'One and the Same’: Anti-Apartheid and Black British Anti-Racist Politics in the 1980s
‘For a crowd is not company; and faces are but a gallery of pictures’: an exploration of loneliness among British officer prisoners of war in the Second World War
Image by Racool_studio on Freepik
As part of your sociology undergraduate course, you will most likely be expected to sit a dissertation module. For many, the dissertation may be a major source of worry particularly as it is probably the first time they have ever had to write one. The requirement to complete such a large piece of work can be daunting, especially given that a dissertation can be 6,000+ words. Some institutions allow for students to complete fieldwork in relation to their dissertation but many students either do not have the option to do so or prefer to forego the field research to concentrate on a purely theoretical exploration of a topic.
The following example is my own actual undergraduate dissertation. It is a number of years old now but rather than have it sit in a digital vault never to be seen again, I thought I would utilise it as an example for other people. Hopefully, it may offer some insight into how to do one. This dissertation scored 80+/100 making it a mid-first. It is copied verbatim and so includes any mistakes, errors, inaccuracies, or other issues as contained at the time of submission. It also includes the feedback I received after marking which will also give you insight into some of the comments you might receive. Needless to say, it is quite a long read at nearly 6400 words (not including appendices). It is ordered as follows:
Methodology, bibliography.
Has this article helped you in any way? Has it given you information that you found difficult to find? Has it contributed to your research needs? Then please consider giving something back. We rely on contributions from readers such as yourself so if we have helped you in any way, please consider buying us a coffee over at Ko-Fi.
“Any nation’s right to form a government and an economic system of its own choosing is inalienable. Any nation’s attempt to dictate to other nations their form of government is indefensible.” Dwight D. Eisenhower – 34 th President of the United States of America
Venezuela is a country with large swathes of outstanding natural beauty, where the people are considered as some of the most positive people globally and have a community spirit even among those in the extensive Barrios of Caracas, the largest slum in Latin America outside of Rio (Power, 2007: 123; Clifton, 2012). It is also rich in the natural resources of oil and minable elements such as Gold (Rosales, 2019; Monaldi, 2015; Stronen, 2017). Venezuela is known for its deeply nationalist mindset and places great esteem on its historical figures such as Simón Bolívar who is widely considered as the emancipator of Latin America from Spanish colonial rule (Chávez, 2009: vii). Its borders are shared with Colombia, Brazil and Guyana and its landscape is dominated by deep forest including its own share of Amazon rainforest (Salas, 2015: 2). From the democratic election of Hugo Chávez in 1998 to his death in 2013, Venezuela experienced significant social investment after Chávez nationalised Venezuelan oil and redistributed profit (Bistoletti, 2019: 68). The redistribution facilitated one of the most comprehensive education programs in the world which almost eliminated illiteracy (Bruce, 2008: 11). Additionally, free healthcare was provided to Venezuelans with the assistance of Cuba leading to a medical model which became the envy of even the most developed countries, and which simultaneously sought to expand humanitarian focused healthcare across Latin America (Brouwer, 2011: 18, 56). Furthermore, sharp rises in living standards for the poor and middle classes were evidenced (Ystanes, 2018: 42; Pantoulas & McCoy, 2019: 396). Today, Venezuela in 2020, under Nicolás Maduro, Hugo Chávez’s successor, is experiencing one of the worst humanitarian crises in history with over 4 million people having fled the country (UN News, 2019). Those who have not fled are subjected to hyper-inflation making basic goods unaffordable (Friedman, 2017; Friesen, 2018). The poverty rate now stands at 87% (Espana & Ponce, 2017), health services and medicine supplies have evaporated (Trejos, 2017; Rhodes & Valencia, 2019), supermarket shelves are empty (McGonigal & Cook, 2019; Rosati, 2018) and violent crime is uncontained (Leon, 2020: 1). It will be argued that the Venezuelan situation is not a coincidence but, rather, outcomes-in-flux deriving from US actions.
The US’ position as a dominant, semi-hegemonic power on the world economy synchronised with its bullish character derived from American exceptionalist belief and its heavy militarist inclinations facilitate the ability to be uniquely influential globally (Connor, 2020; Restad, 2014). Furthermore, the US is heavily corporatized with US corporations commanding many of the top companies globally including in the oil, health, media and arms sectors (SIPRI, 2019; Palmer, 2019; Muspratt, 2019; O’Reilly, 2016). Historically, the US has been involved in, either overtly or covertly, with or without military intervention, many regime changes globally with the aim of installing leaders favourable to US state and corporate interests (Appendix A). From the 1940’s onwards, these became more frequent and heavily focused on Latin America and the Middle East. By framing US interference in Venezuela within the loci of US geo-economics, neo-imperialism, neo-colonialism and neoliberalism as prescribed by the ‘Washington Consensus’ (Appendix B), it presents a lens through which to understand contemporary social divisions in Venezuela. Focusing on historical US behaviour globally, the aim of this paper is three-fold: to form a coherent four-point modus operandi with which the US attempts to perform neo-colonial and neo-imperialist actions to implement neoliberal globalist ideological hegemony onto other nation states; to use this modus operandi to locate the current severe economic, social and political situation in Venezuela with US origins; and to demonstrate the resulting social divisions in Venezuela. The volume of US actions globally which can be framed in this way is so significant that it is far beyond the scope of this paper thus a select number will be drawn upon to exemplify US behaviour and construct evidence for the current Venezuelan situation.
To establish a body of evidence for historical US behaviour it was necessary to review wide-ranging literature including books, journals, web pages and leaked documents to piece together where, when and how the US behaves towards other nation states. Forming a rough timeline of events, it was possible to isolate a relevant starting point for modern geo-economic and neo-colonial interference and establish US targeted countries. Further analysis was applied to determine what types of behaviour were typical and a pattern quickly emerged. From analysing these patterns, coincidence was found with nations which have formerly been, have been converted to, or have been targeted for, neoliberalism or neoliberalisation. Applying various related terms to in-text mass document searches revealed significant evidence, much beyond the scope of this paper, which could be drawn upon providing enough evidence to establish US historical behaviours. These behaviours were then considered through the lens of the current situation in Venezuela through analysing media, academic and NGO reports, making it possible to connect Venezuela’s crisis with US behaviour. As the situation still continues at time of writing, academic works and books are not readily available thus there is a reliance on news media to view current effects on social divisions. Attempts to circumvent this limitation, however, were made by considering not only mainstream corporate media, but smaller, independent and state news media for balance.
In 1908, Britain discovered oil in Iran and subsequently took control of the industry under the name ‘Anglo-Persian Oil Company’ whilst syphoning the majority of profits (Bayandor, 2010: 12). In 1953, the US, at the behest of Britain, launched a coup d’état after the then democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, nationalised Iranian oil removing what Mossadegh called the British “network of colonialism” from Iran (Blum, 2003: 63-71; Petherick, 2006: 82; Bayandor, 2010; Weiner, 2007: 81-92; Gasiorowski, 2004). Numerous techniques were employed by the CIA in the precursory stages: bribing media to print anti-Mossadegh propaganda, funding of pro and anti-Mossadegh mobs to instigate street violence, economic boycotts of Iranian oil, and bribery of military and religious leaders (Blum, 2003: 64, 67; Zepezauer, 1994: no pagination ; Snider, 2009: 274; Weiner, 2007: 86). These precursory actions assisted in destabilising Mossadegh’s leadership allowing the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to take supreme rulership after the coup and reopen Iranian oil to US corporations (Harvey, 2010: 110). Subsequently, backed by US finance, the Shah founded SAVAK, a secretive police force which went on to become a violent repressive state apparatus and simultaneously cemented the US’ reputation for imperialist and colonialist interference in the middle east (Abrahamian, 1982: 419; Trento, 2005: 56). The tactics used in Iran became the blueprint for many future colonial manoeuvres including Syria 1956-58 and Costa Rica throughout the 1950’s (Yaqub, 2004; Blum, 2004: 82-84). The Iranian example outlines the US’ 4-point modus operandi : destabilisation, ousting of leader, installation of US aligned leader and finally colonisation. These will now be examined in more detail.
From 1970, with orders from US president Nixon to “make the economy scream”, the CIA worked to overthrow Chilean socialist president, Salvador Allende (Kornbluh, 2004: 1-2). Of primary focus was geo-economics, defined by Wigell (2016: 137) as “the geostrategic use of economic power”, for the purpose of destabilisation which, itself, can come in many guises. For Chile, geo-economically, this was limited to CIA backed strikes (Golinger, 2006: 102; Muñoz, 2008: 36), cuts to foreign aid (Eyler, 2008: 174-175) and pressuring US companies with Chilean operations to divest (Kornbluh, 2004: 18). However, drawing more widely upon US behaviour we see Cuba subjected to sanctions of trade and travel bans (LeoGrande, 2015: 940; Gabilondo, 2017: 52), Haiti the freezing of national assets (Staibano, 2005: 41), and Nicaragua the blocking of loans (Bothmann, 2015: 90). Whilst occasionally sanctions can be a positive move, on arms for example (Farrall, 2007: 110), they are often weaponised to prevent supplies entering a country and to disrupt vital imports such as medicine, food, and oil (Rendon & Price, 2019; Venezuela Under Sanctions, 2019). The media can also play a crucial role in destabilisation. Utilising smear campaigns, disinformation and accusations against leaders within the target country, the US manipulates public opinion both in the US and the target country. Often, significant mainstream news propaganda in support of, or uncritical of, US foreign policy or favouritism towards US corporations is disseminated concurrently (Cabellero, 2018: 241; Brouwer, 2011: 203, Bennett, 1990). The campaign against Guatemala’s Jacobo Arbenz in 1954 by the US in light of Arbenz’ attempt to expropriate and nationalise Guatemalan land from US corporation ‘United Fruit Company’ used such a media campaign. Tales of Guatemalan communist training camps were published whilst United Fruit Company Guatemalan policy was heavily praised despite significant human rights abuses (Schlesinger et al., 2005: 88-89; Colby, 2011). Furthermore, many media outlets are subsidised by CIA funds with media propaganda absorbing up to 29% of CIA budget and can be aimed at dissolving a leaders’ legitimacy often by promoting a rival or through disinformation campaigns disseminating US refusals to acknowledge the democratically elected leader (Blum, 2003: 104). In addition to geo-economic and media methods of destabilisation, incitement of street violence also features regularly. US backed protests in Nicaragua since 2014 paralysed the country after an injection of millions of dollars of US funding to promote ‘democracy’ (Luna et al., 2019: 177-179) as well as in Japan post-world war II where the US funded ultra-nationalist and Yakuza mobs to combat the rise of leftism (Kaplan, 2012: 44).
For Chile, the aim of destabilisation was to oust Allende before he could implement a socialist system which would lead to nationalisation of US investments (Qureshi, 2009: xii). This was successfully achieved in 1973 when Allende was overthrown in a coup d’état (Girardi & Bowles, 2018: 16). Coup d’état’s are the most common form of forcibly ousting a leader from power whether by the US directly such as Grenada in 1983 or, as is more often the case, a US backed assault such as Nicaragua and Vietnam 1969-70 (Manning, 2011: 727; Hybel & Flecke, 2014: 17-54; Blum, 2003: 290-304). Either way, the premise is to install a leader favourable to US state and corporate interests (Harvey, 2007: 151). General Pinochet’s installation as military dictator in Chile after the coup against Allende signified the end of Latin America’s longest democracy and began a new era of dictatorship not only in Chile but across Latin America (Dinges, 2004: 2-3). Argentina’s Isabel Martínez de Perón was ousted in favour of US backed Jorge Rafael Videla (Lutz, 2008: 148); Guatemala’s Jacobo Arbenz for Carlos Castillo Armas, the first of a line of US backed Guatemalan dictators (Baldwin, 2008: 49); and Brazil’s João Goulart for Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco (Hecht, 2010: 113). This tactic however commonly ends with violent and repressive outcomes. The backing of Pinochet led to 3000 known deaths, torture and displacing over one million people (Horvitz, 2006: 78; Lazzara, 2011; Dinges, 2004); Armas and subsequent Guatemalan dictators led to hundreds of thousands of deaths in civilian massacres, genocide of Maya, concentration camps, bombing of civilians and civil war (Brett, 2016: 4; Doyle & Kornbluh, n.d.; Cullather, 1994; Schlesinger et al., 2005); Videla employed forced disappearances, torture and murder of 30,000 (Strier, 2014: 361-362; Arditti, 2002: 19; Horvitz, 2006: 22); and Branco opened up the Amazon rainforest to corporate investment and became the first in a line of ever more repressive Brazilian military rulers (Rosenbaum & Tyler, 1971: 422). Asides from the common penchant for murder and death, there exists a connection between each US backed leader and each ousted leader: the ousted leader is usually a leftist and democratically elected as is the case with Arbenz (Murphey, 2017: 32), Mossadegh (Armstrong, 2003: 77) and Goulart (Toussaint, 1999: 121); and each US backed leader is usually rightist and engages in political cleansing of leftists whether through death such as Pinochet and Videla (Kornbluh 2004: 164; Horvitz, 2006: 22) or dismantling of leftist policies as with Branco (Dulles, 2007: 66). Perhaps to encapsulate the issue, John Foster Dulles, former US Secretary of State, once stated that Latin American dictators were “the only people we can depend on” (Westad, 2007: 148). Such a statement implies awareness of the level of unacceptability of US colonialist manoeuvres. However, the severity of the US opposition to leftist politics is of such significance that the US claimed in 1966 that in the event of a leftist election victory in Uruguay, a military invasion would be required ( ibid : 151). Thus, US behaviour is clear: violence is near-mandatory, and it forms the opportunity for neo-colonisation in the structural ashes of the overturned nation.
It is in the milieu of violence where the neo-colonial enrooting of the neoliberal model takes place. Nichols (2014: 454) defines neo-colonialism as the “means by which sovereignty extends outward and is then reterritorialized through continual internal reorganization…through containment, capture and divisive social organization”. Additionally, neoliberalism is a political corporatist ideology based upon free market economics, privatisation, deregulation, retrenchment of public welfare and services and dominance of capital over everyday lives (Brown, 2015: 28) whilst simultaneously “a form of governmentality…that can be identified as interventionist…deploying state-apparatuses…to govern society” (Madra & Adaman, 2018: 113). It is the ideology of the global capitalist class, structurally pre-planned and diametrically opposed to leftist ideals (Miller, 2010: 23). The military Juntas , a state apparatus in themselves, of Operation Condor, a US backed state terror operation precipitated through Pinochet and utilising numerous Latin American leaders, carried with them the limitless repressive violence of the neoliberal restructuring apparatus both economically and socially beginning with Chile and extending outwards (Watt, 2012: 116-117; Taylor, 2006: 1). Through mass killings and containment through imprisonment of leftists across Latin America, the US deployed neoliberalism via a neo-imperialist crusade. Neo-imperialism has been defined as “the objectless disposition on the part of a state to unlimited forcible expansion” (Schumpeter, 1919: 6) with the aim of “steal[ing] the wealth generated by the people…generated by the labour power of the worker” (Maddy, 2009: 2). Through the forcible spread of violence, countries of Latin America began to adopt the neoliberal ideology. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela and Peru, for example, all underwent neoliberal restructuring (Huber & Solt, 2004: 153). Restructuring is often shielded by the façade of a need for ‘democratisation’ within the target country due to its chaotic social and economic landscape (Watt, 2012: 117). In actuality, it is the reconfiguring of the social order both nationally and globally to align with neoliberal global capitalism (Robinson, 1997: 208). The idea of ‘democratisation’ is rendered invalid when drawing upon Chile, Iran, Guatemala and Uruguay as these were already democratic prior to US interference (Qureshi, 2009: 75; Petherick, 2006: 16; Valdes-Ugalde, 2014: 27; Shoman, 2010: 47). Before we turn our gaze towards today’s Venezuela, we can deeper analyse how neoliberalism infiltrated Venezuela historically through examining the application of the definitions of neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism using a specific and pivotal example: oil.
