the history of taj mahal essay

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History of construction

Layout and architecture, current issues.

What is the Taj Mahal?

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• Table Of Contents

The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex in Agra , western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India . It is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture (a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles). The Taj Mahal is also one of the world’s most iconic monuments, visited by millions of tourists each year. The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.

Who was the Taj Mahal built for?

The Taj Mahal was built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”) by her husband, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (reigned 1628–58). She died in childbirth in 1631, after having been the emperor’s inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612.

Is the Taj Mahal a tomb?

The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex that houses the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”) and her husband, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (reigned 1628–58).

When was the Taj Mahal built?

Building of the Taj Mahal began about 1632. The mausoleum itself was completed by about 1638–39. The adjunct buildings were finished by 1643, and decoration work continued until at least 1647. In total, construction of the 42-acre (17-hectare) complex spanned 22 years.

Why does the Taj Mahal change colours?

The Taj Mahal is built of white marble that reflects hues according to the intensity of the sunlight or the moonlight.

Recent News

Taj Mahal , mausoleum complex in Agra , western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India . The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (reigned 1628–58) to immortalize his wife Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”), who died in childbirth in 1631, having been the emperor’s inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612. India’s most famous and widely recognized building, it is situated in the eastern part of the city on the southern (right) bank of the Yamuna (Jumna) River . Agra Fort (Red Fort), also on the right bank of the Yamuna, is about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal is one of the new Seven Wonders of the World. What are the other six?

In its harmonious proportions and its fluid incorporation of decorative elements, the Taj Mahal is distinguished as the finest example of Mughal architecture , a blend of Indian, Persian , and Islamic styles. Other attractions include twin mosque buildings (placed symmetrically on either side of the mausoleum), lovely gardens, and a museum. One of the most beautiful structural compositions in the world, the Taj Mahal is also one of the world’s most iconic monuments, visited by millions of tourists each year. The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.

The plans for the complex have been attributed to various architects of the period, though the chief architect was probably Ustad Aḥmad Lahawrī, an Indian of Persian descent. The five principal elements of the complex—main gateway, garden, mosque , jawāb (literally “answer”; a building mirroring the mosque), and mausoleum (including its four minarets)—were conceived and designed as a unified entity according to the tenets of Mughal building practice, which allowed no subsequent addition or alteration. Building commenced about 1632. More than 20,000 workers were employed from India, Persia , the Ottoman Empire , and Europe to complete the mausoleum itself by about 1638–39; the adjunct buildings were finished by 1643, and decoration work continued until at least 1647. In total, construction of the 42-acre (17-hectare) complex spanned 22 years.

A tradition relates that Shah Jahān originally intended to build another mausoleum across the river to house his own remains. That structure was to have been constructed of black marble, and it was to have been connected by a bridge to the Taj Mahal. He was deposed in 1658 by his son Aurangzeb , however, and was imprisoned for the rest of his life in Agra Fort.

Resting in the middle of a wide plinth 23 feet (7 metres) high, the mausoleum proper is of white marble that reflects hues according to the intensity of sunlight or moonlight. It has four nearly identical facades, each with a wide central arch rising to 108 feet (33 metres) at its apex and chamfered (slanted) corners incorporating smaller arches. The majestic central dome, which reaches a height of 240 feet (73 metres) at the tip of its finial , is surrounded by four lesser domes. The acoustics inside the main dome cause the single note of a flute to reverberate five times. The interior of the mausoleum is organized around an octagonal marble chamber ornamented with low-relief carvings and semiprecious stones ( pietra dura ). Therein are the cenotaphs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahān. Those false tombs are enclosed by a finely wrought filigree marble screen. Beneath the tombs, at garden level, lie the true sarcophagi. Standing gracefully apart from the central building, at each of the four corners of the square plinth, are elegant minarets.

Flanking the mausoleum near the northwestern and northeastern edges of the garden, respectively, are two symmetrically identical buildings—the mosque, which faces east, and its jawāb , which faces west and provides aesthetic balance. Built of red Sikri sandstone with marble-necked domes and architraves , they contrast in both colour and texture with the mausoleum’s white marble.

The garden is set out along classical Mughal lines—a square quartered by long watercourses (pools)—with walking paths, fountains, and ornamental trees. Enclosed by the walls and structures of the complex, it provides a striking approach to the mausoleum, which can be seen reflected in the garden’s central pools.

The southern end of the complex is graced by a wide red sandstone gateway with a recessed central arch two stories high. White marble paneling around the arch is inlaid with black Qurʾānic lettering and floral designs. The main arch is flanked by two pairs of smaller arches. Crowning the northern and southern facades of the gateway are matching rows of white chattri s ( chhattri s; cupola-like structures), 11 to each facade, accompanied by thin ornamental minarets that rise to some 98 feet (30 metres). At the four corners of the structure are octagonal towers capped with larger chattri s.

