write an essay on biodiversity in india

Essay on Biodiversity 1000+ Words

Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, is a remarkable tapestry of life that blankets our planet. It encompasses the variety of living organisms, ecosystems, and habitats that make Earth a vibrant and thriving place. In this essay, we will delve into the importance of biodiversity, the threats it faces, and why we should protect it.

The Marvelous World of Biodiversity

Imagine a world without colorful flowers, buzzing bees, towering trees, or majestic tigers. Biodiversity is what makes our world so diverse and beautiful. It includes everything from tiny microbes in the soil to the largest whales in the ocean. Earth’s rich biodiversity provides us with essential resources, from food to medicine, and enriches our lives in countless ways.

The Benefits of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is not just about pretty landscapes and exotic animals; it plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth. It helps maintain a stable and healthy environment. For instance, forests with diverse tree species are better at absorbing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. Biodiversity also supports pollinators like bees and butterflies, which are essential for our food supply. The more diverse our ecosystems, the more resilient they are to threats like diseases and extreme weather.

Food and Medicine

Biodiversity is the foundation of our food system. Different plant and animal species provide us with a wide range of foods, from fruits and vegetables to grains and meats. Moreover, many of the medicines we rely on come from plants and animals. For example, the bark of the willow tree gave us aspirin, and the Madagascar periwinkle plant provides a lifesaving medicine for cancer patients. Protecting biodiversity ensures that we have a diverse and healthy diet and access to essential medicines.

Cultural and Recreational Value

Biodiversity isn’t just about science and survival; it also enriches our cultures and leisure activities. Many indigenous communities around the world have deep cultural connections to the land and its diverse species. Biodiversity inspires art, literature, and music. Imagine a world without the fascinating stories of animals like the African elephant or the enchanting songs of birds like the nightingale. Biodiversity enhances our quality of life in ways we might not even realize.

Threats to Biodiversity

Despite its immense value, biodiversity is under threat. Human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction, are driving many species to the brink of extinction. Climate change, fueled by the burning of fossil fuels, poses another significant threat. Rising temperatures can disrupt ecosystems and push species out of their habitats. These threats not only endanger the creatures themselves but also disrupt the delicate balance of our planet.

Conservation Efforts

The good news is that people around the world are working hard to protect biodiversity. Conservation organizations, scientists, and governments are implementing measures to safeguard endangered species and preserve critical habitats. National parks and wildlife reserves provide safe havens for countless plants and animals. Additionally, there are international agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity aimed at preserving biodiversity on a global scale.

What You Can Do

You, as a young environmental advocate, can also play a crucial role in protecting biodiversity. You can start by learning more about the species and ecosystems in your area. Participate in local conservation efforts, like planting trees or cleaning up parks. Reduce your environmental footprint by conserving water, reducing waste, and using energy-efficient appliances. Spread the word about the importance of biodiversity to inspire others to take action.

Conclusion of Essay on Biodiversity

In conclusion, biodiversity is a precious gift that we must cherish and protect. It sustains life on Earth, provides us with essential resources, and enriches our cultures and enjoyment of the natural world. However, it faces serious threats from human activities and climate change. By understanding the importance of biodiversity and taking action to conserve it, we can ensure a healthier and more vibrant planet for future generations. Let us celebrate the wonders of biodiversity and work together to safeguard the incredible diversity of life on Earth.

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Essay on bio-diversity (for students) | india | environment.

Here is an essay on ‘Bio-Diversity’ for class 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Bio-Diversity’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Bio-Diversity

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Essay Contents:

• Bio-Diversity of the Mangroves of Western and Eastern Ghats

Essay # 1. Introduction to Biodiversity:

India is famous for its biological diversity in the world. It has five distinct bio-diversity zones which are known for their rich fauna and flora. In every zone the plants and animals have their distinct nature, ecological importance and a different way of inhabitation.

The bio-diversity of India is distributed in five zones seeing its varied ecological characteristics and geographical importance. It is certain that the plants and animals found in these regions might have taken millions of years to adopt themselves according to the ecological system in those places.

i. The Himalayan Zone:

The Himalayan region covers an area of about 3.4 million kilometers square (1.3 million square miles). It is divided into three separated longitudinal zones – Outer Himalaya: The line of foothills averaging to 1000-2000 meters. The Great Himalayas: This is the main range of lofty mountains spread up to 6,000 meters. North of the Great Himalaya (the Zaskar Range) is quite distinct from it.

ii. Eastern Zone:

The Eastern zone consists of West Bengal, Sikkim, and North-Eastern states. In West Bengal, Sundarban, Assam (Brahmaputra river delta), Kaziranga National Park, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura are among the beautiful places known for their rich and varied bio-diversity.

iii. Western Zone:

The western zones consists Rajasthan, Gujarat, (Gir forests and mangroves), some parts of Maharashtra are included in it. The tigers, lions, sambhars and deer are included in it. The desert animals in Rajasthan are habitual to live in desert ecology. The plants and animals both are adapted to arid environment.

iv. Central Zone:

This part is known as Madhya Bharat or Madhya Pradesh which is known for its most beautiful animals both mammals and birds. The forests are densely populated and various species of animals, trees and plants are found in the forests and near the river banks. This includes Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and some parts of Orissa.

v. Southern Zone:

It includes Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The Southern Zone constitutes a large part of mangroves and forests with distinguished bio-diversity – plants, animals and insects are the main features of these forests. The mangroves are continuously being destroyed by the farmers for farmlands, settlers for housing and mining and drilling activities by the private business houses. This has caused much more damage to the mangroves and forests of Southern Zone which is a hot-spot of bio-diversity. The trees, plants, mammals, reptiles, birds and insects are found in large numbers.

The Sandalwood Forests:

The sandalwood forests of South India are the most fragile now. The wood is being exploited to extract sandal wood oil and scents. The sandalwood forests from the south have been wiped out by the sandal wood smugglers. It is estimated that every year Rs. 400 crore sandal wood is being smuggled from the southern states.

These forests are endemic and now only one third of the forests have remained standing in these states. The continuous felling of sandalwood has eroded the ecosystem of the forests. The mammals, reptiles and birds in those states have become rare and most of them have been migrated to bordering forests.

Essay # 2. Bio-Diversity of Uttarakhand ( Katraa Siyaaraa):

Several species of trees and evergreen bushes which are endemic to this region are disappearing at an alarming rate. For example, Timul, Bedoo, Khaina (Ficus auricutata) and the small bushes and large trees are gradually disappearing.

The Ringalee Ghass (the bamboo grass) the smallest Bamboo in the world has been disappeared from the large portion of this valley. The decreasing of moisture and increasing global warming have caused the disappearance of some plants and animals. The invading plants and trees are spreading in the forests.

Bio-Diversity of the Himalayan Region:

The immense mountain barrier of the Himalaya extends in a huge arc for more than 2500 Km (1500 miles) from Nanga Parvat (8,124 mts.) in Kashmir through Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and the North Eastern Frontier Agency to Namcha Barrua (7,782 mts.) in extreme western China.

The Himalayan region covers an area of about 3.4 million kilometers square (1.3 million square miles).

The Himalaya is a huge mountain barrier and has a marked effect on the weather conditions by obstructing northward movements of the monsoon. It brings extremely heavy rainfall to the foothills but very little to the Tibetan Plateau above, leaving it in a rain shadow.

The variations can be compared Ladakh (Little Tibet), where an annual rainfall does not exceed 75 mm (3 inch), with the Eastern Himalayas which receivers the full force of the monsoon, and where normal rainfall is in excess of 2,000 mm (80 inch), though 5,000 mm (200 inch) is not unusual rainfall. Some places get considerably more rainfall in the world. On the other hands, the Himalayas protect the plains of India from the bitter cold that is a marked feature of the Tibetan Plateaus.

The Bio-Diversity:

The Study of bird fauna in the Himalayan region is of particular interest. The large birds, the pheasants of which there are 49 species, some of them with numerous sub species.

In 16 genera are especially well represented in the Himalaya Tibet-Sichuan region. These birds include Impejanus pheasant, resplendent, copper blood pheasant, decked in green and grey with black and white markings and douped with crimson; satyr tragopan which is among the most beautiful pheasants, the monotype snow partridge; and red jungle fowl. This is the gamebird ancestor of the domestic fowl.

The Cheer Pheasant are among the rare birds which are found in lower Himalayan valleys and Arunachal forests. The Western Himalayan Tragopan is found in the higher altitude of Western Himalayan forests. The Blyth’s Tragopan is found in the Eastern Himalayas. The Himalayan Mountain Quail, a bird of Western Himalayan foothills, has not been recorded since 1868; it is believed that it still exists.

Essay # 3. Bio-Diversity of National Parks :

The best example of Himalayan Bio-diversity is Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal. This park is known for the high attitude fauna and flora. The Terai Forests of India are the best examples of wildlife and floral diversity. The semi-temperate forests are a rich source of timber, fuel and fodder for the tribal.

The mammals include elephants, tigers, bears, wild pigs, stag deer, marsh deer, fox, rabbits, shahi (porcupine), monkeys, langoors etc. These forests and national parks are rich in bird fauna. Nanda Devi National Park, The Great Kallu National Park of Himachal, Rajaji National Park (Uttaranchal) and Western Himalayan Wild bird Sanctuary, Sarahan in Himachal Pradesh are among the best examples of mountain flora and fauna.

Fauna and Flora of Sagar Matha :

The Sagarmatha National Park is in the northeastern Nepal with an area of 1148 square kilometers. The park covers the upper catchment of Dudh Kosi river system, a distinct geographical entity enclosed by high mountain ranges. The park’s northeastern boundary lies along the main divide of the Great Himalaya; coinciding with Tibetan border. The park’s four main glaciers – Chhukhung, Khumba, Gokyo and Nangpa La feed deeply incised valleys which drain into the Dudh Kosi River and its tributaries, to form the part of the Ganges River system.

Essay # 4. Bio-Diversity of Wildlife in India:

The park is a high-level breeding ground for wild birds. There are 162 recorded bird species in the park. Among them are blood pheasant, robin accentor, white throated red-start and grandala. Other important and beautiful birds are – Tibetan snowcock, snow partridge and Himalayan Monal (Lophorus impejanus) which are the inhabitants of high altitude mountains and colder climate.

Bio-Diversity of Wildlife in the North Eastern States:

The North Eastern States are amazingly beautiful and so is their wildlife. The lush green mountains, valleys, rivers, waterfalls and water springs – all of them attract us amazingly.

The North Eastern states of India are full of forests and greenery. Some of the forests are standing crops from the very ancient time. The trees and plants species in these states are endemic and most of them are moisturous forests.

These forests are rain forests and are known for their evergreen nature. The ferns and orchids are amazingly beautiful plants and have several species in the wild. The large cover of forests of ferns and orchids indicates that despite the global warming, the forest still generate moisture for the plants like fern and orchids which thrive in the wild. The orchids are epiphytes which grow on the trees but have their own food. They are not parasites at all. The terrestrial orchids grow on decomposed biomass in the moisturous land. The saprophytic orchids grow on rotten biomass, leaves, wood and branches.

The North Eastern Mountains and forests remain full of orchids, ferns and several species of lily. There are several varieties of plants and wild animals which are endemic to these forests and whose scientific studies still require a lot of survey and research work on their habitation, ancient origin (DNA study etc.) and ecological adaptation.

The deer, rabbits, porcupines, weasels, monkeys, tigers, bears and other mammals (small and large) are found in these forests. The lizards, snakes turtles, frogs, waterfowls, wild fowls, and species of monal are found here. The bird fauna is rich and beautifully described from the forests of North East.

The Assam forests, Meghalaya, Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur Tripura and Mizoram are the finest examples of bio-diversity. Both rain forests and rangelands are covered with moisture loving plants. Some species of ferns, orchids and lilies are quite popular here.

Essay # 5. Bio-Diversity of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra:

The forests of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are densely populated and rich in bio-diversity. Particularly, it is known for its National Parks and rich bio-diversity both mammals and avifauna.

The parks are known for different species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, avifauna, orthopoda, river fishes and other wild animals which attract millions of tourists every year. The National Parks are the best examples of the conservation of bio-diversity. Some Parks are more dense, deep, explorable and suitable for regular safari tourism. Among the large mammals are lion, tigers, bears, leopards, cheetah and dears. The wild boars, monkeys, langoors porcupines, rabbits, mongoose are found in the National Parks of Madhya Pradesh.

The Avifauna is most spectacular and attractive in the dense forests of Madhya Pradesh. The birds with several species from hornbill to Milky hen which always impresses our heart and mind are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh.

Kingfisher, woodpecker, wildfowls, waterfowls, magpies, koel, nocturnal birds etc. are also visible in the National Parks.

Attraction for Wild Birds:

The wildlife in the forests of Madhya Pradesh is quite amazing. The wild animals are known for their carnivore and herbivore nature. Some of the mammals of Madhya Pradesh have unique features and characteristics in nature. Some species of tigers and lions are quite distinct in India.

The best thing in Madhya Pradesh forests is that of its rich bird fauna in the world. The varieties of its wild birds, peacocks, multicolored wildfowls, waterfowls and the special large sized birds are quite impressive. The white fowls, red and dark red colour birds, dark yellow colour birds, large- red headed woodpecker, brown hornbills, kingfisher and some species of the laughing birds are the source of great entertainment.

The bird watching in the camp-life activities are the best recreation in the wild. The birds of haven in extreme red colour and extreme white colour (the milky white) are quite popular among the bird watchers. Such special varieties of birds are not found in other parts of the world.

Forests have a large numbers of unique flora and fauna which should be protected by all means. Such tourist destinations should be protected and developed with modern amenities. This will encourage more tourists and more foreign visitors. There should be some well-equipped stay points near the national parks to relax and enjoy holidays.

Essay # 6. Bio-Diversity of Bhutan, Manas River and Sunderbans:

There are several bio-diversity hotspots over this earth. The best among them are 60 top forests and wildlife areas. At present some 30 new bio-diversity hotspots have been marked all over the world.