Venezuela has one of the largest oil reserves in the world which have consistently been at the forefront of social and political divisions and are Venezuela’s leading source of national income (Wilpert, 2007: 88; Salas, 2015: 73; Peet, 2009: 193). In 1958, the three major Venezuelan political parties formed a power sharing pact called ‘Punto Fijo’ which essentially created a political corporatist alliance to prevent any other candidate from being elected (Marsh, 2016: 52). During this time oil booms and oil busts came and went and in 1979 the economy began to decline for the next two decades causing poverty to increase from 17% in 1980 to 65% in 1996 (Wilpert, 2007: 13). In 1989 Venezuela implemented a neoliberal restructuring following the election of Carlos Andrés Pérez which became known as El Gran Viraje after Pérez requested ‘structural adjustment’ loans from the IMF to tackle the economic decline (Moreno & Shelton, 2014: 283; Brading, 2012: 47). The IMF is itself a US backed neoliberal finance institution whose loans are conditional based upon the prescription of the Washington Consensus (Babb & Kentikelenis, 2018: 18; Marangos, 2008: 227). It is neo-imperialist insofar as the loan conditions force the opening of, and deregulation of, markets allowing in US multinational corporations who, in turn, extract the wealth of both people and nation (D’Arista, 2002: 22; Dutta, 2015: 11-12, Beder, 2009; Chalfin, 2010: 168). Simultaneously, neoliberalism is the colonising ideology as it carries with it US corporatism and requires internal reconfiguration of both state and society to its structural rules (Hibben, 2016: 18). Much of the oil industry was infiltrated by US multinational oil corporations sympathetic to neoliberal corporate ideology with oil wealth mostly harboured by Venezuelan elite hiding behind the neoliberal rhetoric of the ‘trickle-down effect’, a theory which assumes that wealth creation at the top will eventually make its way down to the poorest (Ewell, 1984: 193; Peet, 2009: 192; Bistoletti, 2019: 79). As part of this reconfiguration, neoliberalism commands a two-tier social structure which necessarily supports the moral relativist notion that poverty is inevitable (Dorey, 2011: 5; Lazzarato, 2017: 39). By the overthrow of the neoliberal stranglehold in Venezuela when Hugo Chávez was elected in 1998, fiscally, the Elite 10% took 37% of national income compared to 0.9% for the poorest 10% (Peet, 2009: 192) demonstrating the corruption of ‘trickle-down’ theories. Looking still deeper into the Venezuelan oil industry, we can frame it not only within the notion of an ideological state apparatus as suggested in Madra & Adaman’s (2018: 113) definition of neoliberalism, but as a starting point for locating US sources of the current situation in Venezuela.
The US modus operandi in Venezuela is wide ranging and complex and, as such, is beyond the purview of this work thus must be constrained to select examples. Following the establishing of the four-point modus operandi incorporating: destabilisation, ousting of leader, installation of US backed leader and neo-colonisation by neoliberal restructuring, we can utilise this to begin analysing today’s Venezuelan situation by considering Althusser’s (1971) notion of ideological state apparatuses (ISA’s) in the historicity of Venezuelan oil through to targeted destabilisation today. Althusser (1971: 145) conceptualises ISA’s as a vehicle for ideological dissemination. Dissemination occurs through religion, education, media and politics which transmit the values and attitudes expected by capitalism (Cole, 2008: 83; Wright & Roberts, 2013). Althusser (1971: 145) also conceptualises the ‘repressive state apparatus’ (RSA) which incorporates violence and control through military, prisons and policing in order to maintain capitalist power (Cole, 2008: 83; Althusser, 1971: 144-145). ISA’s still contain an element of repression although this is often covert, and RSA’s still maintain the ideological strand that controls them. The pre-Chávez Venezuelan oil industry under corporatist control was functioning as an ISA by serving the interests of the elite and simultaneously inflicting its secondary RSA function by reinforcing poverty through vastly unequal income distribution. Confusion arises however in how the neoliberal domination of a non-neoliberal state-owned asset fits into Althusser’s ISA. It can be argued that, as the oil industry was controlled by foreign corporatist ideology, it was, in fact, acting as a foreign state ISA vessel ; specifically, the US. Chávez’ predecessor, Pérez, implemented neoliberal policies from the IMF allowing the oil industry to be opened to foreign companies essentially creating said vessel (Moreno & Shelton, 2014: 283). This led to major social divisions in employment, wages and rising prices and caused significant riots which in turn invoked the RSA through military attacks on protestors ultimately taking up to 3000 lives (Stronen, 2017: 38). Althusser (1971: 142) stated “the proletariat must seize state power in order to destroy the existing bourgeois state apparatus” and this is essentially what Chávez did. In successfully being elected despite a prior failed coup (Bruce, 2008: 2), Chávez, as a proletariat, seized state power and set about taking control of the ISA not only from the Venezuelan state, but from multinational corporatists (McGowan, 2011: 56-60). Although this process started in 1999, it continued until his death in 2013 demonstrating the difficulties in the process of removing neo-colonial ideology.
The importance of oil in this situation cannot be overstated and it acts as a pivotal and powerful tool in the US arsenal of destabilisation techniques. Oil is particularly vulnerable to global ‘market fluctuations’ (Rentschler, 2013). However, the ‘nature’ of oil markets is highly dubious. US shale oil over-flooded the market in 2014 in coordination with purposefully cheap Saudi oil which drove down global oil prices (Maupin, 2016). Venezuela, now presided over by Nicolás Maduro after the death of Chávez in 2013, faced a severe and continuing impact resulting from significantly declining national income ( ibid ). The US continues to exacerbate the situation by applying sanctions on importing Venezuelan oil which is significant as Venezuela is one of the US’ major sources of oil (Weisbrot & Sachs, 2019; US Department of State, 2016). Sanctioning however is not restricted to US imports as the US also issues threats to sanction other countries purchasing Venezuelan oil (Saefong, 2019; Paine & Zhdannikov, 2019). Additionally, the US has actively prevented Venezuela receiving help from OPEC the oil cartel in which Venezuela was a founding partner (Sharma, 2019; Fornes, 2018: 101). Furthermore, China, Venezuela’s major buyer, has withdrawn in fear of US sanctions essentially cutting off most oil exports (Wain, 2019).
Destabilisation does not end with oil, however. The US is the only country globally to impose sanctions on other countries where narcotics production occurs (Hufbauer, 2007: 15). Trump personally selected both Venezuela and Bolivia in 2017 to be nominated under sec. 706(1) of the FRAA as countries which have substantially failed to meet obligations under international counter-narcotics agreements (BINLEA, 2018: 5). Colombia, designated as having a much higher narcotics problem than Bolivia and Venezuela, was exempted on the grounds that they are “security partners of the United States” ( ibid : 7) demonstrating that selection is not based on severity of a narcotics problem but rather as a tactical manoeuvre. This geo-economic manoeuvre has two faces: firstly it allows the US to undermine and commandeer obligated financial aid destined for Venezuela under Sec. 490(e) of the FAA 1961 facilitating the prevention of financial aid to Venezuela; and secondly, bilateral financial assistance programs in the ‘national interest’ of the US are still permittable under FRAA sec. 706(3)(a). The Red Cross has specifically called out this underfunding of aid to Venezuela as a purposeful “tool to destabilize the country” (Vaz, 2019a) and it is this destabilisation which is intended to pressurise Venezuela into accepting bilateral assistance which usually has strict conditionality aligned with the neoliberal Washington consensus (Corrales, 2011: 108; Appendix B). Bilateral assistance usually comes from US aligned, neoliberal agencies such as the World Bank, IMF and other IFI’s (Blakeley, 2009: 53; Appel & Orenstein, 2018: 95; Birch, 2017: 20). Further significant leverage has been applied through Trump’s freezing of Venezuelan assets in the US as well as other countries such as Japan who are under pressure to comply with US demands, essentially cutting off another line of national income (Spetalnick & Rampton, 2019; Associated Press, 2019). Sanctions, as well as cyber-attacks, have been linked to Venezuela’s electricity blackouts due to lack of fuel and imported parts to keep it functioning (Dominguez, 2019; Vaz, 2019b). This alone caused a loss of 6.4% GDP in 2019 (Weisbrot & Sachs, 2019: 14). Perhaps most significant are large-scale food shortages due to a drop of around 80% in imports ( ibid : 4) combined with substantial reductions of medical supplies (Page, 2019: 1255). Geo-economic chicanery is further exemplified through economic sanctions which are utilised in parallel to offers of aid and with sanctions targeted towards Venezuelan oil (Patel, 2019: 8). Expressed bluntly, the sanctions are weaponised to force the acceptance of aid, thus accept the neo-imperial, neo-colonial, and neoliberal conditions attached. To refuse this aid, as Maduro has, is constructed by the neoliberal corporate media as a dictatorship starving the people in what is essentially a gaslighting campaign (Daniel & Lenihan, 2019; O’Grady, 2019). Whilst economic destabilisation is clear, it also exists concurrently with the remaining three points of the modus operandi in flux.
At the time of writing, Venezuela resides in a milieu through which intersects all four-points of the US modus operandi simultaneously. Within the complexities of geo-economic destabilisation, Maduro is confronted by attempts to oust and replace him with US backed opponent, Juan Guaidó (BBC News, 2019; Gaouette & Hansler, 2019). This is simultaneously occurring alongside the attempts at neo-colonisation hidden within the aforementioned humanitarian aid; both functioning in tandem with the media who misrepresent blocking of humanitarian aid in order to discredit or malign Maduro. It is possible to isolate a connection between US aid to Venezuela, US sanctions and media false narratives of Maduro. By taking medicine as an example, US sanctions cut off Venezuela’s access to international payment systems which subsequently cut off access to medicine imports and hospital equipment (Weisbrot & Sachs, 2019: 4). This inevitably led to medicine shortages (Patel, 2019: 9). Furthermore, Venezuelan assets frozen in the sanctions represented the value of six years-worth of medicine supplies for the nation (Nebehay, 2019). The US, with the support of Guaidó, attempted to force ‘humanitarian aid’, including medicine, across the Colombia-Venezuela border and were subsequently blocked by the Venezuelan National Guard (Venezuelanalysis, 2019). The media frame this event as the act of a dictatorship (Polanco et al., 2019), criminal (Gibbs & Dixon, 2019), a way of Maduro controlling the population (Meredith, 2019), or just outright deny that economic sanctions have contributed to the situation (Trombetta, 2018). Additionally, the media also seem forgetful about previous US neo-colonial, neo-imperialist ‘humanitarian aid’ incarnations which funnelled arms to Contras in 1980’s Nicaragua which were subsequently employed in murdering literacy assistants to the poor to start with, then continued with the death of 20,000 more people (Gomez, 2003: 137-139); or the $2.6 billion dollars of direct and indirect ‘aid’ to El Salvador between 1980 and 1989 facilitating the US backed rightists of the Salvadoran state in slaughtering the rural poor ( ibid : 112-113). It would be reasonable to expect that Maduro would be aware of these events. In actuality, Venezuela has been requesting aid and has been receiving it from the Red Cross (Dobson, 2019; ICRC, 2019) as well as medicine shipments from Russia (Nebehay, 2019) and further humanitarian aid from CERF, ECHO, WHO and UNICEF (WOLA, 2019). This, however, is ignored by the western corporate media in favour of constructing the aforedetailed false narrative with the intent of delegitimising Maduro in favour of legitimising Guaidó who claims presidential authority over Venezuela with US backing (Cohen & Blumenthal, 2019). The outcomes of these methods remain to be seen as they persist at time of writing. Within this milieu however, the wider public are experiencing significant resulting social divisions.
Demonstrating resulting social divisions in venezuela.
The culmination of the US modus operandi in Venezuela has been pronounced. In 2019, the number having fled Venezuela was around 4.7 million and expected to rise to 6.5 million in 2020 (UN News, 2019). Those who cannot, or will not, leave, face spiralling social divisions. So severe is the situation that Zakrison & Muntaner (2019: 2586) claim that the US is currently committing a genocide as defined under the UNCPPCG Article II to which the US is a signatory and is thus breaking their own agreements. Food prices are astronomical in comparison to wages due to corporate entities facilitating a market for US dollars causing hyperinflation of the Venezuelan Bolívar and in despite of government price controls to attempt to stabilise food prices (Graham-Harrison et al., 2019). Severe lack of food security has led many people to lose significant amounts of weight which, through the continuum of the crisis, has led to the reappearance of malnutrition (Doocy et al., 2019a; Sequera, 2018). Already by 2016, 32.5% ate less than two meals a day. In 2017 this had risen to 63.2% and in 2018 78.6% (Denova, 2018: 198). The media commonly report that supermarket shelves are empty (McGonigal & Cook, 2019; Rosati, 2018). There also exists a counter-narrative that some supermarket shelves are full (McEvoy, 2019; RT, 2019). It seems however, that those who have access to US Dollar currency can buy groceries, and those who do not find themselves unable to do so (Pons & Armas, 2018). At time of writing, the minimum wage for Venezuela was 40,000 Bolívars per month (Pereira, 2019). Buying one kilogram of apples costs around 40,000 Bolívars; 4 toilet rolls was 30,000 and basic cold medicine around 72,000, nearly two months wages (Expatistan, 2020). Rich Venezuelans are known for their connections to Miami, Florida which Macleod (2019: 7) refers to as ‘the unofficial capital of Latin America’ where the elite often travel for shopping trips or maintain property thus giving them access to the US currency market (Salas, 2015: 3, 107). What makes this particularly interesting is that the US FAA downgraded Venezuela’s air safety rating, essentially a sanction banning flights to and from the US, which raises the question on how the Venezuelan elite are making trips to Miami (Ash, 2019). The impact of this is that those who can afford such luxury are complicit with US sanctions insofar as aiding hyperinflation by importing US dollars. This essentially causes a major social chasm between the rich and the remaining 87% in poverty (Espana & Ponce, 2017). Additionally, this has empowered US currency itself in becoming a tool of colonialism. Aside from food retailers, there are many globalist brands such as Zara, Reebok and Adidas trading inside Venezuela and these only accept payment in US dollars (Long, 2019) thus the Neoliberal corporate world has its influence within Venezuela’s retail and excludes those without access to the correct currency.