Two notable decorative features are repeated throughout the complex: pietra dura and Arabic calligraphy . As embodied in the Mughal craft, pietra dura (Italian: “hard stone”) incorporates the inlay of semiprecious stones of various colours, including lapis lazuli , jade , crystal , turquoise , and amethyst, in highly formalized and intertwining geometric and floral designs. The colours serve to moderate the dazzling expanse of the white Makrana marble. Under the direction of Amānat Khan al-Shīrāzī, verses from the Qurʾān were inscribed across numerous sections of the Taj Mahal in calligraphy, central to Islamic artistic tradition. One of the inscriptions in the sandstone gateway is known as Daybreak (89:28–30) and invites the faithful to enter paradise. Calligraphy also encircles the soaring arched entrances to the mausoleum proper. To ensure a uniform appearance from the vantage point of the terrace, the lettering increases in size according to its relative height and distance from the viewer.

Over the centuries the Taj Mahal has been subject to neglect and decay. A major restoration was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century under the direction of Lord Curzon , then the British viceroy of India. More recently, air pollution caused by emissions from foundries and other nearby factories and exhaust from motor vehicles has damaged the mausoleum, notably its marble facade. A number of measures have been taken to reduce the threat to the monument, among them the closing of some foundries and the installation of pollution-control equipment at others, the creation of a parkland buffer zone around the complex, and the banning of nearby vehicular traffic. A restoration and research program for the Taj Mahal was initiated in 1998. Progress in improving environmental conditions around the monument has been slow, however.

From time to time the Taj Mahal has been subject to India’s political dynamics . Night viewing was banned there between 1984 and 2004 because it was feared that the monument would be a target of Sikh militants. In addition, it increasingly has come to be seen as an Indian cultural symbol. Some Hindu nationalist groups have attempted to diminish the importance of the Muslim influence in accounting for the origins and design of the Taj Mahal.

Essay on Taj Mahal for Students and Children

500+ words essay on taj mahal.

Essay on Taj Mahal: Taj Mahal needs no introduction. This monument is on the list of the Seven Wonders of the World . No wonder people swarm in flies all year round to witness the magnificence of his beauty. This monument is located in India in the city of Agra in Uttar Pradesh. In other words, Taj Mahal marks the excellence of Mughal architecture.

Taj Mahal is one of the main reasons why India is famous. Many people even associate India with Taj Mahal. However, to me, more than the splendid architecture, it is the story behind it that appeals to me the most. This magnificent beauty stands strong as a symbol of the love of a husband to his wife. Moreover, it reminds us of the power of love and how it can set an example for generations to come.

Taj Maha – A Symbol of Love

The renowned Taj Mahal was brought to life by the vision of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan . He got this monument built for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal after she passed away.

To honor the memory of his loving wife, Shah Jahan ordered the finest artisans from all over the world to build it. He wanted to make something that had never been done before for anyone. The emperor wished to give the last gift to his wife whom he loved very much.

Even till date, people sing praises about Shah Jahan’s grand gesture. It makes you believe in love and appreciate it like never before. We also see how under the tomb lies the body of the eternal lovers. Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal are buried next to each other and even after death, they remained side by side.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Making of Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal was declared as a Heritage Site by UNSECO in 1983. What makes this monument so special? Why do people come from all walks of life to witness its magnificence? Taj Mahal is made from white marble. Subsequently, this marble was exported from various countries from all over the world.

Taj Mahal involves a lot of smart architecture. The four pillars that stand in the corners are inclined a little. This was done to prevent the monument from any kind of natural disaster. Shah Jahan spent a hefty amount of money in the making of Taj Mahal.

In addition, we see how the building of this structure required 20,000 workers approximately to get the work completed. Moreover, the architecture of Taj Mahal was inspired by several architecture styles like India, Turkish, Persian and more.

Furthermore, you will see a beautiful fountain in front of the Taj Mahal with water channels. The reflection of the Taj in the water just makes for a mesmerizing view. It looks nothing short of a fairyland. In conclusion, every Indian takes pride in the beauty of the Taj Mahal and its heritage. This monument is famous all over the world. Around 2 to 4 million people come to visit the Taj Mahal every year. The beauty and history of the monument attract people the most and makes it famous all over the world.

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The Taj Mahal

The location

Paradise on earth, the gardens, what the taj mahal represents.

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By: History.com Editors

Updated: June 5, 2023 | Original: June 13, 2011

The Taj Mahal is an enormous mausoleum complex commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the remains of his beloved wife. Constructed over a 20-year period on the southern bank of the Yamuna River in Agra, India, the famed complex is one of the most outstanding examples of Mughal architecture, which combined Indian, Persian and Islamic influences. At its center is the Taj Mahal itself, built of shimmering white marble that seems to change color depending on the daylight. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983, it remains one of the world’s most celebrated structures and a stunning symbol of India’s rich history.

Shah Jahan was a member of the Mughal dynasty that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid 18th-century. After the death of his father, King Jahangir, in 1627, Shah Jahan emerged the victor of a bitter power struggle with his brothers, and crowned himself emperor at Agra in 1628.

