how to get chatgpt to write a research paper

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ChatGPT for Research and Publication: A Step-by-Step Guide

Som s. biswas.

Department of Pediatric Radiology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.

Introduction

This commentary provides a concise step-by-step guide on using ChatGPT, an advanced natural language processing (NLP) model, for research and publication purposes. The guide assesses crucial aspects, including data preprocessing, fine-tuning techniques, prompt engineering, and ethical considerations. By addressing challenges related to biases, interpretability, and plagiarism, this commentary offers insights and recommendations for the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT. The guide empowers researchers to ethically integrate ChatGPT effectively into their workflows, enhancing productivity and improving the quality of their scientific publications. Through clear instructions and guidelines, researchers can tap into the transformative potential of ChatGPT, driving scientific progress in a language-driven world.

In recent years, the field of NLP has witnessed remarkable advancements, bringing us closer to the realm of humanlike language generation. Among these advancements, ChatGPT, based on the groundbreaking GPT-3.5 architecture developed by OpenAI, stands as an impressive language model capable of generating coherent and contextually relevant text responses. With its ability to understand and respond to user inputs, ChatGPT has opened up new possibilities for various applications, including research and publication. 1 – 3

The traditional process of conducting research and publishing scientific papers has been significantly transformed by the emergence of ChatGPT. Researchers and authors can now leverage the power of this sophisticated language model to streamline and enhance their workflow, leading to improved efficiency and higher-quality publications. However, using ChatGPT effectively in the research and publication domain requires a comprehensive understanding of its capabilities, limitations, and best practices.

In this commentary I offer my thoughts for a step-by-step guide for researchers and authors who seek to harness the potential of ChatGPT in their research endeavors and publication efforts. By exploring various aspects, such as data preprocessing, fine-tuning techniques, prompt engineering, and ethical considerations, this guide will equip researchers with the necessary knowledge to harness the full potential of ChatGPT in their scientific pursuits. Moreover, this commentary will delve into the challenges associated with using ChatGPT for research and publication, including biases, interpretability, and concerns regarding plagiarism. By addressing these challenges directly, I aim to provide researchers with valuable insights and recommendations to navigate these important issues and ensure the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT as a research tool. 4

The significance of my guide lies in its potential to bridge the gap between the rapid progress of language models like ChatGPT and the research and publication process. By elucidating the intricacies of integrating ChatGPT into scientific workflows, researchers will be empowered to leverage this advanced technology effectively, thereby enhancing the overall quality and impact of their research output. 5 In the following sections, I present a comprehensive overview of the steps involved in using ChatGPT for research and publication.

Step 1: Title and Title Page Creation by ChatGPT

ChatGPT can be a valuable tool in generating titles for research papers. Its ability to understand and generate humanlike text allows it to analyze and synthesize information provided by researchers to craft concise and impactful titles. By leveraging its vast knowledge base and language capabilities, ChatGPT can assist in capturing the essence of a research paper, conveying the main focus and contributions succinctly. Researchers can collaborate with ChatGPT by providing relevant information, such as the subject, objectives, methodology, and key findings of their study. ChatGPT can then generate multiple title options, offering different perspectives and angles that researchers can consider. This collaboration with ChatGPT can save time and stimulate creativity, helping researchers refine their titles to accurately represent their work and engage potential readers. ChatGPT can then be used to create the entire title page and then can also customize based on each journal’s recommendations.

For example:

Thus, we see that ChatGPT can write an entire title page based on just the title and author details. We notice that ChatGPT has created an email address that is incorrect and needs manual rectification. However, the rest of the title page, including keywords and the running title, is appropriate.

Step 2: Abstract/Summary Creation by chatGPT

ChatGPT can assist in condensing complex information into a clear and engaging abstract/summary, helping researchers communicate the significance and novelty of their research to a wider audience. By leveraging the language proficiency of ChatGPT, researchers can save time and effort in crafting abstracts while ensuring that the key aspects of their study are accurately represented.

In this example, we demonstrate that ChatGPT can create an entire abstract just by using the title alone. However, the more information researchers provide (preferably the entire body of the paper should be entered into chatGPT), the more accurate the abstract becomes.

Step 3: Introduction Creation by ChatGPT

By collaborating with ChatGPT, researchers can provide key information, such as the background, significance, and objectives of their study. ChatGPT can then generate a well-structured introduction that sets the context, highlights the relevance of the research, and outlines the paper’s objectives. Also, ChatGPT can be used to generate keywords and generate an abbreviations list from the article by using prompts. However, it is important to note that the generated introduction should be reviewed, customized, and refined by the researchers to align with their specific study and writing style.

In the example below, we note that ChatGPT has not only created an introduction but also the objectives of the study, which can then be edited by the human author.

Step 4: Can ChatGPT Create a Literature Review?

Yes, ChatGPT can help generate a literature review, but it is important to note that it may not have access to the most up-to-date research articles and studies due to copyrights and limited access to some journals. Additionally, a literature review typically requires a comprehensive analysis of multiple sources, so the generated response may not cover all relevant studies. Nonetheless, it can assist in providing a basic literature review on a given topic, which will need human authors to add to and edit it.

As we can see, ChatGPT is not as good at giving a detailed review of the literature as it is at summarizing contents or creating an introduction. Thus, its use is limited, if there is any at all, in this section of the paper.

Step 5: Can ChatGPT Assist in Brainstorming the Methodology of Studies?

ChatGPT can be a helpful tool in conceptualizing the methodology for research papers. By engaging in a conversation with ChatGPT, researchers can discuss their research objectives, study design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques. ChatGPT’s natural language understanding allows it to provide suggestions and insights based on its knowledge base and understanding of research methodologies. Although ChatGPT can assist in generating ideas and providing guidance, it is important for researchers to critically evaluate and adapt the suggestions to align with their specific research goals and requirements.

Although the methodology is something that is unique to each paper and needs a human researcher to conceptualize it, we see in this example that ChatGPT can assist by giving ideas and examples based on the input of the title by the human researcher. Thus, ChatGPT can be part of brainstorming sessions when conceptualizing a study, although this section needs significant editing by a human, unlike the introduction or summary.

Step 6: Do Not Use ChatGPT for Fabricating Patient Data or Results!

This section of the paper must be authentic, and ChatGPT has a limited role, if any, because patient data have to be original. ChatGPT also currently cannot analyze clinical data compared with statistical software, like SPSS Statistics and Base SAS. However, Microsoft appears to be developing an Excel copilot that uses AI to create graphs and plots, and its use needs to be evaluated once it is released to the public. 6

Step 7: Discussion and Conclusions

This section of the paper can be generated by ChatGPT if all results are pasted as input; however, this section also needs manual editing because inaccuracies are common. By discussing their research with ChatGPT, researchers can also identify potential limitations, discuss the broader implications of their findings, and propose future research directions. Although ChatGPT can generate suggestions and facilitate the thought process, it is important for researchers to critically evaluate the information provided and ensure that the Discussion and Conclusion sections align with the specific research objectives and findings of their study. Ultimately, ChatGPT can serve as a supportive tool in developing a comprehensive and well-rounded discussion and conclusion for research papers.

Step 8: References

As per the author's experience, although ChatGPT is capable of creating references for an article, most of them are incorrect. So, using ChatGPT for creating references is not recommended. However, ChatGPT can convert references into any journaling style if the references are entered into ChatGPT and it is asked to convert them into a specific style.

Disadvantages of Using ChatGPT in Research

Although ChatGPT offers numerous advantages for assisting in the writing of research papers, there are also some important potential disadvantages to consider:

• Lack of domain expertise: ChatGPT is a general-purpose language model trained on a diverse range of Internet text, which means it may lack the specific domain expertise required for certain research topics. It may generate responses that are not accurate or well informed in specialized fields, potentially leading to incorrect or misleading information in research papers.
• Inconsistency and variability: ChatGPT’s responses can be inconsistent and vary depending on the input phrasing or prompt formulation. This can lead to unpredictability in generating reliable and coherent content, requiring additional effort to refine and ensure accuracy in research papers.
• Limited control over output: Although researchers can guide the model’s responses through prompts, ChatGPT’s generation process is still primarily autonomous. Researchers have limited control over the precise content and structure of the generated text, which may require careful editing and review to align with specific research goals, standards, and above all, accuracy.
• Biases and ethical considerations: Language models like ChatGPT can inadvertently reflect biases present in the training data. These biases may perpetuate existing societal or cultural biases in research papers, potentially leading to unfair or discriminatory content. The careful examination and mitigation of biases are crucial to ensure ethical and unbiased research output. 7
• Lack of interpretability: ChatGPT’s decision-making process is complex and not easily interpretable. Researchers may struggle to understand the reasoning behind the model’s generated responses, making it challenging to assess the reliability and credibility of the information provided. Ensuring transparency and interpretability in research papers becomes more challenging with such models. ChatGPT should cite the sources for its data, like Google Bard does.
• Plagiarism concerns: Because of its vast training data from the Internet, ChatGPT may inadvertently generate text that resembles or replicates existing content without proper citation or attribution. Researchers must be cautious about unintentional plagiarism and ensure that generated content is appropriately referenced and original. So, all ChatGPt-generated articles need to be double checked using antiplagiarism software.

In this commentary I have provided a comprehensive step-by-step guide for researchers and authors on harnessing the power of ChatGPT in the realm of research and publication. By exploring crucial aspects, such as data preprocessing, fine-tuning techniques, prompt engineering, and ethical considerations, the guide equips researchers with the necessary knowledge and tools to effectively integrate ChatGPT into their scientific workflows. 8

Through clear instructions, examples, and guidelines, researchers can navigate the complexities of using ChatGPT, leading to enhanced productivity and improved quality in their research output. Moreover, I address the challenges associated with biases, interpretability, and plagiarism concerns, ensuring the responsible and ethical usage of ChatGPT as a research tool.

The significance of this research lies in its ability to bridge the gap between the rapid advancements in language models like ChatGPT and the research and publication process. By empowering researchers with the skills to leverage ChatGPT effectively, this guide fosters innovation, drives scientific progress, and opens up new possibilities for transformative contributions to various fields. 9

As language-driven technologies continue to evolve, researchers must stay abreast of the latest advancements and best practices. The step-by-step guide presented in this commentary serves as a valuable resource, providing researchers with the knowledge and guidance necessary to maximize the potential of ChatGPT in their research endeavors. By embracing the capabilities of ChatGPT and ensuring its responsible and ethical use, researchers can revolutionize the way research and publications are conducted. With ChatGPT as a powerful tool in their arsenal, researchers are poised to make significant strides in their respective fields, pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge and ushering in a new era of language-driven innovation. 10

However, and to reiterate, I cannot overemphasize that ChatGPT has, at present, many disadvantages, including inconsistencies, bias, and plagiarism concerns, that must be addressed by the human author before the article is submitted for publication to a journal, as well as prior to publication, because the human author(s) is solely responsible for their research integrity and accurate reporting.

In conclusion, I have attempted to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of how to effectively leverage ChatGPT for research and publication purposes. It has also highlighted the problems and precautions that the human author(s) must take before publishing ChatGPT-generated content. By embracing this step-by-step guide, researchers can unlock the full potential of ChatGPT, driving scientific progress and shaping the future of research and publications.

• Please use ChatGPT only if allowed by your institution, research lab, and the journal in question.
• Please acknowledge ChatGPT within your manuscript/published paper wherever you are using it.
• Please do not fabricate or plagiarize data. ChatGPT can be used only for summarizing texts, improving English writeups, and brainstorming ideas, and not for creating fabricated research raw data.

Acknowledgment.

The author acknowledges that this article was partially generated by ChatGPT (powered by OpenAI’s language model, GPT-3; http://openai.com ). The editing was performed by the human author.

Disclosures. The author declare no conflicts or financial interest in any product or service mentioned in the manuscript, including grants, equipment, medications, employment, gifts, and honoraria.

Home → Academic Writing → How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Research Paper: Tips and Tricks to Get You Started

How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Research Paper: Tips and Tricks to Get You Started

Jordan Kruszynski

• January 4, 2024

If you’re an academic, you’ve probably spent a lot of time planning and writing research papers. It’s a fine art, and one that requires a fair amount of skill, precision and preparation. But whether you’re an old master in the field, or a rookie embarking on your first serious research paper, there are tools that can help you to simplify the planning stages and organise your thoughts more effectively.

One of those tools is the (in)famous ChatGPT , and it’s this that we’ll be focusing on in our article. In the right hands, ChatGPT can become a powerful research tool that will make your paper-writing that little bit easier. So sit back, relax, and discover our tips and tricks for using ChatGPT to write a research paper.

What is ChatGPT?

Just in case you don’t already know, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool developed by OpenAI that can help you with your research. It uses natural language processing to understand what you’re looking for and provide you with relevant information. You can ask it questions, and it will provide you with answers in a conversational style, as well as offer sources to back up its information.

One of the biggest advantages of ChatGPT is that it can save you time. Instead of spending hours searching for sources, you can simply ask ChatGPT for help. This can bring you a reliable list of sources for further investigation fairly quickly. It’s crucial to note however that the AI shouldn’t be exploited to do the actual writing of the paper for you. This could see you accused of plagiarism or misconduct, and besides, as a researcher, you’re probably rightfully proud of your ability to write a compelling paper.

Another advantage of ChatGPT is that it’s always available (even when libraries or other sources of information might be inaccessible) so you can work on your research paper at any time of day or night.

Interested in learning more about how AI programs like ChatGPT are changing the academic landscape? Listen to Oxford researcher Samantha-Kaye Johnston’s views from the frontline in this exciting episode of The Research Beat podcast.

The benefits of using ChatGPT to write a research paper

There are many benefits to using ChatGPT for research papers. Firstly, as we mentioned earlier, it can save you time . A slow drag of several hours looking for specific sources can be reduced to just a few minutes with the AI’s help.

Secondly, it can help you find sources that you might not have found otherwise . ChatGPT has access to a wide range of sources, including academic journals and books.

Thirdly, it can help you organise your research . ChatGPT can provide you with a summary of the information you’ve gathered, making it easier to analyse and integrate into your research paper.

How to use ChatGPT to write a research paper – a step by step guide

• Start by creating a list of questions that you want to answer in your research paper.
• Open ChatGPT and ask it one of the questions on your list, for example, ‘What is the critical history of feminist literature in Europe?’
• ChatGPT will provide you with a list of sources to check out.
• Read through the sources and take notes on the information that is relevant to your research question.
• Repeat steps 2-4 for each question on your list.
• Once you’ve gathered all of your information, organise it into an outline for your research paper.
• Use the information you’ve gathered to write your research paper.

Working with your sources

Once you have your sources in order, you might want to use prompts to get help from ChatGPT with other parts of the writing process. A prompt is a specific instruction to the AI that can give you tailored information or responses. For example, if you’re struggling to understand part of another research paper, you could use the following prompt:

‘Please explain the following paragraphs in simple words. I am having trouble understanding (insert concept here).’

Input the prompt along with the relevant passage from the source, and ChatGPT will provide a summary that could help you to unlock your understanding of the tricky concept.

Looking for ChatGPT prompts tailor-made for academics? Check out Audemic’s list of over 50 prompts to help you with your work and research!

Writing tips and tricks for using ChatGPT

When using ChatGPT to write a research paper, it’s important to keep a few things in mind. Firstly, make sure that you’re using reliable sources . ChatGPT can provide you with a list of sources, but it’s up to you to determine which ones are reliable.

Secondly, make sure that you’re paraphrasing the information you’ve gathered in your own words . You don’t want to cheat or be accused of it.

Finally, make sure that you’re using the information you’ve gathered to answer your research questions . Everything you uncover through ChatGPT should be used to feed your own understanding and improve the quality and precision of your answers.