The Manas and Sankosh rivers in the borders of India and Bhutan are the habitats of wild birds and golden langoors. There are several beautiful species of plants and trees. The wild animals are known among the tourists visiting these spots. The Golden langoor (Presbitis McGeei) and other species of primates are found here.

The Golden langoor is a rare species and is found in only this region. The area of Golden langoor is spread up to borders of Assam. The rich bio-diversity between Manas and Sankosh rivers is known among the wildlife lovers of the world.

The mountain tiger, black bears, deer, foxes, rabbits, porcupines, weasels, mongoose etc. are found in the forests of Manas and Sankosh rivers in Bhutan and Sundarbans in West Bengal. The Sundarban delta is known for its Sundari tree which is an evergreen plant widely spread in the delta.

The wild boar is common in Sundarbans. The rabbits and wild fowls are also in good populations. The spotted deer (Axis axis) and wild boars (Sus coria) and tiger (Panther Tigris) are common sight in the bushes of Sunderban. The Sundarban is spread up to 10,000 kilometer square on Indian side and 26,000 sq. km between India and Bangladesh. The two third part of it is in Bangladesh.

In Assam, Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park are among the most popular wildlife parks in our country. The park attracts millions of people every year. In 2007, the Kaziranga National Park suffered the worst. From 1997 to 2006 some six Rhinos were killed each year. But in 2007 the number of poaching rose to 10 in the park. Located in Assam, the park is known for its single horned rhinos. This species is found in only in Assam. Manas National Park has a large population of rhinos but they were wiped out during the civil unrest in the late 1990. This is a global bio-diversity hotspot and World Heritage Site also which is in good state now.

Essay # 7. Bio-Diversity of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu :

The bio-diversity of the southern states of India i.e. Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is quite different from that of Himalayan states of India. This is because of different ecological features and geological difference. In the Himalayas, the wildlife is adapted to colder climate.

In the warm climate of the southern states, an amazing range of fauna and flora is found in the forests. Kerala has some moisturous forests and evergreen vegetation which have a range of beautiful mammals, reptiles, primates, tigers, wild boars, bears and several other small mammals which are endemic to these forests.

The evergreen natural vegetation of Kerala attracts the tourists from the foreign lands. The forests have a large number of herbs with great medicinal values. Some of them are lifesaving medicines and are useful to human being. There are numerous plants, herbs and tree species which are of immense medicinal value to the people. The endangered lion tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) of Western Ghats (Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) is found is these states.

The Western Ghats still harbour a high diversity of flora and fauna and is one of the bio-diversity hot spots. The diversity includes several species of Primates, notably, the endemic lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca selenus) and Nilgiri Langoor (Semnopithcus johnii). The range of occupancy of Lion tailed Macaque is 250 square kilometers.

This is a small area for a Macaque who requires a vast chunk of forests to roam here and there in search of food. The food includes mostly forest fruits and berries. In comparison, the above area is very small for the primates to move from one forest to another in search of food and inhabitation.

Essay # 8. Bio-Diversity of the Mangroves of Western and Eastern Ghats:

The Western Ghats is considered one of the richest biodiversity hot spots in the world. The evergreen trees, moisturous bushes and grasslands are a heaven for wild animals to move and breed freely in the open natural environment.

The Sirsi Honnavara in Karnataka is the main bastion of lion tailed Macaque. There are more than 750 individuals and they are confined to unprotected areas of reserve forests. The forests are near the human population, agricultural lands and livestock reserves. The experts have requested the government to make it a long term conservation area just to protect this unique primate species.

Sirsi Honnavara is an ideal place for their habitation and these should be protected with the support of local citizens and forest authorities.

The lion tailed monkey (Macaca silenus) and Nilgiri langoors (Semnopithecus johnii) are rare species and this require peoples support to protect the primates.

The Silent Valley National Park, Sirsi Honnavara Areas, Kudrmukh National Park, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary are the main bastion of these primates.

The forests of Talekaveri and Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuaries are classified as medium forest type with Mesua ferea-Paloanium ellipticum vegetation. The population of lion-tailed monkey in the entire Western Ghats is estimated at 3,500 to 4000.

In Tamil Nadu Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Shendumey-kulathaparha Peppara-Neyger (Kerala state), Silent Valley National Park (Kerala), Kudremukh Someshara (Karnataka), Sirsi Honnavara (Karnataka) are the main attraction for wild life (mammals, reptiles, birds, butterflies, insects and river fauna).

The Shivalik Hills :

The small Shivalik Hills 4000′-7000′ are rich in bio-diversity. The birds, mammals, reptiles, insects and butterflies are found abundantly. There are some beautiful examples of fauna and flora of Pauri Hills in Uttaranchal.

Seeku Dhaar Red Fox:

The Shivalik Hills are the most beautiful manifestations of nature. The forests, bushes, rock caves, valleys and pasture slopes always impresses with their enchanting scenic beauty. Seeku Dhar is quite famous for its oak and deodar forests, small semi-temperate vegetation and bushes are habitats of tigers, bears, rabbits, weasels and wild foxes. The red fox is found here in the caves in the valleys in dwarf forests.

The wild land between Seeku Dhar, Ghandiyaal Khaal and Shrikot village is a heaven for such animals. The wild fowls, teetar, chakore, kingfisher, black magpie (kaljeenth), tailorbird, surady, and in the warm valleys humming birds are seen here. The beautiful song birds like red finch, black finch, Turtle Dove, Kaffoo, Koel, Hilaansh and laughing bird is found in the oak forests.

As far as the wildlife survey and research work is concerned some research organisation can take the bad. The habitats of the Red fox can be spotted in the wild lands of Seeku Dhar. The systematic research work can be conducted on the habitats and roaming area of the animal. The whole wild land is spread up to 3-4 kilometers. There are small patches of forests and rest is open, barren grassland with beautiful natural views.

Dhainchoos of Goginee Valley :

The Gonginee is a most beautiful valley in the Pauri Hills of Uttaranchal. Dhainchoo is a 13 inch long prey bird found in the valleys of Shivalik hills. It is dark black bird known for its shrieks. It makes nests on the traditional trees and bushes above 10 or 15 feet heights. During a survey, the nests of the birds were found in Haidaa, Khinna, Khareek, Bheunl, Guava, Bamboo, Behadaa, Amlaa and Mango trees. Besides this, long thin trees of local origin are the best known for nests in the wild of Goginee valley.

Some 35 years ago, there were a larger numbers of birds in this valley as a very small fresh water river passes through the valley. During summer the quantity of water becomes quite small. The river water remains to 3-4 inches during summer.

It is a lifeline for the fruit eating birds of the area. The flowering bushes, fruit trees and berries are abundantly found in the valley. The birds of prey and wildfowls are also found in the valley. The small songbirds, bulbul, mouse bird, Huppoe, woodpecker, turtle dove, Koel, Kaffoo, Kingfisher, and hornbills are found in the local forests. The valley is a heaven, for wild birds and small animals.

The Tigers of Daaligaad:

Daaligaad is a small forestland with 4 square km area. This unique forest has a great variety of plants, trees, bushes and herbal medicines. The orchids, ferns, mosses, wild onion, tulsi, aquatic plants, sisau, paapadee, peppermint, black peppermint and other sweet smelling plants are found here in abundance. The biological diversity of Daaligaad is rich and inspiring.

At present, there are several species of flowering plants. Some tuberous plants and herbs are found in the wild of Daaligaad. The tuberous plants, orchids, ferns and Ghanyaa (the wild vegetable), Asheen and Shakeens are some flowering bushes used as food vegetables by the villagers. The wildlife is rich and varied.

Among the mammals, mountain tigers, bears, wild boars, fox, rabbits, weasels, primates (monkeys and langoors), porcupine and wild cats are found in the bushes amidst the forests. The area of tigers is spread up to Ghora Dhungee, Daaligaad, Naagarja Dhaundaa, Gaamaath, Maroda and Jaakhnee forests in a range of 4 square km. Mostly they attack domestic animals and human beings.

Karaoon (Magpies) of Godiyoon:

The Karaoon, the true magpies in the hills are found in warm, forests and valleys of Garhwal and Kumaun (Uttaranchal). A small river generates from a very small water source here. Some bamboo and local trees from the very ancient time are a favourite place for nesting.

Karaoon mostly nests in bamboo, khareek and tall deodar trees in the forests. The places of their nests are near the river. Godiyoon Valley is a nature’s peaceful paradise. It is a mixture of agricultural fields, green lands and pastures. Nearby areas are like heathlands and wetlands provide a fertile environment for the nesting and breeding of karaoon and other small birds in the nature.

Skylarks of Haidee Dhaar:

The Shivalik hills and pastures up to 3000-4500 ft. are a haven for skylarks. The semi- temperate pastures, bushes and tall grasses with slope walls are favourite nesting areas for the skylarks. The nests are seen on the field walls or near the rock cavities surrounded by the wild grasses. The movement of skylarks is seen by telescope or by hiding under the bushes.

The insects in such grasslands are found abundantly. The wild fruits, berries and land berry fruits are found abundantly. The green pastures have a nice growth of moths, flies, grasshoppers and small insects. Global warming, increasing pollution and destruction of natural areas have made the population of skylarks vulnerable.

Teetars of Naagarja:

The Naagarja is a mountain peak at 6000 ft. The Deodar forest patches with scarce growth of pine and oak trees have made it a most beautiful place for the trekkers and explorers. It is an ideal place for the inhabitation of wild birds, teeter, chakore and wildfowls.

Some beautiful species of small birds are found in the forests, buses and stone caves. Teetars are the best song birds which are very clever and always speak out during rainy season. They hide themselves under the bushes and at the same time call their mates from the nearby bushes to assemble near a rock or huge bush to hide.

The preparation for nests goes before 10-14 days of laying eggs. The simple clay ground or bare rock ground with four-five sticks of wood or grass in the name of nest. The eggs laid are 6, 8 or 10 in numbers. The eggs are as large as the eggs domestic fowls and pure white in colour. After 10-14 days the baby chicks come out and move with their mother.

Red Finch and Black Finchs: Shilwanee:

This is the best place for the breeding of wild birds. The land is best known as heathland and is full of thorny bushes with fruits. Some of the birds despite insectivorous are fruit eaters also. There are plenty of small song birds in the barren land which make nests over the branches of bushes and some others on the walls of pastures and lay three to four eggs there. Some bird lay red eggs, some blue, some green and some brown with spots.

Sadkhet: Chakore:

Sadkhet is a barren land with the rubbles and agricultural fields. The area is dotted with large trees and small bushes which create a magnificent view from the far and near. It is foothill and moisturous valley and is known for insectivorous plants. The thorny bushes and long grass creates good habitats for wild birds of this region.

The birds like chakore, wildfowls, turtle dove, teetar, kingfisher and karaoon both blue and red are found here. The small song birds are found in abundant numbers. The thorny bushes and berries remain full of fruits and small birds enjoy these during summer. Chakore gives about eight eggs in a simple nest under the bush. Sadkhet valley is popular for the habitats of chakore.

Mousebird: Dhaarkot, Bajarkhat:

The mouse bird, bulbul, tailor bird, bushfinch, turtle dove, red finch, black finch is found in large numbers. The moisturous plants and thorny bushes make a good combination and make a ground for the insect breeding. The mouse birds, bulbul, turtle dove and wildfowls catch them in large numbers. The water fowls of the area have been vanished away because of drying up the water sources.

This has created a big problem for the survival of wild birds and insects. The mouse birds are amazing birds. The birds are always jumping up and down from the wild bushes. The small forests of the bushes and dwarf trees are a natural place for their breeding. The mouse birds and bulbuls always make nests either in bush branches or on the wall cavities of the rocks.

The Beautiful Baheli Forests:

The Baheli oak and cedar forests are the oldest in this area. The pine forests also are of ancient time. The wild birds, mammals, reptiles and primates are found in the forests. Baheli is 50% grassland and 50% forestland.

The main species of the forest trees are Pinus himalayensis, deodara cedrus, myrica esculenta, rhododendron, Himlayan oak and several other plant species are found here in the wild. The pastures, valleys, forestland and grasslands are quite enjoyable during trekking. The natural areas and forests in Baheli remain most pleasant the year round.

Among the mammals are tigers, bears, wild boars, primates, foxes, rabbits, porcupines, weasels, wild cats and wild mouse are found in the forestland and grassland.

Bio-Diversity of Daaligaad Forests:

The Daaligaad forests are quite amazing for varieties of plants and trees. The whole forestland is a mixed vegetation of dwarf plants and trees. Most of them are dwarf evergreen trees with green shining leaves and white stems.

i. The Mountain Mahua Tree:

It is useful in fodder and firewood. The poisonous parts of the leaves are used to intoxicate fishes and then catching them into the river water.

ii. Shakeen and Asheen: The Flowering Bushes:

These food vegetable bushes are found in the semi-temperate zones in Shivalik hills. The flowering buds are used in making breads, namkeens and vegetable and used in food items.

iii. Ferns and Lingad:

A large number of mountain ferns are decorative plants. Some fern species are used in food vegetables from the very ancient times. The fern “lingad” are used as food vegetables. The paste of boiled lingads is mixed with flour to make breeds for food.

iv. Orchids:

Orchids are most beautiful flowers. They are found in Pauri Garwhal, Pithoragarh and almost whole of Shivalik Range of Uttaranchal. Shivalik Mountains are a haven for orchids. Two types of orchid epiphytes and terrestrial are found in Shivalik hills.

Lilies are most impressive flowering plants i.e. Lily himalayensis, Lily tigris and Lily martagon.

vi. Jangli Piyaaj:

Urginea indica is a species of lily. It is a herbal medicine found in Pauri hills.

vii. Haida:

Haida is a fruit tree with sharp bitter taste is considered a medicine for cough, fever and other diseases.

viii. Amla:

Amla is a wild fruit rich in Vitamin C and is used in various medicines in India. It is also used in several food items as pickles.