At his side was Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”), whom he married in 1612 and cherished as the favorite of his three queens.

In 1631, Mumtaz Mahal died after giving birth to the couple’s 14th child. The grieving Shah Jahan, known for commissioning a number of impressive structures throughout his reign, ordered the building of a magnificent mausoleum across the Yamuna River from his own royal palace at Agra.

Construction began around 1632 and would continue for the next two decades. The chief architect was probably Ustad Ahmad Lahouri, an Indian of Persian descent who would later be credited with designing the Red Fort at Delhi.

In all, more than 20,000 workers from India, Persia, Europe and the Ottoman Empire , along with some 1,000 elephants, were brought in to build the mausoleum complex.

Design and Construction of the Taj Mahal

Named the Taj Mahal in honor of Mumtaz Mahal, the mausoleum was constructed of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones (including jade, crystal, lapis lazuli, amethyst and turquoise) forming intricate designs in a technique known as pietra dura .

Its central dome reaches a height of 240 feet (73 meters) and is surrounded by four smaller domes; four slender towers, or minarets, stood at the corners. In accordance with the traditions of Islam , verses from the Quran were inscribed in calligraphy on the arched entrances to the mausoleum, in addition to numerous other sections of the complex.

Inside the mausoleum, an octagonal marble chamber adorned with carvings and semi-precious stones housed the cenotaph, or false tomb, of Mumtaz Mahal. The real sarcophagus containing her actual remains lay below, at garden level.

The rest of the Taj Mahal complex included a main gateway of red sandstone and a square garden divided into quarters by long pools of water, as well as a red sandstone mosque and an identical building called a jawab (or “mirror”) directly across from the mosque. Traditional Mughal building practice would allow no future alterations to be made to the complex.

As the story goes, Shah Jahan intended to build a second grand mausoleum across the Yamuna River from the Taj Mahal, where his own remains would be buried when he died; the two structures were to have been connected by a bridge.

In fact, Aurangzeb (Shah Jahan’s third son with Mumtaz Mahal) deposed his ailing father in 1658 and took power himself. Shah Jahan lived out the last years of his life under house arrest in a tower of the Red Fort at Agra, with a view of the majestic resting place he had constructed for his wife; when he died in 1666, he was buried next to her.

Taj Mahal Over the Years

Under Aurangzeb’s long rule (1658-1707), the Mughal empire reached the height of its strength. However, his militant Muslim policies, including the destruction of many Hindu temples and shrines, undermined the enduring strength of the empire and led to its demise by the mid-18th century.

Even as Mughal power crumbled, the Taj Mahal suffered from neglect and disrepair in the two centuries after Shah Jahan’s death. Near the turn of the 19th century, Lord Curzon, then British viceroy of India, ordered a major restoration of the mausoleum complex as part of a colonial effort to preserve India’s artistic and cultural heritage.

Today, some 3 million people a year (or around 45,000 a day during peak tourist season) visit the Taj Mahal.

Air pollution from nearby factories and automobiles poses a continual threat to the mausoleum’s gleaming white marble façade, and in 1998, India’s Supreme Court ordered a number of anti-pollution measures to protect the building from deterioration. Some factories were closed, while vehicular traffic was banned from the immediate vicinity of the complex.

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Taj Mahal Essay

500+ words essay on the taj mahal.

The Taj Mahal is a great Indian monument that attracts thousands of people from all over the world every year. It is located on the bank of the Yamuna River in the city of Agra in Uttar Pradesh. It is situated around 2.5 km away from the Agra Fort. It is known as the symbol of love as Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built it in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is the best-known and most famous example of Mughal architecture, which combined elements from Islamic and Indian architectural styles. The essay on the Taj Mahal is the most common topic which is asked in the English paper. So, students must go through this essay and try to write their own essay on the Taj Mahal in English.

Taj Mahal: The Symbol of Love

The Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world. It is recognized as one of the most beautiful structural compositions in the world and was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his honourable and beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, after she passed away. It is said that Shah Jahan gifted the Taj Mahal to his wife. It represents the love and bond of husband and wife and is recognized as the symbol of love. Interestingly, the Taj Mahal is believed to reflect the different moods of Mumtaz because it is pinkish in the morning, milky white in the evening and golden when the moon shines.

Shah Jahan made four promises to his wife when she was alive. These promises include building the Taj, marrying again, visiting the tomb on every death anniversary, and being gentle with his children. After two years, he decided to make a monument to honour the memory of his wife. So, he decided to build an exceptional monument that had never been constructed before. He turned it into a reality by making the Taj Mahal with the effort of 20,000 workers. It took 22 years to complete the construction of the Taj Mahal. It was also suspected that Shah Jahan cut the hands of all the 20,000 workers so that they would never build this type of monument again.

What Makes the Taj Mahal So Special?