Many more divisions are pronounced including mental health associated with migration (Schwartz et al., 2018), post-emigration adaptation (Salas-Wright et al., 2020), adolescent alcoholism (Vaughn et al., 2020) and shortened life expectancy (Garcia & Aburto, 2019). However, with a poverty rate at 87% (Espana & Ponce, 2017), effects on health are significant. Alongside the aforementioned malnutrition due to food shortages, other serious health implications have arisen and shall be collated to demonstrate the wide social division in Venezuela. Sanctions have contributed to an 85% shortage of medicines (Trejos, 2017; Rhodes & Valencia, 2019). This has directly affected child immunisation availability and coincides not only with sharp rises in infant mortality and maternal mortality, but significant rises in mumps, measles, tuberculosis and diphtheria which are traditionally prevented through child and adolescent immunisation (Beyrer & Page, 2019: 286; Garcia et al., 2019; Friedrich, 2019: 1041, Rodriguez et al., 2019: 5). Medicine shortages have also significantly affected diabetes and HIV patients including delayed diagnosis and clinical shortages (Weisbrot & Sachs, 2019: 4; Doocy et al., 2019: 86; Page et al., 2019: 1257). Malaria cases have gone from around 70,000 in 2013 to 400,000 in 2018 (PAHO, 2018) and numerous other vector-borne diseases have seen significant increases (Grillet et al., 2019). Weisbrot & Sachs (2019: 21) estimate that such sanctions have contributed to 40,000 additional deaths in 2017-2018 alone which the VSC (2019: 3-4) argues fits the definition of ‘collective punishment’ under both the Geneva and Hague International Conventions which the US was again signatory to. However, these conventions are regulatory frameworks applied in times of war, in the traditional sense, and may not stretch to geo-economic ‘wars’ or ideological ‘wars’ (Fruchterman, 1983: 304). This does not make the VSC wrong as sanctions in general are considered a form of collective punishment as they target a civilian population for the actions of governments over which the population has little or no control (Horvitz, 2006: 380). As such, there seems little in the way of protection for the population except in the form of aid from NGO’s. However, NGO’s themselves play perhaps an unexpected role.
Whilst the effects on social division within the population at large are demonstrable, there is a deeper, and possibly more concerning issue: that of political division, that is, political division between those who are supposed to assist the population in times of crisis: NGO’s. What makes this particularly problematic for Venezuelan society is that, rather than simply help and assist a people and country in need, a subversive element is ‘piggybacking’ covertly under the guise of NGO’s. The International Crisis Group (ICG) (2018: i), which claims to be independent, explicitly states that sanctions are aimed at achieving “negotiated transition” and are “the best path out of the crisis” thus supporting sanctioning and an ideological transition. However, on closer examination of ICG, it is backed by corporate donors including BP (or, as formally known as, Anglo-Persian Oil Company ) and has a corporate advisory council made up of neoliberal globalist corporations including Shell, Chevron and HSBC ( ibid , 27). Amnesty International has repeatedly, albeit almost imperceptibly, aligned itself with Trumps numerous suggestions of military intervention in Venezuela whilst ignoring US sanctions in favour of apportioning blame on Maduro for food shortages (Amnesty.org, 2019; Emersberger, 2019). Amnesty ( ibid ) suggested the use of ‘universal jurisdiction’ under which the ‘responsibility to protect’ can be invoked. Such protection can involve the use of military intervention which Schabas (2012: 205-206) argues is becoming ingrained within NGO discourse. These are two examples of a wider set including HRW, known for its anti-Venezuelan biased reporting (Human Rights Watch, 2008; COHA, 2008), and IBAHRI who are partners with the neoliberal OECD (Bouhali, 2015). Even taking the academic research into account shows that there is a deep political partisanship within the research and significant and uninvestigated assumptions being made regarding causation of the Venezuelan situation. For example, Beyrer & Page (2019: 287), Rendon & Price (2019: 3-4) and Alhadeff (2018) all highlight Maduro as the root problem. This is not to suggest that Maduro is infallible however, yet each author specifically finger-points whilst clearly ignoring key information regarding neoliberal and neo-colonial ideology. For example, Alhadeff (2018) does not acknowledge US sanctions within their report, subsequently blaming economic mismanagement on Maduro’s part and a crackdown on political opposition as if the aforementioned neoliberal political cleansing of leftists was not a thing. Perhaps economic mismanagement is doublespeak for ‘not in line with the Washington consensus’ thus implying a call to the IMF is needed for economic restructuring. Ultimately, the NGO’s and various academic actors seem fixated on reigniting and reinforcing neoliberal dominance as solution, a solution which has already demonstrably failed before (Santarcangelo, 2019: 1-2), as opposed to providing a human-centred temporary safety net to help the populace whilst the Venezuelan government focus on retaining Venezuelan sovereignty and a return to social stability.
The first goal of this paper was to establish a four-point modus operandi with which the US attempts to perform neo-colonial and neo-imperialist actions to implement neoliberal globalist ideological hegemony onto other nation states. By drawing upon the actions of previous US interference in Iran, Guatemala, Chile, Cuba, Syria, Nicaragua, Grenada, Vietnam, Brazil, Argentina and Haiti, this modus operandi has taken shape. Through the utilisation of geo-economic manoeuvres, it has been demonstrated that destabilisation of the nation state acts as a starting point. Through employing the use of economic sanctions aimed at disrupting Venezuela’s national income as well as sanctions aimed at disrupting trade in critical goods such as food and medicine for the people, the US not only destabilises the economy but also the leadership. Evidence presented shows additional leverage is applied through media propaganda financed though covert means and funded mobs. Secondly, once a country is destabilised, the US seeks to oust the leader. Evidence has shown that there is clear political and ideological purpose in this on two points: to remove a leader oppositional to US ideology and to facilitate a political cleansing of left-wing politics. Removal is often achieved through employing coup d’états when pressure alone is not enough. Thirdly, installation of a leader favourable to US interests occurs and is currently being attempted in Venezuela through the aforementioned methods and the delegitimising of Maduro whilst recognising Juan Guaidó as rightful leader. This is the current milieu within which Venezuela currently resides. If Maduro is overthrown, the third point will be complete: installation of US aligned leader. Subsequently, it is extremely likely that that the fourth point will begin: colonisation and the neoliberalisation of Venezuela through the forcing open of markets, particularly the oil and mining industries, and a return to the authoritarian, two tiered-society experienced in the pre-Chávez era of neoliberalism. In the meantime, the failure and corruption of mainstream NGO’s in assisting people through non-partisan humanitarian means are essentially abandoning the people of Venezuela to starvation and severe health inequalities whilst the US continues its neo-colonisation and geo-economic warfare.
Ultimately, US actions have contributed to the breaking down of Venezuela as a nation state. The Economist (2018) denotes Venezuela’s gradual slide into authoritarian rule since 2014, around the time of the US / Saudi oil price slump, but this perhaps belies the fact that, under such a united effort aimed at neo-colonisation of Venezuela, Maduro has been forced to defend it through more authoritative means. The US has clearly used its unique and powerful position on the world stage to spread its own brand of dominance around the world and particularly in Latin America. Through often covert methods incorporating the clandestine CIA, left-wing leaders in opposition to US hegemony have been purposefully ousted in favour of US aligned, often brutal dictators who have subsequently incorporated repressive regimes in turn leading to uncountable loss of human lives. Considering the US’ own home-grown social problems, for example, US healthcare as the leading cause of personal bankruptcy and education unaffordable for many (Austin, 2014: 2; Kornblum, 2012: 406; Senak, 2016; Poutre et al., 2017), 38 million people in poverty and drug addiction and killing at epidemic proportions (Semega et al., 2019; Ritchie & Roser, 2019), it demands further academic enquiry into what the fundamental purpose of violently spreading such an ideology actually is when one’s own backyard crumbles under it. As Cuba, Russia and China, all opponents of the US, support the Maduro government; whilst Mexico and Uruguay sought to be intermediaries between Venezuela and the US and while Norway tentatively acts as mediator, the US openly continues to disregard preventative diplomacy seeking only the solution they desire: overthrow of Maduro, leading to significantly heightened tensions between global superpowers (Ramcharan, 2020: 99-100), mass migration and a once positive Venezuelan people facing starvation and death.
Abrahamian, E. (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions . Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
Abrahamian, E. (2013). The Coup: 1953, The CIA, And the Roots Of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations . New York: The New Press.
Alhadeff, S. (2018). Venezuelan Emigration, Explained . Latin American Program.
Amnesty.Org. (2019). Venezuela’s Formula for Repression Is Hunger, Punishment And Fear . [Online] Available At: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/02/venezuela-hunger-punishment-and-fear-the-formula-for-repression-used-by-authorities-under-nicolas-maduro/ [Accessed 20 Feb. 2020].
Appel, H. And Orenstein, M.A. (2018). From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform In Postcommunist Countries . Cambridge University Press.
Aristide. & Wargny, C. (1993). Aristide: An Autobiography . Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
Arditti, R. (2002). The Grandmothers of The Plaza De Mayo And The Struggle Against Impunity In Argentina. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism , 3 (1), 19–41. Duke University Press.
Armstrong, J. (2003). Harvey And Lee: How the CIA Framed Oswald . Arlington, TX: Quasar, Ltd.
Ash, L. (2019). FAA Downgrades Venezuela’s Safety Rating – Simple Flying. Retrieved 20 January 2020, From https://simpleflying.com/faa-venezuela-safety-rating/
Associated Press (2019). Venezuelan Ambassador to Japan Can’t Use His Bank Account Amid Trump’s Asset Freeze. Retrieved 13 January 2020, From https://www.marketwatch.com/story/venezuelan-ambassador-to-japan-gets-bank-account-frozen-amid-trumps-decision-to-freeze-venezuelan-ass ets-2019-10-07
Austin, D. (2014). Medical Debt as A Cause Of Consumer Bankruptcy. Maine Law Review . 67.
Babb, S., & Kentikelenis, A. (2018). International Financial Institutions as Agents Of Neoliberalism. In D. Cahill, M. Cooper, M. Konings & D. Pimrose, The SAGE Handbook of Neoliberalism . Sage.
Baldwin, M. T. (2008). Amnesty International and U.S. Foreign Policy: Human Rights Campaigns in Guatemala, the United States, and China.
Bayandor, D. (2010). Iran And The CIA: The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
BBC News. (2019). US Says It Now Backs Venezuela Opposition. Retrieved 14 January 2020, From https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-46980913
Beder, S. & Others. (2009). Neoliberalism and The Global Financial Crisis [Paper In: The New Right Were Wrong: The Global Financial Crisis. Eddy, Elizabeth (Ed).]. Social Alternatives , 28 (1), 17. Social Alternatives.
Bennett, W. L. (1990). Toward A Theory of Press-State Relations. Journal of Communication, 40(2): 103–125.
Beyrer, C. & Page, K. (2019). Preventable Losses: Infant Mortality Increases in Venezuela. The Lancet Global Health , 7 (3), E286–E287. Elsevier.
BINLEA (2018). International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control [Online]. Available From: https://shoppinglist.wikileaks.org/raw_data/embassy_procurement/bz/https___bz.usembassy.gov_wp-content_uploads_sites_279_INCSR-Vol-1-1.pdf
Birch, K. (2017). A Research Agenda for Neoliberalism. Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Bistoletti, E. (2019) The Power Struggles Over the Post-Neoliberal Social Security System Reforms In Venezuela And Ecuador . Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Blakeley, R. (2009). State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North In The South . Retrieved from Https://Ebookcentral.Proquest.Com
Blum, W. (2003). Killing Hope: US military and CIA Interventions Since World War II . London: Zed Books.
Bothmann, A. (2015). Transitional Justice in Nicaragua 1990-2012: Drawing A Line Under The Past . Wiesbaden: Springer.
Bouhali C.E. (2015) The OECD Neoliberal Governance. In: Abdi A.A., Shultz L., Pillay T. (eds) Decolonizing Global Citizenship Education. SensePublishers, Rotterdam
Brading, R. (2012) Populism in Venezuela . Hoboken: Taylor And Francis.
Brett, R. (2016). The Origins and Dynamics Of Genocide: Political Violence In Guatemala . London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Brouwer, S. (2011). Revolutionary Doctors: How Venezuela And Cuba Are Changing the World’s Conception Of Health Care . New York: Monthly Review Press.
Brown, T. (2001). The Real Contra War . Norman, Okla.: Univ. Of Oklahoma Pr.
Brown, W., (2015). Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution . New York: Zone Books.
Bruce, I. (2008). The Real Venezuela: Making Socialism in The Twenty-First Century . England: Pluto Press.
Caballero, F. (2018). Imperialism and Hegemonic Information In Latin America: The Media Coup In Venezuela Vs. The Criminalisation of Protest In Mexico. In J. Carañana, The Propaganda Model Today: Filtering Perception and Awareness . London: University of Westminster Press.
Chalfin, B. (2010). Neoliberal Frontiers: An Ethnography of Sovereignty In West Africa . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chapman, P. (2007). Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped The World . Edinburgh New York Berkeley, Calif: Canongate Distributed by Publishers Group West.
Chávez, H. (2009). Introduction. In S. Bolívar, The Bolívarian Revolution . London: Verso.
Clifton, J. (2012). Latin Americans Most Positive in The World. Retrieved 12 December 2019, From https://news.gallup.com/poll/159254/latin-americans-positive-world.aspx
Clutterbuck, R. (1986). The Future Of Political Violence: Destabilization, Disorder, And Terrorism . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.
Coha.org. (2008). Taking Human Rights Watch to Task on the Question of Venezuela’s Purported Abuse of Human Rights: Over 100 U.S. and Foreign Scholars Take Issue with the head of HRW’s Latin American Division . [online] Available at: http://www.coha.org/taking-human-rights-watch-to-task/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2020].
Cohen, D., & Blumenthal, M. (2019). The Making Of Juan Guaidó: How The US Regime Change Laboratory Created Venezuela’s Coup Leader. Retrieved 15 January 2020, From https://thegrayzone.com/2019/01/29/the-making-of-juan-Guaidó-how-the-us-regime-change-laboratory-created-venezuelas-coup-leader/
Colby, J. (2011). The Business Of Empire: United Fruit, Race, And U.S. Expansion In Central America . Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Connor, B. (2020). Anti-Americanism And American Exceptionalism: Prejudice And Pride About The USA . Abingdon, Oxon New York, NY: Routledge.
Corrales, J. (2011). Dragon in The Tropics: Hugo Chávez And the Political Economy Of Revolution In Venezuela . Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press.
Cullather, N. (1994). Operation PBSUCCESS: The United States and Guatemala, 1952-1954 . History Staff, Center For the Study Of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency.
D’Arista, J. (2002). Moving Beyond the Washington Consensus. International Journal of Political Economy , 32 (4), 22–34. Taylor & Francis.
Daniel, Z. and Lenihan, N. (2019). Venezuelans Are Slowly Starving to Death As Maduro And Guaidó Battle For Power . [Online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-12/venezuelans-starving-as-country-gripped-by-economic-crisis/11197560 [Accessed 23 Feb. 2020].
Dapena, J. (2004). Operation Mongoose: Prelude of A Direct Invasion On Cuba . Havana: Editorial Capitán San Luis.
Denova, H. (2018). The History of Venezuela . Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood, And Imprint Of ABC-CLIO, LLC.
Dickey, C. (1985). With the Contras . New York: Simon and Schuster.
Dinges, J. (2004). The Condor Years: How Pinochet And His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents . New York: New Press.