It is a ficus family fruit rich in gum and Vitamins. It is said that skin diseases and cancer can be cured by this fruit.

x. Khaina: (Ficus Auriculata):

Khaina is from ficus family and is known for its sweet fruits rich in vitamins also fight cancer and skin diseases.

Tunga bushes have fruits during winter months and are used to clean stomach and skin diseases.

xii. Dhaula:

Dhaula are sweet flowering bushes and its flowers are used in various pickles and medicines to cure various diseases. These flowering bushes are the native plants of Shivalik hills.

xiii. Gadh Mahua:

Gadh Mahua is a dwarf, poisonous, dark green leaf tree used to kill fishes in the river although this green leafy tree is not used as fodder for catties.

xiv. Khinna:

The paste of Khinna leaves is also used to kill fishes in the rivers when it is mixed with river water into the form of a paste.

Surai is a cactus and used to poison fishes. It is also known as Sullu, Suru or Sulla.

Floral Diversity:

Around 110 trees, plants and flowering bushes are found in the hills. These are useful for human being in the form of food vegetables, medicines and fruits. Some 14 tuberous roots, 10 orchid species, and lilies are found in the wild of Daaligaad, Uttaranchal.

Zoological Diversity:

The mammals, reptiles, primates, rabbits, avifauna, porcupines, weasels and other small mammals are found in Daaligaad forest area.

The birds are Teetar, chakore, wild fowls, turtle dove, Karaoon (magpie blue and red), red finch, black finch, mouse bird, bulbul, white paradise, waterfowls, blue bird, black magpie and several other beautiful birds are found in the wild of Daaligaad and surrounding small forests.

There are more than 2000 dense forest areas, scenic forests and grasslands, natural areas, some national parks in the hills of India and many more in other states of the country. All these should be protected in favour of wildlife and eco-tourism activities. Such efforts will protect our forests and also will generate foreign exchange through nature tourism, eco- tourism, and wildlife tourism in our country.

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Essay on Conservation of Biodiversity for Students and Children

500+ words essay on conservation of biodiversity.

Conservation of biodiversity is vital for maintaining the Earth’s environment and sustaining life on the planet. There are a number of ways in which the richness of biodiversity helps in maintaining the ecological system. Conservation of biodiversity is important for the survival of living beings on Earth. Hence, a lot of emphases is being given on the conservation of biodiversity these days.

The Extinction in Biodiversity

Due to human activities, numerous varieties of animals go extinct each year. Western Black Rhinoceros, Dodo, Tasmanian tiger, Golden Toad, Woolly Mammoth, Caribbean Monk Seal, Ivory-billed Woodpecker, and Japanese Sea Lion are some of the species of animals that have gone extinct.

Lemur, Mountain Gorilla, Vaquita, Sea Turtles, Amur Leopard, and Tiger are some of the species that are on the verge of extinction. Apart from these many species of plants and trees including Lepidodendron, Araucaria Mirabilis, Wood Cycad and Kokia Cookie have gone extinct and many species are endangered.

Need to Conserve Biodiversity

Earth is a beautiful planet which has given us many things which occur naturally. Natural resources, rivers, valleys , oceans, different species of animals and beautiful varieties of plants and trees are among some of these.

In today’s world, we are busy developing our surroundings and spoiling our beautiful environment. Today, we have exploited most of the things that were available abundantly in nature. Thus, there arises a need to conserve these natural things. Among other things, there is a serious need for the conservation of biodiversity.

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Importance of Conservation of Biodiversity

Conservation of biodiversity is important for many reasons. Here are some of the main reasons to conserve biodiversity:

• Process of Food Chain: Different species of animals and plants serve as the source of food for other animals and living organisms. Thus, conserving biodiversity help to keep the food chain among the living organisms.
• Nutritional Needs: The decline in the variety of plants and animals would mean the decline in the variety of food we eat. So, this is likely to result in nutritional deficiencies.
• Cleaner Air: Plants and trees have a greater ability to purify the air and keep the atmosphere clean. As there is a decrease in the number and types of trees and plants, it impacts the quality of air in a negative way.
• Better Cultivation of Crops:   Fertility of soil is maintained by many insects, organisms and microorganisms work on different levels. So we have to maintain the level of microorganism which is better for the cultivation of crops.
• For Medical Reason s: For making different medicines many species of trees and plants are used so as to cure various diseases.

Methods to Conserve Biodiversity

Methods that can help in the conservation of biodiversity are

• Control Population: The greater the population the higher the needs which would result in further exploitation of flora and fauna and decline in biodiversity. For the conservation of biodiversity, we have to control the human population and allow other species of plants and animals to replenish on our planet.
• Control Pollution: The changing climate, deteriorating air quality and the growing amount of pollution on land and water bodies are leading to different types of diseases in many. It is essential to reduce the activities leading to pollution so as to conserve biodiversity.
• Reduce Deforestation: Due to deforestation, there is the loss of habitat. Due to this reason, wild animals are unable to survive in the new environment and die.
• Avoid Wastage: We need to understand that natural resources are not only essential for us but are also vital for the survival of other species. We must thus utilize only as much as we require them so that these remain available in abundance in nature for future use.
• Spread Awareness: Apart from this, one of the best methods to conserve biodiversity is by spreading awareness. The government can do so at a bigger level. While we can spread awareness by word of mouth and through social media.

Conservation of biodiversity is of utmost importance. We must all make efforts to conserve biodiversity rather than contributing towards its declination. Thus, the richness of biodiversity is essential for the survival of living beings on Earth.

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Essay on Biodiversity: Top 8 Essays | India | Biodiversity | Biology

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Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Biodiversity’ for class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Biodiversity’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Biodiversity

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Conservation of Biodiversity

ADVERTISEMENTS: (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Essay # 1. Introduction to Biodiversity:

The term biological diversity or biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms and habitats found in a defined area. UNEP (1992) defines it “as the variety and variability of all animals, plants and micro-organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are a part”. The term biodiversity was coined by W.G. Rosen (1985). Diversity characterizes most living organisms, the our earth supports something like 5 to 10 million species of plants and animals (IUCN, 1980) which have been the result of 3 billion years of evolution involving mutation, recombination and natural selection.

Biodiversity is an umbrella term covering diversity at genetic, species and ecosystem level. The convention on Biological Diversity defines biodiversity as “The variability among living organisms form all sources including, interalia terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” In short it refers to the whole variety of life on earth.’ Biodiversity represents the totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region.

ADVERTISEMENTS: (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Essay # 2. Levels or Components of Biodiversity:

Biodiversity is said to have three (hierarchical) levels, or components:

a. Ecological (Ecosystem) Diversity:

The diversity of ecological complexes or biotic communities found in a given area. Indian ecosystem diversity is described at each of the three levels (biogeographical region, biotic province and biome). Largest of identified ecosystems has been the biogeographical zone. The vast area covered by biogeographical zone contains a wide diversity of smaller units called biotic provinces.

Finally, within each biotic province, various kinds of biomes are distinguished. Biome classification broadly follows commonly used terminology, distinguishing between forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, and other such ecosystems on the basis of their physical appearance and dominant biotic or abiotic element. The enormous range of terrestrial and aquatic environments on earth has been classified into number of ecosystems.

Few examples are:

(i) Tropical rain forests,

(ii) Grasslands, and

(iii) Wetlands.

Ecosystems differ not only in the species composition of their communities but also in their physical structures (including the structures created by organisms). Some of the world’s richest habitats are tropical moist forests. Although they cover only 7% of the world’s surface, these areas contain atleast 50%, and possibly upto 90% of all plant and animal species.

b. Species Diversity:

Species diversity refers to variety of species in a region. Number of species per unit area is called species richness. Eveness or equitability differs due to difference in number of individuals in an area.

With increase in area, number of species increase. Usually, species diversity increases, if species richness is higher. Somehow, number of individuals among species may differ. This may lead to differences in evenness or equatibility. This also results to change in diversity. Some examples are as under (Fig. 15.1).

(i) Suppose in an area -1, there are three species of bird. Out of them two species bear only one bird each. Third species has four birds.

(ii) In area -2, there are 3 species each having 2 birds. This area represents greater evenness. It is more diverse than area.

(iii) In area-3, an insect, a mammal and a bird is also present.

The diversity of populations of organisms which interbreed or are reproductively isolated from other such populations. Species are the most commonly used unit describing biodiversity. Comparisons of the diversity found in different countries or ecosystems, for instance, are almost always based on species number.

According to investigations into Amazoruan rainforest canopy, worldwide, some 5 to 30 million species are believed to exist. Nearly 1.7 million have so far been described. Species diversity has frequently been used as an indicator of the conservation significance of an area.

c. Genetic Diversity:

The diversity of basic units of hereditary information (genes) which are passed down the generations, found within a species is genetic diversity. Genetic diversity refers to variation of genes within species. The genetic diversity within a species is expressed by many terms, subspecies, breeds, races, varieties and forms. This diversity arises from “variations in the sequence of four base pairs which as component of nucleic acids which constitute the genetic code.”

Genetic information is stored in genes. In Mycoplasma, there are about 450-700 genes; in Escherichia coli 3200, in Drosophila melanogaster 13000, in Oryza sativa 32,000-50,000 and in Homo sapiens the number of genes ranges in between 31000 and 45000. Due to genetic diversity, population adjusts in its environment and responds to natural selection.

More the genetic diversity in an organism, better is the adaptation to changed environmental conditions. A sort of uniformity is obtained with lower genetic diversity. This happens with large monocultures of genetically similar crops. This condition is considered to be better for increased production of crops. However, it may create a problem when crops are attacked by insects or fungal disease. Genetic variation leads to evolution of new species (speciation).

Genetic variations occur to varying degrees in most species of plants and animals. There is high genetic variation in Indian rhinos but little in cheetahs. This variety of genetic material within species has enabled distinct species to evolve through natural selection.

Essay # 3. Community Diversity:

This demarcates three levels of components:

a. Alpha Diversity (with in community diversity):

It represents number of species in a given habitat. It represents the diversity of organisms sharing the same community/habitat. A combination of equitability/evenness and species richness is used to know that diversity prevalent within community or habitat.

Differences can be observed in species composition of communities along different environmental ranges like moisture gradient, altitudinal gradients, etc. Beta diversity will be always high with increase in heterogeneity in habitats in a region or with higher dissimilarity found between communities.

b. Beta Diversity (between community diversity):

The rate of turnover or replacement of species while moving from one habitat to another within a given geographical area. For instance the differences in species composition between a coral reef and the adjoining intertidal zone would be termed as beta diversity.

c. Gamma Diversity:

This term is used for the rate of turnover or replacement of species between similar habitats in different geographical areas. For example, the differences in species; composition between the coral reef in the Gulf of Kutch and in the Andaman Islands would be called as gamma diversity. Diversity of habitats are the total landscape or geographical area is called gamma diversity.

Essay # 4. Gradients of Biodiversity:

Change in latitude or altitude leads to change in biodiversity. Biodiversity increases from poles to equator (from high to low latitude). Number of species increase in area with favourable environmental conditions (e.g. in tropical rain forests). In temperate regions, plants grow for shorter period due to adverse climatic conditions.

For example vascular plants in tropic rain forests are 118-236 per 0.1 ha sample area when compared with temperate zones (only 21-48 species). It has been found to be true with other taxonomic groups like arts (Fig. 15.3), birds, butterflies, etc., can be noticed.

On mountains, decrease in species diversity takes place from lower to higher altitude. Higher seasonal variations and fall in temperature leads to reduction in biodiversity with 1000 m increase in altitude leads to temperature drop of about 6.5°C.

Essay # 5. Range of Biological Diversity:

The present day life probably constitutes about 1% of the total that has existed on this planet so far. Natural extinction is part of the overall evolutionary process. The present wave 0.1 extinction is essentially man-made due to the ever-increasing needs (or greed) of human kind. There is an ecological crisis which has threatened the whole life support system and the large number of habitats and species, both plant and animal, have been progressively on the decline.

Thus humankind is involved in what has been called specie. If genocide is a crime, specie is equally so. Charka the physician was asked by his teacher to get him a plant that was quite useless, he returned empty handed saying that there was no such plant.

One cannot imagine asituation, if Penicillium had been eliminated from earth before humankind made use at it as an antibiotic or if Cinchona become extinct before quinine was discovered as a cure for malaria. It is, therefore, in our interest to conserve our plant as also animal and micro-organism wealth. There is a growing realisation throughout the world about the urgent need to conserve the biological diversity.

Living resources conservation has three specific objectives:

1. To maintain essential ecological processes and life support system.

2. To preserve biological diversity.

3. To ensure that any utilisation of species and ecosystems is sustainable.

Biological diversity includes two related concepts genetic diversity and ecological diversity.

Genetic diversity is the amount of genetic variability among individuals of a single species as also between species.

Ecosystem diversity or Ecological diversity (species richness) is the number of species in a community of organisms. The Indian regions (8°-30°N and 60°-97.5°E) with a total area of 329 million is indeed very rich in biological diversity. The total plant wealth of the country includes not only the usually large showy flowered vascular plants, but a large number of non-flowering plants such as ferns, liverworts, algae and fungi. The endemic species and genera are largely concentrated in two principal biogeographical regions of India i.e. Himalyas (about 42,000 species) and Pennisulai India (about 2,600 species).

Ecosystem diversity informs the number of riches, trophic levels and ecological systems like energy flow, food webs and recycling of nutrients. Diverse communities are more stable and productive. They can tolerate environmental stresses like prolonged dry conditions. Number of habitats and ecosystems observed in an area is also a criterion for measuring biodiversity. Some important ecosystems are savarmas, rain forests, deserts, lakes, wetlands and oceans.