The Taj Mahal is termed “the jewel of Muslim art in India”. The architecture of the Taj Mahal has five different main elements. The main gateway of the Taj Mahal is a curved shape and looks beautiful. There comes a beautiful garden after entering through the main gate. The garden has a long pool of water. The garden has beautiful beds of flowers and green trees. The Masjid is located on the left side of the Taj, which is built using red sandstones. The rest house is located on the right side of the Taj; it is named Saqqara Khaana. The Taj Mahal is constructed using 28 different types of precious stones and varieties of marble. It has been structured by combining various architectural styles like Indian, Persian, Islamic and Turkish. The white marbles used in the construction of the Taj Mahal are very expensive, and the architecture is decorated with ornamental gem materials.

The Archaeological Survey of India carries out the management of the Taj Mahal. It is one of the most beautiful monuments in India. Tourists from all over the world visit the place to enjoy the beauty of this monument of love. So, every individual must help in preserving and maintain such an incredible monument.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Taj Mahal Essay

Why is the taj mahal known as the symbol of love.

Taj Mahal was built in the span of 20 years by emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Thus it is seen as a depiction of love.

Is the Taj Mahal still one of the World’s Wonders?

Yes, the Taj Mahal had constant visitors even during the COVID pandemic season and remains one of the famous World Wonders.

How to write a descriptive and impressive essay?

It is important for a student to use different words while writing essays, as repetitive words can lead to boring content. Students should thus read articles, newspapers, blogs, etc., to improve their vocabulary skills.

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• Taj Mahal Essay

Essay on Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal Essay: Taj Mahal requires no introduction. This structure is one of the world's Seven Wonders of the World. It's no surprise that people swarm in flies every year to see the splendor of his beauty. This monument may be found in the city of Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. In other words , the Taj Mahal is a symbol of Mughal architecture at its best. The Taj Mahal is one of the most recognised landmarks in India. The Taj Mahal is a symbol of India that many people associate with the country. However, the tale behind it, rather than the magnificent architecture, appeals to me the most. This exquisite beauty is a powerful representation of a husband's devotion to his wife. It also serves as a reminder of the power of love and how it might serve as an example for future generations.

The Taj Mahal — A Love Symbol

The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's vision brought the world-famous Taj Mahal to life. After his loving wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died, he had this monument made for her.

Shah Jahan commissioned the finest artisans from all over the world to construct it in memory of his devoted wife. He wanted to create something that no one had ever seen before. The emperor wanted to give his wife, whom he adored, one more gift.

People continue to sing accolades for Shah Jahan's magnificent deed. It inspires you to believe in love and cherish it in new ways. We may also observe how the immortal lovers' bodies are buried beneath the tomb. Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal were buried next to each other and remained so long after death.

Taj Mahal Construction

In 1983, UNESCO designated the Taj Mahal as a World Heritage Site. What distinguishes this monument from others? Why do people from all walks of life flock to see its beauty? White marble was used to construct the Taj Mahal. As a result, this marble was exported from a variety of countries around the world.

They started building it in 1630 and finished it about 20 years later. Shah Jahan rejected various concepts before deciding on the Taj Mahal's current structure. The monument's walls are encrusted with precious stones.

The Taj Mahal is a masterpiece of architecture. The four pillars in the corners have a slight inclination to them. This was done to protect the monument from natural disasters. The Taj Mahal was built with a large sum of money by Shah Jahan.

Furthermore, we can see how the construction of this edifice took around 20,000 individuals to finish. Furthermore, the Taj Mahal's architecture was influenced by a variety of architectural traditions, including Indian, Turkish, and Persian.

In addition, there is a lovely fountain with water channels in front of the Taj Mahal. The Taj's reflection in the water creates an enthralling sight. It has the appearance of a fairytale.

To summarize, every Indian is proud of the Taj Mahal's beauty and tradition. This monument is well-known throughout the world. Every year, between 2 and 4 million people visit the Taj Mahal. The monument's beauty and history draw the most visitors and make it famous around the world.

FAQs on Taj Mahal Essay

1. What is the Taj Mahal?

Taj Mahal can be well explained in the essay of the Taj Mahal Essay by Vedantu. It is considered one of the most important and seventh wonders of the world. It is an ancient architectural structure. Taj Mahal was built by Shahjahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz. It is a symbol of love and purity and many tourists visit Agra, India to see the beauty. It is one of the most beautiful monuments and is made with marble and is located on the banks of river Yamuna.

2. What is the significance of the Taj Mahal?

Taj Mahal is one of the world‘s famous monuments that has impeccable beauty and architectural structure. To date, no other architect has been able to build such a beautiful monument. It is a symbol of love and purity that was made for Mumtaz by Shahjahan. The Mogul emperor devoted his love in the form of this beauty for his queen. People from all over the world come to see the monument. To know more about the Taj Mahal, download the PDF from Vedantu on Taj Mahal Essay.