Dobson, P. (2019). Red Cross, UN Slam ‘Politicised’ USAID Humanitarian Assistance to Venezuela. Retrieved 15 January 2020, from https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/14316
Dominguez, F. (2019). Venezuela in 2019: A Successful Year Of Resistance. Retrieved 13 January 2020, from https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/venezuela-2019-successful-year-resistance
Doocy, S., Ververs, M.-T., Spiegel, P. & Beyrer, C. (2019a). The Food Security and Nutrition Crisis In Venezuela. Social Science & Medicine , 226 , 63–68. Elsevier.
Doocy, S., Page, K. R., De La Hoz, F., Spiegel, P. & Beyrer, C. (2019b). Venezuelan Migration and The Border Health Crisis In Colombia And Brazil. Journal on Migration And Human Security , 7 (3), 79–91. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
Dorey, P. (2011) British Conservatism: The Politics and Philosophy of Inequality . London New York: I.B. Tauris.
Doyle, K., & Kornbluh, P. N.D. “ CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents ”. Retrieved 9 December 2019, from https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/index.html
Dulles, J. (2007). Resisting Brazil’s Military Regime: An Account of The Battles Of Sobral Pinto . Austin: University of Texas Press.
Dutta, M. (2015). Neoliberal Health Organizing: Communication, Meaning, And Politics . Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.
Emersberger, J. (2019). How Amnesty International Is Reinforcing Trump’s Regime-Change Propaganda Against Venezuela . [Online] Venezuelanalysis.Com. Available At: https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/14357 [Accessed 20 Feb. 2020].
España, L. P. & Ponce, M. (2017). Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Vida en Venezuela. Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. Available: https://www.fundacionbengoa.org
Expatistan. (2020). Cost of Living in Venezuela. Retrieved 20 January 2020, from https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/country/venezuela
Eyler, R. (2008). Economic Sanctions: International Policy and Political Economy At Work . New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Farrall, J. (2007). United Nations Sanctions and The Rule Of Law . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fornes, G. (2018). The China-Latin America Axis: Emerging Markets And Their Role In An Increasingly Globalised World . Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
François, D. (2018). Chile 1973, The Other 9/11: The Downfall of Salvador Allende . Solihull, West Midlands: Helion & Company Limited.
Friedman, U. (2017). Populism Helped Wreck Venezuela . [Online] The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/06/venezuela-populism-fail/525321/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2020].
Friedrich, M. (2019). Higher HIV Rates in Adolescent Girls Related to Drought in Lesotho. Jama , 321 (11), 1041–1041. American Medical Association.
Friesen, G. (2018). The Path To Hyperinflation: What Happened To Venezuela? . [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/garthfriesen/2018/08/07/the-path-to-hyperinflation-what-happened-to-venezuela/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2020].
Fruchterman Jr, R. L. (1983). Enforcement: The Difference between the Laws of War and the Geneva Conventions. Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. , 13 , 303. HeinOnline.
Gabilondo, J. (2017). Economic Coercion and the Limits of Sovereignty: Cuba’s Embargo Claims against the United States. Harv. Latinx L. Rev. , 20 , 51. HeinOnline.
Gaouette, N., & Hansler, J. (2019). Pompeo Claims Russia Stopped Maduro Leaving Venezuela For Cuba. Retrieved 14 January 2020, From https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/30/politics/pompeo-maduro-russia/index.html
García, J., & Aburto, J. (2019). The Impact of Violence On Venezuelan Life Expectancy And Lifespan Inequality. International Journal of Epidemiology , 48 (5), 1593-1601.
Garcia, J., Correa, G. & Rousset, B. (2019). Trends in Infant Mortality In Venezuela Between 1985 And 2016: A Systematic Analysis Of Demographic Data. The Lancet Global Health , 7 (3), E331–E336. Elsevier.
Garvin, G. (1992). Everybody Had His Own Gringo . Washington: Brassey’s (US).
Gasiorowski, M. (2004). Mohammad Mosaddeq And The 1953 Coup in Iran . Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Gibbs, S., & Dixon, L. (2019). ‘Criminal’ Maduro Regime Blocks Aid Amid Chaos at Venezuela Border. Retrieved 15 January 2020, From https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/criminal-maduro-regime-blocks-aid-amid-border-chaos-8d2vkkbv3
Girardi, D. & Bowles, S. (2018). Institution Shocks and Economic Outcomes: Allende’s Election, Pinochet’s Coup And The Santiago Stock Market. Journal of Development Economics , 134 , 16–27. Elsevier.
Golinger, E. (2006). The Chávez Code: Cracking U.S. Intervention in Venezuela . Northampton, Mass: Olive Branch Press.
Gomez, M. (2003). Human Rights In Cuba, El Salvador, And Nicaragua: A Sociological Perspective On Human Rights Abuse . New York: Routledge.
Graham-Harrison, E., Torres, P., & Daniels, J. (2019). Barter and Dollars The New Reality As Venezuela Battles Hyperinflation. Retrieved 20 January 2020, From https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/13/venezuela-hyperinflation-Bolívar-banknotes-dollars
Grillet, M. E., Hernández-Villena, J. V., Llewellyn, M. S., Paniz-Mondolfi, A. E., Tami, A., Vincenti-Gonzalez, M. F., Marquez, M., Et Al. (2019). Venezuela’s Humanitarian Crisis, Resurgence of Vector-Borne Diseases, And Implications For Spillover In The Region. The Lancet Infectious Diseases . Elsevier.
Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The Annals of The American Academy Of Political And Social Science , 610 (1), 21–44. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Harvey, D. (2010). Freedom’s Just Another Word. In G. Ritze, Readings in Globalization: Key Concepts And Major Debates . Wiley-Blackwell.
Hecht, S. (2010). The fate of the forest : developers, destroyers, and defenders of the Amazon . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hibben, M. (2016). Poor States, Power and The Politics Of IMF Reform: Drivers Of Change In The Post-Washington Consensus . London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Horvitz, L. (2006). Encyclopedia Of War Crimes and Genocide . New York: Facts on File.
Huber, E. & Solt, F. (2004). Successes and Failures Of Neoliberalism. Latin American Research Review , 39 (3), 150–164. JSTOR.
Hufbauer, G. (2007). Economic Sanctions Reconsidered . Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
Human Rights Watch (2008). A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities For Advancing Human Rights In Venezuela . Human Rights Watch.
Hybel, A., & Flecke, S. (2014). John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, And the Vietnam War. In A. Hybel, US Foreign Policy Decision-Making from Kennedy To Obama: Responses To International Challenges . New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
ICRC. (2019). Venezuela: The ICRC’s Caracas Regional Delegation . ICRC.
Ijrcenter.Org. (N.D.). Universal Jurisdiction . [Online] Available At: https://ijrcenter.org/cases-before-national-courts/domestic-exercise-of-universal-jurisdiction/#Responsibility_to_Protect [Accessed 20 Feb. 2020].
International Crisis Group (2018). Friendly Fire: Venezuela’s Opposition Turmoil .
Kaplan, D. (2012) Yakuza: Japan’s Criminal Underworld . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kinzer, S. (2008). All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup And The Roots Of Middle East Terror . Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons.
Kornbluh, P. (1998). Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report On The Invasion Of Cuba . New York: The New Press
Kornbluh, P. (2004). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity And Accountability . New York: New Press.
Kornblum, W. (2012). Social Problems . Boston: Pearson.
Latell, B. (2012). Castro’s Secrets: The CIA and Cuba’s Intelligence Machine . New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lazzara, M. (2011). Luz Arce and Pinochet’s Chile: Testimony In The Aftermath Of State Violence . New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lazzarato, M. (2017) Experimental Politics: Work, Welfare, And Creativity in The Neoliberal Age . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Leogrande, W. M. (2015). A Policy Long Past Its Expiration Date: US Economic Sanctions Against Cuba. Social Research: An International Quarterly , 82 (4), 939–966. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Leon, D. (2020). Violence In The Barrios Of Caracas: Social Capital And The Political Economy Of Venezuela . Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Long, G. (2019). Yankee Dollar Is King in Anti-Imperialist Venezuela | Financial Times. Retrieved 20 January 2020, From https://www.ft.com/content/1d899e2e-0d20-11ea-bb52-34c8d9dc6d84
Luna, G., Kaufman, C., Wilson, S., Mccune, N., Larcom, B., & Blumenthal, M. (2019). Live from Nicaragua: Uprising Or Coup . The Alliance for Global Justice. Retrieved From https://afgj.org/nicanotes-live-from-nicaragua-uprising-or-coup
Lutz, J. (2008). Global terrorism . London New York: Routledge.
Macleod, A. (2019). Was Hugo Chávez To Blame? Media Depictions of Polarisation In Venezuela, 1998-2013. Bulletin of Latin American Research . Wiley Online Library.
Maddy, Y. (2009) Neo-Imperialism in Children’s Literature About Africa: A Study Of Contemporary Fiction. New York: Routledge.
Madra, Y., & Adaman, F. (2018). Neoliberal Turn in The Discipline Of Economics: Depoliticization Through Economization. In D. Cahill, M. Cooper, M. Konings & D. Primrose, The SAGE Handbook of Neoliberalism . Sage.
Manning, M. (2011). Encyclopedia Of Media and Propaganda In Wartime America . Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.
Marangos, J. (2008). The Evolution of The Anti-Washington Consensus Debate: From “Post-Washington Consensus” To “After The Washington Consensus.” Competition & Change , 12 (3), 227–244. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
Marsh, H. (2016). Hugo Chávez, Alí Primera And Venezuela: The Politics of Music In Latin America. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mcevoy, J. (2019). See the Side Of Daily Venezuelan Life That The Corporate Media Isn’t Showing You | The Canary. Retrieved 20 January 2020, From https://www.thecanary.co/trending/2019/02/19/see-the-side-of-daily-venezuelan-life-that-the-corporate-media-isnt-showing-you/
McGonigal, C., & Cook, J. (2018). Photos of Empty Grocery Shelves Show Dire Situation In Venezuela. Retrieved 20 January 2020, from https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/venezuela-empty-grocery-shelves-photos_n_5a567751e4b08a1f624afcf6
McMurdo, T. L. (2012). The United States, Britain, and the Hidden Justification of Operation TPAJAX. CIA Studies in Intelligence , 56 , 2.
Meredith, S. (2019). Venezuela Crisis: US Condemns Maduro For Blocking Critical Point of Entry For Humanitarian Aid. Retrieved 15 January 2020, From https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/07/venezuela-crisis-maduro-blocks-bridge-ahead-of-aid-delivery.html
Miller, D. (2010). How Neoliberalism Got Where It Is: Elite Planning, Corporate Lobbying and The Release Of The Free Market. In K. Birch, The Rise and Fall Of Neoliberalism: The Collapse Of An Economic Order . London: Zed Books.
Monaldi, F. (2015). The Impact of The Decline In Oil Prices On The Economics, Politics And Oil Industry Of Venezuela.
Moreno, M., & Shelton, C. (2014). Sleeping in The Bed One Makes: The Venezuelan Fiscal Policy Response To The Oil Boom. In R. Hausmann, Venezuela Before Chávez: Anatomy of An Economic Collapse (Pp. 259-284). The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Muñoz, H. (2008). The Dictator’s Shadow: Life Under Augusto Pinochet. Basic Books.
Murphey, O. R. (2017). A Bond That Will Permanently Endure: The Eisenhower Administration, The Bolivian Revolution and Latin American Leftist Nationalism.
Muspratt, A. (2019). The Top 10 Oil & Gas Companies in The World: 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020, from https://www.oilandgasiq.com/strategy-management-and-information/articles/oil-and-gas-companies
Nebehay, S. (2019). Venezuela Turns to Russia, Cuba, China In Health Crisis. Retrieved 14 January 2020, From https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-health/venezuela-turns-to-russia-cuba-china-in-health-crisis-idUSKCN1SS23Z
Nichols, R. (2014). The Colonialism of Incarceration. Radical Philosophy Review , 17 (2), 435-455.
O’Grady, M. (2019). Venezuela Is Starving Its People. Retrieved 23 February 2020, From https://www.wsj.com/articles/maduro-is-starving-his-own-people-1511071600
O’Reilly, L. (2016). The 30 Biggest Media Companies in The World. Retrieved 3 January 2020, From https://www.businessinsider.com/the-30-biggest-media-owners-in-the-world-2016-5?r=US&IR=T
Page, K. R., Doocy, S., Ganteaume, F. R., Castro, J. S., Spiegel, P. & Beyrer, C. (2019). Venezuela’s Public Health Crisis: A Regional Emergency. The Lancet . Elsevier.
PAHO, (2018) Interactive Malaria Statistics . Available: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2632:2010-interactive-malaria-statistics&Itemid=2130&lang=en
Paine, J and Zhdannikov, D. 2019. “US Orders Foreign Firms to Further Cut Down On Oil Trades With Venezuela.” Reuters, March 28. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usavenezuela-sanctions-exclusive/exclusive-us-orders-foreign-firms-to-further-cut-down-on-oiltrades-with-venezuela-idUSKCN1R92ET
Palmer, B. (2019). The Top Health Care Companies in the World. Retrieved 3 January 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/030916/worlds-top-10-health-care-companies-unh-mdt.asp
Pantoulas, D. And McCoy, J. (2019). Venezuela: An Unstable Equilibrium. Revista De Ciencia Politica . 39 (2).
Patel, A. (2019). Seeking Refuge: Venezuela’s Migration Crisis and The Politicisation Of Aid .
Peet, R. (2009) Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives . New York: Guilford Press.
Pereira, H. (2019). Venezuelan Minimum Wage Hits Rock Bottom: $2.00 A Month. Retrieved 20 January 2020, From https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/venezuelan-minimum-wage-hits-rock-bottom-2-00-a-month/50000262-4053749
Perla, H. (2016). Sandinista Nicaragua’s Resistance to U.S. Coercion: Revolutionary Deterrence In Asymmetric Conflict . New York NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Petherick, C. (2006). The CIA in Iran: The 1953 Coup And The Origins Of The US-Iran Divide . Washington, D.C: American Free Press.
Podur, J. (2012). Haiti’s new dictatorship: from the overthrow of Aristide to the 2010 earthquake . London: Pluto.
Polanco, A., Armas, M. And Bocanegra, N. (2019). Venezuela’s Guaidó Says ‘All Options Open’ After Maduro Blocks Aid . [Online] U.S. Available At: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuelas-Guaidó-says-all-options-open-after-maduro-blocks-aid-idUSKCN1QC091 [Accessed 23 Feb. 2020].
Pons, C., & Armas, M. (2018). Shopping at Well-Stocked Venezuelan Stores? Better Take Dollars. Retrieved 20 January 2020, From https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-stores/shopping-at-well-stocked-venezuelan-stores-better-take-dollars-idUSKCN1N51PN
Poutre, A. Rorison, J. Mamie, Voight. (2017). Limited Means, Limited Options: College Remains Unaffordable for Many Americans. Institute for Higher Education Policy .
Power, A. (2007). City Survivors: Bringing Up Children in Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods . Policy Press.
Qureshi, L. (2009). Nixon, Kissinger, And Allende: U.S. Involvement in The 1973 Coup In Chile . Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Ramcharan, B. G. (2020). Conflict Prevention in The UN’s Agenda 2030 Development, Peace, Justice And Human Rights . Cham: Springer.
Rendon, M. & Price, M. (2019). Are Sanctions Working in Venezuela? CSIS .
Rentschler, J. (2013). Oil Price Volatility – Its Risk on Economic Growth And Development. Retrieved 12 January 2020, From https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/oil-price-volatility-its-risk-economic-growth-and-development
Restad, H. (2014). American Exceptionalism: An Idea That Made A Nation and Remade The World . London New York: Routledge.