There is a much variety of fauna and flora in the oceans. India has a coastline of about 6,000 km. with an area of 20, 13, 410 sq. km. of exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and a shelf area of 4,52,060 sq. km. The main reason for this remarkable diversity of life forms in a single country is the great diversity of ecosystems, which it has supported down the ages.

Equally important are the micro-organisms like fungi and bacteria which are very important component of biosphere in as much as they are responsible for degradation of the dead biomass and release of nutrients, which are assimilable by plants and animals and enrich soil, as also form humus.

In Fig. 15.5 various biogeographical regions of India have been represented. Some noteworthy features of these regions are:

(i) Deccan Penisula covers 42 per cent of Indian landmass.

(ii) Western Ghats (4 per cent). North-east (5.2 per cent) are most biodiversity rich regions.

(iii) Every bio-geographic region has several habitats, many biotic communities and ecosystems.

(iv) Indian region is significant in the sense that many flowering plants and animals are endemic. About 33 per cent flowering plants, 53 per cent freshwater fish, 60 per cent amphibians, 36 per cent reptiles and 10 per cent mammals found in India are endemic.

(v) Most of the species found are either endemic or exclusive to India.

(vi) Western Ghats, North-east, North-west Himalaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands are richest in endemics.

(vii) Lot of work is still required to be carried out for exploring the biodiversity in India. Such areas include wetlands, lakes, oceans, tree canopy and soil of tropical rain forests.

There is an urgent need to arrest species extinction. Equally important is the need to prevent the loss of thousands of years of human selection in crop species and domesticated animals for posterity.

Essay # 6. Benefits/Uses of Biodiversity :

Biodiversity or its physical manifestation-the biological resources are the basis of life on earth. Ecosystem provides a variety of goods and other services- immediate as well as long term material which are vital to our well being. Countries having greater biodiversity have better potential to compete with rest of the world in global market for search of genes and species with potential uses. The value of biodiversity in terms of its commercial utility, ecological services, social and aesthetic value is enormous.

Biodiversity has great importance to mankind due to its many uses:

1. Ecosystem (ecological) Role of Biodiversity:

All the living organisms are so closely interlinked (through food chain, food webs, material cycling, energy flow, etc.) that destruction of one kind of wildlife on the earth may upset the ecological balance in nature e.g., destruction of snakes will lead to increase in the rat population which will destroy crops.

Similarly, killing of carnivores will increase the population of herbivores which will damage the vegetation and disturb the ecological balance. Species of plants and animals keep a check on their numbers through food chains, so the wildlife helps to preserve the environment as a self-sustaining system. Thus, ecosystems often support and provide services like soil fertility, plant pollinators, predators, decomposers, purification of air and water, management of flood and drought and other environmental disasters.

Biodiversity is required for maintaining and sustainable use of goods and services from ecosystems. These services are maintenance of gaseous composition in atmosphere, pollination, formation of soil, nutrient cycling, climate control by forests and oceanic systems. Such services will otherwise cost 16 to 54 trillion (10 12 ) US dollars per year.

Ecosystems with more biodiversity can withstand the environmental challenges in a better way because genetically variability leads to different tolerance range for a specific environmental stress. Due to this single stress cannot eliminate them easily; Thus species with higher genetic biodiversity have better adaptation ability towards environmental disturbances.

2. Scientific Importance:

Wildlife acts as a source of gene bank for breeding programmes in agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, etc., e.g., fruit flies, frogs, rats, rabbit, guinea pigs, rhesus monkeys and many

Other wild animals are used as research materials on which drugs are tested before applying to mankind. Plant breeders have produced a number of high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties from their wild relatives by genetic modifications. So there is an urgent need to protect wildlife for breeding experiments. The wildlife acts as a source for new varieties.

The protection of wild life becomes of paramount importance for their survival and propagation of race, so man is constantly in search of ways and means of preserving natural areas in their natural conditions to promote the development of wildlife e.g., man was able to save the high-yielding varieties of rice to protect them from a new rice pest Nilaparvata lugens (brown plant hopper) by introducing pest-resistant gene in them from a few wild varieties found in Kerala.

Similarly, wild rice (Oryza nivara) provided resistance against grassy stunt virus in 1970s when virus- resistant gene was incorporated in IR-36 rice variety; Wild Thatch Grass (Saccharum sponataneum) provided resistant gene to sugarcane against red rot disease; similarly in potato, resistant gene against late blight disease has been incorporated from a wild variety – Solarium demissum. Thus the production of high-yielding, disease-resistant crops, livestocks and fish cannot withstand the changes of the surrounding without their wild relatives.

3. Drugs and Medicine:

About 75% of world’s population depends upon plants or plant extracts for medicines.

Some examples of drugs and medicenes extracted from plants are:

(i) Morphine (Papaver somniferum) is used as analgesic.

(ii) Quinine (Chinchona ledgeriana) for treatment of malaria.

(iii) Taxol extracted from bark of Taxus brevifolia and T. baccata is used as anticancer drug.

(iv) Penicillin used as antibiotic is derived from a fungus called Penicillium.

(v) Tetracyclin is got from a bacterium.

(vi) Digitalin a drug used for cure of heart ailments is got from Digitalis.

Plants are also useful for making many synthetic products called botanochemicals. Twenty five per cent of drugs in pharmacy are got from only about 120 species of plants. About seventy five per cent of anticancer drugs are derived from plants found in tropical rainforests. The medicinal benefits are not only limited to plant compounds. A host of microbial, anti-viral, cardio active and neuro-physiologic substances have been derived from poisonous marine fauna. The venoms of various arthropods have medicinal potential.

One of the most fundamental values of bio­diversity is in providing food. It is obtained from sources like livestock, forestry and fish. Originally plants were consumed directly from wild habitats. Gradually, most of them were grown as agriculture. More than 80,000 species of plants are used as food. About 4,000 native plant and animal species are used by villagers in Indonesia for food and medicine.

Fresh-water and marine fishes provide large amount of food.

Biodiversity in modern agriculture is beneficial due to:

(i) For breeding, biodiversity provides source material.

(ii) As a source of new biodegradable pesticides.

(iii) As a source of new crops.

Plants provide food not only for themselves but also for other organisms including man. About 20 plant species are used which provide about 85 per cent of world’s food.

Just three crops i.e. wheat, rice and maize account for about 60% of the calories and about 55% of protein in humans consume come directly from plants. Global fish production exceeds that of cattle, sheep, and poultry. It is the largest source of either world or domestic animal protein in the world. Virtually 100% of the protein from domesticated animals comes from nine species i.e. cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, water buffaloes, chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys.

5. Industrial Importance:

Wildlife is a renewable source and is beneficial to mankind in many ways:

(a) Fur, skin and other products like musk, leather, honey, lac, cochineal (a red pigment), guano, pearls, etc. obtained from wild animals are sources of trade.

(b) Ivory of elephants, horns of rhino, antlers of deer, etc. fetch large amount of money in foreign currency market. In fact, tourist industry of Kenya is based on its wildlife.

(c) Several wild plants provide useful products like timber, paper, gums, resins, tannins, dry fruits, fibres (cotton, jute), drinks (tea, coffee), distillation products like wood alcohol, acetic acid, oxalic acid, charcoal, and medicines, etc.

6. Aesthetic and Cultural Importance:

Due to their beauty, many birds, variously colourful butterflies, mammals, green forests etc. have great aesthetic value to human beings.

Aesthetic pleasure derived from biodiversity includes bird watching, pet keeping, gardening, wild life sanctuaries etc.

Many plants are considered sacred and even worshipped in India e.g. Ficus religiosa (peepal), Ocitnum sanctum (Tulsi) and Prosopis cineraria (Khejiri). Many animals like birds and snakes are also worshipped.

The value put to aesthetic function of nature is reflected in creation of millions of small home gardens, several community gardens, botanical gardens, zoos, aquariums established in different states. Growing up in degraded environments, could result in the development of negative attitudes in human populations.

7. Unknown Benefits:

A wild species may have certain benefits which are still not known to us and may become known in future. So the conservation of even non-beneficial species is equally significant e.g., isolation of penicillin from Penicillium notatum (blue-green mould); anti-malarial drug- quinine from the bark of Cinchona plant of Peru; and natural silk from the silk moth — Bombyx mori, etc., were not known from the very beginning.

8. Sport and Enjoyment:

Wildlife is also important in games so are hunted upon while some of them are even worshipped. A visit to the sanctuaries and national parks is a thrilling experience. Some animals are used for recreation of people in circus shows.

9. Ethical Needs:

The present wild life is the result of organic evolution which started about 3.5 billion years ago. So it is our ethical duty to conserve the wildlife for the utilization of coming generations.

10. Religious Importance:

Different animals are symbolized as the vahanas of Hindu gods/goddesses e.g., garuda for Lord Vishnu; bull for Ishwara; mouse for ‘Ganpathy; peacock for Subramaniyam; tiger for Goddess Durga, etc. There are many animal gods as well like Matsya, Narsimha and Hanuman.

Essay # 7. Causes of Extinction of Biodiversity :

Extinction is the complete elimination of a wild species:

It is a natural but slow process but due to unplanned activities of man, the rate of decline of wild life has been particularly rapid in the last one hundred years. India alone has a total of 459 threatened species of which include 86 mammals, 70 birds, 25 reptiles, 3 amphibians, 8 fishes, 23 invertebrates and 244 plants. The biological diversity of ecosystems like Wayanad, Kolli Hills, Jeypore Tract, Bhitarkanika, Lakshadweep Islands, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram is under threat because of conflict between food security of population living therein and biodiversity conservation.

There are a number of causes which are known to cause extinction of wildlife:

1. Destruction of Habitats and Fragmentation:

It is the most serious threat to wildlife.

(a) Pollution due to automobiles, etc. leading to degradation of a number of important habitats.

(b) Deforestation leads to decrease in the area of movement so decreasing their reproductive powers. In Tripura, deforestation of dense forests is posing a serious threat to the precious barbe’s leaf monkey, better known as “spectacled monkey” or “lajvanti bandar” (shy- monkey). Main causes of its facing extinction are increasing destruction of its habitat, by deforestation coupled with jhum and shifting cultivation.

(c) Soil erosipn.

(d) Agricultural expansion.

(e) Overgrazing

(f) Increasing urbanisatio n

(g) Forest fires due to certain human activities or by chance.

(h) Development works like dams, reservoirs, roads, railway lines, croplands, industries, mines, etc. Dams block spawning and migration of certain fishes.

(i) Cleanliness drives adversely affect the natural scavengers like Cathartes californianus—California. candox (a shy scavenger and largest fly bird of today).

Destruction of habitat is very serious threat to our wildlife because:

(a) It decreases the hiding places of animals, and

(b) It increases the chances of their predation.

(j) A forest area surrounded by urban colonies, orchards, plantations, and cropland represent fragmented habitats. Due to this species present in deeper areas start disappearing.

The declaration of common Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) as endangered species in 2006 Redlist is primarily due to habitat loss and its over exploitation for meat and ivory.

(k) Fragmentation is the process of reduction of habitat into smaller and scattered areas. Animals like elephants, lions, bears and large cats require bigger areas to survive and more. Few birds can reproduce only in deep forests.

Due to habitat fragmentation following effects can be observed:

(a) Due to habitat fragmentation, barriers are created which limit the potential of species for proper dispersal and colonisation,

(b) This leads to formation of smaller populations which are not able to sustain.

(c) Migratory birds do not move to scattered seasonal patches.

(d) Species become more vulnerable to wind, fire and predators.

2. Indiscriminate hunting for various uses of animals like food, hide, musk, tusk, horn, fur, plumage, recreation, etc. Other causes of indiscriminate hunting of wild animals are: their increased demand as museum specimens and increased trade for the animal products like hides, skins, fur, leather, feathers, horns, ivory, meat, etc. Excessive hunting is known to cause.

(a) Extinction of Dodo bird (Didus ineptus-extensively killed due to its beautiful feathers) of Mauritius.

(b) Extinction of Cheetah (Acinomyx jubatus), the fastest mammal of India. (Last live cheetah died in Delhi Zoo in 1994).

(c) Many species of fish, molluscs, sea-turtles, and whales are facing extinction.

According to a report of WPSI (Wildlife Protection Society of India), more than 60 tigers have been poached in different parts of the country during the year 1994- 95. A London based international conservation organisation has stated that poaching of tigers for Chinese medicines, is responsible for the death of at least one tiger in India every day. According to another report, rhino poaching in and around Kaziranga National Park has increased and 25 rhinos have been poached in 1995.

In Orissa, many wildlife species including Asian elephant face imminent danger of extermination because of poaching and lack of concern by the Government to check trafficking of wild animals. Wildlife Society of Orissa has reported that 57 elephants have been shot dead by poachers for ivory between 1992-96.

Strict action by Rajasthan Government coupled with quick judicial pronouncements (in October, 1998) in the cases related to two black bucks by cine star Salman Khan and his accomplices has clearly sent a message that howsoever highly placed one might be, no one can escape the due process of law when it comes to the crime of killing the wild animals. Between 1995 and 2000, about 175 lions and 226 tigers died in Indian zoos as against 46 lions and 142 tigers in the ‘protected areas’.

3. Introduction of exotic (alien) species are known to threaten the survival of many native species e.g.;

(a) Periplaneta Americana (American cockroach) is threatening the existence of native oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis.

(b) Exotic trout and bass are affecting many species in USA.

(c) Large scale killing of American chestnut tree by an exotic fungus species, Endothia parasitica (chestnut blight) of China. The fungus was accidentally introduced into the United States in 1904.

(d) Goats and rabbits introduced in the islands of Pacific and Indian Oceans are destroying the habitats of several plants, birds and reptiles.

(e) Eupatorium odoratum replaced Tectona grandis in N.E. India.

(f) Parthenium hysterophorus (carrot grass) has replaced herbs and shrubs in open spaces.

(g) Eichhornia cmssipes (water hyacinth) has become dominant species in pools and ponds. It is a nuisance weed in many eutrophic (nutrient rich) lakes and rivers in tropical countries like India where it does not allow other plants to grow and multiply properly.