3. Is it easy to write a Taj Mahal Essay?

Writing an essay in English can be difficult for those who cannot read and speak proper English. An essay about the Taj Mahal requires deep research and knowledge about the monument (know the history) and putting the thoughts and views in the English language. You can learn and write the essay in a better way via Vedantu’s Taj Mahal Essay. The free PDF consists of all the information giving the significance, brief history and architectural structure of the Taj Mahal.

4. What are the other things to admire around the Taj Mahal?

Taj Mahal is situated on the banks of the river Yamuna in Agra, India. Apart from the main building Taj Mahal has other attractive destinations. There is a beautiful fountain that has a lot of water channels and can be located around the marble tomb. You can see the reflection of the same and it looks so beautiful. The nearby greenery can be relaxing and provide a stress-free environment for people. Taj Mahal looks impeccable on a full moon night. 

5. What can I learn with the help of the Taj Mahal Essay?

Students who read the Taj Mahal Essay from Vedantu can learn about the Mughal emperor- Shahjahan’s masterpiece. It describes the significance, brief history and importance of the seventh wonder of the world, the Taj Mahal. You will be able to know about the history and cherish it in the name of love that was built for his wife Mumtaz. Mumtaz died and Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal in fond memory of her. You will be able to write the essay in your own words with regular eating and practice.

The Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632–53 (photo: King of Hearts , CC BY-SA 4.0)

Shah Jahan was the fifth ruler of the Mughal dynasty . During his third regnal year, his favorite wife, known as Mumtaz Mahal, died due to complications arising from the birth of their fourteenth child.  Deeply saddened, the emperor started planning the construction of a suitable, permanent resting place for his beloved wife almost immediately. The result of his efforts and resources was the creation of what was called the Luminous Tomb in contemporary Mughal texts and is what the world knows today as the Taj Mahal.

In general terms, Sunni Muslims favor a simple burial, under an open sky.  But notable domed mausolea for Mughals (as well as for other Central Asian rulers) were built prior to Shah Jahan’s rule, so in this regard, the Taj is not unique. The Taj is, however, exceptional for its monumental scale, stunning gardens, lavish ornamentation, and its overt use of white marble.

Taj Mahal, Agra, India (photo: David Castor )

The location

Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India (underlying map © Google)

Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in Agra, where he took the throne in 1628. First conquered by Muslim invaders in the eleventh century, the city had been transformed into a flourishing area of trade during Shah Jahan’s rule. Situated on the banks of the Yamuna River allowed for easy access to water, and Agra soon earned the reputation as a “riverfront garden city,” on account of its meticulously planned gardens, lush with flowering bushes and fruit-bearing trees in the sixteenth century.

Entrance, Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632–53 (photo: David Castor )

Paradise on Earth

Entry to the Taj Mahal complex via the forecourt, which in the sixteenth century housed shops, and through a monumental gate of inlaid and highly decorated red sandstone made for a first impression of grand splendor and symmetry: aligned along a long water channel through this gate is the Taj—set majestically on a raised platform on the north end.  The rectangular complex runs roughly 1860 feet on the north-south axis, and 1000 feet on the east-west axis.

Aerial view of the Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632–53 (underlying map © Google)

The white-marble mausoleum is flanked on either side by identical buildings in red sandstone.  One of these serves as a mosque , and the other, whose exact function is unknown, provides architectural balance.

The marble structure is topped by a bulbous dome and surrounded by four minarets of equal height.  While minarets in Islamic architecture are usually associated with mosques—for use by the muezzin who leads the call to prayer—here, they are not functional, but ornamental, once again underscoring the Mughal focus on structural balance and harmony.

The interior floor plan of the Taj exhibits the hasht bishisht (eight levels) principle, alluding to the eight levels of paradise. Consisting of eight halls and side rooms connected to the main space in a cross-axial plan—the favored design for Islamic architecture from the mid-fifteenth century—the center of the main chamber holds Mumtaz Mahal’s intricately decorated marble cenotaph on a raised platform.  The emperor’s cenotaph was laid down beside hers after he died three decades later—both are encased in an octagon of exquisitely carved white-marble screens.  The coffins bearing their remains lie in the spaces directly beneath the cenotaphs.

Cenotaphs, Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632–53 (photo: Derek A Young , CC BY-NC 2.0)

Carving and inlaid stone, Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632–53 (photo: Martin Lambie , CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

Qur’anic verses inscribed into the walls of the building and designs inlaid with semi-precious stones—coral, onyx, carnelian, amethyst, and lapis lazuli—add to the splendor of the Taj’s white exterior.  The dominant theme of the carved imagery is floral, showing some recognizable, and other fanciful species of flowers—another link to the theme of paradise.

Some of the Taj Mahal’s architecture fuses aspects from other Islamic traditions, but other aspects reflect indigenous style elements. In particular, this is evident in the umbrella-shaped ornamental chhatris (dome shaped pavillions) atop the pavilions and minarets.

And whereas most Mughal-era buildings tended to use red stone for exteriors and functional architecture (such as military buildings and forts)—reserving white marble for special inner spaces or for the tombs of holy men, the Taj’s entire main structure is constructed of white marble and the auxiliary buildings are composed of red sandstone. This white-and-red color scheme of the built complex may correspond with principles laid down in ancient Hindu texts —in which white stood for purity and the priestly class, and red represented the color of the warrior class.