Rhodes, W., & Valencia, C. (2019). Venezuela’s Healthcare Crisis Needs Emergency Attention | Financial Times. Retrieved 27 January 2020, From https://www.ft.com/content/f1d3b414-2af2-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2019). Drug Use. Retrieved 5 January 2020, from https://ourworldindata.org/drug-use
Robinson, W. (2007). Transnational Social Control in The Age Of Globalization: The United States And Regime Transition In Chile. In D. Skidmore, Contested Social Orders and International Politics . Vanderbilt University Press.
Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Suárez, J. A., Risquez, A., Delgado-Noguera, L. & Paniz-Mondolfi, A. (2019). The Current Syndemic In Venezuela: Measles, Malaria and More Co-Infections Coupled With A Breakdown Of Social And Healthcare Infrastructure. Quo Vadis?
Rosales, A. (2019). Radical Rentierism: Gold Mining, Cryptocurrency and Commodity Collateralization In Venezuela. Review of International Political Economy . 26 (6),Pp.1311–1332.
Rosati, A. (2018). Shoppers Find Empty Shelves After Venezuela Orders Discounts. Retrieved 20 January 2020, From https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-10/shoppers-find-empty-shelves-after-venezuela-orders-discounts
Rosenbaum, H.J. And Tyler, W.G. (1971). Policy-Making for The Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Interamerican Studies And World Affairs . 13 (3-4), Pp. 416–433.
RT. (2019). Where Are The ‘Empty Shelves’? Max Blumenthal Tours Caracas Supermarket (VIDEO). Retrieved 20 January 2020, From https://www.rt.com/news/452158-blumenthal-venezuela-supermarket-shelves/
Salas, M. (2015). Venezuela: What Everyone Needs to Know . New York: Oxford University Press.
Salas-Wright, C., Vaughn, M., Cohen, M., & Schwartz, S. (2020). The Sequelae of Premigration Hunger Among Venezuelan Immigrant Children In The U.S. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine , 58 (3), 467-469.
Santarcangelo, J. (2019). The Manufacturing Sector In Argentina, Brazil, And Mexico: Transformations And Challenges In The Industrial Core Of Latin America . Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schabas, W. (2012). Unimaginable Atrocities: Justice, Politics, And Rights At The War Crimes Tribunals . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schlesinger, S., Kinzer, S., & Coatsworth, J. (2005). Bitter Fruit . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Shoman, A. (2010). Belize’s Independence And Decolonization In Latin America: Guatemala, Britain, And The UN . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schumpeter, J. (1955) Social Classes: Imperialism: Two Essays . Meridian Books.
Schwartz, S., Salas-Wright, C., Pérez-Gómez, A., Mejía-Trujillo, J., Brown, E., & Montero-Zamora, P. Et Al. (2018). Cultural Stress and Psychological Symptoms In Recent Venezuelan Immigrants To The United States And Colombia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 67 , 25-34.
Semega, J., Kollar, M., Creamer, J., & Mohanty, A. (2019). Income and Poverty In The United States: 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2020, From https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-266.html
Senak, E. (2016). Covering the Cost: Why We Can No Longer Afford To Ignore High Textbook Prices. Washington, D.C.: Student PIRGS. Retrieved from http://www.uspirg.org/reports/usp/covering-cost
Sequera, V. (2018). Venezuelans Report Big Weight Losses In 2017 As Hunger Hits. Retrieved 17 January 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-food-idUSKCN1G52HA
SIPRI. (2019). Global Arms Industry Rankings: Sales Up 4.6 Per Cent Worldwide and US Companies Dominate The Top 5 | SIPRI. Retrieved 3 January 2020, from https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/global-arms-industry-rankings-sales-46-cent-worldwide-and-us-companies-dominate-top-5
Snider, L. (2009). Congress and The CIA . New York: Nova Science Pub.
Spetalnick, M., & Rampton, R. (2019). Trump Freezes All Venezuelan Government Assets in Bid To Pressure Maduro. Retrieved 13 January 2020, From https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-venezuela-politics-usa-order/trump-freezes-all-venezuelan-government-assets-in-bid-to-pressure-maduro
Sprague, J. (2012). Paramilitarism And the Assault On Democracy In Haiti . New York: NYU Press.
STAIBANO, C. (2005). Trends in UN Sanctions: From Ad Hoc Practice To Institutional Capacity Building. In P. Wallensteen, International Sanctions: Between Words and Wars In The Global System . Routledge.
Strier, R. (2014). Fatherhood in The Context Of Political Violence: Los Padres De La Plaza. Men and Masculinities , 17 (4), 359–375. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
Stronen, I. (2017). Grassroots Politics and Oil Culture In Venezuela: The Revolutionary Petro-State . Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Taylor, M. (2006). From Pinochet To The “Third Way”: Neoliberalism and Social Transformation In Chile . London Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
Toussaint, E. (1999). Your Money Or Your Life!: The Tyranny Of Global Finance . London Sterling, Va: Pluto Press.
Trejos, A. (2017). Amid Venezuela Political Crisis, Shortages of Medicine Soar. Retrieved 27 January 2020, From https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/06/22/venezuela-medical-shortages-doctors-health-care/103039928/
Trento, J. (2005). Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA And The Legacy Of America’s Private Intelligence Network . New York: Carroll & Graf.
Trombetta, R. (2018). Venezuela Has Fallen to A Dictator. But We Can Help to Restore Democracy | Reynaldo Trombetta. Retrieved 14 January 2020, From https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/23/venezuela-dictator-democracy-nicolas-maduro-venezuelans
UN News. (2019). Misery for Venezuelans Continues Ahead Of 2020 Elections: UN Rights Chief Bachelet. Retrieved 16 January 2020, From https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/12/1053791
US Department of State (2016). Venezuela . Available: https://20092017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm [Accessed: 12 January 2020]
Valdes-Ugalde, J. L. (2014). Intervening in Revolution: The US Exercise of Power in Guatemala, 1954.
Vaughn, M., Salas-Wright, C., Goings, T., Oh, S., Marsiglia, F., & Cohen, M. Et Al. (2020). Disconcerting Levels of Alcohol Use Among Venezuelan Immigrant Adolescents In The United States. Addictive Behaviors , 104 , 106269.
Vaz, R. (2019a). Red Cross Chief: Venezuela Aid Being Politicized To ‘Destabilize the Country’. Retrieved 10 December 2019, From https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/14738
Vaz, R. (2019b). Venezuela: New Widespread Power Outage as Gov’t Denounces Alleged Attacks. Retrieved 13 January 2020, from https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/14404
Venezuelanalysis (2019). Debunking Four Mistruths About Venezuela’s Humanitarian Aid Showdown. Retrieved 14 January 2020, from https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/14355
Venezuela Solidarity Campaign (2019). The Effects of The Economic Blockade Of Venezuela .
Venezuela Under Sanctions. (2019). Strategic Comments , 25 (5), Vii–Ix. Informa UK Limited.
Watt, P. (2012). Drug War Mexico: Politics, Neoliberalism and Violence In The New Narcoeconomy . London New York: Zed Books.
Weiner, T. (2007). Legacy of Ashes: The History Of The CIA . New York: Doubleday.
Weisbrot, M. & Sachs, J. (2019). Economic Sanctions as Collective Punishment. The Case of Venezuela. CEPR .
Weisbrot, M. & Sachs, J. (2019). Punishing Civilians: US Sanctions on Venezuela. Challenge , 62 (5), 299–321. Taylor & Francis.
Westad, O. (2007). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and The Making Of Our Times . Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wigell, M. (2016) “Conceptualizing Regional Powers’ Geoeconomic Strategies: Neo-Imperialism, Neo-Mercantilism, Hegemony, And Liberal Institutionalism,” Asia Europe Journal . Springer, 14(2), Pp. 135–151.
Williamson, J. (1990). Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened . Washington D.C.: The Institute.
Wilpert, G. (2007). Changing Venezuela By Taking Power: The History And Policies Of The Chávez Government . London New York: Verso.
WOLA (2019) Meeting the Needs Of Suffering Venezuelans Will Require Expertise And Commitment To Humanitarian Principles. Retrieved 14 January 2020, From https://www.wola.org/2019/02/humanitarian-aid-venezuela-civil-society-statement/
Yaqub, S. (2004). Containing Arab Nationalism : The Eisenhower Doctrine And The Middle East . Chapel Hill: University Of North Carolina Press.
Ystanes, M. (2018). The Social Life of Economic Inequalities In Contemporary Latin America: Decades Of Change . Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zakrison, T. L. & Muntaner, C. (2019). US Sanctions in Venezuela: Help, Hindrance, Or Violation Of Human Rights? The Lancet , 393 (10191), 2586–2587. Elsevier.
Zepezauer, M. (1994). The CIA’s Greatest Hits . Tucson, Ariz. Emeryville, CA: Odonian Press Distribution to The Book Trade Through Publishers Group West
Selection of nations subject to historical u.s. interference.
Whilst the list of countries which the US has subjected to colonial and imperialist interference stretches back to the 19 th century, the scope of the countries referenced in this work begins with Iran in 1953. A small selection and light description of each is mentioned here along with some suggested readings.
As outlined in the paper, Iran was targeted by the US after British requests to overthrow the democratically elected Mohammad Mossadegh to take control of Iranian oil. Under the guise of anti-communism, the CIA and Britain orchestrated a successful coup d’état to prevent the nationalisation of the Anglo Iranian Oil Company which later went on to become BP (British Petroleum). The project was codenamed TPAJAX.
Abrahamian, 2013; Kinzer, 2008; Gasiorowski, 2004; McMurdo, 2012.
Under the rule of Jacobo Arbenz, Guatemala sought to expropriate land from the powerful US corporation the United Fruit Company. The company was known for its near enslavement of Guatemalan peasants and its vast ownership of Guatemalan land. The United Fruit Company was the largest land holder in Guatemala at the time. Under the codename operation PBSUCCESS, the democratically elected Arbenz was overthrown in a violent US backed Coup d’état by Carlos Castillo Armas who went on to become the head of a brutal Guatemalan dictatorship ultimately killing thousands of civilians.
Chapman, 2007; Schlesinger et al., 2005; Colby, 2011.
After seizing power in 1959, Fidel Castro set about a redistribution of Cuban wealth to the peasantry in addition to the expropriation of US corporate assets. Soon after, a wide ranging and complex web of US interference including sanctions and terrorism took place to try to overthrow or assassinate Castro. Cuba, aligned with Russia, became the centre stage for the Cuban-missile crisis, a standoff between the US and Russian over strategic weapons placement. The CIA partook in biological warfare, assassinations, including that of Che Guevara, and terrorism. US interference continues to this day.
Kornbluh, 1998; Dapena, 2004; Latell, 2012.
After almost winning an election in 1958, the US set up a major CIA operation to prevent Salvador Allende from becoming President at the next election. It succeeded through mass propaganda campaigns. This continued until 1970 when Allende, despite US interference, won the election. The US set about utilising a destabilisation program which led to an economic freefall. The US then assisted General Pinochet in a Coup d’état which lead to Allende’s ‘suicide’. Subsequently, Chile fell into violent military rule leading to the US backed state terror campaign Operation Condor which spread across Latin America.
François, 2018; Kornbluh, 2004; Qureshi, 2009.
Nicaragua was ruled by a family dynasty installed by previous US interference. Support by a US national guard indulging in murder, rape, contraband and drugs, helped maintain the dynasty. After this regime was overthrown by the Sandinista’s seeking to reconstruct an impoverished society created by the dynasty, President Jimmy Carter flooded Nicaragua with ‘aid’ directed at funding the ‘Contras’ and destabilising most of Nicaragua’s major industries. The Contras subsequently ran a campaign of barbarism against the Nicaraguan population including severe human rights atrocities encouraged by the provision of a CIA technical manual instructing them on how to run such a violent campaign. Eventually, after years of war, the US backed opposition political party UNO, in a bought election, saw the Sandinista’s lose power.
Perla, 2016; Garvin, 1992; Brown, 2001; Dickey, 1985.
After decades of violent oppression, Haiti’s violent ruling family, the Duvalier’s (AKA Papa Doc and Baby Doc), were forced from Haiti. In their place, a new election was to be held with a high likelihood that a priest, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a liberation theologist who helped teach the poor about ideas of resistance against authoritarian oppression, would win. The US along with the CIA launched a campaign to prevent him coming to power. Aristide triumphed even in the face of rigged elections against him. However, after a few months in power, and after providing hope to the Haitian people of a new beginning free of tyranny, a coup violently overthrew Aristide and a new military regime began a new era of human rights abuses. While there is no apparent evidence to suggest US interference in this coup, the military regime was CIA trained in brutality. The US, this time, rather than interfere, simply left the country to fall into violence on its own accord.
Aristide & Wargny, 1993; Podur, 2012; Sprague, 2012.
The washington consensus.
The Washington consensus is a set of 10 policy instruments with which the US believe can realistically be ‘implemented’ in other nations. These are:
(Williamson, 1990; Marangos, 2008: 230-231).
Reviewer 01
The dissertation relies on an impressive body of literature. Its analysis of USA’s political interference in Venezuela, Latin America, and beyond is thus very detailed and has remarkable historical depth. The dissertation makes use of pertinent theoretical frameworks, although some of these would have deserved a more subtle use. For instance, more recent theories of neo-imperialism could have been introduced. Also, while the understanding of Venezuelan oil as ISA is interesting, Brian should have further defended this analysis, making it clearer how oil serves an ideological function. The historical reconstruction has the issue of not dealing with geopolitical context – for instance, the transformations occurred after the Cold War should have been taken into examination. Another problem of contextualisation has to do with the analysis of Venezuela, and this is, to me, the main problem with the work. There is little discussion of local politics, social organisation, and conflicts. Of course, while it is absolutely legitimate to consider the US strategy as the prime factor of social disgruntling, no social scientist would think societal conflicts purely derive from external influence. Some more attention to the local political dialectics should have thus been presented, linking it to discussion on the local elites joining the side of USA (which appears in the text). In the same vein, while no analysis of the Venezuelan crisis can ignore the geopolitical stakes it has, and US influence, the author should have at least discussed some endogenous theories of the crisis, such as the ones about the failure of many resource-based states in diversifying their economy. In this sense, the dissertation reads, at times, more like a pamphlet than like an academic analysis. Finally, the analysis of NGOs role in constructing consensus against Maduro should have been more consistently carried out.
The dissertation lacks abstract and ethics form.
Reviewer 02
Overall this is a piece of work which demonstrates strong research skills and a high level of competence in terms of academic writing and presentation. It offers a rich case study of politico- structural origins of social divisions, providing an original synthesis of available research to identify a ‘4-point modus operandi’ which attributes current social divisions to US policy. The value of this analysis is attested with a number of examples before applying this to the case of Venezuela. The dissertation is an accelerated immersion into substantive detail and analysis that deserves much credit. It is a case study illuminative of political sociological concerns and as a piece of historical sociology. It draws on Althusser’s notions of RSA and ISA to make sense of politically motivated structural adjustment. The dissertation would have been further strengthened by further development of its framing as a political sociological and historical sociological analysis. For example, the following deserve greater introduction to set the dissertation up: structural versus individual explanations for poverty and inequality; locating the case study vis-à-vis political sociology and economic sociology as sub-disciplines; critiques of methodological nationalism as insufficient to explain national issues and including in this a discussion of Government/ governance/ governmentalities in relation to the politics of economic globalisation; the notion of ‘structural adjustment’ as top-down policy and bottom-up experience. Within the word count restrictions, it would have been impossible to address all these elements and succeed in the depth of case study presented. A suggestion, were the piece to be developed/ adapted for publication, would be to clearly locate a selective representation of the case study to particular theoretical debates and disciplinary foci.