Common mistakes to avoid when using ChatGPT to write a research paper

While ChatGPT is an excellent tool for research papers, there are some common mistakes to avoid:

• Crucially, don’t rely too heavily on ChatGPT. It’s essential to do some of your research on your own and use ChatGPT to supplement it.
• Don’t forget to cite your sources correctly. Just because ChatGPT provided you with the information doesn’t mean that you don’t need to cite it. Moreover, ChatGPT cannot actually produce academic citations for you.
• Always remember to proofread your research paper carefully, especially if you’ve used AI elements to construct it.

ChatGPT vs. traditional research methods

While traditional research methods have their advantages and always will, ChatGPT, as we’ve seen, has some of its own. We think one of the best uses for AI programs like ChatGPT is to accelerate parts of the paper-writing process that would otherwise take hours. If you can use the AI to produce a list of interesting and relevant sources, then you can get to work quickly as an academic, studying and analysing those sources to determine their value within your paper. In general, if you approach ChatGPT with an attitude of maintaining quality and integrity, then it can only enhance your work.

Final Thoughts

ChatGPT is everywhere at the moment, and while it has stirred up a great deal of controversy thanks to its implications for academic integrity, it can be an excellent tool for helping to write research papers . The key is using it correctly, and not relying too heavily on it. Focusing on how it can enhance your already-sharp academic writing skills will allow you to save time, find plenty of valuable sources, and organise your paper’s structure more effectively. And that’s how to use ChatGPT to write a research paper!

ChatGPT is not the only AI tool that can help with these parts of the paper-writing puzzle. If you want to listen to academic papers, break them down into digestible pieces and freely take notes on them, then Audemic is waiting for you. Try it for free today!

Keep striving, researchers! ✨

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• Using ChatGPT for Assignments | Tips & Examples

Using ChatGPT for Assignments | Tips & Examples

Published on February 13, 2023 by Jack Caulfield and Tobias Solis. Revised on November 16, 2023.

People are still figuring out the best use cases for ChatGPT , the popular chatbot based on a powerful AI language model. This article provides some ideas for how to use ChatGPT and other AI tools to assist with your academic writing .

These tools can assist you with the following steps when writing a paper, thesis , or dissertation :

• Developing a research question
• Creating an outline
• Generating literature ideas

Paraphrasing and summarizing text

• Getting feedback

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Table of contents

Developing a research question with chatgpt, creating an outline of your paper with chatgpt, generate literature ideas, getting feedback from chatgpt, limitations of chatgpt, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions.

You can use ChatGPT to help you formulate a clear and concise research question by generating and improving potential questions.

With the help of ChatGPT, you can develop a large number of possible research questions within a short time. This is a great way to generate ideas and different approaches to a topic.

However, make sure that the generated questions make sense and meet your needs. As you can see from our example, you can keep working with ChatGPT to adapt its suggestions to your needs (or just edit the text directly if you already have a clear idea of what you want).

First input

Develop three possible research questions on the following topic: “The influence of social media on political opinion formation.”

ChatGPT output

• To what extent does exposure to diverse political perspectives on social media affect individuals’ political opinions and behaviors?
• How does the personalized algorithm of social media platforms shape the formation of political opinions among its users?
• What are the underlying factors that determine the effect of social media on political opinion formation, and how can they be measured and analyzed?

Second input

Based on the second research question, develop three further research questions on the topic of polarization in US politics.

• Build my scientific method, qualitative discourse analysis, into each question
• Include the term “filter bubble” in each question
• How does the filter bubble effect on social media platforms contribute to the polarization of political attitudes in the US? A qualitative discourse analysis.
• What is the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers in the US? A qualitative discourse analysis.
• How does the influence of filter bubbles on social media affect the ability of individuals to engage in productive political discourse across ideological divides in the US? A qualitative discourse analysis.

Third input

Try to incorporate “qualitative discourse analysis” into the questions themselves, instead of using it as a separate sentence.

• How does a qualitative discourse analysis of filter bubble effect on social media platforms contribute to understanding the polarization of political attitudes in the US?
• What is the contribution of a qualitative discourse analysis to understanding the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers in the US?
• How does a qualitative discourse analysis of the influence of filter bubbles on social media inform our understanding of the ability of individuals to engage in productive political discourse across ideological divides in the US?

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You can also use ChatGPT to help you draft a research paper outline or thesis outline . To do this, try generating possible headings and subheadings and then improving them. ChatGPT can help to generate a clear and well-structured outline, especially if you keep adjusting the structure with its help.

However, it doesn’t have a deep understanding of your topic. As a result, inappropriate headings may sometimes be generated. It’s important to check that the outline makes sense and covers all the points needed to answer your research question.

You should also ensure that the headings and subheadings follow a logical structure. Scribbr’s Proofreading & Editing service can help you with this.

Create an outline for an academic research paper with the following research question:

“What is the contribution of a qualitative discourse analysis to understanding the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers in the US?”

The paper will be about 8 pages long.

• Background information on filter bubbles and political echo chambers
• Purpose of the study
• Research question
• Thesis statement
• Definition and concept of filter bubbles
• Definition and concept of political echo chambers
• Previous studies on the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers
• Critiques and limitations of previous studies
• Research design
• Participants
• Data collection and analysis
• Validity and reliability
• Findings from qualitative discourse analysis
• Results related to the research question
• Implications of the findings
• Interpretation of the results
• Comparison with previous studies
• Limitations of the study
• Implications for future research
• Summary of the results
• Implications for understanding the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers
• Conclusion and recommendations for future research
• List of references used in the paper
• Data collection materials
• Examples of qualitative data analysis

This seems like too much information to fit into only 8 pages. Can you condense the outline, for example removing the appendices and simplifying the structure?

• Background on filter bubbles and political echo chambers
• Definition of filter bubbles and political echo chambers
• Previous studies on the role of filter bubbles
• Limitations of previous studies
• Implications for understanding the role of filter bubbles
• Final thoughts

ChatGPT can be a useful way to generate ideas regarding what sources you might use in your work. Try asking it for suggestions about where to look and what to consider.

However, we advise against using it to find sources directly. It’s not designed for this and, if asked to do it, often just creates fake sources and presents them as real. Search a database like Google Scholar instead.

What types of sources could I use to write a paper on the following research question?

When writing a paper on the contribution of qualitative discourse analysis to understanding the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating and reinforcing political echo chambers in the US, you could use the following types of sources:

• Academic journals and articles: These are a good place to start when you’re looking for information on specific topics and they can provide you with in-depth analysis and perspectives on the topic at hand.
• Books and book chapters: These sources can provide comprehensive overviews of a particular topic and can also offer theoretical frameworks and historical perspectives.
• Government reports and studies: Government agencies, such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), may have conducted studies on the role of filter bubbles in perpetuating political echo chambers.
• News articles and media reports: These sources can provide insight into the current state of the issue, as well as opinions from various stakeholders.
• Online sources: Websites, blogs, and online forums can provide a range of perspectives on the topic and can also be useful in exploring the experiences of individuals who are affected by filter bubbles and political echo chambers.
• Data and statistics: Relevant data and statistics on the prevalence and impact of filter bubbles and political echo chambers in the US can be useful in providing evidence to support your arguments.
• Expert interviews and focus groups: Conducting expert interviews or focus groups with individuals who have experience with or knowledge of the topic can provide valuable insights and perspectives that can be used to support your arguments.

You can also try using ChatGPT to paraphrase or summarize text. ChatGPT can quickly condense the text or generate a number of different paraphrases of the same idea. You can keep typing “again” in the chat until you are satisfied with the result.

This kind of paraphrasing/summarizing can be helpful to, for example, non-native speakers who want to improve the fluency of their text. However, be careful. The outputs often:

• Contain grammatical errors
• Include false information

So you should always check the output to make sure it’s correct. If you’re unsure, you can run the text through the Scribbr Grammar Checker and cross-reference the information against other, more credible sources .

An alternative is to use the Scribbr Paraphrasing Tool or Scribbr’s free text summarizer , which were designed specifically for these purposes.

Paraphrase the following text:

“A filter bubble results from a social media algorithm’s attempts to cater to an individual user based on data such as their search history and previous behavior on the site. It results in the user only being presented with information that confirms their biases.”

Restructure the sentences and use other phrasings for the following parts:

• “results from”
• “only being presented with”

“A filter bubble is created when a social media algorithm customizes its content for a particular user based on their data, such as their search history and past actions on the platform. This leads to the user being confined to information that reinforces their pre-existing beliefs.” Note We strongly advise against having ChatGPT write text for you and trying to pass it off as your own work. This is academically dishonest and is widely considered plagiarism . It will usually result in an automatic fail, as well as other potential consequences .

You can also use ChatGPT to get feedback on the argumentation and structure of your paper and suggestions for improvements.

An advantage of this is that you can get feedback from ChatGPT on different text excerpts at any time. However, one downside is that ChatGPT does not have a deep understanding of your research question, so its feedback and suggestions may be shallow or inappropriate.

This kind of feedback cannot replace input from an experienced academic supervisor who’s familiar with your topic. Use ChatGPT feedback as a supplement, not a substitute for human feedback.

If you need in-depth feedback on your writing from someone with academic expertise, try Scribbr’s Proofreading & Editing service .

[Text you want to get feedback on.]

Thank you for submitting your research paper for review. Let me provide you with my constructive criticism:

Clarity of Explanations: Overall, the explanations are clear and concise, but there are a few areas that could benefit from additional clarification. For example, in the first paragraph, you mention “the mental lexicon,” but do not provide a definition or further explanation for what this is. It would also be helpful to provide a definition of “lemma.”

Smoothness of Language: The language in the paper is generally smooth, but there are a few instances where it could be refined. For example, the sentence “The symptoms vary from adding superfluous words and taking pauses to hoarseness of the voice” could be rephrased to “The symptoms of these disorders can range from excessive use of words and pauses to hoarseness.”

Structure of Text: The structure of the text is clear, with each paragraph building on the previous one. However, the transition between the first two paragraphs could be smoother. Perhaps you could add a sentence or two to bridge the gap between the two topics.

Even though ChatGPT is a powerful writing tool, you should keep the following limitations in mind:

No original research

Risk of plagiarism, fake sources, fake “facts”.

ChatGPT was trained using existing texts, and the texts created by the AI are based on this data. It’s not capable of doing its own research, only of synthesizing sources that it was trained on.

Additionally, because the texts that it was trained on only go up to 2021, it’s unfamiliar with more recent world events, cultural trends, and developments in different fields of research. This means it may provide outdated information.

Because ChatGPT was trained using existing text, the AI tends to reuse that content in a way that may be considered plagiarism. The AI may copy text from an online publication in its responses.

Additionally, using ChatGPT to write your assignment for you is considered plagiarism regardless of where it got the content from, because you’re passing off something you didn’t write as your own work.

ChatGPT was trained on a wide variety of sources, but it’s not able to accurately tell you what sources it’s using for any given output. Worse, it has a tendency to make up sources that don’t actually exist when you ask.

In addition, ChatGPT is not designed as a citation generator and cannot add correctly formatted citations to your work. Instead, try a tool designed for this purpose, like the Scribbr Citation Generator .

ChatGPT is not always trustworthy when it comes to giving you factually correct information. While it doesn’t deliberately lie, it also doesn’t have “knowledge” in a traditional sense, and it lacks the ability to verify its claims.

Instead, its responses are based on recognizing and reproducing patterns that it has seen in other texts. This means that if it doesn’t “know” something, it tends to guess. And its guesses are presented with full confidence, just like established facts.

So it’s very important that you carefully check any factual claims made by ChatGPT against more credible sources —and don’t cite ChatGPT as a source of factual information for your research.

If you want more tips on using AI tools , understanding plagiarism , and citing sources , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations, examples, and formats.

• Citing ChatGPT
• Best grammar checker
• Best paraphrasing tool
• ChatGPT in your studies
• Deep learning
• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Best plagiarism checker

Citing sources

• Citation styles
• In-text citation
• Citation examples
• Annotated bibliography

You can use ChatGPT to assist in the writing process for your research paper , thesis , or dissertation in the following ways:

• Paraphrasing text

No, it’s not a good idea to do so in general—first, because it’s normally considered plagiarism or academic dishonesty to represent someone else’s work as your own (even if that “someone” is an AI language model). Even if you cite ChatGPT , you’ll still be penalized unless this is specifically allowed by your university . Institutions may use AI detectors to enforce these rules.

Second, ChatGPT can recombine existing texts, but it cannot really generate new knowledge. And it lacks specialist knowledge of academic topics. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain original research results, and the text produced may contain factual errors.

However, you can usually still use ChatGPT for assignments in other ways, as a source of inspiration and feedback.

No, it is not possible to cite your sources with ChatGPT . You can ask it to create citations, but it isn’t designed for this task and tends to make up sources that don’t exist or present information in the wrong format. ChatGPT also cannot add citations to direct quotes in your text.

Instead, use a tool designed for this purpose, like the Scribbr Citation Generator .

But you can use ChatGPT for assignments in other ways, to provide inspiration, feedback, and general writing advice.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. & Solis, T. (2023, November 16). Using ChatGPT for Assignments | Tips & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved July 29, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/ai-tools/chatgpt-assignments/

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This list of writing prompts covers a range of topics and tasks, including brainstorming research ideas, improving language and style, conducting literature reviews, and developing research plans.

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✨ NEW UPDATE: Literature Review Generator

A Custom GPT for Literature Review Generator has been released. It efficiently parses PDF files of research publications, extracts key themes, and creates a literature review section for your academic publications.

TRY NOW: https://chat.openai.com/g/g-G3U8pZGwC-literature-review-generator

ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing

In this repository, this list of writing prompts covers a range of topics and tasks, including brainstorming research ideas, improving language and style, conducting literature reviews, and developing research plans. Whether you're a student, researcher, or academic professional, these prompts can help you hone your writing abilities and tackle your writing projects with confidence.

Use directly in: chat.openai.com

The list is regularly updated, so you can keep track of new prompts by following this repository.

TIPS: As there is a limit to the number of words that can be used in ChatGPT, you can input your text multiple times using the prompt "Read this [PARAPGRAPH]:" and then run your final prompt "Considering the above text...".

You can also use prompts splitter: chatgpt-prompt-splitter.jjdiaz.dev

BRAINSTORMING

Article sections, title/topic sentence, introduction, literature review.

NOTE: Be careful and double-check article existence. ChatGPT may generate fake references

Methodology

Experiments, future works, improving language, summarization, plan/presentation, working with documents (available only in gpt-4).

Upload a PDF file of a paper then:

Upload a PDF file of your paper then:

Upload PDF files of papers then:

Upload a figure image then:

Contributors 4

Use ChatGPT To Write A Research Paper: Chat GPT For Scientific Papers

Producing academic writing can be daunting, but with ChatGPT, OpenAI’s advanced AI language model, the process becomes more accessible and efficient.

Here, learn how ChatGPT transforms the traditional approach to writing research papers, offering innovative solutions from structuring outlines to crafting intricate arguments.

Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or a novice writer, discover how ChatGPT’s capabilities can enhance your research process, ensuring a comprehensive and well-articulated paper.

Use ChatGPT To Write A Scientific Research Paper 

Step 1: General Introduction

Imagine you’re about to write a scientific research paper. You have a specific topic in mind but are struggling with how to structure your paper or what essential points to include in your introduction.

This is where ChatGPT, OpenAI’s powerful AI language model, steps in to assist in the writing process.

Start by asking ChatGPT to create an outline. For instance, you could provide ChatGPT with your research question and any relevant details about your study.

The AI will generate an outline that covers key aspects of your introduction, helping you to organize your thoughts and structure your paper effectively.