The gardens

Stretching in front of the Taj Mahal is a monumental char bagh garden. Typically, a char bagh was divided into four main quadrants, with a building (such as a pavilion or tomb) along its central axis. When viewed from the main gateway today, the Taj Mahal appears to deviate from this norm, as it is not centrally placed within the garden, but rather located at the end of a complex that is backed by the river, such as was found in other Mughal-era pleasure gardens.

View from the Mahtab Bagh, Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632–53 (photo: Steve Evans , CC BY-NC 2.0)

When viewed from the Mahtab Bagh, moonlight gardens, across the river, however, the monument appears to be centrally located in a grander complex than originally thought. This view, only possible when one incorporates the Yamuna River into the complex, speaks to the brilliance of the architect. Moreover, by raising the Taj onto an elevated foundation, the builders ensured that Shah Jahan’s funerary complex as well as the tombs of other Mughal nobles along with their attached gardens could be viewed from many angles along the river.

The garden incorporated waterways and fountains. This was a new type of gardening that was introduced to India by Babur, Shah Jahan’s great great grandfather in the sixteenth century. Given the passage of time and the intervention of many individuals in the garden since its construction, it is hard to determine the original planting and layout scheme of the garden beds at the Taj.

From the outset, the Taj was conceived of as a building that would be remembered for its magnificence for ages to come, and to that end, the best material and skills were employed. The finest marble came from quarries 250 miles away in Makrarna, Rajasthan. Mir Abd Al-Karim was designated as the lead architect. Abdul Haqq was chosen as the calligrapher, and Ustad Ahmad Lahauri was made the supervisor. Shah Jahan made sure that the principles of Mughal architecture were incorporated into the design throughout the building process.

Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632–53 (photo: LASZLO ILYES , CC BY 2.0)

What the Taj Mahal represents

When Mumtaz Mahal died at age 38 in 1631, the emperor is reported to have refused to engage in court festivities, postponed two of his sons’ weddings, and allegedly made frequent visits to his wife’s temporary resting place (in Burhanpur) during the time it took for the building of the Taj to be completed. Stories like these have led to the Taj Mahal being referred to as an architectural “symbol of love” in popular literature. But there are other theories: one suggests that the Taj is not a funeral monument, and that Shah Jahan might have built a similar structure even if his wife had not died. Based on the metaphoric specificity of Qur’anic and other inscriptions and the emperor’s love of thrones, another theory maintains that the Taj Mahal is a symbolic representation of a Divine Throne—the seat of God—on the Day of Judgment. A third view holds that the monument was built to represent a replica of a house of paradise. In the “paradisiacal mansion” theory, the Taj was something of a vanity project, built to glorify Mughal rule and the emperor himself.

If his accession to the throne was smooth, Shah Jahan’s departure from it was not.  The emperor died not as a ruler, but as a prisoner. Relegated to Agra Fort under house arrest for eight years prior to his death in 1666, Shah Jahan could enjoy only a distant view of the Taj Mahal.  But the resplendent marble mausoleum he built “with posterity in mind” endures, more than 350 years after it was constructed, and is believed to be the most recognizable sight in the world today. Laid to rest beside his beloved wife in the Taj Mahal, the man once called Padshah—King of the World—enjoys enduring fame, too, for having commissioned the world’s most extravagant and memorable mausoleum.

The Taj Mahal is one of the world’s great tourist attractions, hosting millions of visitors per year. Though it was designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 and is currently overseen by the Archaeological Survey of India, its heavy visitor traffic is just one of the many factors that threaten the integrity of the site.

One of the biggest risk factors for the Taj Mahal is air pollution, which discolors the exterior and, some experts think, causes acid rain that deteriorates the marble. Air pollution is caused by a multitude of factors including industry, vehicle emissions, and the burning of household waste. The government of India designated an area called the Taj Trapezium Zone (named for its trapezoidal shape), a 10,400 square kilometer swath (about 4,000 square miles) of Agra encompassing the Taj Mahal as well as the Agra Fort and the historic Mughal settlement of Fatehpur Sikri. Oil refineries and coal-burning industries have been ordered to regulate their emissions or switch to natural gas within this zone, and most have complied.

There has also been a ban on auto traffic near the Taj Mahal, air quality monitors have been installed, and the Archaeological Survey of India has proposed a tourist cap and increased fees to limit visitor impact.

Another potential risk for the Taj Mahal is the drying up of the Yamuna River, which flows along the rear of the complex. The river has been partially dammed upstream from the Taj Mahal in order to augment municipal water supplies, and some argue that the changes in the soil due to the lower water table may be threatening the structural integrity of the monument. Various activists and scholars have claimed to have found cracks in the marble platform, sinking of the structure, and tipping of the minarets, though UNESCO asserts that

The physical fabric is in good condition and structural stability, nature of foundation, verticality of the minarets and other constructional aspects of Taj Mahal have been studied and continue to be monitored.

