it will eventually block “Made in China” products from being imported into the U.S. There’s also a recommendation to prohibit China from bidding on any U.S. government procurement contracts and banning all Chinese social media apps—including TikTok. It even recommends banning U.S. pension funds from investing in any Chinese stock or including any Chinese sovereign bonds in U.S. investors’ portfolios.
Project 2025 also calls for environmental regulations to be rolled back. The authors say that a ban on arctic drilling should be lifted, energy efficiency standards should be removed for household appliances, and the federal government more broadly should not impose pollution limits on industries. They also suggest that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration should be eliminated, along with other offices within the Department of Energy. And they want to privatize the National Weather Service—the report proposes the agency no longer focus solely on providing forecasts to Americans but should instead become a completely commercial operation that provides its data to private companies. It justifies this by claiming “studies have found that the forecasts and warnings provided by the private companies are more reliable than those provided by the NWS.”
Project 2025 also recommends a major overhaul of the U.S. tax code. Currently, there are seven tax brackets with rates ranging from 12 percent up to 35 percent, depending on a household’s income, and it’s meant to limit the amount of taxes lower-income families and individuals have to pay. However, according to Project 2025, this is simply too complex and the U.S. should instead implement two flat brackets, 15 percent and 30 percent, and also eliminate most deductions, credits and exclusions. And when it comes to the corporate tax rate, the plan recommends that it should be reduced to 18 percent—it’s currently 21 percent .
And this is just a taste of Project 2025’s agenda—it goes on to propose drastic measures for staff reductions and consolidation across nearly every federal agency. In order to help a future Trump administration implement its plan, the Heritage Foundation created a LinkedIn–style database of over 10,000 personnel who have been vetted and trained by the group and are ready for hire.
We mentioned earlier that one of Project 2025’s main agenda items is dismantling the administrative state—the plan’s authors were particularly upset, as of the report’s writing in 2023, that Congress often passed ambiguous laws and executive branch agencies got to interpret them (and the courts had to defer to that interpretation, as the Supreme Court established in the landmark 1984 decision Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council ). However, this summer the Supreme Court overturned Chevron deference, which means “virtually every decision an agency makes will be subject to a free-floating veto by federal judges with zero expertise or accountability to the people,” Slate’s Mark Joseph Stern explained . So whether or not Trump becomes president, it’s worth noting that part of the assault on the administrative state that Project 2025 envisioned has already taken place.
The Heritage Foundation spearheaded Project 2025 and recruited hundreds of conservative scholars, lawyers, and policy experts to contribute to the report. The group also tapped at least 140 former Trump administration officials , with Paul Dans overseeing the entire project. He is Trump’s former chief of staff for the U.S. Office of Personnel Management.
Among those on the long list of conservatives is Trump’s former secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Ben Carson. He wrote the chapter for HUD, recommending it prioritize keeping “noncitizens … from living in federally assisted housing.” Former Trump adviser Peter Navarro also makes an appearance—presumably working on Project 2025 before he was sent to prison —by recommending U.S. trade policy should focus on moving manufacturing jobs back home while coaxing other countries to lower their trade barriers so the U.S. can raise them instead.
Trump’s former chief of staff Mark Meadows, longtime adviser Stephen Miller, and attorney John Eastman also advised on Project 2025.
The former president was a fan of the Heritage Project back in 2022. Speaking at a dinner the think tank hosted, he seemed to nod to the idea of Project 2025 himself: “This is a great group, and they’re going to lay the groundwork and detail plans for exactly what our movement will do,” said Trump .
Trump’s assistant press secretary Karoline Leavitt also appeared in a Heritage Foundation promotional video last year that sought to recruit people for Project 2025’s training program. And Trump’s super PAC has been running ads promoting a website called Trump Project 2025.
However, a week before the Republican National Convention was set to begin in Wisconsin, Trump abruptly distanced himself from the Heritage Foundation plan. And Trump campaign spokesperson Steven Cheung told media outlets that “no aspect of future presidential staffing or policy announcements should be deemed official.” Campaign managers Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita also said that Project 2025 and similar policy proposals are “merely suggestions.”