The lord of the rings: the one ring as metaphor for consumerism, brian waldock.
Brian is a current PhD student in sociology. His thesis focuses on a range of concepts including platonism, bureaucracy, and abstract space. When not destroying his mind with theories, he indulges in the occasional video game, anime, chinese takeaway, or maybe even a very rare pint.
Discussing the concept of intellectual honesty in sociology, its importance, and the barriers that prevent its development. It also explores different types of intellectual honesty and dishonesty
Should you study sociology? Discover some of the more unconventional reasons to consider before deciding to study sociology at A-Level or undergraduate.
If you like what I do please support me on Ko-fi
SociologyMag brings you sociology as it occurs within the everyday. SociologyMag also serves you with guides, how-to's, and knowledge to help you succeed within academic sociology at all levels. If you are new here, check out our How to Use This Site page to get the most out of your visit.
Experiences of single-fathers & lone-fathers, attitudes towards single-parents and lone-parents, bibliography: perceptions and attitudes to single-parents & lone-parents, single-mother, bibliography: stepfamilies.
Learn what Marxism is, the history, ideology, main concepts and criticisms of this influential social and political...
SociologyMag is an educational website designed to bring sociology to a wider audience. We look at how sociology can be used in the everyday by creating content which draws on academic sociology. We also target sociology from the academic side by publishing articles to help students at all levels from beginner to PhD.
Follow us on social media:
© 2022 SociologyMag
The Harvard University Archives ’ collection of theses, dissertations, and prize papers document the wide range of academic research undertaken by Harvard students over the course of the University’s history.
Beyond their value as pieces of original research, these collections document the history of American higher education, chronicling both the growth of Harvard as a major research institution as well as the development of numerous academic fields. They are also an important source of biographical information, offering insight into the academic careers of the authors.
Spanning from the ‘theses and quaestiones’ of the 17th and 18th centuries to the current yearly output of student research, they include both the first Harvard Ph.D. dissertation (by William Byerly, Ph.D . 1873) and the dissertation of the first woman to earn a doctorate from Harvard ( Lorna Myrtle Hodgkinson , Ed.D. 1922).
Other highlights include:
If you're a Harvard undergraduate writing your own thesis, it can be helpful to review recent prize-winning theses. The Harvard University Archives has made available for digital lending all of the Thomas Hoopes Prize winners from the 2019-2021 academic years.
How to access materials at the Harvard University Archives
How to find and request dissertations, in person or virtually
How to find and request undergraduate honors theses
How to find and request Thomas Temple Hoopes Prize papers
How to find and request Bowdoin Prize papers
Harvard faculty personal and professional archives, harvard student life collections: arts, sports, politics and social life, access materials at the harvard university archives.
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, automatically generate references for free.
Published on 9 September 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on 6 April 2023.
It can be difficult to know where to start when writing your thesis or dissertation . One way to come up with some ideas or maybe even combat writer’s block is to check out previous work done by other students.
This article collects a list of undergraduate, master’s, and PhD theses and dissertations that have won prizes for their high-quality research.
Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes.
Award-winning undergraduate theses, award-winning master’s theses, award-winning ph.d. dissertations.
University : University of Pennsylvania Faculty : History Author : Suchait Kahlon Award : 2021 Hilary Conroy Prize for Best Honors Thesis in World History Title : “Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the “Noble Savage” on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807”
University : Columbia University Faculty : History Author : Julien Saint Reiman Award : 2018 Charles A. Beard Senior Thesis Prize Title : “A Starving Man Helping Another Starving Man”: UNRRA, India, and the Genesis of Global Relief, 1943-1947
University: University College London Faculty: Geography Author: Anna Knowles-Smith Award: 2017 Royal Geographical Society Undergraduate Dissertation Prize Title: Refugees and theatre: an exploration of the basis of self-representation
University: University of Washington Faculty: Computer Science & Engineering Author: Nick J. Martindell Award: 2014 Best Senior Thesis Award Title: DCDN: Distributed content delivery for the modern web
The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students.
Correct my document today
University: University of Edinburgh Faculty: Informatics Author: Christopher Sipola Award: 2018 Social Responsibility & Sustainability Dissertation Prize Title: Summarizing electricity usage with a neural network
University: University of Ottawa Faculty: Education Author: Matthew Brillinger Award: 2017 Commission on Graduate Studies in the Humanities Prize Title: Educational Park Planning in Berkeley, California, 1965-1968
University: University of Ottawa Faculty: Social Sciences Author: Heather Martin Award: 2015 Joseph De Koninck Prize Title: An Analysis of Sexual Assault Support Services for Women who have a Developmental Disability
University : University of Ottawa Faculty : Physics Author : Guillaume Thekkadath Award : 2017 Commission on Graduate Studies in the Sciences Prize Title : Joint measurements of complementary properties of quantum systems
University: London School of Economics Faculty: International Development Author: Lajos Kossuth Award: 2016 Winner of the Prize for Best Overall Performance Title: Shiny Happy People: A study of the effects income relative to a reference group exerts on life satisfaction
University : Stanford University Faculty : English Author : Nathan Wainstein Award : 2021 Alden Prize Title : “Unformed Art: Bad Writing in the Modernist Novel”
University : University of Massachusetts at Amherst Faculty : Molecular and Cellular Biology Author : Nils Pilotte Award : 2021 Byron Prize for Best Ph.D. Dissertation Title : “Improved Molecular Diagnostics for Soil-Transmitted Molecular Diagnostics for Soil-Transmitted Helminths”
University: Utrecht University Faculty: Linguistics Author: Hans Rutger Bosker Award: 2014 AVT/Anéla Dissertation Prize Title: The processing and evaluation of fluency in native and non-native speech
University: California Institute of Technology Faculty: Physics Author: Michael P. Mendenhall Award: 2015 Dissertation Award in Nuclear Physics Title: Measurement of the neutron beta decay asymmetry using ultracold neutrons
University: Stanford University Faculty: Management Science and Engineering Author: Shayan O. Gharan Award: Doctoral Dissertation Award 2013 Title: New Rounding Techniques for the Design and Analysis of Approximation Algorithms
University: University of Minnesota Faculty: Chemical Engineering Author: Eric A. Vandre Award: 2014 Andreas Acrivos Dissertation Award in Fluid Dynamics Title: Onset of Dynamics Wetting Failure: The Mechanics of High-speed Fluid Displacement
University: Erasmus University Rotterdam Faculty: Marketing Author: Ezgi Akpinar Award: McKinsey Marketing Dissertation Award 2014 Title: Consumer Information Sharing: Understanding Psychological Drivers of Social Transmission
University: University of Washington Faculty: Computer Science & Engineering Author: Keith N. Snavely Award: 2009 Doctoral Dissertation Award Title: Scene Reconstruction and Visualization from Internet Photo Collections
University: University of Ottawa Faculty: Social Work Author: Susannah Taylor Award: 2018 Joseph De Koninck Prize Title: Effacing and Obscuring Autonomy: the Effects of Structural Violence on the Transition to Adulthood of Street Involved Youth
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
George, T. (2023, April 06). Prize-Winning Thesis and Dissertation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 12 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/prize-winning-dissertations/
Other students also liked, how to choose a dissertation topic | 8 steps to follow, how to write a thesis or dissertation conclusion, dissertation & thesis outline | example & free templates.
No notifications.
Education is the process of teaching or learning, especially systematically during childhood and adolescence, in a school or college, or the knowledge that someone gains from this. Post study, education can mean the imparting or acquiring of specific knowledge or skills required for a task, or profession for example.
View All Dissertation Examples
Including full dissertations, proposals, individual dissertation chapters, and study guides for students working on their undergraduate or masters dissertation.
Dissertation Examples
The study would attempt to find out the current status of teacher education programmes in Pakistan and United Kingdom to compare the commonalities and diversities....
Last modified: 22nd Nov 2023
An in-depth look at the application of Carl Rogers' person centred therapy and student centred learning....
The aim of this study was to inspect the self-esteem and contingencies of self-worth used to see the relationship of students academic performance....
This report discusses, explains and analyses theories, principles and models of learning considering empowerment for students and how the learning environment can be improved....
This theoretical study aims to contribute to our understandings of the links between single parent family structures and the affect it has on adolescent’s education....
We will deal with the roles and responsibilities of the teachers in education and teaching, and the relationships with the students....
Dissertation Proposals
This qualitative study examines the experiences of 3 male students of color attending HBCUs in southern states of the United States....
Last modified: 2nd Mar 2022
University of Wales is already enormously diverse on any number of dimensions, including ethnicity and nationality....
This paper would explore how higher education institutions are using, have adopted and are employing social media....
The study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy of preschool teachers in Johor area....
Last modified: 1st Mar 2022
Example Literature Reviews
The literature review has presented a number of topic areas, namely incremental theory of intelligence, or mindset theory, and its historical background through current research and interventions....
Last modified: 25th Feb 2022
The aim of the research was to evaluate role of socio-psychological factors of satisfaction with university education. Study was conducted in 2 stages....
In an attempt to decrease suicide and violence rates amongst teens, it is crucially important for students, and their families to understand the anti-bullying resources and programs available to them....
School refusal behaviour from the perspective of mainstream secondary school Special Educational Need Coordinator (SENCOs)....
The aim of this review is to assess if drinking motives and emotional dysregulation can be used to predict alcohol consumption/binge drinking in university students....
The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of dyslexia on the performance on Stroop task in individuals aged between 10 and 23....
Improving knowledge of assistant nurses regarding pressure injury through an educational intervention to prevent pressure injury in an aged care facility....
Last modified: 23rd Feb 2022
The focus of this study was to use qualitative and narrative research approach to recreate the stories of immigrant teachers by exploring and reflecting on the lived experiences of Indian immigrant teachers....
Last modified: 18th Feb 2022
This paper explored how online engagement create new ways to improve performance for new generations....
Last modified: 17th Feb 2022
The purpose of this study is to use Teaching Strategies GOLD and Creative Curriculum to identify students at risk in pre-kindergarten....
Last modified: 15th Feb 2022
The aim of this study was to contribute to improved relevance and efficacy of the undergraduate medical curriculum and thus better prepare final year medical students for independent clinical practice....
Last modified: 4th Feb 2022
The purpose of this study is to determine the level of knowledge athletic administrators have in accordance with compliance of Title IX....
This paper summarizes the development of the General Education Foundation Skills Assessment (GEFSA) over a two-year institutional research incentive....
Last modified: 2nd Feb 2022
This article conceptualises higher education as a complex and dynamic set of entangled social, spatial and material practices....
Last modified: 1st Feb 2022
Student perspectives regarding career opportunities in pharmacy academia; a study from international medical university, Malaysia....
Last modified: 31st Jan 2022
Home > Education > dissertations and theses
The College of Education Dissertations and Theses Series is comprised of dissertations authored by Marquette University's College of Education doctoral and master's students.