After you’ve brainstormed and provided the necessary prompts, ChatGPT can help draft an initial version of your introduction. Remember, the output generated by ChatGPT may vary, and it’s essential to use ChatGPT in conjunction with your own expertise.

For example, you might tell ChatGPT to write an introduction for a paper on the impact of a certain technology in healthcare. ChatGPT can generate text based on your prompt, providing insights into:

• Existing research,
• Gaps in the literature, and
• The significance of your study.

This initial draft can serve as a valuable foundation for your research paper.

Some prompts that you can use include:

• Develop an introduction that captures the readers’ attention and provides a concise overview of the research topic: [research topic].
• Compose an introductory paragraph that effectively introduces the readers to the topic at hand: [research topic]. Provide background information, and context for the research.
• Create an introduction that sets the stage for an academic article centered around [research topic]. Highlight its rationals, and the structure of the article.

Step 2: Problem Statement

When you use ChatGPT to write a research paper, especially for crafting a problem statement, you begin by providing a clear prompt.

This includes outlining your research question and any specific details about your topic. ChatGPT’s AI language model then processes this information to generate a concise and coherent problem statement.

For instance, if your research paper is on the environmental impact of urban development, you would ask ChatGPT to focus on this specific topic.

The AI can assist by generating text that highlights existing research gaps, the significance of the study, and why addressing this particular issue is vital.

ChatGPT can help structure your paper, creating an outline that seamlessly leads from the problem statement to other sections of your paper.

Remember, the content generated by ChatGPT should be used as a starting point. It’s crucial to review and edit this to ensure originality and accuracy. Proofreading the paper for grammar and making necessary revisions is a must.

Step 3: Research Question :

Writing research questions for your paper can seem daunting, but with ChatGPT, you can streamline this critical part of the writing process. You can start by asking ChatGPT to brainstorm ideas specific to your topic.

Say your research paper is on climate change’s effects on agriculture. Tell ChatGPT, “Generate research questions about the impact of climate change on crop yield.”

ChatGPT’s output will include various questions, such as “How does increased temperature affect wheat production in the Midwest?” These prompts can spark further ideas and help you refine your research objectives.

Remember, while ChatGPT can assist in the research paper writing process, it cannot write the paper entirely. Use the content generated by ChatGPT as a foundation, and then build upon it with your research and insights.

It’s always vital to review and edit the AI-generated material to ensure it aligns with your research goals and fills the gaps in existing literature.

Some example prompts to generate research objectives include:

• Generate a list of potential research questions about [research topic]
• Suggest innovative research questions focusing on [research topic]
• Identify research questions exploring the relationship between [variable 1 in research] and [variable 2 in research]

Step 4: Literature Review

Next, ask ChatGPT to assist in creating an outline for your literature review. For example, if you input, “Create an outline for a literature review on AI and environmental sustainability,” ChatGPT can structure your paper effectively, outlining key:

• and subtopics.

This AI language model excels in organizing research, laying out a coherent structure for your review.

Now, onto the juicy part: generating content. You can provide ChatGPT with prompts like, “Summarise recent studies on AI and renewable energy sources.”

ChatGPT will respond with a synthesis of:

• Incorporating recent studies and
• Key findings.

While ChatGPT can generate text and even suggest citations, it’s always crucial to cross-check and validate these with your research materials.

Remember, ChatGPT’s output is a starting point. You still need to review and edit the content for grammar, punctuation, and relevance to your research topic.

It’s essential to use ChatGPT in conjunction with your expertise, especially when analysing and interpreting data. The AI model can provide a valuable foundation, but the depth and accuracy of your literature review depend on your critical analysis and human expertise.

• Analyze and summarize the existing literature on [research topic], identifying the major theories, methodologies and results used in previous research.
• Analyze the limitations in the existing literature on [research topic], suggesting gaps for further research and exploration.
• Conduct a systematic literature review on [research topic], organising and categorising the relevant research papers based on their research questions, methodologies, and findings.

Step 5: Research Methodology

The next step is structuring your paper, particularly the methodology section. Here, ChatGPT’s prowess in generating an organized outline comes into play.

You can ask ChatGPT to create an outline for your methodology section. This AI tool can suggest various research methods relevant to your topic, such as:

• Qualitative,
• Quantitative, or
• Mixed methods.

It’s like having a virtual research assistant who understands the nuances of scientific research paper writing.

When it comes to the actual content generation, ChatGPT can provide you with a basic draft. For example, you can prompt ChatGPT with, “Generate a draft for the methodology section on a paper about online learning effectiveness.”

ChatGPT will produce a text that covers key aspects like:

• Sample size,
• Data collection methods, and
• Analysis techniques.

While ChatGPT can generate content, it’s essential to use it in conjunction with your own expertise. The content needs to be reviewed and edited to fit your specific research context.

ChatGPT can assist in organising your research and generating initial drafts, but the accuracy and relevancy of the methodology depend on your input and analysis.

• Write a detailed methodology section for conducting a qualitative study on [research topic].
• Create a data collection plan and describe the data analysis techniques in a quantitative research study on [research topic]
• Suggest a research design and methodology for conducting an experimental study on [research topic].

Step 6: Findings

Once you’ve gathered your data, the next step is to make sense of it. Here, ChatGPT can be used to brainstorm different ways to analyse and interpret your data. 

If your research paper is on the effects of a new educational strategy on student performance, you can ask ChatGPT to suggest various statistical methods to analyze your results. 

ChatGPT’s ability to process natural language and generate text-based suggestions can provide you with unique insights that may not have been immediately apparent.

When it comes to writing about your findings, ChatGPT can assist in structuring this section of your paper. You can tell ChatGPT about the results you obtained and ask for help in creating an outline that effectively presents these findings.

The AI model can suggest how to organize your results, discuss their implications, and highlight key points that are relevant to your research question.

You will need to review, edit, and ensure that the findings are accurately represented and align with the collected data.

• Analyse the findings related to [research topic] below, and then present and interpret the quantitative data collected below in a comprehensive report.
• Discuss the reliability and validity of the data about  [research topic] in the study below, based on relevant literature.
• Describe the key patterns and trends observed in the qualitative data gathered during the research on [research topic].

Use Chat GPT To Brainstorm And Write A Research Paper

ChatGPT emerges as a revolutionary tool in the realm of academic writing, offering unparalleled assistance in crafting research papers. Its ability to generate ideas, structure content, and provide insights makes it an invaluable asset for researchers and students alike.

It’s important to remember that while ChatGPT is a powerful aid, the uniqueness and depth of a research paper ultimately depend on the writer’s critical thinking and expertise. Embrace ChatGPT as a collaborative partner in your scholarly endeavours for enhanced research and writing efficiency.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

Thank you for visiting Academia Insider.

We are here to help you navigate Academia as painlessly as possible. We are supported by our readers and by visiting you are helping us earn a small amount through ads and affiliate revenue - Thank you!

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ZDNET's editorial team writes on behalf of you, our reader. Our goal is to deliver the most accurate information and the most knowledgeable advice possible in order to help you make smarter buying decisions on tech gear and a wide array of products and services. Our editors thoroughly review and fact-check every article to ensure that our content meets the highest standards. If we have made an error or published misleading information, we will correct or clarify the article. If you see inaccuracies in our content, please report the mistake via this form .

How to use ChatGPT to summarize a book, article, or research paper

AI chatbots like ChatGPT can be used to make summarizing long articles, research papers, and books an easier job. If you're tasked with writing a summary for school or work about a body of written text, and you're pinched for time, ChatGPT can help you understand the necessary components.

You should remember that ChatGPT is a tool that can help you further understand a topic, and it may not be in your best interest to have it write your work for you.

Also:   How to make ChatGPT provide sources and citations

If you're a student writing a research paper, someone who is keen to discover more about a lengthy article, or someone who wants to dive into a complicated subject, you can use ChatGPT to simplify the process.

How ChatGPT can create summaries for you

Materials needed : You'll need a device that can connect to the internet, an OpenAI account , and a basic understanding of the article, research paper, or book you want to summarize. 

Also:  This AI chatbot can sum up any PDF and answer any question you have about it

The process should take about one to three minutes.

1. Find your article, paper, or book to summarize

If you need ChatGPT to help summarize an article or research paper, find the body of text online and keep it open in a separate tab.

2. Open your web browser and log in to OpenAI

Open your web browser of choice and type in chat.openai.com/chat . 

Also: How to use ChatGPT to write Excel formulas

Log in or sign up for an account. 

3. Type your request

In the chat box, type in TLDR: followed by the title of the book you want summarized. TLDR stands for too long, didn't read. 

Also: How to use ChatGPT: Everything you need to know

You can also ask ChatGPT: "Summarize [book title]." 

You cannot paste a URL into ChatGPT. If you do so, you'll get a response explaining that the chatbot cannot access websites. If you want ChatGPT to summarize research, you'll need a basic understanding of the topic to ensure you aren't including inaccurate information in your report.

For example, if you're writing a paper about how twin sibling dynamics affect their marriages, you can ask ChatGPT: "Explain how twin relationships affect their marriages."

Also:   The best AI chatbots: ChatGPT and other noteworthy alternatives 

ChatGPT will offer you a few bullet points of both positive and negative effects a twin bond can have on the twins' marriages. You'll still need to read key points of the research, as ChatGPT won't provide you with specific statistics or scientific conclusions. But ChatGPT can help you understand the context surrounding the research you're interested in.

If you're having trouble comprehending specific passages in an article, book, or research paper, you can copy parts of the text and paste them into ChatGPT.

Think of this method as reshuffling the words you're currently reading to help you make more sense of the text in front of you.

This is an accurate summary of 'The Hunger Games: Mockingjay'.

What are ChatGPT's limitations?

If you're using ChatGPT to summarize an article, book, or piece of research, keep in mind that ChatGPT isn't aware of events that occurred after September 2021. 

Also:   4 things Claude AI can do that ChatGPT can't

ChatGPT is a large language model that uses queues and millions of data points to mimic human responses. This form of mimicry is why ChatGPT will answer questions even when it doesn't output the correct answer. So, make sure you're not using any information from ChatGPT without fact-checking it.

If you try to get around this obstacle and provide ChatGPT with an article that contains information post-2021, it might hallucinate. Here, I asked the chatbot to summarize an article about a new app I wrote about , and it made up a few details. 

Lemon8 is a new app from TikTok's parent company, ByteDance. Although the TikTok trend may exist, that's not what the article is about.

Can ChatGPT summarize a PDF?

Copying and pasting a URL into ChatGPT won't yield you the best results. If there is a specific paragraph or sentence you're struggling with, you can copy and paste it into ChatGPT and ask it to explain it to you. Still, it's best to read the PDF and use the chatbot as a summary tool and not as an educator. 

Also:  How to use ChatGPT to write code

If you're looking for an AI chatbot that you can regularly rely on to give you an accurate summary of a PDF, consider using ChatPDF . You can summarize up to three PDFs of up to 120 pages per day, and an upgraded plan is available for $5 per month.

Can ChatGPT summarize an email thread?

Sort of. If you want to copy and paste every single email, ChatGPT can summarize the thread's contents for you. It would be more helpful to scan an email thread yourself and ask ChatGPT to help you write a response based on the key points you know about the conversation. 

Editor's note: We've added additional context to the step concerning ChatGPT summarizing articles by URL. 

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How to Use ChatGPT in Scientific Writing: Tips and Tricks

Updated December 11th, 2023

In this article, we want to adress a very current but controversial topic: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) language models such as ChatGPT in scientific writing . There are several ways you can utilize ChatGPT while you are doing research or while you are writing a scientific manuscript. In this article we will cover several possibilities on how to use ChatGPT in scientific writing. Please also read how to write a scientific paper before you ask ChatGPT anything about it.

Disclaimer : As an advanced AI model capable of understanding and generating natural language, ChatGPT can help you in multiple ways. But although the title of this article is “How to use ChatGPT in Scientific Writing”, be aware of the following:

Do not use ChatGPT to write actual text for your scientific manuscript!

ChatGPT may generate wrong and plagiarized content. Although you can check the output of ChatGPT with tools such as PlagiaShield , you should always be extra careful when copying any parts. Otherwise, you might get your research rejected instantly .

What to Consider Before ChatGPT Can Help You in Scientific Writing

First of all, it is important how you perceive ChatGPT .

It is by no means an automatic typewriter that generates text to be copied and pasted into your manuscript, presentation or other scientific documents. Rather, I suggest that you think of ChatGPT as an assistant that can help you with many things. However, it also has some limitations that you should be aware of before implementing ChatGPT into any of your workflows. In science, ChatGPT may only be of use, if the user (you) has substantial knowledge and experience in her/his field. You need to be able to differenciate meaninful from useless and more important right from wrong information.

It is tempting to give ChatGPT a prompt such as “write me an introduction for a scientific paper with the following title: ‘XYZ'”. I can only recommend everyone to try it – once! The result will make some sense and there might be some valuable information in it but it will most likely not suit your specific topic or thesis. The potential of ChatGPT lies in somewhat more sophisticated approaches.

The Top 6 Applications for ChatGPT in Scientific Writing

Let’s now dive into specific areas and explore how to use ChatGPT for scientific writing. Here we will briefly go through the 5 best ways to use ChatGPT while doing research or writing a scientific manuscript. Each point will be discussed in detail below with example prompts.

• Brainstorming and Finding Arguments
• Summarizing and Concentrating
• Paraphrasing and Simplifying
• Identifying Key Words and Key Points
• Creating Figures and Graphs
• Find Alternative Phrases and Synonyms

But now let us go into details so you can learn how ChatGPT can help you with your scientific research.

1. Brainstorming and Finding Arguments

ChatGPT is a great tool to help with generating ideas, finding arguments and general brainstorming. This can be helpful either before you start collecting information or after you already gathered some data in order to check if you maybe missed a relevant point.

How to Brainstorm in Scientific Writing Using ChatGPT

For example, you can ask ChatGPT: “ Give me treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma. Use bullet points .”

It will give you an output that will look something like this:

ChatGPT : Sure, here are the treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma in bullet points:

• Surgery (resection or liver transplant)
• Radiofrequency ablation (heat to destroy cancer cells)
• Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) (chemotherapy drugs injected directly into tumor)
• Systemic chemotherapy (drugs given through the bloodstream)
• Targeted therapy (drugs that target specific proteins or pathways involved in cancer growth)
• Immunotherapy (drugs that help the immune system to fight cancer)
• Radiation therapy (high-energy radiation used to kill cancer cells)
• Palliative care (treatment to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life)

At first sight, this list seems quite complete but depending on your level of expertise you might find that there are things missing (what about radioembolization, microwave ablation etc.). Maybe there will even be obvious mistakes. This is especially important in fields with rapid developments or novel innovations. As ChatGPT has no access to very current data, you need to be able to identify mistakes or gaps in its output .

However, lets say you already made your list and discussed treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma but somehow missed to include transarterial chemoembolization . In this case, ChatGPT will make you aware of this gap and will allow you to make your text or list more comprehensive. Again, please always be critical about the output and do additional scientiftific research by yourself to fact-check if you are not entirely sure about some things.

How to Use ChatGPT to Compare Things and Find Arguments in Scientific Writing

Given the huge data set that ChatGPT is trained on, it knows a lot about a lot of things. Therefore, you can use it to compare things and find arguments for different items.

For example, you could ask ChatGPT: “ Compare radiofrequency and microwave ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma “.

In this case, my test output looked like this:

ChatGPT : Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) are two minimally invasive procedures used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both techniques aim to destroy cancerous tissue using thermal energy. However, there are some differences between the two methods:

• Mechanism of action: RFA uses high-frequency electrical currents to generate heat, while MWA uses electromagnetic waves to generate heat. MWA can achieve higher temperatures in a shorter amount of time.
• Tumor size: RFA is generally more effective for smaller tumors, typically those less than 3 cm in size. MWA may be better for larger tumors, as it can create a larger ablation zone.
• Procedural time: RFA requires a longer procedural time than MWA. MWA can complete treatment in a shorter time.
• Complications: Both RFA and MWA are generally safe and have few complications. However, there is a slightly higher risk of thermal injury to nearby tissues with MWA.
• Cost: MWA is generally more expensive than RFA.