(h) Nile perch, an exotic predatory fish introduced in Lake Victoria of South Africa has eliminated several native small cichlid fish species which were endemic to this lake.

(i) Lantana camara, a plant now has entered into forests and seriously competing with native species growing there.

These exotic species are known to adversely affect the native species through factors like: competition for food and space, predation, habitat destruction, transmission of diseases and parasites.

4. Over-exploitation of natural resources e.g., over­fishing, mechanical catching of animal species, etc., is a serious threat to the wildlife.

5. Disturbance in migratory routes of animals like fishes due to construction of dams, etc., so these are not able to reach their spawning grounds and face extinction.

6. International trade in increasingly scarce animal products like medicines, perfumes, cosmetics, decoration, museum specimens, etc., is the cause of destruction of many species e.g., musk-deer (Moschus moschiferus) and great one-homed rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in India are being extensively killed for the medicinal importance of their musk and rhino-horn respectively.

7. Highways. A number of wild animals get confused and are run-over by the vehicles on the highways so decreasing their number.

8. Lack of education. Majority of Indian people are not aware of the importance of wildlife and ill effects of its destruction. So the people must be educated to save the wildlife.

9. Official laxity in the implementation of Wildlife (Protection) Act.

Most of the destruction of wildlife is avoidable.

10. Environmental pollution. Large scale use of synthetic compounds release of radioactive chemicals, oil spills are polluting the rivers and reducing the species number. This leads to elimination of sensitive species and proliferation of tolerant organisms.

Due to accumulation of pesticides, DDT, PCBs and dioxins, in Atlantic, decline in fish eating birds and wide spread deaths of seals has been observed. Lead poisoning is also causing death of many wild life species. Bottom feeding water birds like ducks ingest shotgun pellets that fall into lakes and marshes and 2-3 million of die every year due to lead poisoning.

Essay # 8. Conservation of Biodiversity:

It is the management of the biosphere in such a way that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations.

So wildlife conservation involves the management of not only the living organisms but also the abiotic factors of the environment so as to maintain the life- supporting systems of the wildlife.

Objectives:

Three specific objectives for the conservation of wildlife are:

(a) To maintain essential ecological processes and life-supporting systems (air, water and soil).

(b) To preserve the diversity of species or the range of genetic material of world’s organisms.

(c) To ensure a continuous (everlasting) use of species, infact ecosystems, which support rural communities and urban industries?

Conservation Strategies:

A comprehensive World Conservation Strategy for the judicious use of natural resources has been formulated by the scientists from 100 countries of the world.

Some of the proposed steps to protect the wildlife are:

(a) Protection of useful animals and plants, and their wild relatives both in their natural habitat (in situ) and in zoological and botanical gardens (ex situ).

(b) Preservation of critical habitats (the feeding, breeding, nursery and resting areas) of the plant and animal species to promote their growth and multiplication.

(c) Priority should be given in wildlife conservation programme to an endangered species over a vulnerable species, and to a vulnerable species over a rare species.

(d) The management of life-supporting systems (air, water, land) of the wildlife.

(e) Hunting should be regulated and it should involve the following steps:

(i) Only licensed persons should be allowed to hunt.

(ii) Hunting of young animals should not be allowed.

(iii) Hunting in breeding season should be banned.

(iv) Hunting of threatened species should also be banned.

(v) A limit should be imposed on the number of animals to be hunted upon.

(f) The habitats of migratory animals should be protected by bilateral or multilateral agreements.

(g) International trade in useful products of wild plants and animals should be regulated. India is a signatory to the “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora”. Recently, a protocol has been signed by India and China to coordinate their efforts to combat illegal poaching of tigers and smuggling of tiger bones and other parts of its body.

(h) Educating the people about the importance of wildlife and its conservation.

(i) Over-exploitation of useful products of wildlife should be avoided.

(j) The species and ecosystems should not be exploited beyond their productive capacities. The unique ecosystems should be protected on priority basis.

(k) National Parks and sanctuaries should be set up to protect wildlife. This will safeguard the genetic diversity of species and their continuing evolution.

(l) The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1992 provides legal measures for the protection of wild animals. It prohibits the hunting of all wildlife specified in schedules I, II, III and IV of the Act.

To prevent further deterioration and extinction of useful wildlife, the national conservation programmes should be coordinated with the international programmes, especially those of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). To aware the people about the importance of birds, Haryana state has named all its tourist resorts after the name of birds.

Scientists of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad have suggested that creation of In vitro Fertilization (IVF) facilities in the country was the only way to preserve the endangered species. China has set up such facilities for Giant Panda and other endangered species in Chengdu.

Status of Threatened Species:

i. About 11,046 species (5485 animals and 5611 plants) have been considered as threatened in 2000 Red List.

ii. Critically endangered species are 1939 in number, out of which 925 are animals and 1,014 are plants. In angrosperms and vertebrates 9-16 percent are critically endangered, 34-51 per cent are vulnerable.

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• Essay on Biodiversity of India: Top 4 Essays | Biodiversity | Biology

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Essay on Biodiversity in India | Biology

Here is an essay on ‘Biodiversity in India’ for class 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Biodiversity in India’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Biodiversity in India

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Causes of Destruction

Essay # 1. Introduction to Biodiversity in India:

Biodiversity encompasses all species of plants, animals, and microorganisms and the ecosystems and ecological processes of which they are parts. It is an umbrella term for the degree of nature’s variety including both the number and frequency of ecosystems, species or genes in a given assemblage. Thus, the term ‘biodiversity’ refers to the totality of ‘genes, species and ecosystems’ of a region.

It is usually considered at three different levels:

(i) Genetic diversity,

(ii) Species diversity, and

(iii) Ecosystem diversity.

(i) Genetic diversity is the sum total of genetic information, contained in the genes of individuals of plants, animals and microorganisms that inhabit the earth.

(ii) Species diversity refers to the variety of living organisms on earth and has been variously estimated to be between 5 and 50 million or more, though only about 1.4 million have actually been described.

(iii) Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of habitats, biotic communities, and the ecological processes in the biosphere as well as the tremendous diversity within ecosystems in terms of habitat differences and the variety of ecological processes.

Biodiversity is defined as “the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species between species and of ecosystems.”

Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is fundamental to ecologically sustainable development. Biodiversity is part of our daily lives and livelihood, and constitutes resources upon which families, communities, nations and future generations depend.

Every country has the responsibility to conserve, restore and sustainably use the biological diversity within its jurisdiction. Biological diversity is fundamental to the fulfilment of human needs. An environment rich in biological diversity offers the broadest array of options for sustainable economic ability, for sustaining human welfare and for adapting to change. Loss of biodiversity has serious economic and social costs for any country.

The experience of the past few decades has shown that as industrialisation and economic development in the classical sense have taken place, patterns of consumption, production and needs change, straining, altering and even destroying ecosystems.

India, a megabiodiversity country while following the path of development, has been sensitive to the needs of conservation and, hence, is rich in biological resources. Ethos of conservation and harmonious living with nature is very much ingrained in the lifestyles of India’s people.

Essay # 2. Magnitude of Biodiversity :

The foundation for assessing the importance of biodiversity is an inventory of how many species exist and which species exist where. At the global level the plants and animals are relatively well known. Erwin (1982), for example, suggests as many as 30 million species in total, with most undescribed species living in tropical forests. The known and described number of species of all organisms on the earth is between 1.7 and 1.8 million which is fewer than 15 per cent of the actual number.

About 61 per cent of the known species are insects. Only 4,650 species of mammals are known to biological science. A large number of plant species (2,70,000) and vertebrates are known. But the fact remains that basic knowledge of the organisms that make up most ecosystems, especially in the tropics, is inadequate. Information about bacteria, viruses, protists and Archaea is only fragmentary. For convenience, many assume that about 10 million species exist though the final figure is likely to be 30-50 millions.

Essay # 3. Status of Biodiversity in India :

India occupies only about 2.4 per cent of the world’s land area but its contribution to the world’s biodiversity is approximately 8 per cent of the total number of species which is estimated to be 1.75 million. Of these, 126,188 have been described in India. The species recorded includes flowering plants (angiosperms), mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, constituting 17.3 per cent of the total, whereas nearly 60 per cent of India’s bio wealth is contributed by fungi and insects. Based on the available data, India ranks tenth in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity, and ranks tenth in the number of endemic species of higher vertebrates in the world.

There are about 410 species of mammals (8.86% species of the world), about 1,250 species of birds (about 12% of the world species), about 2,546 species of fishes (about 11% of the world species), about 197 species of amphibians (4.4% of the world species), and more than 408 species of reptiles (6% of the world species) are found in India. Among these groups the highest levels of endemism are found in amphibians.

Essay # 4. Uses and Threats of Biodiversity :

Uses of Biodiversity:

Humans derive many direct and indirect benefits from biological diversity. All our food comes from wild species brought into domestication. Most of our medicines, pharmaceuticals, fibres, rubber and timber come from biological resources. The biodiversity also provides many ecological services free of charge that are responsible for maintaining ecosystems. Our water is supplied by one of nature’s most important processes, called the ‘hydrological cycle’. Forested watersheds provide clear, high-quality water for domestic or agricultural use, while healthy rivers provide water, transport and fish.

Threats to Biodiversity :

Major biodiversity threats are as follows:

1. Habitat destruction and fragmentation;

2. Extension of agriculture;

3. Filling up of wetlands;

4. Conversion of rich biodiversity site for human settlement and industrial development;

5. Destruction of coastal areas;

6. Uncontrolled commercial exploitation;

7. Disturbance and pollution; and

8. Introduction of non-native (exotic) species.

Essay # 5. Vanishing Wildlife :

Before the arrival of man about two million years ago, animal species were subjected to natural causes of extinction. A few examples are of extinct ammonites, large cephalopods and brachiopods of Devonian period and dinosaurs of Mesozoic Era. Siwaliks (Himalayan range) were formed in the last and in it are found the largest number of fossils of Tertiary period.

Siwalik fossils include mastodons, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, Sivatherium (large four-horned ruminant), giraffe, horses, camels, bison, deer, antelope, pigs, chimpanzees, orangutans, baboons, langurs, macaques, cheetals, sabre-toothed cats, lions, tigers, sloth bear, Aurochs, leopards, wolves, sholes, porcupines, rabbits, etc.

Many fossil tree species have also been found in the intertrappean beds including Grewioxylon (Eocene) and Heritieroxylon keralensis (middle Miocene) from Kerala and H. arunachalensis (Mio-Pliocene) from Arunachal Pradesh. Grossopteris (fern fossil) was discovered from India and Antarctica led to the discovery of Gondwanaland. Fossil cycads are also found in India.

From Narmada valley was discovered the first dinosaur, Titanosaurus indicus. Another dinosaur fossil from the same area was Rajasaurus narmadensis. Whale fossil Himalayacetus subathuensis was found in Simla hills (Eocene). This area was under water during Tertiary period. Another whale fossil was Remingtonocetus about 43-46 million years old.

During Indus valley civilisation species of wild cattle Bos primegenius nomadicus was vanished. Other mammals which became extinct in India are Indian/Asiatic cheetah, Javan Rhinoceros and Sumatran rhinoceros.

Pink-headed duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) and Himalayan Quail (Ophrysia superciliosa) have became extinct.

The number of species of wild fauna disappeared during the last four centuries are 7 species, 11 species, 27 species and 67 species in seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries respectively.

Essay # 6. Causes of Destruction :

It is very necessary to access the factors which are hampering in the growth of population of the species such as decimating (death) factors like diseases, predators, etc., or scarcity of food, water and shelter.

Human Population:

Man can easily destroy but cannot create a new species. Forests are unlocked property, it is vast and open and, hence, vulnerable for theft, hunting and killing, poaching, etc. Enormous growth in human population results in conversion of forest into agricultural fields, hunting of wild animals for food, etc. Increase in human population and enhancement in cattle (livestock population) goes side by side which causes adverse effect on wild population.

Pollutants as insecticides, byproducts of industries in the form of gases and water pollutants, quarry of mines, etc., inside forest and such other activities resulting into habitat shrinkage as well as death and disease among the wild animals. Hunting, poaching, killing, smuggling, etc., of wild animals have been hampering and suffering the wild animals. Majority of people are poor and illiterate and are unaware about the importance of wildlife and its role in ecosystem. Wildlife is very much essential for ecobalance and is ultimately essential for human life.

For the existence of an organism/wildlife, food, water and shelter are required. These basic components are exclusively related with wildlife habitats. Wildlife habitats are presently undergoing tremendous changes primarily by the man for his needs, encroachment of forest land for grazing and agricultural purposes due to mushroom growth in human population, constructing roads and cities, etc.

Therefore, man’s manipulation of environment for his needs is the most prevalent factor affecting wildlife habitat and wildlife populations. For instance, in U.S.A., the dense old growth forests may be disastrous to the spotted owl’s nesting and feeding requirements, while it greatly increases preferred forage food for elk.

Destruction of Habitat:

The most serious depletion of wildlife is due to habitat destruction. Habitats which protect wildlife are being converted for human settlements, harbours, dams, reservoirs, croplands, grazing grounds, mining operations, etc. Environmental pollution and deforestation have also caused the degradation of important habitats.

Migratory animals are also vulnerable to the destruction of habitats because disturbance at any point of their migratory routes affects them. Some of the dams are blocking spawning, migration of fishes by inundating habitats and by altering the physical environment. Many species of whales, sea cows and sea turtles are facing total extinction as they are caught by mechanical devices for the sea industry.

Vultures and kites feed on carcases. Since carcases are being buried or burnt now, the population of large flying bird, California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) has started declining.

Asiatic wild ass (Asinus hemionus khur) in Rann of Kutch, Indian lion, musk deer, etc., are facing danger of imminent extinction due to reduction of habitat.