Becoming Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs): Disrupting Institutional Whiteness , Jacqueline Black
TOWARD A CONTINUUM FOR JESUIT EDUCATION FOUNDED UPON CURA PERSONALIS AND MAGIS , Jose Miguel Jaramillo
A CASE STUDY ON TEACHER PERCEPTIONS OF THE WISCONSIN STATE EDUCATOR EFFECTIVENESS REQUIREMENT: MANDATES AND RESULTS , Daniel Unertl
A PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF U.S. SCHOOL PRINCIPAL PREPARATION IN LEADING MANDARIN CHINESE IMMERSION PROGRAMS , Shuzhen Xie
A Public Policy Analysis of an Allied Health Career Pathway Model at a Local Technical College , Rebecca A. Garcia Sanchez
Trauma Exposure and Resident Assistants: A Study of Meaning Making , Sarah Ann Olejniczak
Those Who Came Before: Learning from Native American College Alumni About Walking the Path of Persistence , Jacqueline Schram
Considering Constituencies Contributing to Lead-Water Discussions in Milwaukee: A Three Article Dissertation , Jennifer Gaul-Stout
AP Physics Course Enrollments: The Impact of Middle School Algebra and Physics First , Judi G. Luepke
Peacebuilding through Education: The Case of Cameroon’s Anglophone Crisis , Thomas d Aquin Mbatna Taiwe
Relationship of Spirituality, Self-Awareness, and Effective Leadership Among Lay Catholic High School Leaders in Nigeria , Emmanuel I. Ugwejeh
Inequalities of Intradistrict School Choice in a Mid-Sized Urban School District , Jacob Konrath
With Due Respect for Humanity: Engaging Affectivity Through Simulation in Catholic Seminary Formation , Marie Diane Pitt-Payne
Beyond Ramen: Students' Lived Experiences of Campus Food Insecurity at Two Catholic Universities , Noreen Margaret Siddiqui
An Exploration of Five Secondary-School Teachers’ Conceptions of Social Justice , Gabrielle M. Belknap
Excellence and Equity: Admission Merit and Diversity in Physical Therapist Education Programs , Matthew Nuciforo
A Professional Learning Partnership: Educator Perceptions About Program Effectiveness and Impact on Rural Educators , Tara Lynn Villalobos
The Teaching of United States History in the Elementary Schools , Mary Bartholomew Frederick
The Relationship between Teacher Retention and Original Career Goals, Teacher Efficacy and Empathy: A Study of Teach For America Alumni , Tyra Norbeck Hildebrand
Writing to Learn in a Mutt Course: How Writing Functions in a Social Justice Living Learning Program Seminar , Jennifer K. Reid
Work-Family Balance: A Narrative Analysis of the Personal and Professional Histories of Female Superintendents , Nicole White
Understanding Women's Experiences with Women-Only Leadership Development Programs in Higher Education: A Mixed Methods Approach , Danielle Marie Geary
In Plain Sight: Changing Representations of "Biracial" People in Film 1903-2015 , Charles Lawrence Gray
Openness to the "Other" During a Summer Language Study Abroad in Madrid, Spain: Six Case Studies , Samuel Cox
The Importance Of Institutional Culture At A Technical College , Sarah Adams
Connecting Schools To Neighborhood Revitalization: , Lawrence Pesch
What Role Does Humor in the Higher Education Classroom Play in Student-Perceived Instructor Effectiveness? , Stephen Paul Halula
Textbooks, Teachers, and Middle School Mathematics Student Achievement , Susan R. Monaghan
Distributed Scaffolding: Wiki Collaboration Among Latino High School Chemistry Students , Edwin Duncan O'Sullivan
Black Faculty Perceptions of Classroom Interactions With Students at a Predominantly White Institution , Robyn Clarke Ngwabi
Number Sense Mediated by Mathematics Self-Concept in Impacting Middle School Mathematics Achievement , Lara K. Geronime
Successful Schools for African American Children: A Case Study of Franklin Elementary School , Staci Lynn Kimmons
Online Education: The Impact of Economics and Politics on Teacher's Situationally Constrained Choice , Rhianan Elizabeth Smith
The Challenge and Promise of Catholic Higher Education: The Lay President and Catholic Identity , Kathy Ann Herrick
Becoming Culturally Competent: Clinical Service Learning in Physician Assistant Education , Pinna Rea Katz
An Exploration of Virtual Study Groups Used to Prepare Candidates for a Professional Certification Exam , Sharon Katherine Kayne Chaplock
Debating for Success: Academic Achievement, Self-Efficacy, Civic Empowerment and the Milwaukee Debate League , Thomas Noonan
Historical Implications of the Black Civil Rights Movement Prior to the Brown Decision on Legislation for the Disabled , Robert Michael Thomas
Data-Driven Decision-Making: A Case Study of How A School District Uses Data to Inform Reading Instruction , Terese Ann Brecklin
Learning With and Because of Each Other: A High School Art Portfolio Class as a Community of Practice , Gregory Robert Frederick
Doctrina, Fides, Gubernatio: Messmer High School from 1926-2001 , Rebecca A. Lorentz
The Balkanization of the High School Reading Specialist: Searching for an Identity , Nancy Lynn Stevens
Womens' career pathways to the college presidency: A study of women in two-year technical colleges , Theresa Barry
Womens' Career Pathways to the College Presidency: A Study of Women in Two-Year Technical Colleges , Theresa Barry
Effects of Individual Secularity, Institutional Secularity and Campus Activity Involvement on College Student Suicidal Ideation and Attempts , Christopher Daood
The Primary Prevention of Sexual Violence Against Adolescents in Racine County and the Community Readiness Model , Theresa A. DeWalt
Pretreatment Client Characteristics and Treatment Retention in an Intensive Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Program , Shauna Elizabeth Fuller
The Neuropsychological Functioning of Men Residing in a Homeless Shelter , Sara Murray Hegerty
Examining the Effectiveness of a Multiple Antecedent Intervention for Increasing Secure Infant Attachment , Margaret J. Klopfer
Investigating Changes in Knowledge Frameworks Among High School Students Regarding the Central Dogma of Biology , Michele A. Korb
Effectiveness of a Treatment Program for Toddlers with Behavior Problems and Developmental Delays in Low-Income Families , April M. Schaack
Client Characteristics and Treatment Retention in an Outpatient Drug-Free Chemical Dependency Program , Jessica A. Thull
An exploration of the impact of an online MBA course on intercultural sensitivity development , Suzanne Scaffidi Warell
Women's and Men's Language in Moderated Online Course Discussions , Carrianne H. Hayslett
A Nursing Educator's & Nursing Students' Perspectives of Critical Thinking in a Baccalaureate Nursing Program: A Case Study , Mary E. Hobus
The relationship between self-efficacy beliefs toward self-management of asthma and asthma self-management behaviors in urban African American children , Teresa Louise Kaul
The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy Beliefs Toward Self-Management of Asthma and Asthma Self-Management Behaviors in Urban African American Children , Teresa Louise Kaul
Parenting Young Children in Foster Care , Judith B. Byrnes
Walking side by side , Erin Denise Knepler
The Role of Technology in the Homes of Emergent Readers , Gail A. Zieman
Beliefs about Diversity and the Relationships Between White Teachers-In-Training and Their African American and White Students , Michael Allen Boticki
The Role of Perfectionism in Anxiety, Depression, Self-Esteem and Internalized Shame , Diane K. Delegard
Making the Invisible Visible: Exploring Students' Mathematical Understanding , Debra M. Dosemagen
An Investigation of the Extent of Arts Education and the Principals' Perceptions of Such Education in Selected Public Elementary Schools in Milwaukee County , Therese M. Meurer
The Effect of Training Subjects in Self-Explanation Strategies on Problem Solving Success in Computer Programming , Elizabeth S. Rezel
Antecedents of mental self-government : , Jodi L. Rusch
The relationship of students' domain specific self-concepts and self-efficacy to academic performance , Maija Strelnieks
The Role of Parents in the Academic Achievements of Their Elementary School Children , Joseph M. Uko
Administrators' Perceptions, Rationales, Roles and Leadership Concerning the Current Status of Foreign Language Requirements in Three Private Colleges and Universities in Wisconsin , Shaojie Jiang
Assessment of Parent and Child Behaviors in Preschool Children , Sheila Dunn Johnson
Effects of Cooperative Learning on Achievement and Attitudes Toward Teamwork in Medical Technology Students , Linda J. Laatsch-Lybeck
Administrative actions that foster member commitment toward shared institutional vision: A study of one Catholic elementary school , Blane Kohler McCann
The influence of looping on reading comprehension , Patricia Holly Ptak
Healing Imagery in Major Religious and Mystical Traditions , Loyola Amalraj
"Enlightened enough to exercise their control" : school culture and curriculum for an engaged citizenry , Dawn M. Crowley
Curriculum and Instruction for Nursing Preceptors: Correlation with Critical Thinking Disposition Traits , Candace L. Hennessy
Parental involvement and its perceived impact on children's achievement , Alexius Minj
The Effect of Video Games on Anxiety Level and Heart Rate in College Students , Rebecca R. Tews
Mother and daughter attitudes toward mathematics in single-gender versus coeducational Catholic high schools , Gina M. Bechard
An investigation into the use of technology by secondary teachers in the teaching of algebra and geometry , Barbara A. Burns
Bonding and delinquency , Kristine Mary Dunlap
Effects of social competence factors on self-esteem and behavior in adolescents with cerebral palsy , Leigh Ann Kramer
Making faith accessible: The Catholic school as faithful, effective, inclusive community , Mary Camille Mortimore
Patterns of Change in Mental Health Status During the First Two Years of Spousal Bereavement , Carol Hunt Ott
The Relationship between Moral Orientation, Gender, and Context when Reporting Honor Code Violations in Business School , Elizabeth D. Axelrod
Student perceptions of discrimination in a midwestern dental school , David M. Clark
The influence of John Dewey's educational philosophy on the curriculum of the University Laboratory School, 1905-1928 , Anthony J Dosen
The effects of interparental conflict on adolescent adjustment: A path analysis , Jeanne Marie Herzog
Nursing Perceptions of the Spiritual Dimension of Patient Care: The Neuman Systems Model in Curricular Formations , Grace A. Peterson
The Development of a School Based Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Protocol for Young Children with Anxiety , Mary Wimmer
Trust and shared governance: A qualitative approach at the middle school level , Stephen Douglas King
A history of five women philanthropists at Marquette University, 1881-1991 , Gail K. Anshus
Bringing Berne into conjoint family therapy , Emmanuel Arockiam
More-skilled readers' use of orthographic rimes in reading words in isolation and in context , Judith Anne Calhoon
The Significance of Religious Messages in Sexual Addiction , William Nicholas Abraham
Emotions, stages and issues in career transitions of women in ministry in the Roman Catholic Church , Mary Jo Brenner
The relationship of wellness and job satisfaction for elementary school principals in the state of Wisconsin , John William Eickholt
Choice and action frame determinants of conflict and conflict management intent of hospital middle managers , John James Lynch
Implementation of total quality management in an academic unit of a higher education institution , Susan J. Michaelson
Dental school personnel's response to administrative alternatives dealing with students infected with the AIDS virus , Elise Sampson
Advanced Search
Home | About | FAQ | My Account | Accessibility Statement
Privacy Copyright
Home > Student Works > Theses and Dissertations > All Theses And Dissertations
Theses and dissertations completed by undergraduate and graduate students at the University of New England.*
*This is not the complete collection of UNE theses and dissertations, as deposit is not universally required and, prior to 2015, theses were added to the UNE Libraries’ physical collection and may be available for viewing only within the Ketchum Library.
Incivility In Accelerated Bachelor Of Science In Nursing Programs Post-Covid-19: A Faculty Perspective , Kimberly A. Burrows
Sharing Stories Of Development: How School Leaders Perceive Developing A Trauma-Informed School , Mandy L. Cyr
An Exploration Of Educator Experiences Making Data-Driven Decisions Within A Multi-Tiered System Of Support , Jennifer L. D'Angelo
Exploring Recognition, Rewards, And The Multi-Generational Workforce During the COVID-19 Pandemic , Sara J. Hollenbeck
The Experience Of Knowledge Workers In Remote Environments During The COVID-19 Pandemic , Dale F. Knapp
Exploring The Perspectives Of Private High School Students With Adverse Childhood Experiences On Trauma-Based Approaches , Jay Aldrin A. Locquiao
Perceived Influence Of Career And Technical Student Organizations On Postsecondary Choices , Deborah K. Marshall
Implicit Bias And Least Restrictive Environment: Perceptions Of Certified Educators , Christen Papallo
Educator Perceptions Of Social-Emotional Learning Embedded In Academic Instruction , Felicia Poskus
Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Purpose Of Traditional Grading And The Influence Of Established School Or District Grading Cultures, Guidelines, And Policies In Connecticut Public Middle Schools , Matthew D. Prukalski
Teachers’ Experiences And Perceptions Of Equity-Oriented Practices In K-5 Literacy Instruction , Carla J. Reyes-Crocker Mrs.
Medical School Middle Managers Learning To Successfully Work With Leadership To Navigate Organizational Change , Elizabeth G. Smith
The Perceptions Of Secondary Education Guidance Counselors Regarding The Scholastic Aptitude Test And Its Relationship To College Admissions For Low Socioeconomic Students , Lamont M. Vines
Understanding The Technology Barriers Experienced By Students With Disabilities In Higher Education , Mary Walz
A Qualitative Phenomenological Study Of Inner Speech Used As A Self-Help Tool Among Adult Remote Workers , Jennie Yeung Dr. and Jennie Yeung Dr.
Public Elementary Teachers' Experiences With Explosive Student Outbursts: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study , Sarah G. Young
A Narrative Inquiry On Public Middle School Teachers Experiences With Demoralization , Jessica E. Alfieri
The Perceptions Of Elementary Educators Regarding Mathematical Discourse Utilization In The Classroom: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study , Christina Anderson
Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Public K-12 General Education Teachers With Research-Based Frameworks And Strategies For Students With An Emotional Disability , Denise Arnauckas
Where Do I Belong?: Gender And/Or Sexual Minority Students And Leaders In International Schools , Douglas J. Beam
Math Teachers Who Don’t Like Math: A Phenomenological Study Of Elementary Teachers Who Dislike Mathematics Viewed Through The Lens Of Mathematics Teacher Identity In The Context Of Mathematics Education Reform , Melinda J. Bixby
Teacher Perceptions Of The Impact Of Administrators On The Social And Emotional Health Of Teachers And School Climate: A Qualitative Case Study , Allison Breen
Dietary Effects On Cardiac Lipid Composition And Subsequent Phenotype In The American Lobster (Homarus Americanus) , Melissa Colette Butler
Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Dental Hygiene Faculty Using Simulation With Dental Manikin Head Devices To Teach Local Anesthesia , Allison Castro
The Role Of School Leadership In Preparing High School Teachers To Engage In Restorative Practices , Margaret Chmura
Page 1 of 20
Advanced Search
Home | About | FAQ | My Account | Accessibility Statement
Privacy Copyright
170+ Research Ideas To Fast-Track Your Project
If you’re just starting out exploring education-related topics for your dissertation, thesis or research project, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, we’ll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of research topics and ideas , including examples from actual dissertations and theses..
PS – This is just the start…
We know it’s exciting to run through a list of research topics, but please keep in mind that this list is just a starting point . To develop a suitable education-related research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan of action to fill that gap.
If this sounds foreign to you, check out our free research topic webinar that explores how to find and refine a high-quality research topic, from scratch. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, consider our 1-on-1 coaching service .
Below you’ll find a list of education-related research topics and idea kickstarters. These are fairly broad and flexible to various contexts, so keep in mind that you will need to refine them a little. Nevertheless, they should inspire some ideas for your project.
Looking for research topics for a specific level of education? We’ve got you covered. Below you can find research topic ideas for primary, secondary and tertiary-level education contexts. Click the relevant level to view the respective list.
Primary education.
While the ideas we’ve presented above are a decent starting point for finding a research topic in education, they are fairly generic and non-specific. So, it helps to look at actual dissertations and theses in the education space to see how this all comes together in practice.
Below, we’ve included a selection of education-related research projects to help refine your thinking. These are actual dissertations and theses, written as part of Master’s and PhD-level programs, so they can provide some useful insight as to what a research topic looks like in practice.
As you can see, these research topics are a lot more focused than the generic topic ideas we presented earlier. So, in order for you to develop a high-quality research topic, you’ll need to get specific and laser-focused on a specific context with specific variables of interest. In the video below, we explore some other important things you’ll need to consider when crafting your research topic.
If you’re still unsure about how to find a quality research topic within education, check out our Research Topic Kickstarter service, which is the perfect starting point for developing a unique, well-justified research topic.
This is an helpful tool 🙏
Special education
Really appreciated by this . It is the best platform for research related items
Research title related to school of students
How are you
I think this platform is actually good enough.
Research title related to students
My field is research measurement and evaluation. Need dissertation topics in the field
Assalam o Alaikum I’m a student Bs educational Resarch and evaluation I’m confused to choose My thesis title please help me in choose the thesis title
Good idea I’m going to teach my colleagues
You can find our list of nursing-related research topic ideas here: https://gradcoach.com/research-topics-nursing/
Write on action research topic, using guidance and counseling to address unwanted teenage pregnancy in school
Thanks a lot
I learned a lot from this site, thank you so much!
Thank you for the information.. I would like to request a topic based on school major in social studies
parental involvement and students academic performance
Science education topics?
plz tell me if you got some good topics, im here for finding research topic for masters degree
How about School management and supervision pls.?
Hi i am an Deputy Principal in a primary school. My wish is to srudy foe Master’s degree in Education.Please advice me on which topic can be relevant for me. Thanks.
Thank you so much for the information provided. I would like to get an advice on the topic to research for my masters program. My area of concern is on teacher morale versus students achievement.
Every topic proposed above on primary education is a starting point for me. I appreciate immensely the team that has sat down to make a detail of these selected topics just for beginners like us. Be blessed.
Kindly help me with the research questions on the topic” Effects of workplace conflict on the employees’ job performance”. The effects can be applicable in every institution,enterprise or organisation.
Greetings, I am a student majoring in Sociology and minoring in Public Administration. I’m considering any recommended research topic in the field of Sociology.
I’m a student pursuing Mphil in Basic education and I’m considering any recommended research proposal topic in my field of study
Research Defense for students in senior high
Kindly help me with a research topic in educational psychology. Ph.D level. Thank you.
Project-based learning is a teaching/learning type,if well applied in a classroom setting will yield serious positive impact. What can a teacher do to implement this in a disadvantaged zone like “North West Region of Cameroon ( hinterland) where war has brought about prolonged and untold sufferings on the indegins?
I wish to get help on topics of research on educational administration
I wish to get help on topics of research on educational administration PhD level
I am also looking for such type of title
I am a student of undergraduate, doing research on how to use guidance and counseling to address unwanted teenage pregnancy in school
the topics are very good regarding research & education .