In summary, RFA and MWA are both effective treatment options for HCC, but the choice between the two may depend on the tumor size and location, as well as the patient’s individual situation and the availability of the techniques in the treatment center.

Again, you need specific knowledge to evaluate this information with regard to the correctness. However, you will get some information of points, where you can get into more detail. For example, maybe you did not include potential differences in procedural time in your discussion. You now can research this point regarding real and authorized information and then add this to your discussion citing the respective references.

Helpful ressources to perform scientific literature research are PubMed and GoogleScholar (among many others).

2. Summarizing and Concentrating

ChatGPT is great in summarizing and modifying text. You can copy and paste any text into the search field and tell it to summarize it into one paragraph or even into single sentences. Or you can even tell it to summarize prior studies for you. Again, there are some things to know beforehand and you are asked to critically evaluate the output.

How to Use ChatGPT for Summarizing Scientific Texts

For example, you can give ChatGPT a scientific text as input. In this test case, I put the first section of the Wikipedia Article of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the text box and told it to summarize it using just 3 sentences. “ TEXT. Summarize this. Three sentences .”

Using this prompt, I received the following output:

ChatGPT : Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and is linked to chronic liver injury and inflammation, often caused by chronic viral hepatitis infection or exposure to toxins. HCC has a poor prognosis and treatment varies depending on the specifics of the tumor and overall health of the patient. The incidence of HCC is highest in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where hepatitis B infection is endemic, but it is also increasing in the United States and other developing countries due to an increase in hepatitis C virus infections.

Again, there might and will be mistakes but this can be a helpful tool to get a short and concise summary of a scientific text or study beyond what is written in the abstract . For example, you can also try to put the DOI/link and title of a study as input. Please be aware, that this will not work for every link, especially if the study is more recent.

Furthermore, make sure that there are no one-to-one copies. If you want to use the output, perform a plagiarism check using tools such as PlagiaShield .

How to Use ChatGPT to Concentrate Text in Scientific Writing

Almost everybody, that has published anything in the scientific world or even has presented on a scientific congress has faced ‘ word limits ‘. Maybe it is the abstract, that can only have 200 words – but your study is soo extensive. Or you want to submit your paper to a journal, that has a word limit of 2400 for the manuscript body – but your manuscript has 3500…

The approach is similar to the one above but now you need to tell ChatGPT that you want to reduce the text to a specific length or “by 10%” . Although this can work quite well, it will sometimes ignore your specifications and write the output significantly longer or shorter.

Furthermore, this approach can have some privacy issues . You can´t know, how the data you put into the text field is collected and processed. I strongly advise not to put sensitive or protected data into the chat box.

3. Paraphrasing and Simplifying

Although summarizing and concentrating text will also result in rephrasing sentences, you can use ChatGPT to adjust the complexity or tone of a text . Maybe you have written a scientific article but you now want to make a presentation for a broader audience. In this case, you might want to reduce scientific terms and implement an easier language.

Lets say you have the following definition for hepatocellular carcinoma:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a neoplastic proliferative disorder of the liver characterized by the malignant transformation and aberrant growth of hepatocytes, which are the primary functional cells of the liver parenchyma, leading to the development of a tumor with the potential for local infiltration, regional metastasis, and systemic dissemination, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. This pathological condition is thought to arise from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, including but not limited to chronic viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and exposure to hepatotoxic agents, which promote the accumulation of genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, and chromosomal instability within the hepatocyte population, ultimately leading to the dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways involved in cell growth, survival, and differentiation.

You can tell ChatGPT to take the text above as input and “ re-write it using shorter sentences and simpler language “. In this case, I got the following output:

ChatGPT : Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of liver cancer that happens when liver cells grow out of control and form a tumor. This can cause serious health problems and can even be deadly.

Several things can increase the risk of getting HCC, including chronic viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and exposure to harmful chemicals. These things can damage the liver and make it more likely for cancer to develop.

This can be especially useful for scientific communications that need to be suitable for a broader audience. I cannot emphasize this enough, please read the output carefully and use it only for orientation and content input.

4. Identifying Key Words and Key Points

Another helpful application can be the identification of key words and key points for your study. Lets talk about how to use ChatGPT to identify key words and key points in scientific writing:

Many scientific jounals require you to provide key words in addition to the abstract. Furthermore, key points can be helpful to communicate your key findings and they might also be required by some journals .

Lets say, you wrote a manuscript for the following study: “ In-patient care trends in peripheral artery disease in the German healthcare system over the past decade “

You already wrote your manuscript but now you also need some key words and key points. In this case, the journal also requires your key words to be compatible with the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) database.

Example on How to Use ChatGPT for Generating MeSH Key Words

You could paste your abstract to ChatGPT as input and ask something like this: “ I have this abstract: [paste abstract ]. Please give me 5 key words and 3 key points. Make the key words MeSH compatible. “

Here I got this output:

ChatGPT : Sure, here are five potential keywords that are compatible with the PubMed MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) database:

• Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Hospitalization/trends
• Comorbidity
• Revascularization
• Health Care Costs

Please note that these MeSH terms may have subheadings that can be used to refine the search further. Additionally, there may be other MeSH terms that are relevant to your study that are not included in this list.

Here are three potential key points for your study:

• Hospitalizations due to peripheral artery disease have increased over the past decade, with a notable rise in comorbid patients.
• The average cost per hospitalization has increased over time, reflecting the growing burden of peripheral artery disease on healthcare systems.
• Endovascular approaches, such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, are becoming more common for treating peripheral artery disease, particularly in smaller vessels below the knee.

As you are the expert of your study , you might find some key words more suitable and some key points not fitting. However, this approach can be a good start and facilitate your progress in scientific writing.

5. Creating Figures and Graphs

ChatGPT can be a good ressource and assistance during the generation of figures and graphs for your scientific study. In this paragraph we want to talk about how to use ChatGPT to create figures and graphs in scientific writing. Starting from getting ideas to the actual generation of figures, there are several steps where you can utilize ChatGPT.

How to Use ChatGPT to Get Ideas for Graphs in Scientific Writing

Let´s start with which graphs to use. If you have enough information for your study, you can ask ChatGPT for ideas for graphs. For example, given the information (abstract) of the prompt before, you could ask: “ What would be great graphs for the study mentioned above? “

ChatGPT: Based on the information provided in the abstract, here are a few graphs that could be useful for this study:

• Line graph showing trends in the number of hospitalizations for peripheral artery disease over time (2009-2018). This graph could highlight the increase in hospitalizations over the decade.
• Bar graph comparing the frequency of different comorbidities among patients hospitalized for peripheral artery disease. This graph could help identify the most common comorbidities associated with the disease.
• Stacked bar graph comparing the frequency of different revascularization procedures performed for peripheral artery disease, such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, bypasses, and endarterectomies. This graph could show the shift from surgical to endovascular approaches over the decade.
• Scatter plot showing the relationship between hospitalization costs and patient comorbidities or severity of peripheral artery disease. This graph could help identify factors that contribute to higher hospitalization costs.
• Box plot showing the distribution of the linear van Walraven score among patients hospitalized for peripheral artery disease over time. This graph could highlight the increasing severity of cases over the decade.

These are just a few ideas for potential graphs based on the information provided in the abstract. The most appropriate types of graphs may depend on the specific research questions and data available for the study.

You will probably already have some ideas that you want to illustrate in your paper, but using this prompt will give you some concrete suggestions in no time. Since we tend to use similar approaches (and similar numbers) in our studies, this can also be a good source of new ideas to help broaden your horizons.

How to Use ChatGPT to Create Graphs in Scientific Writing

If you have ever written a scientific paper, you have probably been at the point where you wanted to illustrate your data with a graph or plot . There are several options and software out there to create high quality graphs and this will not be a step-by-step guide on how to use different software. From Excel to SPSS to Python ( Matplotlib ) and R ( ggplot2 ), many tools can be used and will most likely produce acceptable graphs. However, both Matplotlib (Python) and gglplot2 (R) are very powerful and able to generate excellent and extremely versatile visualizations of your data . The downside is that you now have to learn how to program in those languages.

Now what does that have to do with ChatGPT you might ask? If you ever worked with Python or R, you will have come to the point where you wanted or needed to tweak your plot in some way. To do this, you read through guides, forum posts and stack overflow and ultimately found the line of code that did just what you wanted.

However, you may have never used Python or R before and feel overwhelmed by the thought of learning a programming language just to create some plots. Whether you are a beginner of this approach or you already found yourself struggeling while trying to adjust some of your figures, ChatGPT is here to help.

Example on How To Use ChatGPT to Create a Scientific Graph

As a novice, you can ask ChatGPT on how to generate a graph in any programming language . For example:

“ How to generate a scatter plot in R using ggplot2? “

In this case, you will get specific instructions with annotations and even readily written code to use to generate your high-quality figure.

Naturally, you need some knowledge on how to install and use R. However, with just basic knowledge you can kickstart the creation of your first high-end scientific graphs. And be aware that you can just ask for any modification .

Maybe you want to add a regression line to your plot: “ How to add a regression line to this graph? “

The detailed descriptions in the output of ChatGPT will help you to modify your code yourself. Before you know it, you will be able to create beautiful and expressive plots on your own , and you will use ChatGPT for more advanced questions.

Of course, you will need to learn how to import your data, install packages, manage data frames, and much more. But with the help of ChatGPT, the learning curve of any programming language can be significantly flattened enabling everybody to create lovely scientific graphs and plots. If you want to learn more about data visualization with generative AI, I can reccomend the following online course on data visualization with ChatGPT *:

6. Alternative Phrases and Synonyms

If you´re writing about a certain topic, you may find yourself using the same phrases over and over again. Not only does this create a somewhat monotonous aspect, but it also limits how your manuscript can be perceived. For example, if you´re always using the term “patients with oncologic diseases” in your paper that analyzes something about oncology patients, you are missing something out. Same thing is true if you´re writing a rebuttal letter and you start your comments to the reviewers always the same way.

Try asking ChatGPT for alternative phrases or synonyms. This will not only spice up your text, but also broaden your horizons for future scientific writing.

Just paste your overused phrase into ChatGPT and ask for (lets say 5) alternative phrases or synonyms. In no time you will have a good basis to use in your manuscript.

Happy writing!

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Board-certified radiologist, blogger, tech enthusiast, and clinician scientist working in Germany.

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How to Use ChatGPT for Research and Essays

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For better or worse, OpenAI’s ChatGPT has become a big part of our lives. It’s become integral to gathering information, researching topics, and creating written works. And frankly, not using it might put you at a disadvantage academically.

However, this AI is not flawless; there is a method to use it to help with your essays and research. Using it the right way will help you avoid plagiarism issues or inaccurate information. Here, we’ll show you how to use ChatGPT to write an essay ethically, so it comes out as a quality, factual, and original piece.

1. Draw Your Outline Without ChatGPT

Assuming you already have an idea for your project, the first thing you should do before you hop on ChatGPT’s website is to prepare your thesis and outline without using AI. It’s a vital step to making sure the core of your essay actually comes from you.

If you use ChatGPT to prompt an outline for you, it could promote idea laziness, and you will find ChatGPT’s suggestions may have replaced the ones you could have produced on your own. So, get a piece of paper or a blank word processor page and create an outline for your essay.

Also, ChatGPT will avoid controversial topics—even in an outline. Therefore, you might find yourself with an outline missing vital pieces of historical sections if you rely on it. This bias is one of the major problems with OpenAI’s ChatGPT .

2. Prompt ChatGPT to Draw a Parallel Outline

Before you begin this section, if this is your first time using ChatGPT, you should read our guide on how to use ChatGPT . It will help you with creating an account and defining its capabilities. Once that’s out of the way, you can move on to the next step.

Now that you have an original outline, it doesn’t matter how basic it looks; you can use ChatGPT to create another outline. Craft a prompt with this template:

ChatGPT’s result is far more detailed than our outline. Here, you should adopt the parts of ChatGPT’s outline you would like to integrate into your own. Combine the best of the two and flesh out an outline that will guide you best as you write.

3. Create a ChatGPT Prompt for Each Section

Now that you have an outline with sections, you can begin to hack away at it section by section. Start with your introduction, where you will include your thesis statement. Ask ChatGPT to create multiple thesis statements on your idea, and choose the one that best encapsulates the major point you’re trying to communicate in your essay.

You can do something similar for all the other sections as well. Tell the AI to generate written pieces on your section topics. Don’t forget to add that it communicates the point in the tone you want. In most cases, essays should sound academic. Therefore, our prompt for each section looked like this:

Do not just copy and paste the information it generates; the next step is a vital second part of this methodology.

4. Confirm the Information With a Reputable Source

As you begin to write, you must check if the information you’re getting from ChatGPT is indeed correct. You must do this because ChatGPT occasionally hallucinates , coming up with its own facts and making up sources when you ask it to direct you to where it got its information. In some cases, it blatantly refuses to tell you at all where it got its data.

The free version of ChatGPT is not actively connected to the internet and cannot fetch information after September 2021. If you need this functionality, then it could be time to upgrade to ChatGPT Plus —especially if this is a tool you will be using heavily for work or school.

The bottom line is that you should use a reputable source (such as a book from an authority or an official website) to support every important statement you put down. You can also learn how to use Google to fact-check information .

5. Use ChatGPT for Examples and Breakdowns

It’s counterproductive to write about ideas that you don’t even understand yourself. When you reach a part of your essay that you don’t properly understand, you should go to ChatGPT and have it broken down for you.

That’s really the one thing you can count on ChatGPT to do in this process. It has good skill in crafting useful examples and explaining complicated ideas in a form you can easily understand. A popular way of phrasing a prompt to make ChatGPT explain something complicated is adding “explain like I’m five” to your prompt.

Here we used ChatGPT to break down hip and elbow dysplasia conditions in a way that is easier to understand. And it used analogies like jigsaw puzzles to paint a clearer image of what it might look like.

6. Write the Essay Yourself

As we’ve stated earlier, under no condition should you ask ChatGPT to write your whole essay for you. Not only is that lazy and deceitful, but it could also open you up to plagiarism and submitting incorrect information.

Ensure that every line in your essay is typed with your hands. Besides, if you’re writing an academic essay where you must cite sources, you will still need to corroborate all the points you’ve made with a corresponding authority. That means you’ll have to go and fact-check everything ChatGPT has written and find a corroborating source.

This could even take more time than just writing it yourself because the AI could have hallucinated some of its facts, leading you on a wild goose chase as you try to find a citation for something that doesn’t exist.

Lastly, ChatGPT doesn’t match the nuanced knowledge of a human professional in heavily specialized fields or journals that need up-to-date information. Reading a book or article by an expert, internalizing it, and writing it in your own words will give you far better results than relying on ChatGPT.

7. Polish the Style and Citation With ChatGPT

After writing, you can paste portions of your essay and ask ChatGPT to shorten, lengthen, or optimize the style. ChatGPT is good at mimicking popular styles, and you can use that to your advantage. If you want your writing to sound a little more professional, it can help rephrase it.

If you’re having trouble with citation styles and how to integrate them into your essay, you can present your essay to ChatGPT, give it your sources, and ask it to weld them together for you.

ChatGPT Is a Tool, Not a Solution

You can’t “ChatGPT” away academic or professional work; you must use it the same way you would use a tool. Take a calculator, for instance; it doesn’t replace the mathematician but improves the mathematician. You should use ChatGPT the same way a mathematician will use a calculator: for the boring, repetitive, rote work.