The Heritage Foundation, for its part, claims that the Trump administration embraced 64 percent of its policy proposals. Much of the plan itself—overhauling immigration policy and gutting federal agencies—falls in line with policy Trump has publicly supported. However, he has been evasive about his stance on abortion ; during the debate against President Joe Biden, Trump said abortion rights should be left to states to decide.
When Trump took office for the first time, his presidential transition was chaotic . He fired the initial transition staff and threw out their guidance, and hired a new team that struggled to set an agenda for the president’s term. The Heritage Foundation created Project 2025 so that if Trump returns to the White House next year, the transition has already been thought through and Trump can immediately get busy enacting his agenda.
The Biden campaign had recently been trying to highlight the dangers of Project 2025, sending out a flurry of emails focused on associating Trump with its ultraconservative agenda while also detailing how life in the U.S. could change if it were to be implemented. The campaign briefly paused on July 13, when Trump was shot during a campaign rally in Pennsylvania, but three days later, the Biden campaign resumed and has continued to focus on Project 2025. A recent fundraising email gave supporters two options: “We can let Trump win and enact his Project 2025 agenda, OR, we can build on the historic progress President Biden and Vice President Harris have delivered over the past three and a half years.” ( It seems that Kamala Harris’ campaign is continuing these efforts .)
The Democratic National Committee also recently launched a billboard campaign across swing states that highlights the plan’s priorities—one such sign reads, “Donald Trump and Project 2025: guts checks and balances, seeks revenge, bans abortions nationwide.”
Even those outside politics are waving red flags about Project 2025, with British American comedian John Oliver dedicating a 30-minute segment to the plan in his show Last Week Tonight . And while hosting the BET Awards on June 30, actor Taraji P. Henson—also a surrogate for the Biden-Harris campaign—brought up the plan. “Pay attention, it’s not a secret—look it up,” said Henson . “They are attacking our most vulnerable citizens. The Project 2025 plan is not a game. Look it up!”
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Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper, the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your research and your dissertation topic.
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Methodology Section for Research Papers. The methodology section of your paper describeshow your research was conducted. This information allows readers to check whether your approach is accurate and dependable. A good methodology can help increase the reader's trust in your findings. First, we will define and differentiate quantitative and ...
The method section of a report details how the research was conducted, the research methods used and the reasons for choosing those methods. It should outline: the participants and research methods used, e.g. surveys/questionnaire, interviews. refer to other relevant studies. The methodology is a step-by-step explanation of the research process.
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Look for a methodology in research example that you can use as a reference. Establish methodological connection. Explain the relevance of your methodological approach to the overall research design. Keep in mind that the connection between your methods and your research problem should be clear.
The Methods section of a research article is like a roadmap leading to the core of the research, guiding the readers through the actual journey the authors took to reach their destination. In the manuscript, this section contains the essential details for other scientists to replicate the experiments of the study and help the common readers to understand the study better. This article shares ...
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Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper, the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your research.
Through this blog, we'll unravel the complexities and meaning of research methodology in academic writing, from its fundamental principles and ethics to the diverse types of research methodology in use today. Alongside offering research methodology examples, we aim to guide you on how to write research methodology, ensuring your research endeavors are both impactful and impeccably grounded!
In a research paper, thesis, or dissertation, the methodology section describes the steps you took to investigate and research a hypothesis and your rationale for the specific processes and techniques used to identify, collect, and analyze data. The methodology element of your research report enables readers to assess the study's overall ...
Find out what a research proposal is and when you should write it. This article also has expert tips and advice on how to write one, along with research proposal examples.
Consider keeping a printed copy to have when writing and revising your resume! If you have any additional questions, make an appointment or email us at [email protected]! Beginner's Guide to Research. Most professors will require the use of academic (AKA peer-reviewed) sources for student writing.
We have restructured the content to help you navigate it more efficiently. We are consolidating numerous pages to make our individual guides more valuable as well as removing duplicated content. For example, our Similarity Report guidance on help.turnitin is repeated in numerous places to cater for each individual integration and license type.
Here are some of the most noteworthy proposals in the 800-plus-page blueprint for a second Trump administration.