Wildlife Diseases:

In wild animals, there are a number of diseases which are decimating factors and cause a lot of loss of wild animals. It is also very difficult to diagnose and treat the disease in wild animals because they are free ranging animals. Khera (1980) pointed out that the prevalence of epizootic diseases among wildlife has also been a major factor associated with decline in number of some species of wildlife population.

Important diseases found in wild animals are as follows:

1. Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) caused by Picorna virus mostly occurring in wild boar, cheetal, sambhar and gaur (hoofed mammals).

2. Rinderpest caused by Paramyxo virus found in ruminants such as cattle, cheetal, sambhar, gaur and wild buffalo, etc. It also infects wild animals through the cattle.

3. Anthrax caused by Bacillus anthrasis (bacteria) found in mammals (enlargement of spleen).

4. Brucellosis caused by Brucella bacteria found in cattle, cheetal, sambhar, etc. It causes tumor in the joints.

5. Botulism a kind of paralysis caused by Clostridium botulinum (bacteria). It makes the food poisonous. It occurs in aquatic birds.

6. Tuberculosis caused by Bacterium tuberculosis. It is found in wild animals like human beings. It is also common in monkeys.

7. Rabies caused by Rhabdo virus. It is very common in pet dogs and street dogs, wolf, jackal, fox, jungle cat, mongoose, etc.

8. Distemper caused by Paramyxo virus. It is found in carnivorous mammals. Fever affects central nervous system.

Adverse Climate:

Adverse climatic conditions also cause casualty in wild animals such as very hot weather, excessive rainfall and cold, flood, earthquake, volcano, etc. The population having excessive number than the carrying-capacity is more liable to death. Such deaths can be minimised by increasing carrying capacity, food, water and shelter.

Fire, flood, earthquake and road crossing, etc., also cause their accidental death. In forest fire, many wild animals, their young ones, eggs, shelter are burnt. Such accidents can be avoided or minimised by proper management.

Wild animals are also killed by poisoning by man to save agricultural crops and cattle, etc.

Illegal Hunting:

Illegal hunting of wild animals by man is also to be checked. It is done by smugglers and local people living inside forest or neighbouring forest. It causes heavy loss in wild populations.

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• School Education /

Essay on Biodiversity in 500 Words for Students

• Updated on  
• Dec 7, 2023

Essay on Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety of animals and plants in the world or a specific area. Even in today’s modern world where so many technological advances have taken place, we still rely on our natural environment and resources to survive, A healthy and vibrant ecosystem is not disturbed by human activities. We humans are the largest consumers of natural resources, and you know what? We are also a real threat to the natural environment? Biodiversity is not just about a variety of animal and plant species, but, also offers us water, climate, disease control, nutrition cycle, oxygen release, etc. According to one report released by the United Nations, around 10 lakh plant and animal species are on the verge of extinction. The worst thing is that this number is almost at a doubling rate.

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Why is Biodiversity Important?

Biodiversity supports all life forms on earth. To understand the importance of biodiversity, we don’t need to think or act like a biologist. All we need is a holistic understanding. 

• Biodiversity promotes resilience and stability in our ecosystem. If there is any natural disturbance in the environment, a diverse ecosystem will be able to survive and recover better.
• Fields like agriculture, forestry, and medicine completely rely on biodiversity. We get genetic resources from biodiversity, which is essential for agriculture and medicine fields.
• A healthy biodiversity environment means healthy humans. The medicinal drugs we use are derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms.
• In many parts of the world, biodiversity is an integral part of cultural identity. Indigenous tribes are connected with their natural environment and species. 
• Forest areas and oceans play an important role in regulating global temperature and storing carbon dioxide.
• Our environment is constantly changing and the species around it also need to adapt to for to survive. Therefore, genetic diversity within species is also important.
• Natural activities like soil formation, nutrient cycling, water purification, etc, are all dependent on biodiversity.

Also Read: NCERT Solutions Class 9 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

What is Biodiversity Loss?

Biodiversity loss means the global extinction of various species, resulting in the loss of biological diversity. One of the main factors responsible for biodiversity loss is the conversion of natural habitats into agricultural and urban areas. Cutting down forests and using the land for commercial activities results in destroying the livelihood of all the species in the region. Other factors responsible for biodiversity loss are listed below.

• Overexploitation
• Climate change
• Global trade and transportation
• Emerging diseases
• Pollution 

Also Read: Essay on Save Environment

What is Biodiversity Conservation?

Biodiversity conservation refers to the preservation of species, natural resources, and habitats from the rate of extinction. To achieve the goals of biodiversity conservation, effective management, and sustainable practices are required.

• Biodiversity conservation includes protected areas like biodiversity hotspots, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries.
• One of the most effective ways to conserve biodiversity is rehabilitation and restoring degraded habitats is crucial.
• Promoting sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, and other resource-dependent activities is essential for the conservation of biodiversity.
• Encouraging the participation of local and indigenous communities can be one solution to achieving the goals of biodiversity conservation. Indigenous and local knowledge can contribute to effective conservation strategies.

Also Read: Essay on Junk Food

Quotes on Biodiversity

Here are some popular quotes on biodiversity. Feel free to add them to your writing topics related to the natural environment.

• ‘Look closely at nature. Every species is a masterclass, exclusively adapted to the particular environment in which it has survived. Who are we to destroy or even diminish biodiversity?’ – E O Wilson
• ‘Biodiversity is our most valuable but least appreciated resource.’ – E O Wilson
• ‘Biodiversity is the greeted treasure we have. It’s diminishment is to be prevented at all cost.’ – Thomas Eisner
• ‘Animal protection is education to humanity.’ – Albert Schweitzer
• ‘Only beautiful animals or ugly people wear fur.’ – Unknown
• ‘Babies and animals are the mirrors of the nature.’ – Epicurus

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Ans: Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants and animals in our natural environment or a particular region. Biodiversity supports all life forms on earth. To understand the importance of biodiversity, we don’t need to think or act like a biologist. All we need is a holistic understanding. Biodiversity promotes resilience and stability in our ecosystem. If there is any natural disturbance in the environment, a diverse ecosystem will be able to survive and recover better. Fields like agriculture, forestry, and medicine completely rely on biodiversity. We get genetic resources from biodiversity, which is essential for agriculture and medicine fields.

Ans: Biodiversity conservation refers to the preservation of species, natural resources, and habitats from the rate of extinction. To achieve the goals of biodiversity conservation, effective management, and sustainable practices are required.

Ans: Some of the popular biodiversity hotspots in India are the Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats & Sundaland.

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• Biodiversity Essay

Essay on Biodiversity

Biodiversity is a term made up of two words - Bio meaning Life, and Diversity meaning Variety. The term biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth. Plants, animals, microbes, and fungi are all examples of living species on the planet.

Types of Biodiversity  

Genetic Biodiversity- Genetic diversity is the variation in genes and genotypes within a species, e.g., every human looks different from the other. 

Species Biodiversity- Species Diversity is the variety of species within a habitat or a region. It is the biodiversity observed within a community.

Ecosystem Biodiversity- Ecological biodiversity refers to the variations in the plant and animal species living together and connected by food chains and food webs.

Importance of Biodiversity 

Biodiversity is an integral part of cultural identity. Human cultures co-evolve with their environment and conservation is a priority for cultural identity. Biodiversity is used for Medicinal purposes.

Many plants and animals are used for medicinal purposes, like vitamins and painkillers. It contributes to climate stability. It helps in controlling the effects of climate change and managing greenhouse gases. 

Biodiversity provides more food resources. It supplies many vital ecosystems, such as creating and maintaining soil quality, controlling pests, and providing habitat for wildlife. Biodiversity has a relationship with Industry. Biological sources provide many Industrial materials including rubber, cotton, leather, food, paper, etc.

There are many economic benefits of Biodiversity. Biodiversity also helps in controlling pollution. Biodiversity helps in forming a healthy ecosystem. Biodiversity also acts as a source of recreation. Along with other factors, biodiversity helps in improving soil quality.

Long Essay on Biodiversity 

There are many economic benefits of Biodiversity. Biodiversity is a source of economic wealth for many regions of the world. Biodiversity facilitates Tourism and the Recreational industry. Natural Reserves and National Parks benefit a lot from it. Forest, wildlife, biosphere reserve, sanctuaries are prime spots for ecotourism, photography, painting, filmmaking, and literary works.

Biodiversity plays a vital role in the maintenance of the gaseous composition of the atmosphere, breakdown of waste material, and removal of pollutants.

Conservation of Biodiversity  

Biodiversity is very important for human existence as all life forms are interlinked with each other and one single disturbance can have multiple effects on another. If we fail to protect our biodiversity, we can endanger our plants, animals, and environment, as well as human life. Therefore, it is necessary to protect our biodiversity at all costs. Conservation of Biodiversity can be done by educating the people to adopt more environment-friendly methods and activities and develop a more harmonious and empathetic nature towards the environment. The involvement and cooperation of communities are very important. The process of continuous protection of Biodiversity is the need of the hour.

The Government of India, along with 155 other nations, has signed the convention of Biodiversity at the Earth Summit to protect it. According to the summit, efforts should be made in preserving endangered species. 

The preservation and proper management methods for wildlife should be made. Food crops, animals, and plants should be preserved. Usage of various food crops should be kept at a minimum. Every country must realize the importance of protecting the ecosystem and safeguarding the habitat. 

The Government of India has launched the Wild Life Protection Act 1972 to protect, preserve, and propagate a variety of species. The Government has also launched a scheme to protect national parks and sanctuaries. There are 12 countries - Mexico, Columbia, Peru, Brasil, Ecuador, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, India, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Australia, in which Mega Diversity Centres are located. These countries are tropical and they possess a large number of the world’s species.

Various hotspots have been made to protect the vegetation. There are various methods for conserving biodiversity. 

If biodiversity conservation is not done efficiently, each species would eventually become extinct due to a lack of appetite and hunger. This scenario has been a big issue for the last few decades, and many unique species have already become extinct. As a result of a lack of biodiversity protection, several species are still on the verge of extinction.

FAQs on Biodiversity Essay

1. What are the three types of Biodiversity?

Biodiversity is referred to as the variability that exists between the living organisms from different sources of nature, such as terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems. Biodiversity has three levels, which are genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. This is also considered as the type of ecosystem.

2. What is Biodiversity and why is it important?

Biodiversity is responsible for boosting the productivity of the ecosystems in which every species, no matter how small, has an important role to play. For example, a greater variety of crops can be obtained from a plant species which is in large numbers. If species diversity is in a greater amount, then it ensures natural sustainability for all life forms.

3. What is the connection between Biodiversity and the Food Chain?

If a single species goes extinct from the food chain, it will have an impact on the species that survive on it, putting them on the verge of extinction.

4. How are human beings affecting biodiversity?

Pollution- Pollution not only affects human beings, but also affects our flora and fauna, and we should control the pollution to conserve our biodiversity.

Population- Population control is a must to maintain a balance in our ecological system. Humans contribute to pollution by bursting crackers and by not following all the traffic rules.

5. How does Deforestation affect biodiversity?

Deforestation- Trees are very important for survival. They help in balancing out the ecosystem. Deforestation leads to the destruction of habitat. Deforestation should be stopped to protect our animals and plants. Deforestation not only removes vegetation that is important for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but it also emits greenhouse gases.

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Essay on Biodiversity for Students & Children [Easy Words*]

January 18, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Biodiversity: The vast array of animal and plant life in our environment is called biodiversity. The rich flora and fauna that maintain ecological balance are classified under various groups in biodiversity. Conservation of biodiversity is essential for the future of our planet. Due to man’s carelessness, many species turn out to be extinct. Destruction of forests and important species of animals and microorganisms endangers the planet.

Essay on Biodiversity 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Biodiversity Essay in English, suitable for class 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10.

Biodiversity, also referred to as biological diversity is the variations that occur within the environment of many organisms. Such living species include sea, ground, and aquatic life. Biodiversity seeks to recognize the roles in the larger world that these species hold. Diversity is a natural hallmark. Things exist in various forms which create diversity. Biodiversity on the Earth’s surface is an essential and beneficial variability in plant and animal life. Owing to biology, insects, and the ecosystem or habitat, the variability occurs. Biodiversity is an essential feature of the world as it allows living creatures on Earth to flourish and be maintained.

Types of Biodiversity

Based on the individual conditions, the variability in living organisms has resulted in various forms of biodiversity. Genetic variation is due to the standard genetic constituents of living species. Species with identical genes diverge, thereby increasing heterogeneity, and evolve differently. Diversity of organisms occurs when an ecosystem contains various types of living things. Ecological diversity is the interaction of living organisms, which share familiar energy sources in an ecosystem that contributes to biodiversity.

Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity’s importance does not lie exclusively in the existence of various species on Earth. This is also of national, political, and economic significance. Biodiversity is of critical importance in maintaining nature’s balance. This is, therefore, important to sustain the food chain. One species may be the food for another species, and through this food chain, different species are related to each other. Apart from this, biodiversity is also of scientific interest.

The research and breeding projects include species diversity if these animals cease to exist, so it would not be possible to provide such programmes. Besides, many plants and animals also make up most of the medications and medicines that are important for the cure of many diseases. For example, penicillin is a fungus from which the antibiotic of penicillin is extracted. Another significant feature of biodiversity is that it provides food for all, including humans.

All the food we consume is either derived from plants or animals like fish and other marine animals. They are also the basis for agricultural practices of new crops, pesticides and the raw material. For industrial usage, biodiversity is also significant. We get a lot of items from animals like fur, honey, leather and pearls. Also, we procure timber for plants which are the source of the paper we use in our everyday lives. Tea, coffee and other beverages, dried fruits and our daily fruits and vegetables are all obtained from the various plants.

Loss of Biodiversity

The biodiversity of the Earth is going through a serious decline, and that is a great danger to the human race. Many factors are contributing to the extinction of biological organisms, the most important being human behaviour. Humans ruin forests for the building of houses and offices. Human beings are in effect, destroying the natural habitat of many plants and animals by deforestation. All new technological advances are dangerous for the environment.