Let the ideas and story come from you and your experiences. And if you want to keep using ChatGPT as a student, make sure you know what you shouldn't do.

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Step-by-step Guide to Using ChatGPT to Write a Report, Thesis and Dissertation

You must have heard or read about ChatGPT. What is it? A software or a magician? ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence chatbot developed and launched by OpenAI in November 2022. This chatbot can write answers, reports, codes, prompts, and more in seconds.

Moreover, it can write computer programs, compose music, teleplays, fairy tales, and write poetry and songs. It’s built with OpenAI’s GPT 3.5 and 4 families of large language models. The latest version of ChatGPT, released on 14th March 2023, is built on GPT 4 OpenAI model and can be purchased through a subscription for a specific time.

Benefits of using ChatGPT to write reports, theses, and dissertations

ChatGPT is a powerful artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot with many benefits. Today we shall be highlighting the benefits ChatGPT has on reports, theses, and dissertations.

Reports are professional documents submitted to an institute, department, company, and more. They are formal documents containing a written account of something observed or investigated. Below are some benefits of using ChatGPT to write reports.

Saves time:  ChatGPT saves your precious time; it writes your reports quickly and saves the time you would have spent researching and writing from the beginning.

Quality content:  The AI chatbot has been trained with massive data; hence it can write high-quality reports for you.

Variety of Styles:  Reports are usually long; thus, they can bore the reader if the content is not engaging. ChatGPT uses different styles, i.e., bullet points, lists, paragraphs, and more. This makes a report engaging.

Consistency and Productivity:  ChatGPT write the report in a consistent style and tone. This improves the readability of the report. Moreover, as ChatGPT saves your precious time, you can spend that time focusing on other tasks, improving your productivity.

Theses is a theory or personal research document. These are mainly written by university students proposing research papers on particular topics. Below are the benefits of using ChatGPT to write theses.

New idea:  ChatGPT helps you by providing a variety of ideas that can help you write your thesis. Moreover, the ideas can make your thesis stand out from others.

Guidance:  ChatGPT guides you throughout your thesis writing by providing references, and research material, summarising long research essays, and highlighting important points.

Writing Guidance:  The artificial intelligence model can advise and guide your style, tone, grammar, and more. ChatGPT guides you with this writing; further, it can proofread and rephrase your content.

3. Dissertation

Dissertation is a formal essay on a particular topic. It’s the same as the thesis and is mainly written and submitted by university students. Below are the advantages of using ChatGPT for writing a dissertation.

Knowledge:  ChatGPT is trained with vast knowledge and provides dissertation writers access to knowledge. The more diverse knowledge, the better dissertation.

Saves Time:  Dissertation writing is time-consuming; however, ChatGPT can generate texts for you instantly. You can ask ChatGPT to write sections, paragraphs, and particular dissertation headings. Moreover, it can proofread and check your dissertation's grammar, style, and errors.

Assistance with writing:  Dissertation requires a lot of time and effort. Moreover, quality is an essential factor you should keep in mind while writing a dissertation; chatGPT suggests ways to improve your dissertation writing. Moreover, ChatGPT can proofread, rephrase and highlight writing errors for you.

Step-by-Step Guide: Create a ChatGPT Account

Using ChatGPT might be complex; thus, we are here to help you. Below are steps to create an account and write reports and theses or dissertations.

1. Setting Up ChatGPT

Now that you know ChatGPT and its benefits associated with reports, theses, and dissertation writing, it’s time to set up a ChatGPT account.

The first thing to do is to visit the official website of OpenAI’s artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT.

After successfully landing on the official website of ChatGPT, you’ll see a login and sign-up option. You need to login in using your login credentials and progress further. However, if you do not have an account, click sign up, add an email, and create a password. Moreover, you’ll need to add your personal data, i.e., your date of birth, and verify your mobile number.

Afterward, you need to log in with the same email and password. OpenAI allows people to log in through Microsoft and Google accounts. If you have a valid Microsoft or Google account, simply click on login, click on Microsoft or Google, and log in to the selected account. Verify your phone number, and you’ll successfully log in to OpenAI to use ChatGPT.

After successfully logging in to OpenAI, you can start a new chat or use previous ones (if you logged in before and used chatbot). Click the new chat button on the left and start using the chatGPT. You can ask questions, gain knowledge, ask to proofread your work, suggest edits, and do more instantly.

If you are in a country where the use of ChatGPT is not allowed and you wish to register an account, you can refer to my other article " How to use Chatgpt ". It provides a detailed tutorial on how to register an account in such countries.

How to use ChatGPT to write a report

Setting up the ChatGPT account is easier than using it. Below we’ll guide you thoroughly on how to write a report using ChatGPT.

Setting up the Parameters

The first thing you must do is set parameters. What are the parameters? Parameters are framework or structure. You need to set up the report's parameters as they help control the report’s content and use other reports’ material in arguments. You need to tell ChatGPT where to start and let it know the limits of your report. In short, you need to provide ChatGPT with a structure under which it should generate your report.

Creating an Outline

Create an outline for your report. The outline may start with an introduction, having headings, bullet points, paragraphs, and more. You must provide an accurate outline to enable ChatGPT to write your report. This ensures that your report covers all the aspects in a good flow and all the required information. Without an outline, chatGPT may be unable to write it in a flow or may write something unnecessary for your report.

Writing the Report

The last thing is to ask ChatGPT to write the report for you. You need to set parameters, provide an outline, write a good prompt, and wait for ChatGPT to generate the report for you for a minute or two.

Topic: Impact of remote work on employee productivity

Purpose: To understand and examine the impact of remote work on the productivity of employees with findings and recommendations.

How to use ChatGPT to write a thesis or dissertation

As writing theses or dissertations is complex and requires time and energy, many people want to learn to use chatGPT to write them. Here’s how to write a thesis using Chatgpt.

Choosing a topic

After logging in to your OpenAI account, click on the new chat and choose a topic you want ChatGPT to write a thesis or dissertation on. This can be any topic that a normal human being can think of.

After deciding on a thesis or dissertation topic, you must create an outline. Creating an outline has its own benefits, as your theses will cover all aspects and topics in a flow, and the knowledge in the theses will be organized.

Writing the Thesis

Now that you have decided on a topic and created an outline, the next thing to do is write the thesis. Writing a good prompt will result in a good thesis. After writing a prompt for the thesis, click on the save and submit button, and wait a few minutes before ChatGPT can complete generating the thesis for you.

Topic: ChatGPT and its importance in conversational AI applications.

Purpose: To access and understand ChatGPT, its importance, benefits, and uses. Moreover, to examine its importance in conversational AI applications.

Now, you can use AI to assist you in generating a thesis, but it's important to note that you still need to carefully review the content generated by the AI to avoid any fabrication. Additionally, there are some universities that currently do not allow AI-generated theses. These universities may employ AI detection tools to check if a thesis was written by AI. In such cases, you can try using a paraphrasing tool to rewrite the AI-generated content until it passes the detection:

Recommended AI detection tools:  GPT-2 Output Detector

Recommended paraphrasing tools:  Quillbot

Perform another round of detection

Other AI or productivity tools recommended

There are various other AI or productivity tools that you can use instead of ChatGPT. Below are some.

1.  MidJourney

MidJourney is an artificial intelligence program that Mid Journey, Inc created and launched. The AI program can generate images and art using the prompts. You can use MidJourney for 20 free jobs to create or generate images for you on prompts. This software can help you create amazing images for your report and thesis. A thesis or report would look boring without images that engage the audience; hence you can use MidJourney AI to generate images for your thesis or report.

2.  WPS Office

WPS Office is a free office software that allows users to use Word, Excel, PPT, and PDF documents under a single roof. It’s free software that promotes creativity and boosts the productivity of users. The software has more than 500 million active users worldwide. The software lets users view, edit, translate, annotate, print, and do more. It’s compatible with Windows, MacOS, IOS, and Android.

Moreover, it’s free and has various advanced features and functions. The software enables users to write reports and a thesis using diverse tools. You can add bullet points, comments, and suggestions, highlight texts, and translate sentences and words. This is the best software for writing a report or dissertation, as it has templates for the report and thesis that can help you.

3. Chinchilla AI

Developed and launched by DeepMind in March 2022, this AI language model can better write your reports and thesis, requiring less computer power for interference and fine-tuning. The Chinchilla AI is said to outperform a number of traditional language models in terms of accuracy; hence, it can generate better and more accurate reports and a thesis for you. However, the software is currently in the testing phase and cannot be accessed by the general public.

A. Can I write a thesis with ChatGPT?

Yes. You can use ChatGPT to write a thesis. Start with choosing a topic, creating an outline, and writing a prompt to enable ChatGPT to generate a thesis on the topic for you.

B. Can I write a report with ChatGPT?

Yes. Writing a report using ChatGPT is possible and easy. All you need to do is set the report's parameters, create an outline, and submit a prompt to enable ChatGPT to generate the report.

C. How do you use ChatGPT to improve your writing?

ChatGPT can improve your writing by suggesting edits, proofreading, and suggesting new ideas. Moreover, ChatGPT can highlight errors too.

D. Can ChatGPT rewrite paragraphs?

Yes. ChatGPT is a powerful tool that can rewrite your texts better and make them more engaging and readable.

ChatGPT is a powerful artificial intelligence model that can help users with numerous tasks. So far, we have learned about ChatGPT and its benefits associated with report, thesis, or dissertation writing. Moreover, we learned how to write a thesis and report using ChatGPT. Setting up and using ChatGPT to write reports and thesis. The article also highlighted the best alternatives to ChatGPT for writing reports and thesis; one of them is  WPS Office .

• 1. How to Use WPS AI/Chatgpt to Write Research Papers: Guide for Beginners
• 2. How to Use Wps AI/Chatgpt to Write Technical Document: Guide for Beginners
• 3. Top 10 Best Business Report Chatgpt Prompt Example 2024
• 4. Ultimate Guide to Write A Seminar PDF Report
• 5. How to Use WPS AI/Chatgpt to Write Essays: Guide for Beginners
• 6. How to Use WPS AI and ChatGPT to Analyze PDF Report

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How to Use ChatGPT To Write A Research Paper

Over the past three years, we’ve helped thousands of students write research papers with research mentors. And, since the public release of ChatGPT, we’ve been getting questions about how best to use (and not use) this new technology. In this article, we outline the best ways to use ChatGPT from our experience including the ways that ChatGPT can help out academic writing - and the ways that it can be limited. We’re researchers ourselves - our founders met at Harvard while doing a research program - so we’ll show you what we’re seeing and how you can use it for your own papers.

What is ChatGPT?

ChatGPT is an advanced language model developed by OpenAI. It is designed to generate human-like responses to any input you desire, making it a powerful tool for anyone. ChatGPT can understand social contexts, recognize patterns, and generate coherent messages. Here’s an example from our co-cofounder Stephen, when he used ChatGPT to try to recreate a paper one of his students wrote on high school employment.

As you can see from his article, ChatGPT was quite good at building a somewhat credible sounding literature review - but wasn’t as good at identifying accurate information. ChatGPT has gotten better since he wrote that piece (in December, 2022), but it still makes factual mistakes which can be dangerous for a researcher when using ChatGPT.

ChatGPT has already been used to write complex code for algorithms, transcribed new poems and stories, and

7 Ways to Use ChatGPT to Write A Research Paper

Below, we outline a few steps to use ChatGPT when writing a research paper. We begin with thinking about the structure of the paper and then moving to discuss how you can level up the existing writing you’ve done.

1. Summarize Other Research Papers

As an up-and-coming researcher, other scientific papers may be extremely dense and difficult to read. Have ChatGPT summarize the article for you.

Us: Write a paragraph summary of "Acceleration of 1I/‘Oumuamua from radiolytically produced H2 in H2O ice" by Bergner.

ChatGPT: In the paper "Acceleration of 1I/‘Oumuamua from radiolytically produced H2 in H2O ice", Bergner explores the possibility that the interstellar object 'Oumuamua could have been propelled by gas released from its surface due to the decomposition of water ice by cosmic radiation. The author presents a theoretical model and calculations to support this hypothesis and shows that the acceleration observed in 'Oumuamua's trajectory could be explained by the release of hydrogen gas from the object's surface. The study suggests that the radiolytic decomposition of water ice could be a common mechanism for the propulsion of interstellar objects and highlights the importance of further investigating the properties and behavior of such objects.

2. Edit Your Style and Grammar

ChatGPT’s ability to deeply understand English can be used as a grammar checker by inputting any text into the chat window and receiving feedback on any grammatical errors. This can already be done with other existing software, but the most exciting thing is that ChatGPT can transform any input you enter into the prompt.

If you believe that your essay sounds too informal, utilizes rudimentary vocabulary that you want to upgrade, or you want to add more technical terms, you can say just that. Copy your essay into the prompt, with your request, such as “ Use fancier scientific knowledge/terminology to applicable places in my essay. ” or “Edit my essay to increase the brevity of this paragraph.” or “Make this essay more at the level for 8th graders/college-level research paper.”

Outside of research papers, you could even use this to change the tone or style of any writing pieces. “Transform this essay into a long prose in the style of a limerick. “Write this paragraph about my day yesterday in the style of a Ph.D research paper.”

3. Generating an First Outline

Writing a large research paper can be extremely overwhelming, and sometimes, you may not even know where to start. An outline can be extremely helpful, and can be generated by ChatGPT. You can even specialize and customize this outline based on your needs and specialities, as each paper and style of paper will have its unique structures.

Us: Draft an outline for a biology research paper at a college level

I. Introduction

A. Background information on the topic

B. Significance of the research question

C. Research objectives and hypotheses

D. Brief overview of the structure of the paper

II. Literature review

A. Overview of the relevant literature

B. Key concepts and theories related to the topic

C. Previous research on the topic

D. Gaps in the literature and the need for further research

III. Methods

A. Description of the study design and methodology

B. Sampling strategy and sample size

C. Data collection techniques and instrumentation

D. Data analysis methods

… and it continues on until the end of the paper.

4. Build a First Draft to Your Paper

Similar to above, we can have ChatGPT generate ideas and new content based off of your outlines for any research papers. With any idea you may have, you can have ChatGPT write a couple sentences that could kickstart your thinking process or use as experimentation. For example,

Us: Write three sentences on the effect and most prevalent gut microbiota regulating the immune system

ChatGPT: The gut microbiota is known to modulate the immune system via complex interactions with immune cells, including regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Alterations in gut microbial composition, such as a decrease in beneficial bacteria like Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and an increase in pathogenic bacteria, have been linked to several immune-mediated diseases. Therefore, maintaining a healthy balance of gut microbiota is essential for immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disorders.

From your outline, you can begin using this to begin bolstering your essay with actual content, utilizing this generated content as a text-filled outline to begin writing the rest of the paper. Be sure to edit, fact check anything that you may not recognize, and do not purely just copy and paste.

5. Expand and Draw Conclusions From Experiments

Sometimes during research, you run into a roadblock and cannot figure out where to go further from your recent experiment. You may just need another person, or better yet, a computer to help you out.

Us: What conclusions can I draw from a western blot and what experiments should I conduct afterwards?

ChatGPT: A Western blot is a widely used technique in molecular biology to detect and quantify specific proteins in a sample. The conclusions that can be drawn from a Western blot depend on the research question being addressed, but generally, the presence or absence of a target protein in the sample can be inferred from the signal intensity of the band observed on the blot. Other conclusions, such as the size and post-translational modifications of the protein of interest, can also be deduced based on the molecular weight and mobility of the band.