Am an undergraduate student carrying out a research on the impact of nutritional healthy eating programs on academic performance in primary schools
Can i request your suggestion topic for my Thesis about Teachers as an OFW. thanx you
Would like to request for suggestions on a topic in Economics of education,PhD level
Would like to request for suggestions on a topic in Economics of education
Hi 👋 I request that you help me with a written research proposal about education the format
Am offering degree in education senior high School Accounting. I want a topic for my project work
l would like to request suggestions on a topic in managing teaching and learning, PhD level (educational leadership and management)
request suggestions on a topic in managing teaching and learning, PhD level (educational leadership and management)
I would to inquire on research topics on Educational psychology, Masters degree
I am PhD student, I am searching my Research topic, It should be innovative,my area of interest is online education,use of technology in education
request suggestion on topic in masters in medical education .
Look at British Library as they keep a copy of all PhDs in the UK Core.ac.uk to access Open University and 6 other university e-archives, pdf downloads mostly available, all free.
May I also ask for a topic based on mathematics education for college teaching, please?
Please I am a masters student of the department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Education Please I am in need of proposed project topics to help with my final year thesis
Am a PhD student in Educational Foundations would like a sociological topic. Thank
please i need a proposed thesis project regardging computer science
Greetings and Regards I am a doctoral student in the field of philosophy of education. I am looking for a new topic for my thesis. Because of my work in the elementary school, I am looking for a topic that is from the field of elementary education and is related to the philosophy of education.
Masters student in the field of curriculum, any ideas of a research topic on low achiever students
In the field of curriculum any ideas of a research topic on deconalization in contextualization of digital teaching and learning through in higher education
Amazing guidelines
I am a graduate with two masters. 1) Master of arts in religious studies and 2) Master in education in foundations of education. I intend to do a Ph.D. on my second master’s, however, I need to bring both masters together through my Ph.D. research. can I do something like, ” The contribution of Philosophy of education for a quality religion education in Kenya”? kindly, assist and be free to suggest a similar topic that will bring together the two masters. thanks in advance
Hi, I am an Early childhood trainer as well as a researcher, I need more support on this topic: The impact of early childhood education on later academic success.
I’m a student in upper level secondary school and I need your support in this research topics: “Impact of incorporating project -based learning in teaching English language skills in secondary schools”.
Although research activities and topics should stem from reflection on one’s practice, I found this site valuable as it effectively addressed many issues we have been experiencing as practitioners.
Your style is unique in comparison to other folks I’ve read stuff from. Thanks for posting when you have the opportunity, Guess I will just book mark this site.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on September 21, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on July 18, 2023.
When starting your thesis or dissertation process, one of the first requirements is a research proposal or a prospectus. It describes what or who you want to examine, delving into why, when, where, and how you will do so, stemming from your research question and a relevant topic .
The proposal or prospectus stage is crucial for the development of your research. It helps you choose a type of research to pursue, as well as whether to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.
You can download our templates in the format of your choice below.
Download Word template Download Google Docs template
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
What should your proposal contain, dissertation question examples, what should your proposal look like, dissertation prospectus examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about proposals.
Prior to jumping into the research for your thesis or dissertation, you first need to develop your research proposal and have it approved by your supervisor. It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives .
Depending on your department’s requirements, there may be a defense component involved, where you present your research plan in prospectus format to your committee for their approval.
Your proposal should answer the following questions:
Ultimately, your proposal should persuade your supervisor or committee that your proposed project is worth pursuing.
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
See an example
Strong research kicks off with a solid research question , and dissertations are no exception to this.
Dissertation research questions should be:
An easy rule of thumb is that your proposal will usually resemble a (much) shorter version of your thesis or dissertation. While of course it won’t include the results section , discussion section , or conclusion , it serves as a “mini” version or roadmap for what you eventually seek to write.
Be sure to include:
The length of your proposal varies quite a bit depending on your discipline and type of work you’re conducting. While a thesis proposal is often only 3-7 pages long, a prospectus for your dissertation is usually much longer, with more detailed analysis. Dissertation proposals can be up to 25-30 pages in length.
Writing a proposal or prospectus can be a challenge, but we’ve compiled some examples for you to get your started.
If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!
Research bias
(AI) Tools
The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to answer your research question .
A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.
Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:
A well-planned research design helps ensure that your methods match your research aims, that you collect high-quality data, and that you use the right kind of analysis to answer your questions, utilizing credible sources . This allows you to draw valid , trustworthy conclusions.
The priorities of a research design can vary depending on the field, but you usually have to specify:
A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.
It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.
Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.
Formulating a main research question can be a difficult task. Overall, your question should contribute to solving the problem that you have defined in your problem statement .
However, it should also fulfill criteria in three main areas:
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
George, T. (2023, July 18). How to Write a Dissertation or Thesis Proposal. Scribbr. Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/thesis-dissertation-proposal/
Other students also liked, a step-by-step guide to the writing process, 10 research question examples to guide your research project, dissertation & thesis outline | example & free templates, get unlimited documents corrected.
✔ Free APA citation check included ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts
Dissertation examples and samples written by our expert academics.
Liner shipping is described by Sjostrom (2009, p.1) as “the business of offering common carrier ocean shipping services in international trade”. The liner shipping industry gained considerable importance in the 1870s with the steady increase in shipment of raw materials and finished goods from Europe to global destinations and vice versa. An exploratory study of the historical roots of the inter-firm collaboration in shipping reveals that “collusive agreements” have dominated the firm behaviour, starting from the formation of the Calcutta Conference in 1875 and recently supplanted by other forms of cooperation like consortia and strategic alliances (ibid). In reality, shipping conferences (alternatively known as liner conferences) were cartels characterized by a set of formal agreements among shipping lines for particular routes, and they were primarily geared towards setting fixed prices to ensure and sustain industry profitability, regulating competition among themselves and pre-empting entry of new players (Wang, 2015).
While many parents see the benefits of diversity and inclusion in the classroom, these views may differ depending on parental socioeconomic status, education level, location within the UK, culture, etc. Studies have previously been conducted on parental perspectives of inclusion, though these studies typically exist within the USA context and with younger children. This study could potentially expand on this research by presenting the UK context at the KS2 level. Questionnaires would likely be the main form of data collection for this topic and there are a number of options. One of these options is the Opinions Related to Mainstreaming Scale, with follow up short answer questions, though there are other surveys available.
This dissertation will endeavour to illustrate how Charles Saatchi has understood the inner workings of the art world of production, distribution and criticism and how he has launched an elevated form of mainstream art harnessing sensationalism and the media together with savvy marketing to become a founder, promoter and gate-keeper of art movements within the contemporary British and American art scenes. The Saatchi phenomena will be viewed through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu’s theories on art, using predominately the ideas found in The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field (1996). Here, Bourdieu observes that art is created to enforce a code of distinction between the classes; that is, certain classes are trained to access more difficult (or less popular) forms of art that is more expensive, which becomes less accessible to people from lower socio-economic classes because they have not had the academic education or the financial resources to access this type of aesthetic expression. As such, art is created by the upper echelons of society in an effort to distinguish themselves noticeably from other classes.
Germaine Greer (2001), the Australian feminist and social commentator, has stated that marketing is the real art form of the twentieth century, adding that it is a destructive art form. This type of art form has saturated every level of society and every human activity, to the point where the art form of the twentieth century has permeated through to art itself. As such, what Saatchi has done as an art collector, bringing marketing to art in such a way, has meant that he has brought art to the masses without devaluing it so much in front of the art critics. It is an obvious outcome. Saatchi is well known for being a guru in the advertising industry where one of his most famous campaigns (which he oversaw with his brother) was the promotion of the Conservative Party lead by Margaret Thatcher during the 1979 general election under the slogan "Labour isn't working". In his advertising ventures, he has always displayed artistic panache together with a strong competitive streak, with an unwavering belief in capitalism (Bickers, 1997).[…]
Having already established the basis of the theoretical outlook of this dissertation, which is also pertinent to the lens to which the evidence collected will be looked at, it is now necessary to reflect upon how evidence will be collected to support the arguments espoused in this dissertation. There are numerous approaches to social research, but in endeavouring to explore the impact of one individual in a particular field, the use of historical analysis via life biography is relevant to this dissertation (Babbie, 2001). There are a number of ways in which to create a well researched picture of Saatchi’s function in the British art scene. Firstly, it would be important to establish the history of the gallery and how this came about. This can be done through secondary sources such as Supercollector: A Critique of Charles Saatchi (Hatton and Walker, 2000) and the few interviews given by Saatchi in The Guardian and on the BBC. The artists and exhibitions Saatchi has been a patron of will reveal the general aesthetic of the art dealer which ranges from United States contemporary artists, to the nineties movement focussing on young British artists and to movements such as Neurotic Realism to the latest exhibition of Chinese artists called The Revolution Continues: New Art From China . A good source of primary information of these can be found in the books that are produced with each exhibition, showcasing the works and artists with introductions. Another source will be interviews with Saatchi’s protégés such as Tracy Emin and David Hirst, who, in some instances, have revealed how they were ‘discovered’ by the gallery owner.
The Rules of Art was published in French in 1992, and translated into English in 1996. However, the ideas that appear in this book were already being advanced in other academic work such as Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (1984), The Love of Art: European Art Museums and Their Public (1991) and Language and Symbolic Power (1991). The Rules of Art actually tracks the literary field in France during the nineteenth century and uses the success of Gustave Flaubert’s Sentimental Education (1869) to follow the emergence of an autonomous (from the market) literary field and understand why Flaubert and his literary text have been sacralised throughout the proceeding decades by literary scholars. Throughout The Rules of Art, Bourdieu uses a unique methodology to analyse this text. However, although innovative, this is not relevant to this particular dissertation. What is relevant is Bourdieu’s discussion of Manet and Duchamp. Bourdieu argues that Manet and Duchamp became successful artists because they managed to separate from its present day institution of the French Académie of art, while separating from the popular demands of the emerging bourgeoisie – thus, they managed autonomy, through artistic freedom, creating their own art movement, which in turn meant that the Académie and the market both were tamed and redirected by these artists. Brown and Szeman (2000) agree with this appraisal of Bourdieu’s ideas. They argue that what these artists achieve is the institutionalisation of their particular brand of avant guard.
Cryptocurrency payments.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Dissertation examples. Listed below are some of the best examples of research projects and dissertations from undergraduate and taught postgraduate students at the University of Leeds We have not been able to gather examples from all schools. The module requirements for research projects may have changed since these examples were written.
These high-quality undergraduate, master's, and PhD research projects can help you work out how to start your own thesis or dissertation. ... Prize-Winning Thesis and Dissertation Examples. Published on September 9, 2022 by Tegan George. Revised on July 18, 2023. It can be difficult to know ... Faculty: Education Author: Matthew Brillinger ...
Family Therapy, K-12 Public Education, and Discipline Risk: A Scoping Review and Relationship Analysis Multiple Manuscript Dissertation, Cara Melinda Thompson. PDF. The Impact of Extended Professional Development in Project-Based Learning on Middle School Science Teachers, Margrett Caroline Upchurch-Ford. PDF
This collection includes theses, dissertations, and professional papers from the University of Montana Department of Counselor Education, Department of Educational Leadership, and Department of Teaching and Learning. Theses, dissertations, and professional papers from all University of Montana departments and programs may be searched here.
Dissertation Research in Education: Dissertations (Examples) This guide was created to teach doctoral students to select, search, evaluate and organize their dissertation research project. Home
Survey Research Group on the state of online learning in higher education in the United States, found that enrollment in online education had increased significantly. The annual report, co-sponsored by the Online Learning Consortium, a collaborative community focused on the advancement of quality online education, revealed that enrollment in
Education (PhD) Dissertations. Below is a selection of dissertations from the Attallah College of Educational Studies. Additional dissertations from years prior to 2019 are available through the Leatherby Libraries' print collection or in Proquest's Dissertations and Theses database. Follow.
A collection of educational dissertations from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Dissertation Topics in Education Dynamics. Topic 1: The need to use information and communication technology to study in public institutions in any country of your choice. A reflection on the impact of COVID-19 on the education sector in the chosen country.
Dissertation Examples. Students in the School of Economics at the University of Nottingham consistently produce work of a very high standard in the form of coursework essays, dissertations, research work and policy articles. Below are some examples of the excellent work produced by some of our students. The authors have agreed for their work to ...
10 tips for writing an undergraduate dissertation. 1. Select an engaging topic. Choose a subject that aligns with your interests and allows you to showcase the skills and knowledge you have acquired through your degree. 2. Research your supervisor. Undergraduate students will often be assigned a supervisor based on their research specialisms.
Best Undergraduate Dissertations 2019. Since 2009 the Department of History at the University of Bristol has published the best of the annual dissertations produced by our final-year undergraduates. We do so in recognition of the excellent research undertaken by our students, which is a cornerstone of our degree programme. As a department, we ...
The following example is my own actual undergraduate dissertation. It is a number of years old now but rather than have it sit in a digital vault never to be seen again, I thought I would utilise it as an example for other people. Hopefully, it may offer some insight into how to do one. This dissertation scored 80+/100 making it a mid-first.
The Harvard University Archives' collection of theses, dissertations, and prize papers document the wide range of academic research undertaken by Harvard students over the course of the University's history.. Beyond their value as pieces of original research, these collections document the history of American higher education, chronicling both the growth of Harvard as a major research ...
This article collects a list of undergraduate, master's, and PhD theses and dissertations that have won prizes for their high-quality research. Note As you read the examples below, bear in mind that all universities have their own guidelines for writing theses and dissertations. The requirements for length, format, and structure often vary by ...
Abstract or executive summary. The dissertation abstract (or executive summary for some degrees) serves to provide the first-time reader (and marker or moderator) with a big-picture view of your research project. It should give them an understanding of the key insights and findings from the research, without them needing to read the rest of the report - in other words, it should be able to ...
Education is the process of teaching or learning, especially systematically during childhood and adolescence, in a school or college, or the knowledge that someone gains from this. Post study, education can mean the imparting or acquiring of specific knowledge or skills required for a task, or profession for example. View All Dissertation Examples
Theses/Dissertations from 2010. PDF. Data-Driven Decision-Making: A Case Study of How A School District Uses Data to Inform Reading Instruction, Terese Ann Brecklin. PDF. Learning With and Because of Each Other: A High School Art Portfolio Class as a Community of Practice, Gregory Robert Frederick. PDF.
Theses and dissertations completed by undergraduate and graduate students at the University of New England.* *This is not the complete collection of UNE theses and dissertations, as deposit is not universally required and, prior to 2015, theses were added to the UNE Libraries' physical collection and may be available for viewing only within the Ketchum Library.
If you're just starting out exploring education-related topics for your dissertation, thesis or research project, you've come to the right place. In this post, we'll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of research topics and ideas , including examples from actual dissertations and theses..
Writing a proposal or prospectus can be a challenge, but we've compiled some examples for you to get your started. Example #1: "Geographic Representations of the Planet Mars, 1867-1907" by Maria Lane. Example #2: "Individuals and the State in Late Bronze Age Greece: Messenian Perspectives on Mycenaean Society" by Dimitri Nakassis.
Brown and Szeman (2000) agree with this appraisal of Bourdieu's ideas. They argue that what these artists achieve is the institutionalisation of their particular brand of avant guard. Download. Browse and download our free example full-length dissertations to use as research in your own undergraduate dissertation writing.
The Keyperson role supported within the EYFS (2007) draws on one of the seminal theories of early childhood development, Bowlby's theory of attachment (1980). Bowlby (1980) saw attachment as an evolutionary based and innate process whereby the development of a strong nurturing bond between mother and child develops during early infancy.