We cannot even find any bird species today because the noise pollution is growing. Global warming is yet another explanation for biodiversity loss. Many species require a different environment for survival and these species either migrate or become extinct as the climatic conditions change continuously. A good example is a decline in the number of coral reefs.

Conservation of Biodiversity

Governments around the world have been taking steps to protect the remaining biodiversity on Earth. There are dedicated national parks, for example, that assign the region to wild animals and plants, and reduce human interference in their lives. To protect the fragile and endangered species, numerous wildlife management initiatives are in place. Project Tiger, for example, is one of those steps in place to increase the tiger population in our country.

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Biodiversity is us and we are biodiversity Premium

The engagement of all citizens will be key to the enhancement and protection of the world’s natural heritage..

Updated - June 01, 2023 01:54 pm IST

Published - June 01, 2023 12:08 am IST

‘Mitigation of climate change is but one of the several benefits we derive from biodiversity’ | Photo Credit: The Hindu

The observance of International Biodiversity Day (May 22) was yet another reminder of the pivotal role our natural world plays in resolving the climate change crisis, which, along with the decline of biodiversity, poses an existential threat to our future. Biodiversity, the rich variety of life forms and their interconnections with each other and the environment, is everywhere: inside our bodies as ubiquitous microbiomes, in our backyards, villages, towns, and cities, and in remote wild places as well-organised ecological communities and ecosystems. Maintaining and enhancing biodiversity on land and in oceans is perhaps the least expensive mechanism to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere so as to cool our land and oceans.

Mitigation of climate change is but one of the several benefits we derive from biodiversity. It also fulfils our basic needs for food, shelter, medicines, mental health, recreation, and spiritual enrichment. To face the continuing decline in the quality of our environment, we will need to rely more and more on solutions that draw upon biodiversity or nature, also called nature-based solutions to secure our future. It is biodiversity that will restore our degraded lands and polluted rivers and oceans and sustain our agriculture in the face of climate change. It is biodiversity that will form the basis of a new sustainable green economy. And it is biodiversity that will inspire our children to opt for a more humane, just, and hopeful future, which accords primacy to the living world.

Despite the importance of biodiversity that ultimately sustains all human endeavours, we have been poor stewards for caring and nurturing life on earth. Globally as well as in India, we have failed to adequately conserve and manage our precious, irreplaceable natural heritage. Biodiversity is declining worldwide, and our last remaining, largely isolated ecosystems are degrading due to changes happening around them, such as loss of species, climate stressors, and continuous human pressures.

In India, the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill will further weaken our resolve to sustain the remaining biodiversity.

Nurturing and managing biodiversity

In many ways, biodiversity is us and we are biodiversity. Thus, civil society must play a critical role in sustaining our biodiversity. A paradigm shift in the care of biodiversity, long overdue, must begin now, flowing from this International Biodiversity Day.

Let us first change the way we manage our biodiversity. Currently, the main custodian of the natural world is the Indian Forest Service. But the term “Forest” to describe our immense and unique natural heritage is flawed. India’s biodiversity is not only on land but also in waterbodies, rivers, deltas, and oceans. A rich array of our ecosystems is in the form of grasslands, savannas, alpine pastures, deserts, and other types of ecological communities. Even in the 20th century, people had started to talk about living organisms and the interconnectedness manifested as ecosystems and ecosystem services in multifunctional landscapes dominated by humans. In the 21st century, the basic terms “forests” and “wildlife” have limited meaning or usefulness.

We must think of multifunctional landscapes, where aspirations, beliefs, traditional knowledge, and direct participation of local communities are central to the notion of conserving and sustaining life on earth. In 2006, policymakers in India enacted the Forest Rights Act, that called for an increase in the stake of indigenous groups in ownership as well as management of biodiversity. However, the Act largely remains on paper, yet to be implemented on the ground. Seventeen years later, it is time to even move beyond the Act’s steps to fundamentally alter the way we manage our biodiversity. If biodiversity is everywhere, as it is, we must mainstream it into our daily actions — in every development programme, in every government department, in every public and private institution. And it is time to decentralise the management of biodiversity by bringing together multiple stakeholders, especially local communities, through gram sabhas and biodiversity management committees.

Mainstreaming biodiversity

This very mainstreaming of biodiversity is the goal of the proposed National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing, an idea this writer has referred to in earlier columns. India’s leading conservation biologists, working under the umbrella of the Biodiversity Collaborative based in Bengaluru, conceptualised the idea and developed a road map for the Mission approved in principle by the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Council.

The Mission will enable our country to meet critical challenges in climate change, natural and regenerative agriculture, and ecosystem and public health using biodiversity and ecosystem services — usually referred to as nature-based solutions. The ultimate goal is to enhance and conserve biodiversity to foster human well-being; more specifically, to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to poverty alleviation, nutrition and health, and environmental protection, and support an era of new green economy.

People will be at the centre of the Mission, the goal of which is to have all citizens engaged in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, embed consideration of biodiversity in every development-oriented programme of the public and private sectors, and arouse curiosity about nature and a sense of responsibility for safeguarding biodiversity — and our very future — in the minds of every child and every student. Undertaking such a pledge would be a fitting celebration of our precious and irreplaceable natural world.

Kamal Bawa is President Emeritus of the Bengaluru-based Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) and the Convener of Biodiversity Collaborative. The views expressed are personal

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Biodiversity Hotspots in India, and Threats to Hotspot in India

The Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma region, and Sundaland are among the 36 biodiversity hotspots on earth, and they are all found in India. Check details on Biological Hotspots in India.

Table of Contents

Biodiversity refers to the diversity of plant and animal species in a specific habitat. The species richness and species evenness are the two main components of biodiversity. With approximately 91,000 known animal species and 45,500 known plant species, India is known for having a diversified ecosystem. Trees and forests cover 23.39% of its territory.

The Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma region, and Sundaland are among the 36 biodiversity hotspots on earth, and they are all found in India. The Indo-Burma region and Sundaland are two of them that are dispersed over South Asia and not precisely contained within India’s official borders.

Biological Hotspot

Norman Myers (1988) developed the term “biodiversity hotspot” upon finding 10 tropical forests as “hotspots” due to their high levels of habitat loss and plant endemism. However, it lacked any quantitative standards for identifying an ecological hotspot in a region. He added eight additional hotspots two years later, bringing the total number of hotspots in the world to 18.

The first comprehensive update of the hotspots was created by Conservation International (CI), which collaborated with Myers. For a region to be considered a hotspot, CI then imposed the two strict quantitative standards listed below:

• It should contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (> 0.5% of the world’s total) as endemics.
• It must have lost ≥ 70% of its original native habitat.

Who Declares Biodiversity Hotspots?

Hotspots were first introduced by Conservation International, who also promoted them. In 1989, just one year after scientist Norman Myers’ essay popularized the idea of protecting these breathtaking locales, Conservation International was established.

Biodiversity Hotspots in India

Numerous rare and vulnerable plant and animal species can be found in large numbers in India’s biodiversity hotspots. Four of the 36 Biodiversity Hotspots in the world—the Himalayas, the Indo-Burma region, the Western Ghats, and Sundaland—are located in India, according to official figures. Because of their peculiar flora and fauna, the Sundarbans and the Terrai-Duar Savannah grasslands could also be considered among India’s biodiversity hotspots. Indian Hotspot region have been listed below:

• Himalaya : Includes the entire Indian Himalayan region (and that falling in Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Myanmar)
• Indo-Burma : Includes entire North-eastern India, except Assam and Andaman group of Islands (and Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and southern China)
• Sundalands : Includes Nicobar group of Islands (and Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines)
• Western Ghats and Sri Lanka : Includes entire Western Ghats (and Sri Lanka)

Himalayan Hotspot

The Himalaya Hotspot is home to the world’s highest mountains, including Mt. Everest. The mountains rise abruptly, resulting in a diversity of ecosystems that range from alluvial grasslands and subtropical broadleaf forests to alpine meadows above the tree line. Vascular plants have even been recorded at more than 6,000 m. The hotspot is home to important populations of numerous large birds and mammals, including vultures, tigers, elephants, rhinos and wild water buffalo.

Species Diversity and Endemism in Himalayan Hotspot

Biogeographically, the Himalayan Mountain Range straddles a transition zone between the Palearctic and Indo-Malayan realms. Species from both realms are represented in the hotspot. In addition, geological, climatic and altitudinal variations in the hotspot, as well as topographic complexity, contribute to the biological diversity of the mountains along their east-west and north-south axes.

Threats to Himalayan Hotspots

• Human Interference : Despite their apparent remoteness and inaccessibility, the Himalayas have not been spared human-induced biodiversity loss. People have lived in the mountains of the Himalayas for thousands of years. In recent decades, greater access to the global market has increased the demand for natural resources in the area encouraged both immigration from outside (such as Arunachal Pradesh) and movement within the region (such as in Nepal). As a result, populations are growing in the most productive ecosystems, which are also some of the richest in biodiversity.
• Overgrazing by domestic livestock, including cattle and domesticated yak, is widespread in the lowlands and alpine ecosystems.
• Poaching is a serious problem in the Himalayan Mountains, with tigers and rhinoceros hunted for their body parts for traditional Chinese medicine, while snow leopards and red pandas are sought for their beautiful pelts.
• Other threats to biodiversity and forest integrity include mining, the construction of roads and large dams, and pollution due to the use of agrochemicals

Indo-Burma Hotspots

Encompassing more than 2 million km² of tropical Asia, Indo-Burma is still revealing its biological treasures. Six large mammal species have been discovered in the last 12 years: the large-antlered muntjac, the Annamite muntjac, the grey-shanked douc, the Annamite striped rabbit, the leaf deer, and the saola.

This hotspot also holds remarkable endemism in freshwater turtle species, most of which are threatened with extinction, due to over-harvesting and extensive habitat loss. Bird life in IndoBurma is also incredibly diverse, holding almost 1,300 different bird species, including the threatened white-eared night-heron, the grey-crowned crocias, and the orange-necked partridge.

Species Diversity and Endemism in Indo-Burma Hotspot

Threats to Indo-Burma Hotspots

• Human Interference
• Overexploitation of natural resources
• Commercial logging has been particularly intense in lowland evergreen forests
• Overfishing and the increasing use of destructive fishing techniques is a significant problem in both coastal and offshore marine ecosystems.

Sundaland Hotspots

The Sundaland hotspot covers the western half of the Indo-Malayan archipelago, an arc of some 17,000 equatorial islands, and is dominated by two of the largest islands in the world: Borneo (725,000 km²) and Sumatra (427,300 km²). More than a million years ago, the islands of Sundaland were connected to mainland Asia.

Species Diversity and Endemism in Sundaland Hotspot

Threats to Sundaland Hotspots

The spectacular flora and fauna of the Sundaland Hotspot are succumbing to the explosive growth of industrial forestry in these islands and to the international animal trade that claims tigers, monkeys, and turtle species for food and medicine in other countries.

• Deforestation
• Commercial and illegal Logging

Western Ghat and Sri Lanka Hotspot

The Western Ghats of southwestern India and the highlands of southwestern Sri Lanka, separated by 400 kilometers, are strikingly similar in their geology, climate and evolutionary history. The Western Ghats, known locally as the Sahyadri Hills, are formed by the Malabar Plains and the chain of mountains running parallel to India’s western coast, about 30 to 50 kilometers inland. They cover an area of about 160,000 km² and stretch for 1,600 km from the country’s southern tip to Gujarat in the north, interrupted only by the 30 km Palakkad Gap.

Species Diversity and Endemism in Western Ghat and Sri Lanka Hotspot

Threats to Western Ghat and Sri Lanka Hotspots

• Growth of populations around protected areas

List of Biodiversity Hotspots of the World

Forests and other remnant habitats are only located on 2.5% of the planet’s land surface, mostly in hotspots. Biodiversity Hotspots include some of the most valuable and vital ecosystems on earth, and many of their vulnerable inhabitants depend on nature to thrive.

36 major Biodiversity Hotspots in the world are :

• Mountains of Central Asia
• The Mediterranean basin and its Eastern Coastal region
• Iran-Anatolia region
• Caucasus region
• Atlantic forest
• Tropical Andes
• Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena
• Chilean winter rainfall (Valdivian) Forests
• Brazil’s Cerrado
• The Mesoamerican forests
• Modrean pine-oak woodlands of the USA and Mexico border
• Caribbean islands hotspot
• California Floristic Province
• South-Western Australia
• Polynesia and Micronesian Islands Complex, including Hawaii
• The Western Ghats
• Western Sunda
• Philippine biodiversity hotspot
• New Zealand biodiversity hotspot
• New Caledonia
• Mountains of South-West China
• Japan biodiversity hotspot
• The Eastern Himalayas
• Himalayan hotspot
• Coastal forests of Eastern Africa
• South Africa’s Cape floristic hotspot
• East Melanesian islands
• Succulent Karou
• Maputoland, Podoland, Albany hotspot
• Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands
• Horn of Africa
• The Guinean forests of Western Africa
• Eastern Afro-Montane

8 Hottest Hotspots of Biodiversity

Tropical regions make up the majority of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, which do not account for changing land-use trends. Hotspots are places where many habitats have been lost. This does not necessarily imply that it is still occurring, though.

8 hottest Hotspots of Biodiversity  are:

• The Philippines
• Wallacea (eastern Indonesia)
• South Africa’s Cape floristic region
• Brazil’s Atlantic Forest Region
• Western Sunda (in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei)
• The Tropical Andes (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia)
• Meso-American forests

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Biological Hotspots in India FAQs

What are biodiversity hotspots in india.

A Biodiversity Hotspot is a region with a significant number of species. These ecological hotspots are essential for maintaining ecosystem balance.

How many Biodiversity Hotspots in India?

India has four major Biodiversity hotspots – the Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma region, Western Ghats, and Sundaland.