After obtaining initial results from a Western blot, it is important to conduct further experiments to confirm and extend the findings. For example, one could perform additional Western blots using different antibodies to validate the specificity of the signal, or use techniques such as co-immunoprecipitation or mass spectrometry to identify interacting partners or modifications of the target protein. It may also be useful to compare the levels of the target protein across different samples or experimental conditions to gain insight into its regulation and function. Additionally, follow-up experiments could involve perturbing the expression or activity of the protein of interest to investigate its role in cellular processes or disease states.

6. Correct Misconceptions As an Encyclopedia

It can be easy to mix up pieces of information, or just accidentally mess up something. Use the internet as an encyclopedia for your convenience.

Us: Cesium fluoride has been shown to exhibit unique catalytic properties in organic reactions due to its high reactivity and low ionization potential, making it an attractive alternative to traditional catalysts.

ChatGPT: The sentence is partially true, as Cesium fluoride (CsF) is indeed known for its high reactivity and low ionization potential. However, it is not commonly used as a catalyst in organic reactions because it is a strong base and can cause unwanted side reactions. In addition, CsF is also expensive and can be difficult to handle due to its high reactivity with moisture in the air. Therefore, CsF is not a common alternative to traditional catalysts in organic reactions.

7. Use as a Writing Partner Throughout Your Process

How many times have you wished that you had someone to banter with, to run ideas through, to ask if this paragraph makes sense in the structure of your paper. While ChatGPT may be just a computer, its natural language processing origins means that it can be great to answer these questions above. ChatGPT can assess readability, make sure that a sentence fits into place with the “story” of your research, and do much of what another person “reading over” your essay can do.

How to NOT Use ChatGPT?

While being such a valuable resource, there are many, many reasons and scenarios to not use ChatGPT. ChatGPT, at its heart, can be an aid to progressing your education, but never a replacement for using critical thinking skills or purely – to learn.

1. Write Your Entire Research Paper For You Through Copy and Paste

It may be tempting to just ask all of your research questions and copy and paste what ChatGPT generates for you, but is taking the “easy” way out the best way to go? Remember that ChatGPT is trained from data and continues to be an ever-evolving model, but not perfect and never fully accurate. It can easily misdirect you with information that may seem correct, but are fully factually inaccurate. Additionally, think of all of the moral issues with submitting work that was not created by you and conclusions not synthesized by you.

2. Analyze Your Data

ChatGPT cannot synthesize new information and conclusions based on posted data, due to its limitations as a language model. ChatGPT is just an advanced version of existing language models, which can only predict the next word based off of the previous word based off of previous data it has learned from. It can be difficult, or flat out wrong, to synthesize conclusions based on what ChatGPT has analyzed.

If you’re looking for the opportunity to research under the guidance of a mentor that is not ChatGPT, then consider applying to the Lumiere Research Scholar Program . Last year over 2100 students applied for about 500 spots in the program. You can find the application form here.

Aaron Zheng is a sophomore at Harvard University, studying Bioengineering. He is passionate about biotechnology, business development, and aiding students get to college, regardless of background. In his spare time, he looks to read, journal, and explore the world.

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How to Use ChatGpt to Write a Scientific Research Paper?

• Tips for using ChatGpt to write a scientific research paper

ChatGPT is an AI language model, it can generate text based on the input provided by user. However, It should be used as a tool to assist in the writing process rather than being relied on entirely to write a scientific research paper. Writing a scientific research paper requires not only knowledge of the subject matter but also critical thinking, analysis, and interpretation of data. Therefore, it is essential to use ChatGPT in conjunction with your own expertise and knowledge.

In this article, ilovephd provided tips to use ChatGPT for Scientific research paper writing.

ChatGpt to Write a Scientific Research Paper

Here are some steps you can take to use ChatGPT to write a scientific research paper :

• Begin by identifying the research question or hypothesis that you want to address in your paper.
• Use ChatGPT to search for relevant scientific literature related to your research question or hypothesis. ChatGPT can provide you with a summary of existing research on the topic, as well as any gaps in the literature.
• Collect data through experiments, surveys, or other means. Then, use ChatGPT to help analyze and interpret your data, as well as generate visualizations to support your findings.
• Use ChatGPT to help organize your paper by creating an outline, structuring your arguments, and ensuring that your paper is well-organized and flows logically.
• Use ChatGPT to generate draft sections of your paper, such as the introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. However, ensure that you review and edit the content generated by ChatGPT to ensure it aligns with your research and is written in your own voice.
• Use ChatGPT to help edit and proofread your paper for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. However, ensure that you carefully review and make any necessary revisions to the content generated by ChatGPT to ensure accuracy and clarity.

Remember that while ChatGPT can be a helpful tool in the scientific research paper writing process, it is not a substitute for your own expertise, critical thinking, and analysis. Therefore, it is important to use ChatGPT in conjunction with your own knowledge and skills to ensure a high-quality scientific research paper.

10 Myths about ChatGPT in scientific research paper writing

Here are 10 myths about ChatGpt in scientific research paper writing:

• Fact: While ChatGpt can assist in generating content for a scientific research paper, it cannot write a paper entirely on its own. Human expertise, critical thinking, and analysis are still essential in the writing process.
• Fact: ChatGpt is a tool that can assist in the research and writing process, but it cannot replace human researchers. The expertise and skills of human researchers are still necessary in scientific research.
• Fact: ChatGpt can assist in analyzing and interpreting data, but human input is still essential in ensuring accuracy and drawing meaningful conclusions.
• Fact: While ChatGpt can generate original content, it is still possible for the content to be similar or identical to existing material. It is important to review and edit any content generated by ChatGpt to ensure it is original and appropriately cited.
• Fact: ChatGpt’s ability to write effectively may vary depending on the scientific field. It is essential to provide ChatGpt with specific information and context to ensure accurate and effective writing.
• Fact: ChatGpt’s content may still contain errors or mistakes, and it is important to review and edit any content generated by ChatGpt for accuracy and clarity.
• Fact: ChatGpt’s content is based on machine learning and natural language processing, and while it can produce high-quality content, it is not necessarily better than human-written content.
• Myth: ChatGpt can write content that is more persuasive than human-written content. Fact: Persuasion requires human communication skills and emotional intelligence, and ChatGpt’s content may not be as persuasive as human-written content.
• Fact: ChatGpt’s content is based on data and input provided by humans, and therefore may contain subjective bias. It is important to review and edit any content generated by ChatGpt to ensure it is objective.
• Fact: ChatGpt’s content is only as good as the research and knowledge that is provided to it. Therefore, it is still essential for researchers to have expertise and knowledge in their field and to provide accurate information to ChatGpt to generate effective content.

I hope, this article would help you to know how to use ChatGPT 4 to your scientific research paper writing.

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5 chatgpt prompts to improve your writing (with instant results).

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5 ChatGPT prompts to improve your writing (with instant results)

Writing is a valuable skill, but getting good takes intentionality. Learn, then practice. Repeat. ChatGPT can help (with the right prompts, of course). Compelling copy will propel your business to new heights when customers connect with your sales pages, resonate with your emails, and believe your social media posts really get them. Don’t miss the chance to make connections with your words. Get good at this today.

Improve your writing fast and for free with ChatGPT and the following prompts. Copy, paste and edit the square brackets in ChatGPT, and keep the same chat window open so the context carries through.

Instantly improve your writing: 5 ChatGPT prompts

Improve the hook.

You only have a few seconds to get someone’s attention. That means the first sentence of social media posts, articles and even emails has to pack a punch. Don’t waste time waffling or metaphorically clearing your throat. Get straight into the meat, open with the punchline or create an information gap. The hook is everything. Paste your work with the following prompt:

“Revise my opening sentence to make it more engaging and attention-grabbing by creating an information gap, starting in the middle of the story, or pulling on a known pain that my target audience of [describe target audience] has. Give 5 options for a new opening line. Here is the entire piece for context: [paste your entire piece].”

Today’s NYT Mini Crossword Clues And Answers For Tuesday, July 30

Nyt ‘strands’ hints, spangram and answers for tuesday, july 30th, ‘house of the dragon’—silverwing, vermithor, bastard riders, explained, make it simpler.

Everything you were taught about writing at school is wrong. You shouldn’t use complicated words in an attempt to sound clever. Instead, use simple words and focus on clarity of message. Save the fancy sentences for lords and ladies. Save the complicated paragraphs for lawyers and academics.

“Rewrite the following passage using simpler words and clearer language, targeting a reading level of [specify reading level, e.g., 8th grade]. Explain the changes made and why: [paste your work].”

Write in active voice

Keep readers engaged with the active voice, which is simpler and more engaging than any other writing style. Get ChatGPT’s help until this comes naturally for better results and more interesting writing. Stay active, stay upbeat, and make sure your reader stays with you.

“Convert the following sentences to active voice to make them more engaging. This means the subject is the person or thing performing the action (e.g. she loved him as opposed to the passive form he was loved). Explain the changes made and why: [paste your sentences].”

Remove ambiguity

A confused buyer doesn’t buy. A confused reader goes elsewhere. Don’t confuse people. Just because a sentence makes perfect sense to you, doesn’t mean someone else will process it the same. Get ChatGPT’s help removing ambiguous wording so readers glide down your article all the way to the end.

“Clarify and remove any ambiguous wording from the following text, ensuring it is easy to understand for the reader. Explain the changes made and why: [paste your text].”

Turn one idea to many

After you have your killer paragraphs and winning lines, ideate with ChatGPT to find new topics. Repurpose, rework and explore new angles. Get prompts for new tweets, posts and articles along the same lines. Use this prompt for a list of starters then write them all in your new and improved style.

“Using this [article, sales copy, email] as a basis, generate new topics and angles for additional content, including [specify, e.g. tweets, posts, and articles.] Provide headlines and opening lines for the suggested new content: [paste your work].”

Become a better writer with ChatGPT

Writing well opens doors. Buyers want to buy, readers want to read, and getting on a level with someone happens with less effort. But contrary to popular belief, being a great writer isn’t something you were born with. It’s something you improve and hone over a long period of time.

Write what people want to read, not what you think you should write. Don’t be too proud to practice, don’t be too sure of yourself to ask for critique. Get ChatGPT’s pointers and share your unique messages in a more compelling way.

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ChatGPT and the Future of Journal Reviews: A Feasibility Study

Affiliation.

• 1 Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
• PMID: 37780993
• PMCID: PMC10524821
• DOI: 10.59249/SKDH9286

The increasing volume of research submissions to academic journals poses a significant challenge for traditional peer-review processes. To address this issue, this study explores the potential of employing ChatGPT, an advanced large language model (LLM), developed by OpenAI, as an artificial intelligence (AI) reviewer for academic journals. By leveraging the vast knowledge and natural language processing capabilities of ChatGPT, we hypothesize it may be possible to enhance the efficiency, consistency, and quality of the peer-review process. This research investigated key aspects of integrating ChatGPT into the journal review workflow. We compared the critical analysis of ChatGPT, acting as an AI reviewer, to human reviews for a single published article. Our methodological framework involved subjecting ChatGPT to an intricate examination, wherein its evaluative acumen was juxtaposed against human-authored reviews of a singular published article. As this is a feasibility study, one article was reviewed, which was a case report on scurvy. The entire article was used as an input into ChatGPT and commanded it to "Please perform a review of the following article and give points for revision." Since this was a case report with a limited word count the entire article could fit in one chat box. The output by ChatGPT was then compared with the comments by human reviewers. Key performance metrics, including precision and overall agreement, were judiciously and subjectively measured to portray the efficacy of ChatGPT as an AI reviewer in comparison to its human counterparts. The outcomes of this rigorous analysis unveiled compelling evidence regarding ChatGPT's performance as an AI reviewer. We demonstrated that ChatGPT's critical analyses aligned with those of human reviewers, as evidenced by the inter-rater agreement. Notably, ChatGPT exhibited commendable capability in identifying methodological flaws, articulating insightful feedback on theoretical frameworks, and gauging the overall contribution of the articles to their respective fields. While the integration of ChatGPT showcased immense promise, certain challenges and caveats surfaced. For example, ambiguities might present with complex research articles, leading to nuanced discrepancies between AI and human reviews. Also figures and images cannot be reviewed by ChatGPT. Lengthy articles need to be reviewed in parts by ChatGPT as the entire article will not fit in one chat/response. The benefits consist of reduction in time needed by journals to review the articles submitted to them, as well as an AI assistant to give a different perspective about the research papers other than the human reviewers. In conclusion, this research contributes a groundbreaking foundation for incorporating ChatGPT into the pantheon of journal reviewers. The delineated guidelines distill key insights into operationalizing ChatGPT as a proficient reviewer within academic journal frameworks, paving the way for a more efficient and insightful review process.

Keywords: chatGPT; journal review; review.

Copyright ©2023, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.

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• https://openai.com/blog/ChatGPT . Accessed on August 11, 2023.

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• TECHNOLOGY FEATURE
• 22 July 2024

ChatGPT for science: how to talk to your data

• Julian Nowogrodzki 0

Julian Nowogrodzki is a science writer and editor in Boston, Massachusetts.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Illustration: The Project Twins

“Computer, analyse.” In science fiction, characters don’t need programming skills to extract meaningful information from their data, they simply ask for it.

Now a growing number of companies are attempting to make that fiction a reality — sort of — using large language models (LLMs). These powerful but focused artificial intelligence (AI) tools let researchers ask natural-language questions of their data, such as “what’s the difference between the control group and the experimental group?”. But unlike their science-fiction counterparts, the answers these AIs spit out still need to be taken with a grain of salt and double-checked before they can be used safely. Think ChatGPT, for data.

The reason for the tools is simple: sifting through and prioritizing biological data is laborious and challenging, and requires specialized skills. “Biological data has become increasingly complex,” says Alexandro Trevino, scientific manager at Enable Medicine in San Francisco, California, a company that is building an atlas of spatial gene-expression and protein-localization data for its drug-development clients. “The scale has increased vastly, the complexity of these data sets has increased, and with that I think we have scaled the challenges of mining and effectively understanding and interpreting those data.”

In theory, dedicated LLMs allow researchers to extract insights from their data without knowing the data’s intricacies, or how to program. And some of these tools can already answer remarkably complex questions. But they remain works in progress. And like other LLM-based tools, they can ‘hallucinate’ or make up answers. As a result, their developers say that they should be used only with some degree of oversight by humans.

Why talk to your data?

There is no shortage of online data, nor tools to query it. The CZ CELLxGENE data portal , for instance, provides pre-built tools that allow researchers to interrogate single-cell gene-expression data sets. Utilities such as ChatPDF allow researchers to upload PDFs, such as scientific papers, and ask questions of them. But more sophisticated analyses require knowing the structure of the underlying data and the names and types of their variables.

Three ways ChatGPT helps me in my academic writing

To make such interactions easier, biotechnology company Genentech in San Francisco is building its LLM-based tool from scratch. Led by Stephen Ra, the company’s director of frontier research in New York City, this LLM aims to address “a vast array of problems across the drug-discovery and development pipeline”, he says, “from target identification, discovery, safety, assessment, prioritization, all the way to how do we make better decisions, or de-risk certain clinical trial phases, or understand patient trajectories and adverse outcomes better”.

The resulting LLM could ease tasks that are currently manual and onerous, Ra says. For example, a scientist might put one of their data sets aside for a while, but then want to summarize those data later. They could ask, “give me all the results for this particular assay, at this particular time, for this strain”, Ra says. The system should be able to understand the query, and the data, well enough to fulfil the request, and “many teams” across Genentech and its parent company Roche are beta testing it.

Similarly, Enable Medicine’s LLM aims to allow the company to interrogate its biological atlas on behalf of its clients, mostly pharmaceutical companies in oncology and autoimmune disease, says chief executive Kamni Vijay.