The Taj Mahal is rightly a top destination for millions of travelers. As global tourism grows and the economic pressures of industry continue to increase, the authorities who oversee the site must strive to implement legal and structural measures to ensure that this irreplaceable monument survives.

Backstory by Dr. Naraelle Hohensee

Bibliography

The Taj Mahal on the UNESCO website

Watch a video on the Taj Mahal from UNESCO

View from the roof (360) from Google Arts and Culture

About the fifth Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan

Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor , translated, edited, and annotated by Wheeler M. Thackston (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

Milo C. Beach and Ebba Koch,  King of the World: The Padshahnama , with new translations by Wheeler Thackston (London: Azimuth, 1997).

Wayne Begley, “ The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of its Symbolic Meaning ,” Art Bulletin , volume 61, number 1 (March 1979), pp. 7–37.

Vidya Dehejia, Indian Art (New York: Phaidon, 1997).

Ebba Koch,  Mughal Architecture: An Outline of its History and Development (1526–1858) (Munich: Prestel, 1991).

Ebba Koch, The Complete Taj Mahal and the Riverfront Gardens of Agr a (London: Thames and Hudson, 2006).

Ebba Koch, “The Taj Mahal: Architecture, Symbolism and Urban Significance,” Muqarnas , volume 22 (2005).

George Michell, George, and Amit Pasricha, Mughal Architecture and Gardens (Suffolk: Antique Collectors’ Club, 2011).

D. Fairchild Ruggles, “A Garden in Landscape,” Islamic Gardens and Landscapes: Penn Studies in Landscape Architecture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).

Giles Tillotson,  Taj Mahal (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008).

“ How to Save the Taj Mahal? ” Smithsonian.com, September 2011.

“Is a cap on tourists at the Taj Mahal a sign of things to come?”  The Telegraph,  January 5, 2018.

“The Slow Decay of the Taj Mahal,” The Diplomat , August 1, 2016.

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• Description

An immense mausoleum of white marble, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favourite wife, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Le Taj Mahal

Immense mausolée funéraire de marbre blanc édifiée entre 1631 et 1648 à Agra sur l'ordre de l'empereur moghol Shah Jahan pour perpétuer le souvenir de son épouse favorite, le Taj Mahal, joyau le plus parfait de l'art musulman en Inde, est l'un des chefs-d'œuvre universellement admirés du patrimoine de l'humanité.

إنّ تاج محل هو ضريح جنائزي هائل شُيّد من الرخام الأبيض بين عامي 1631 و1648 في أغرا بناءً على أوامر الإمبراطور المغولي شاه جهان بهدف تخليد ذكرى زوجته المفضّلة. ويشكّل تاج محل الذي يُعتبر أفضل جوهرة في الفن الإسلامي في الهند إحدى أبرز تُحف التراث البشري التي هي محطّ إعجاب العالم بأسره.

source: UNESCO/CPE Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

泰姬陵是一座由白色大理石建成的巨大陵墓清真寺，是莫卧儿皇帝沙贾汗(Shah Jahan)为纪念他心爱的妃子于1631年至1648年在阿格拉修建的。泰姬陵是印度穆斯林艺术的瑰宝奇葩，是世界遗产中令世人赞叹的经典杰作之一。

Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis

The Taj Mahal is located on the right bank of the Yamuna River in a vast Mughal garden that encompasses nearly 17 hectares, in the Agra District in Uttar Pradesh. It was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal with construction starting in 1632 AD and completed in 1648 AD, with the mosque, the guest house and the main gateway on the south, the outer courtyard and its cloisters were added subsequently and completed in 1653 AD. The existence of several historical and Quaranic inscriptions in Arabic script have facilitated setting the chronology of Taj Mahal. For its construction, masons, stone-cutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers, dome builders and other artisans were requisitioned from the whole of the empire and also from the Central Asia and Iran. Ustad-Ahmad Lahori was the main architect of the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal is considered to be the greatest architectural achievement in the whole range of Indo-Islamic architecture. Its recognised architectonic beauty has a rhythmic combination of solids and voids, concave and convex and light shadow; such as arches and domes further increases the aesthetic aspect. The colour combination of lush green scape reddish pathway and blue sky over it show cases the monument in ever changing tints and moods. The relief work in marble and inlay with precious and semi precious stones make it a monument apart. 