Why are Hotspots of Biodiversity important?

Because biodiversity is the foundation of all life on Earth, these biodiversity hotspots are of immense global significance because they house unique species and habitats.

Which is the hottest Biodiversity Hotspot in India?

The Eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats are India’s top biodiversity hotspots.

Which is the largest Biodiversity Hotspot in India?

The Himalayas are considered to be the largest Biodiversity hotspot in India.

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Essay on India the Land of Diversity

Students are often asked to write an essay on India the Land of Diversity in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on India the Land of Diversity

Introduction.

India, a country in South Asia, is known as the land of diversity. It’s a place where numerous cultures, religions, and languages coexist harmoniously.

Cultural Diversity

India is home to diverse cultures. Each state has its unique traditions, festivals, and art forms. This cultural diversity is a testament to India’s rich heritage.

Religious Diversity

India is the birthplace of religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It also welcomes other religions like Islam and Christianity, promoting religious harmony.

Linguistic Diversity

India has 22 officially recognized languages and hundreds of dialects. This linguistic diversity symbolizes unity in diversity.

250 Words Essay on India the Land of Diversity

India, often referred to as the “Land of Diversity,” is a unique amalgamation of various cultures, religions, languages, and traditions. It is a testament to the country’s rich history and heritage that has molded its identity over millennia.

India’s cultural diversity is one of its most distinguishing features. Each state embodies its unique customs, traditions, and festivals. From the vibrant Bihu of Assam to the grandeur of Rajasthan’s Ghoomar, from the colourful Pongal of Tamil Nadu to the mesmerizing Garba of Gujarat, India’s cultural panorama is vast and varied.

India’s linguistic diversity is equally impressive, with over 2000 distinct languages spoken across its length and breadth. This linguistic richness contributes to a multifaceted society where people communicate in a multitude of languages, yet remain united under the umbrella of being Indian.

India is the birthplace of several major religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and also warmly embraces other religions like Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism. This religious diversity fosters a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect, which is integral to India’s ethos.

India’s diversity is not just a demographic phenomenon, but a living, breathing reality that shapes the nation’s social, political, and economic life. It is a testament to India’s inherent strength and resilience that despite such immense diversity, it stands united, embodying the essence of the phrase “Unity in Diversity.” This diversity is a symbol of India’s pluralistic society, reflecting a harmonious coexistence of varied cultures and traditions, making it truly the “Land of Diversity.”

500 Words Essay on India the Land of Diversity

Geographical diversity.

India’s geographical diversity is truly astonishing. From the snow-capped Himalayas in the north to the sun-kissed beaches of the south, from the arid deserts of the west to the lush green forests of the east, the country’s landscapes are as diverse as its people. This geographical diversity contributes to a wide range of flora and fauna, making India one of the world’s 17 mega-diverse countries.

Cultural and Linguistic Diversity

The cultural diversity in India is equally intriguing. The country is a mosaic of various cultures, each with its unique traditions, festivals, art, and cuisine. Every state, every region, and even every village has its distinct cultural identity. This cultural richness is further enhanced by the linguistic diversity. With more than 2000 distinct ethnic groups and over 1600 spoken languages, India is linguistically one of the most diverse countries in the world.

Social and Economic Diversity

The social structure in India is complex and diverse, with a multitude of castes, tribes, and communities. The economy, too, is characterized by diversity. From agriculture-based rural economy to industrial urban economy, from small-scale cottage industries to giant multinational corporations, the economic landscape of India is a fascinating mix of the traditional and the modern.

Unity in Diversity

Despite these diversities, India has maintained unity in diversity. The Indian Constitution, with its emphasis on secularism, equality, and justice, has played a crucial role in binding the diverse people of India into a single national fabric. The national motto, “Unity in Diversity”, reflects the country’s fundamental ethos of harmonious coexistence amidst diversity.

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Write a short note on Biodiversity in India and when did India became member of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

India, a mega diverse country with only 2.4 % of world’s land area, accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species. it includes over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals. the country’s diverse physical features and climatic conditions have resulted in a variety of ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, grasslands, desert, coastal and marine ecosystems. four of 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots are found in india. they are: • the himalayas • the western ghats • the north-east • the nicobar islands india became state member of iucn in 1969, through the ministry of environment, forest and climate change(moefcc)..

Which of the following organisations work towards conserving biodiversity and preventing exploitation and pollution of natural resources?

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Diversity In India Essay

Diversity in India is a remarkable phenomenon, one that has been celebrated since ancient times. It is a country where different cultures, religions, languages, and traditions coexist in harmony, reflecting its traditional adage of ‘unity in diversity’. India is home to a plethora of different ethnicities, languages, religions and cultures, each with its own unique set of customs and beliefs. Here are a few sample essays on the topic ‘Diversity In India’.

100 Words Essay On Diversity In India

200 words essay on diversity in india, 500 words essay on diversity in india.

India is a country with a rich and diverse cultural heritage, and it is no surprise that it is also home to a variety of people from different religions, ethnicities and backgrounds. Diversity in India is a reflection of the many different groups and cultures that coexist in the country. India’s diversity is not only celebrated but embraced and admired.

When it comes to diversity in India, there are several types. The most common are religious, linguistic, regional, and ethnic diversity. India is one of the most religiously diverse countries in the world, with Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and many other belief systems calling the country home. Additionally, India is home to several languages including Hindi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Punjabi, Gujarati, and Bengali.

India’s ethnic diversity is also quite remarkable. The population is divided into numerous ethnic groups including the Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, Other Backward Classes, and many more. Each of these ethnic groups has their own distinct culture, language, and customs, making them unique and inspiring. There are also many dialects of each language and they are spoken throughout the country's states and regions.

Benefits | The many different types of diversity in India are beneficial in several ways. Firstly, it leads to a more harmonious and peaceful environment, as people from different backgrounds are able to share their unique perspectives and experiences, leading to mutual understanding and respect. Secondly, diversity allows for a variety of talents and skills to be cultivated, leading to a more vibrant and successful economy. Lastly, diversity leads to an increased appreciation and understanding of different cultures and beliefs, which is beneficial for the country’s progress and development.

Unity In Diversity | The concept of ‘unity in diversity’ is an integral part of India’s culture and identity. This concept is evident in everything from the country’s festivals and celebrations, to its freedom of expression and equal rights for all. It is this idea of diverse people coming together to form one unified nation that makes India stand out among other countries in the world.

India is a land of unique and diverse cultures, religions, languages, and customs. The concept of ‘unity in diversity’ is a cornerstone of India’s culture and identity, and is something that should be celebrated and embraced. The different patterns of culture, religion, language, and customs make India one of the most interesting countries in the world.

Geographical Diversity | India's diversity is also visible in its geographical landscape. India is a land of mountains, valleys, plains, deserts, and seas. It has the highest mountain range, the Himalayas. It also has the largest desert, the Thar Desert, and the longest river, the Ganges.

Social, Economical And Cultural Advantages Of Diversity

India’s diversity is beneficial both economically and socially, allowing the country to prosper and grow.

The diversities in India have been beneficial for its people. One of the most significant benefits is that it has enabled India to be a culturally, socially, politically and economically united nation. The diversity in India has also helped to promote a sense of understanding and tolerance among its people. It is this sense of understanding and tolerance that has enabled India to become a strong and unified nation.

India's unique diversity has enabled the country to be a leader in the field of science, technology, and innovation. India is home to a number of leading technology companies and has been a major player in the global economy.

India's diversity has also been beneficial in terms of promoting cultural exchange and understanding. India has given the world a number of great cultural traditions such as yoga, Ayurveda, and music. This has enabled people from different cultures and religions to come together and exchange ideas and experiences.

Impact of Diversity In India

The diversity in India has had a major positive impact on the country, both in terms of its economy and its culture. The diverse population has enabled India to become a multicultural hub, with people from all walks of life interacting with each other, exchanging ideas, and bringing different perspectives to the table. This has enabled the country to become a melting pot of different cultures, thereby increasing its economic power. The presence of different religions has also resulted in the development of a more tolerant and inclusive society.

The diversity of India has also enabled it to preserve its traditions and practices. By embracing different cultures, India has been able to protect its own culture and customs. This has enabled the country to benefit from its traditional values and practices, while also benefiting from the knowledge and innovation brought in by its diverse population.

India’s diversity is a source of strength and a major source of pride for the country. It has enabled the country to become a major player in the global economy, while preserving its traditional values and customs. The presence of different religions, languages, and cultures has enabled the country to become a more tolerant and inclusive society. It is this unique diversity that has enabled India to become the vibrant, dynamic and economically powerful nation that it is today.

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An analysis of computed tomography diagnostic reference levels in india compared to other countries.

1. Introduction

1.1. automatic exposure control (aec), 1.2. tube voltage selection (kvp optimization), 1.3. iterative reconstruction algorithms, 1.4. dose modulation, 1.5. pitch adjustment, 1.6. organ-based dose reduction, 1.7. dose tracking and monitoring, 1.8. paediatric-specific protocols, 1.9. radiation protection in computed tomography [ 14 ], 1.9.1. justification, 1.9.2. optimization, 1.9.3. automatic exposure control (aec), 1.9.4. patient dose monitoring and dose alerts, 1.9.5. paediatric and high-risk groups, 1.9.6. education and training, 1.9.7. collimation and shielding, 1.9.8. quality assurance and quality control, 1.9.9. alara culture, 1.10. justification of medical exposure in ct, 1.11. optimization of medical examination in ct, 1.12. quantities for ct dosimetry, 1.13. ct dose descriptors, 1.13.1. dose-length product (dlp), 1.13.2. computed tomography dose index (ctdi), ctdivol (ctdi volume).

• CTDIvol is the most frequently used variant measured in milligray (mGy) units.
• It represents the average radiation dose within a specific region of the patient’s body, usually a cylindrical phantom or a region of interest (ROI).
• CTDIvol is calculated by measuring the radiation dose along the central axis of the phantom or ROI and then averaging it over multiple scan acquisitions.
• The formula for CTDIVOL calculation involves integrating the radiation dose profile across the scan length and dividing it by the nominal slice thickness.
• CTDIvol estimates the radiation-dose-per-unit length along the scan axis and helps compare radiation doses between different CT scanners and protocols.

CTDIW (CTDI Weighted)

• CTDIW is an older variant of CTDI that was commonly used before CTDIvol became more prevalent.
• CTDIW is also measured in milligrays (mGy) and represents the average radiation dose within the central region of a phantom or ROI.
• It is calculated by measuring the radiation dose at specific points along the central axis of the phantom or ROI and taking their weighted average.
• The weighting factors used in CTDIW calculation consider the shape of the radiation-dose profile and provide a more accurate representation of the dose distribution.
• While CTDIW is less commonly reported nowadays, it is sometimes used for legacy purposes or when comparing radiation doses from older CT scanners.

1.14. DRLS in the International Context

1.15. Defining Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)

• Identifying facilities or procedures where doses are unusually high.
• Encouraging facilities to review their protocols and equipment performance.
• Providing a benchmark for comparing practices across different facilities.

1.16. Use of DRL Levels

1.17. relationship between image quality and radiation dose, 2. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Malik, M.M.U.D.; Alqahtani, M.; Hadadi, I.; AlQhtani, A.G.M.; Alqarni, A. An Analysis of Computed Tomography Diagnostic Reference Levels in India Compared to Other Countries. Diagnostics 2024 , 14 , 1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151585

Malik MMUD, Alqahtani M, Hadadi I, AlQhtani AGM, Alqarni A. An Analysis of Computed Tomography Diagnostic Reference Levels in India Compared to Other Countries. Diagnostics . 2024; 14(15):1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151585

Malik, Maajid Mohi Ud Din, Mansour Alqahtani, Ibrahim Hadadi, Abdullah G. M. AlQhtani, and Abdullah Alqarni. 2024. "An Analysis of Computed Tomography Diagnostic Reference Levels in India Compared to Other Countries" Diagnostics 14, no. 15: 1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151585

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Farah Stockman

Decoding JD Vance’s Brand of Nationalism

By Farah Stockman

Ms. Stockman is a member of the editorial board and the author of “American Made: What Happens to People When Work Disappears.”

Is America an idea or a homeland? That question lies at the heart of this roller coaster of a presidential race. It’s about whether we Americans should continue to set our sights on global leadership and enforcing universal principles or instead hunker down and take care of our own.

President Biden, in his speech on Wednesday explaining why he withdrew his candidacy, described America as “the most powerful idea in the history of the world.” In language echoing legacy Republicans like Ronald Reagan , Mr. Biden said that it was “an idea stronger than any army, bigger than any ocean, more powerful than any dictator or tyrant.”

But Donald Trump’s Republican Party is turning away from that kind of language. At the Republican convention, JD Vance, his running mate, made a point of saying that America is “not just an idea” but a “homeland,” evoking a mountain cemetery in Eastern Kentucky where he said his ancestors are buried and where he hopes that he and his children will be buried as well.

Some of his critics immediately denounced those references to his family’s land and lineage as coded “blood and soil” nationalism, the ideology of Nazis. In The Atlantic, Adam Serwer accused Mr. Vance of signaling an “exclusivist vision of America to his far-right allies” when he asserted that America is a country made up of people who share a history rather than a “creedal nation” — one primarily based on ideas like freedom and equality. “If America is a creedal nation, then anyone can be an American,” Mr. Serwer wrote. “But if real Americans are those who share a specific history, then some of us are more American than others.”

These critiques ignore the sense of duty that human beings everywhere feel to the places and people that raised us. Americans are no exception. And dismissing the intense debate about whether America is a creedal nation versus a specific place of specific people who share land, history and culture misses a chance to understand something important about the MAGA movement’s appeal.

People who speak of America as an idea tend to have a global outlook, arguing for more immigration, free trade and a robust role for the United States around the world. Those who emphasize that it’s also a homeland see the country’s resources as being squandered on outsiders, while the needs of citizens are brushed aside.

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