Researchers can ask questions such as “does a patient respond to therapy, and what differentiates patients who respond to a therapy from those who do not?”, or “what biomarkers would influence or predict disease progression?”, Vijay says. Enable is building on several existing LLMs, she adds, and training with petabytes (1 petabyte is 1 million gigabytes) of molecular and cellular data from tens of thousands of samples. They are still experimenting, however. “Part of our research explores whether this type of interface can be scientifically valid and valuable.”

What do they look like?

Some tools in this space emulate ChatGPT’s popular question-and-answer format. For instance, PathChat, built by computational pathologist Faisal Mahmood, at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, allows users to input pathology images, such as tumour biopsy results, as well as descriptive data such as “this tumour stained positive for markers A, B and C” ( M. Y. Lu et al. Nature https://doi.org/gtzht8; 2024 ). Users can then ask natural-language questions about these data, such as, “what is your assessment of the primary origin of the tumour?” The exchanges appear visually like the back-and-forth text bubbles of a WhatsApp conversation.

‘Without these tools, I’d be lost’: how generative AI aids in accessibility

Enable’s system, however, diverges from the question-and-answer format, says Vijay. It is a more complex automated system that allows for natural-language queries, she says.

Still other tools output code instead of words. Mergen is an LLM-based R programming language library built by Altuna Akalin, a bioinformatician at the Max Delbrück Center in Berlin. Akalin created the library (or ‘package’) because his team was getting more requests to analyse genomic data than it could handle. Intended for genomics researchers rather than computational scientists, Mergen analyses pre-processed genomics data sets to answer questions such as, “can you give me all the genes that are overexpressed in a certain set of individuals?” Instead of an answer, the tool returns executable code that can perform the analysis. As with all LLMs, however, that code should be double-checked by a person before it is used, Akalin warns, because even if the code is executable, it might contain logical errors.

How are they made?

What does it take to build an LLM that allows researchers to converse with their data? As with all AI systems, the answer is lots of training data. But the balance of data types is equally important, and his team puts considerable effort into achieving the right balance, says Ra. “The value for us lies in being able to take something that’s broadly useful to many groups [in Genentech] and allow those groups to also fine-tune their own model.” Genentech trained its model on a combination of in-house and external information covering multiple projects and fields, including omics and clinical data, Ra says.

AI and science: what 1,600 researchers think

Trevino says that there are two main ways to transform a generalist LLM into a system that enables users to converse with their data. One is to fine-tune the generalist LLM using field-specific information, such as pathology data. In this “very effective” approach, he says, the model itself “is concretely learning new stuff”. The other approach, called contextualization, doesn’t change the underlying generalist LLM but gives it tailored context, such as a database of medical literature, as part of the query. Trevino declined to say which approach Enable uses.

To build PathChat, Mahmood and his team started with the generalist LLM Llama 2, developed by Facebook parent company Meta. They hooked the LLM up to two vision-language models that they had built for pathology, called UNI and CONCH, each of which was trained on millions of pathology images and captions, to make a multimodal LLM. The researchers then refined that multimodal LLM using half a million pathology conversations extracted from case reports and educational articles that follow the complete trajectories of cases, mostly from Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, to yield PathChat, Mahmood says. Some pathologists at Brigham and Women’s are now using the system to interpret microscopy images and write morphological descriptions that a pathologist can then check, he says.

Are they trustworthy?

Confirmation is important: just because an LLM provides an answer doesn’t mean that answer is correct. LLMs can make answers up or leave information out, and how best to ensure that a model’s response is verifiable and replicable remains unsettled, Trevino says. “It’s an active area of research, how to vet the results.”

One crucial aspect, says Ra, is feedback from field-specific experts. There are different ways to incorporate such checks — users could provide a simple thumbs up or thumbs down, for instance, a more detailed response, or there could be iterative interaction between a person and an LLM. In any event, the hope is that over time the model will evolve to require less input, because such feedback isn’t scalable as data sets expand.

NatureTech hub

Trevino and Ra say that understanding and trusting what’s going on in the underlying model is especially important in research-specific LLMs. One challenge, says Trevino, is to “open up that black box a little bit” to understand better why it answers in the way it does. This could help to minimize hallucinations.

Indeed, one of Genentech’s motivations for building its LLM from scratch, Ra says, is that it wants to know it can trust and understand every bit of data that goes into it. “That’s incredibly important in an environment where we’re often dealing with privileged information or very sensitive information”, such as patient data, he says.

With off-the-shelf, ‘black box’ LLMs, it isn’t always clear how they are trained, Ra explains. “I think this has been a common criticism of some of the commercial LLM solutions, that oftentimes there’s not enough data transparency.”

Another persistent challenge, as in the field of LLMs as a whole, is bias in the underlying data. Groups that are under-represented in the training data will be misrepresented by the resulting model, and current genomic data hugely over-represent people of European descent. The solution, say Trevino and Vijay, is to improve the diversity of the underlying data. But there’s not really an endpoint for when the underlying data is sufficiently diverse, they say.

Should these challenges be overcome, however, “there are going to be very real benefits” to these types of model, Trevino says. The important thing is “to make sure that that benefit is realized and maximally democratized,” and that the gain is worth all the work still left to do.

Nature 631 , 924-925 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-02386-6

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GPT-4: everything you need to know about ChatGPT’s standard AI model

People were in awe when ChatGPT came out, impressed by its natural language abilities as an AI chatbot originally powered by the GPT-3.5 large language model. But when the highly anticipated GPT-4 large language model came out, it blew the lid off what we thought was possible with AI, with some calling it the early glimpses of AGI (artificial general intelligence) .

What is GPT-4?

GPT-4 is the newest language model created by OpenAI that can generate text that is similar to human speech. It advances the technology used by ChatGPT, which was previously based on GPT-3.5 but has since been updated. GPT is the acronym for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, a deep learning technology that uses artificial neural networks to write like a human.

According to OpenAI, this next-generation language model is more advanced than ChatGPT  in three key areas: creativity, visual input, and longer context. In terms of creativity, OpenAI says GPT-4 is much better at both creating and collaborating with users on creative projects. Examples of these include music, screenplays, technical writing, and even “learning a user’s writing style.”

The longer context plays into this as well. GPT-4 can now process up to 128k tokens of text from the user. You can even just send GPT-4 a web link and ask it to interact with the text from that page. OpenAI says this can be helpful for the creation of long-form content, as well as “extended conversations.”

GPT-4 can also now receive images as a basis for interaction. In the example provided on the GPT-4 website, the chatbot is given an image of a few baking ingredients and is asked what can be made with them. It is not currently known if video can also be used in this same way.

Lastly, OpenAI also says GPT-4 is significantly safer to use than the previous generation. It can reportedly produce 40% more factual responses in OpenAI’s own internal testing, while also being 82% less likely to “respond to requests for disallowed content.”

OpenAI says it’s been trained with human feedback to make these strides, claiming to have worked with “over 50 experts for early feedback in domains including AI safety and security.”

In the initial weeks after it first launched, users posted some of the amazing things they’ve done with it , including inventing new languages, detailing how to escape into the real world, and making complex animations for apps from scratch. One user apparently made GPT-4 create a working version of Pong in just sixty seconds, using a mix of HTML and JavaScript.

How to use GPT-4

GPT-4 is available to all users at every subscription tier OpenAI offers. Free tier users will have limited access to the full GPT-4 modelv (~80 chats within a 3-hour period) before being switched to the smaller and less capable GPT-4o mini until the cool down timer resets. To gain additional access GPT-4, as well as be able to generate images with Dall-E, is to upgrade to ChatGPT Plus. To jump up to the $20 paid subscription, just click on “Upgrade to Plus” in the sidebar in ChatGPT. Once you’ve entered your credit card information, you’ll be able to toggle between GPT-4 and older versions of the LLM.

If you don’t want to pay, there are some other ways to get a taste of how powerful GPT-4 is. First off, you can try it out as part of Microsoft’s Bing Chat. Microsoft revealed that it’s been using GPT-4 in Bing Chat, which is completely free to use. Some GPT-4 features are missing from Bing Chat, however, and it’s clearly been combined with some of Microsoft’s own proprietary technology. But you’ll still have access to that expanded LLM (large language model) and the advanced intelligence that comes with it. It should be noted that while Bing Chat is free, it is limited to 15 chats per session and 150 sessions per day.

There are lots of other applications that are currently using GPT-4 , too, such as the question-answering site, Quora.

When was GPT-4 released?

GPT-4 was officially announced on March 13, as was confirmed ahead of time by Microsoft , and first became available to users through a ChatGPT-Plus subscription and Microsoft Copilot. GPT-4 has also been made available as an API “for developers to build applications and services.” Some of the companies that have already integrated GPT-4 include Duolingo, Be My Eyes, Stripe, and Khan Academy. The first public demonstration of GPT-4 was livestreamed on YouTube, showing off its new capabilities.

What is GPT-4o mini?

GPT-4o mini is the newest iteration of OpenAI’s GPT-4 model line. It’s a streamlined version of the larger GPT-4o model that is better suited for simple but high-volume tasks that benefit more from a quick inference speed than they do from leveraging the power of the entire model.

GPT-4o mini was released in July 2024 and has replaced GPT-3.5 as the default model users interact with in ChatGPT once they hit their three-hour limit of queries with GPT-4o . Per data from Artificial Analysis , 4o mini significantly outperforms similarly sized small models like Google’s Gemini 1.5 Flash and Anthropic’s Claude 3 Haiku in the MMLU reasoning benchmark.

Is GPT-4 better than GPT-3.5?

The free version of ChatGPT was originally based on the GPT 3.5 model; however, as of July 2024, ChatGPT now runs on GPT-4o mini. This streamlined version of the larger GPT-4o model is much better than even GPT-3.5 Turbo. It can understand and respond to more inputs, it has more safeguards in place, provides more concise answers, and is 60% less expensive to operate .

The GPT-4 API

As mentioned, GPT-4 is available as an API to developers who have made at least one successful payment to OpenAI in the past. The company offers several versions of GPT-4 for developers to use through its API, along with legacy GPT-3.5 models. Upon releasing GPT-4o mini , OpenAI noted that GPT-3.5 will remain available for use by developers, though it will eventually be taken offline. The company did not set a timeline for when that might actually happen.

The API is mostly focused on developers making new apps, but it has caused some confusion for consumers, too. Plex allows you to integrate ChatGPT into the service’s Plexamp music player, which calls for a ChatGPT API key. This is a separate purchase from ChatGPT Plus, so you’ll need to sign up for a developer account to gain API access if you want it.

Is GPT-4 getting worse?

As much as GPT-4 impressed people when it first launched, some users have noticed a degradation in its answers over the following months. It’s been noticed by important figures in the developer community and has even been posted directly to OpenAI’s forums. It was all anecdotal though, and an OpenAI executive even took to Twitter to dissuade the premise. According to OpenAI, it’s all in our heads.

No, we haven't made GPT-4 dumber. Quite the opposite: we make each new version smarter than the previous one. Current hypothesis: When you use it more heavily, you start noticing issues you didn't see before. — Peter Welinder (@npew) July 13, 2023

Then, a study was published that showed that there was, indeed, worsening quality of answers with future updates of the model. By comparing GPT-4 between the months of March and June, the researchers were able to ascertain that GPT-4 went from 97.6% accuracy down to 2.4%.

It’s not a smoking gun, but it certainly seems like what users are noticing isn’t just being imagined.

Where is the visual input in GPT-4?

One of the most anticipated features in GPT-4 is visual input, which allows ChatGPT Plus to interact with images not just text, making the model truly multimodal. Uploading images for GPT-4 to analyze and manipulate is just as easy as uploading documents — simply click the paperclip icon to the left of the context window, select the image source and attach the image to your prompt.

What are GPT-4’s limitations?

While discussing the new capabilities of GPT-4, OpenAI also notes some of the limitations of the new language model. Like previous versions of GPT, OpenAI says the latest model still has problems with “social biases, hallucinations, and adversarial prompts.”

In other words, it’s not perfect. It’ll still get answers wrong, and there have been plenty of examples shown online that demonstrate its limitations. But OpenAI says these are all issues the company is working to address, and in general, GPT-4 is “less creative” with answers and therefore less likely to make up facts.

The other primary limitation is that the GPT-4 model was trained on internet data up until December 2023 (GPT-4o and 4o mini cut off at October of that year). However, since GPT-4 is capable of conducting web searches and not simply relying on its pretrained data set, it can easily search for and track down more recent facts from the internet.

GPT-4o is the latest release, of course, and GPT-5  is still incoming.

Editors’ Recommendations

• ChatGPT’s highly anticipated Advanced Voice could arrive ‘next week’
• Here’s how Claude 3.5 Sonnet and GPT-4o stack up in a direct comparison
• The Microsoft AI CEO just dropped a huge hint about GPT-5
• GPT-5 will have ‘Ph.D.-level’ intelligence
• I compared ChatGPT against Google Gemini to see which is the better free AI chatbot
• Artificial Intelligence

When it comes to on-the-go gaming, your first thought might be a handheld console like the Nintendo Switch or Steam Deck. While these devices deliver some incredible gameplay and graphics, it’s hard to beat the performance you’ll get from a PC that’s built for gaming. Fortunately, Dell is offering an awesome markdown on one its best gamer-friendly laptops.

For a limited time, you can purchase the Dell G15 Gaming Laptop with an Intel Core i7 for $900. At full price, this PC usually goes for $1,200. That $300 you saved will be great for a rainy day, or a nice chunk of change toward one of these gaming headset deals we dug up!

Intel is in trouble. We've known there was a problem for months, but the true scope of the issue is coming into focus. Intel has finally said a microcode update that will solve the instability problem is on the way, but it won't be here for several weeks. It's not much of a resolution, either -- I still have a lot of questions about Intel's instability problem, and how it plans to address the issue going forward.

I've sent the list of questions below to Intel for a response, and in cases where Intel has responded, I'll provide the exact quote. We've definitely seen some shifty communication from Intel regarding the instability issue up to this point, so I'll fill in the gaps if there's anywhere Intel wasn't able to provide a solid answer. How will this impact performance?

OpenAI CEO and co-founder Sam Altman revealed on X (formerly Twitter) Thursday that its Advanced Voice feature will begin rolling out "next week," though only for a few select ChatGPT-Plus subscribers.

The company plans to "start the alpha with a small group of users to gather feedback and expand based on what we learn."

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• How to Write a Paper with ChatGPT | Tips & Examples

How to Write a Paper with ChatGPT | Tips & Examples

Published on 17 August 2023 by Koen Driessen .

A good research paper demonstrates your academic writing skills and knowledge of your chosen topic.

Your research paper should be based on in-depth independent research. However, generative AI tools like ChatGPT can be effectively used throughout the research process to:

• Brainstorm research questions
• Develop a methodology
• Create an outline
• Find sources
• Summarise and paraphrase text
• Provide feedback

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Table of contents

Brainstorming research questions, developing a methodology, creating an outline, finding sources, summarising or paraphrasing text, receiving feedback, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions.

You can use ChatGPT to help formulate research questions , brainstorm potential thesis statements , or narrow down a broad subject area to a specific topic that interests you.

However, make sure that the outputs make sense and meet the requirements of your assignment. You can adapt these outputs manually, or use further prompts to ensure they meet your needs. For more information, see our tips for creating effective ChatGPT prompts .

• Generate three possible research questions for a research paper on the following topic: “The role of virtual reality in enhancing training and skill development in various industries.”
• “What are the cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality-based training compared to traditional training methods across different industries?”
• “How does the level of immersion in virtual reality training impact knowledge retention and skill transfer in fields such as medicine, aviation, and manufacturing?”
• “What are the key factors that influence the successful integration and adoption of virtual reality technology for training purposes in diverse industries, and what challenges hinder its widespread implementation?”

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Your paper should clearly indicate the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research.

You can use ChatGPT to help decide what kind of research you will conduct (e.g., qualitative or quantitative ), how you will analyse the data, and how you will mitigate potential research bias .

Bear in mind that you should be able to rationalize your chosen methodology . For example, you should ensure that it is either a standard methodology in the field or can be justified.

• Suggest three quantitative research methods appropriate to the following question: “What are the cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality-based training compared to traditional training methods in the field of healthcare?”
• Experimental Study: Conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) where healthcare professionals are randomly assigned to either a virtual reality-based training group or a traditional training group. Both groups would receive training in specific healthcare tasks, and their cognitive and skill development outcomes would be measured and compared. Performance metrics, such as accuracy, speed, and efficiency, could be quantitatively assessed to determine the benefits of virtual reality-based training over traditional methods.
• Survey Research: Design a comprehensive survey targeting healthcare professionals who have undergone both virtual reality-based training and traditional training. The survey could include Likert-scale questions and structured response options to gauge their perceived cognitive and skill development benefits from each training method. Additionally, open-ended questions could be included to gather qualitative insights on specific strengths and weaknesses of each training approach.
• Task Performance Analysis: Implement a task-based assessment that simulates real-life healthcare scenarios, where participants are evaluated on their ability to handle critical situations. Participants would go through both virtual reality-based training and traditional training before being assessed in the simulated scenarios. Their performance in the assessment could be objectively measured using predefined criteria, allowing for a quantitative comparison of skill development between the two training methods.

A clear outline can help structure your paper, organise your arguments effectively, and make your research more efficient.

You can use generative AI tools like ChatGPT to formulate a potential outline to help guide your research. You can be as specific as you like, giving an overview of your research objectives , main arguments, and any evidence you intend to include in your paper.

However, ChatGPT outputs sometimes contain factual inaccuracies. It’s important to check the headings and subheadings suggested in the output and adapt them to meet your needs.

• Create an outline for an academic research paper with the following research question:“What are the cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality-based training compared to traditional training methods in the field of healthcare?” The paper will be about 10 pages long.

B. Existing studies on cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality training

C. Comparison of virtual reality-based training with traditional training methods

D. Gaps in the literature and research limitations

III. Theoretical Framework

A. Theoretical basis for cognitive and skill development in training

B. Application of cognitive theories to virtual reality-based training

C. The role of immersive learning environments in skill acquisition

D. Conceptual framework for the study

IV. Research Methodology

A. Research design and approach (e.g., quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention)

B. Selection of participants and sample size calculation

C. Description of the virtual reality-based training and traditional training programs

D. Instruments and measures for assessing cognitive and skill development

E. Data collection procedures and ethical considerations

V. Data Analysis

A. Overview of statistical methods used for data analysis

B. Treatment of data and data cleaning

C. Quantitative analysis of cognitive and skill development outcomes

D. Presentation of findings with charts and tables

VI. Results

A. Presentation of the results of the cognitive and skill development assessments

B. Comparison of outcomes between virtual reality-based training and traditional training

C. Statistical significance and effect size analysis

D. Interpretation of the results and implications

VII. Discussion

A. Interpretation of findings in the context of the research question

B. Comparison of results with existing literature

C. Explanation of how virtual reality-based training impacts cognitive processes and skill development

D. Limitations of the study and areas for future research

VIII. Practical Implications

A. Practical applications of virtual reality-based training in healthcare settings

B. Recommendations for integrating virtual reality training in healthcare education

C. Benefits of virtual reality for continuous professional development in healthcare

IX. Conclusion

A. Summary of key findings

B. Reiteration of the research question and hypothesis

C. Contributions of the study to the field of healthcare training

D. Concluding remarks

X. References

You can use ChatGPT to help find sources relevant to your research. However, it’s important to be aware of the limitations of ChatGPT (for example, it occasionally cites nonexistent sources).

Instead of asking ChatGPT for specific source recommendations, try asking it for recommendations on the types of sources relevant to your research topic. You can also use it to generate a list of relevant keywords to use in your literature search.

• What types of sources could I use to write a research paper on the following research question? “What are the cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality-based training compared to traditional training methods in the field of healthcare?”
• Academic Journals: Peer-reviewed journals are valuable sources of scholarly research. Look for articles in medical education, cognitive psychology, virtual reality applications in healthcare, and technology-enhanced learning.
• Research Studies: Seek out published research studies that specifically investigate the impact of virtual reality-based training on cognitive and skill development in healthcare professionals.
• Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: These studies provide comprehensive overviews of existing research on a specific topic, making them a valuable source for summarizing and analyzing the overall evidence.
• Books and Book Chapters: Academic books and book chapters authored by experts in the fields of medical education, virtual reality, cognitive science, or instructional design can provide in-depth insights and theoretical foundations.
• Conference Proceedings: Proceedings from relevant conferences and symposiums may present the latest findings and advancements in virtual reality-based training and healthcare education.
• Educational Institution Websites: Universities and medical schools often publish research papers, case studies, and whitepapers related to medical education and virtual reality training.
• Industry Reports: Reports and whitepapers from healthcare organizations or technology companies exploring the benefits of virtual reality-based training in the healthcare sector.
• Government and Non-profit Organisations: Look for reports and publications from government agencies and non-profit organisations that focus on medical education and healthcare training.
• Online Databases: Utilize academic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect to search for peer-reviewed research articles and conference papers.
• Expert Interviews: If possible, conduct interviews with experts in medical education, cognitive science, and virtual reality to gain valuable insights and perspectives.
• Surveys and Polls: Refer to reputable surveys and polls related to virtual reality-based training in the healthcare industry for additional statistical data.

You can use ChatGPT to paraphrase or summarise text. This can help you to condense sources to their most important points and explore new ways of expressing your ideas.

Alternatively you can use the more specialised tools featured on Scribbr’s AI writing resources page, which are designed specifically for these purposes and will give a smoother user experience.

• Provide a short summary of the following text:“One of the most profound applications of VR in healthcare is its use in surgical training. Traditionally, surgical training has relied on a combination of didactic lectures, observation of procedures, and hands-on experience in the operating room. However, these methods may not provide the ideal environment for novices to develop the necessary dexterity and spatial understanding essential for complex surgeries. VR overcomes these limitations by offering immersive, true-to-life simulations that allow surgeons to navigate through intricate anatomical structures, practice incisions, and learn to manage unexpected challenges that may arise during surgeries. This hands-on experience in a risk-free environment not only enhances technical skills but also builds confidence and reduces the learning curve for new surgical techniques.”
• Virtual Reality (VR) has a profound impact on healthcare, particularly in surgical training, as it provides immersive simulations that help surgeons develop dexterity, spatial understanding, and confidence for complex surgeries in a risk-free environment, ultimately enhancing their technical skills and reducing the learning curve.

When you’ve finished writing your research paper, you can use ChatGPT to receive feedback. You can be as specific as you like, selecting particular aspects the output should focus on (e.g., tone, clarity of structure, appropriateness of evidence to support your arguments).

You can also use ChatGPT to check grammar, spelling, and punctuation. However, it’s not designed for this purpose and occasionally misses errors. We recommend using a more specialised tool like Scribbr’s free grammar checker . Or, for more comprehensive feedback, Scribbr’s proofreading and editing service .

• Feedback the above text with regard to appropriateness of evidence and coherence of structure.
• The research paper demonstrates a well-structured and coherent presentation of the cognitive and skill development benefits of VR-based surgical training. The introduction effectively sets the context and rationale, while the literature review incorporates relevant historical and empirical evidence. The theoretical framework strengthens the foundation for the analysis.The methodology section could provide more details on the research design and study selection criteria. However, the sections on cognitive and skill development benefits present compelling evidence, supported by appropriate sub-sections.The exploration of improved patient outcomes lacks concrete examples but effectively outlines potential benefits. The section on challenges and future directions raises relevant points, but suggestions for solutions could enhance practicality.Overall, the paper combines theoretical, empirical, and practical evidence, offering a well-rounded approach. It establishes the significance of VR-based surgical training and concludes with a concise summary of key findings.

If you want more tips on using AI tools , understanding plagiarism , and citing sources , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations, examples, and formats.

• Citing ChatGPT
• Best grammar checker
• Best paraphrasing tool
• ChatGPT in your studies
• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Best plagiarism checker

Citing sources

• Citation styles
• In-text citation
• Citation examples
• Annotated bibliography

Yes, you can use ChatGPT to summarise text . This can help you understand complex information more easily, summarise the central argument of your own paper, or clarify your research question.

You can also use Scribbr’s free text summariser , which is designed specifically for this purpose.

Yes, you can use ChatGPT to paraphrase text to help you express your ideas more clearly, explore different ways of phrasing your arguments, and avoid repetition.

However, it’s not specifically designed for this purpose. We recommend using a specialised tool like Scribbr’s free paraphrasing tool , which will provide a smoother user experience.

No, having ChatGPT write your college essay can negatively impact your application in numerous ways. ChatGPT outputs are unoriginal and lack personal insight.

Furthermore, Passing off AI-generated text as your own work is considered academically dishonest . AI detectors may be used to detect this offense, and it’s highly unlikely that any university will accept you if you are caught submitting an AI-generated admission essay.

However, you can use ChatGPT to help write your college essay during the preparation and revision stages (e.g., for brainstorming ideas and generating feedback).

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Driessen, K. (2023, August 17). How to Write a Paper with ChatGPT | Tips & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 29 July 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/using-ai-tools/chatgpt-paper/

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OPWNAI : Cybercriminals Starting to Use ChatGPT

Introduction

At the end of November 2022, OpenAI released ChatGPT, the new interface for its Large Language Model (LLM), which instantly created a flurry of interest in AI and its possible uses.  However, ChatGPT has also added some spice to the modern cyber threat landscape as it quickly became apparent that code generation can help less-skilled threat actors effortlessly launch cyberattacks.

In Check Point Research’s (CPR) previous blog , we described how ChatGPT successfully conducted a full infection flow, from creating a convincing spear-phishing email to running a reverse shell, capable of accepting commands in English. The question at hand is whether this is just a hypothetical threat or if there are already threat actors using OpenAI technologies for malicious purposes.

CPR’s analysis of several major underground hacking communities shows that there are already first instances of cybercriminals using OpenAI to develop malicious tools. As we suspected, some of the cases clearly showed that many cybercriminals using OpenAI have no development skills at all. Although the tools that we present in this report are pretty basic, it’s only a matter of time until more sophisticated threat actors enhance the way they use AI-based tools for bad.

Case 1 – Creating Infostealer

On December 29, 2022, a thread named “ChatGPT – Benefits of Malware” appeared on a popular underground hacking forum. The publisher of the thread disclosed that he was experimenting with ChatGPT to recreate malware strains and techniques described in research publications and write-ups about common malware. As an example, he shared the code of a Python-based stealer that searches for common file types, copies them to a random folder inside the Temp folder, ZIPs them and uploads them to a hardcoded FTP server.

Figure 1 –Cybercriminal showing how he created infostealer using ChatGPT

Our analysis of the script confirms the cybercriminal’s claims. This is indeed a basic stealer which searches for 12 common file types (such as MS Office documents, PDFs, and images) across the system. If any files of interest are found, the malware copies the files to a temporary directory, zips them, and sends them over the web. It is worth noting that the actor didn’t bother encrypting or sending the files securely, so the files might end up in the hands of 3rd parties as well.

The second sample this actor created using ChatGPT is a simple Java snippet. It downloads PuTTY, a very common SSH and telnet client, and runs it covertly on the system using Powershell. This script can of course be modified to download and run any program, including common malware families.

            Figure 2 –Proof of how he created Java program that downloads PuTTY and runs it using Powershell

This threat actor’s prior forum participation includes sharing several scripts like automation of the post-exploitation phase, and a C++ program that attempts to phish for user credentials. In addition, he actively shares cracked versions of SpyNote, an Android RAT malware. So overall, this individual seems to be a tech-oriented threat actor, and the purpose of his posts is to show less technically capable cybercriminals how to utilize ChatGPT for malicious purposes, with real examples they can immediately use.

Case 2 – Creating an Encryption Tool

On December 21, 2022, a threat actor dubbed USDoD  posted a Python script, which he emphasized was the first script he ever created.

Figure 3 –Cybercriminal dubbed USDoD posts multi-layer encryption tool

When another cybercriminal commented that the style of the code resembles openAI code,  USDoD confirmed that the OpenAI gave him a “nice [helping] hand to finish the script with a nice scope.”

Figure 4 –Confirmation that the multi-layer encryption tool was created using Open AI

Our analysis of the script verified that it is a Python script that performs cryptographic operations. To be more specific, it is actually a hodgepodge of different signing, encryption and decryption functions. At first glance, the script seems benign, but it implements a variety of different functions:

• The first part of the script generates a cryptographic key (specifically uses elliptic curve cryptography and the curve ed25519), that is used in signing files.
• The second part of the script includes functions that use a hard-coded password to encrypt files in the system using the Blowfish and Twofish algorithms concurrently in a hybrid mode. These functions allow the user to encrypt all files in a specific directory or a list of files.
• The script also uses RSA keys, uses certificates stored in PEM format, MAC signing, and blake2 hash function to compare the hashes etc.

It is important to note that all the decryption counterparts of the encryption functions are implemented in the script as well. The script includes two main functions; one which is used to encrypt a single file and append a message authentication code (MAC) to the end of the file and the other encrypts a hardcoded path and decrypts a list of files that it receives as an argument.

All of the afore-mentioned code can of course be used in a benign fashion. However, this script can easily be modified to encrypt someone’s machine completely without any user interaction. For example, it can potentially turn the code into ransomware if the script and syntax problems are fixed.

While it seems that UsDoD is not a developer and has limited technical skills, he is a very active and reputable member of the underground community. UsDoD is engaged in a variety of illicit activities that includes selling access to compromised companies and stolen databases. A notable stolen database USDoD shared recently was allegedly the leaked InfraGard database.

Figure 5 –USDoD previous illicit activity that involved publication of InfraGard Database

Case 3 – Facilitating ChatGPT for Fraud Activity

Another example of the use of ChatGPT for fraudulent activity was posted on New Year’s Eve of 2022, and it demonstrated a different type of cybercriminal activity. While our first two examples focused more on malware-oriented use of ChatGPT, this example shows a discussion with the title “Abusing ChatGPT to create Dark Web Marketplaces scripts.” In this thread, the cybercriminal shows how easy it is to create a Dark Web marketplace, using ChatGPT. The marketplace’s main role in the underground illicit economy is to provide a platform for the automated trade of illegal or stolen goods like stolen accounts or payment cards, malware, or even drugs and ammunition, with all payments in cryptocurrencies. To illustrate how to use ChatGPT for these purposes, the cybercriminal published a piece of code that uses third-party API to get up-to-date cryptocurrency (Monero, Bitcoin and Etherium) prices as part of the Dark Web market payment system.

Figure 6 –Threat actor using ChatGPT to create DarkWeb Market scripts

At the beginning of 2023, several threat actors opened discussions in additional underground forums that focused on how to use ChatGPT for fraudulent schemes. Most of these focused on generating random art with another OpenAI technology (DALLE2) and selling them online using legitimate platforms like Etsy. In another example, the threat actor explains how to generate an e-book or short chapter for a specific topic (using ChatGPT) and sells this content online.

Figure 7 –Multiple threads in the underground forums on how to use ChatGPT for fraud activity

It’s still too early to decide whether or not ChatGPT capabilities will become the new favorite tool for participants in the Dark Web. However, the cybercriminal community has already shown significant interest and are jumping into this latest trend to generate malicious code. CPR will continue to track this activity throughout 2023.

Finally, there is no better way to learn about ChatGPT abuse than by asking ChatGPT itself. So we asked the chatbot about the abuse options and received a pretty interesting answer:

Figure 8 –ChatGPT response about how threat actors abuse openAI

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