The uniqueness of Taj Mahal lies in some truly remarkable innovations carried out by the horticulture planners and architects of Shah Jahan. One such genius planning is the placing of tomb at one end of the quadripartite garden rather than in the exact centre, which added rich depth and perspective to the distant view of the monument. It is also, one of the best examples of raised tomb variety. The tomb is further raised on a square platform with the four sides of the octagonal base of the minarets extended beyond the square at the corners. The top of the platform is reached through a lateral flight of steps provided in the centre of the southern side. The ground plan of the Taj Mahal is in perfect balance of composition, the octagonal tomb chamber in the centre, encompassed by the portal halls and the four corner rooms. The plan is repeated on the upper floor. The exterior of the tomb is square in plan, with chamfered corners. The large double storied domed chamber, which houses the cenotaphs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan, is a perfect octagon in plan. The exquisite octagonal marble lattice screen encircling both cenotaphs is a piece of superb workmanship. It is highly polished and richly decorated with inlay work. The borders of the frames are inlaid with precious stones representing flowers executed with wonderful perfection. The hues and the shades of the stones used to make the leaves and the flowers appear almost real. The cenotaph of Mumtaz Mahal is in perfect centre of the tomb chamber, placed on a rectangular platform decorated with inlaid flower plant motifs. The cenotaph of Shah Jahan is greater than Mumtaz Mahal and installed more than thirty years later by the side of the latter on its west. The upper cenotaphs are only illusory and the real graves are in the lower tomb chamber (crypt), a practice adopted in the imperial Mughal tombs.

The four free-standing minarets at the corners of the platform added a hitherto unknown dimension to the Mughal architecture. The four minarets provide not only a kind of spatial reference to the monument but also give a three dimensional effect to the edifice.

The most impressive in the Taj Mahal complex next to the tomb, is the main gate which stands majestically in the centre of the southern wall of the forecourt. The gate is flanked on the north front by double arcade galleries. The garden in front of the galleries is subdivided into four quarters by two main walk-ways and each quarters in turn subdivided by the narrower cross-axial walkways, on the Timurid-Persian scheme of the walled in garden. The enclosure walls on the east and west have a pavilion at the centre.

The Taj Mahal is a perfect symmetrical planned building, with an emphasis of bilateral symmetry along a central axis on which the main features are placed. The building material used is brick-in-lime mortar veneered with red sandstone and marble and inlay work of precious/semi precious stones. The mosque and the guest house in the Taj Mahal complex are built of red sandstone in contrast to the marble tomb in the centre. Both the buildings have a large platform over the terrace at their front. Both the mosque and the guest house are the identical structures. They have an oblong massive prayer hall consist of three vaulted bays arranged in a row with central dominant portal. The frame of the portal arches and the spandrels are veneered in white marble. The spandrels are filled with flowery arabesques of stone intarsia and the arches bordered with rope molding.

Criterion (i): Taj Mahal represents the finest architectural and artistic achievement through perfect harmony and excellent craftsmanship in a whole range of Indo-Islamic sepulchral architecture. It is a masterpiece of architectural style in conception, treatment and execution and has unique aesthetic qualities in balance, symmetry and harmonious blending of various elements.

Integrity is maintained in the intactness of tomb, mosque, guest house, main gate and the whole Taj Mahal complex. The physical fabric is in good condition and structural stability, nature of foundation, verticality of the minarets and other constructional aspects of Taj Mahal have been studied and continue to be monitored. To control the impact of deterioration due for atmospheric pollutants, an air control monitoring station is installed to constantly monitor air quality and control decay factors as they arise. To ensure the protection of the setting, the adequate management and enforcement of regulations in the extended buffer zone is needed. In addition, future development for tourist facilities will need to ensure that the functional and visual integrity of the property is maintained, particularly in the relationship with the Agra Fort.

Authenticity

The tomb, mosque, guest house, main gate and the overall Taj Mahal complex have maintained the conditions of authenticity at the time of inscription. Although an important amount of repairs and conservation works have been carried out right from the British period in India these have not compromised to the original qualities of the buildings. Future conservation work will need to follow guidelines that ensure that qualities such as form and design continue to be preserved.

Protection and management requirements

The management of Taj Mahal complex is carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India and the legal protection of the monument and the control over the regulated area around the monument is through the various legislative and regulatory frameworks that have been established, including the Ancient Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 and Rules 1959 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation); which is adequate to the overall administration of the property and buffer areas. Additional supplementary laws ensure the protection of the property in terms of development in the surroundings.

An area of 10,400 sq km around the Taj Mahal is defined to protect the monument from pollution. The Supreme Court of India in December, 1996, delivered a ruling banning use of coal/coke in industries located in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) and switching over to natural gas or relocating them outside the TTZ. The TTZ comprises of 40 protected monuments including three World Heritage Sites - Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri.

The fund provided by the federal government is adequate for the buffer areas. The fund provided by the federal government is adequate for the overall conservation, preservation and maintenance of the complex to supervise activities at the site under the guidance of the Superintending Archaeologist of the Agra Circle. The implementation of an Integrated Management plan is necessary to ensure that the property maintains the existing conditions, particularly in the light of significant pressures derived from visitation that will need to be adequately managed. The Management plan should also prescribe adequate guidelines for proposed infrastructure development and establish a comprehensive Public Use plan.

• Moghal Gardens (World Heritage Review)
• World Heritage in India (Archaeological Survey of India)

The Nomination files produced by the States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate the preparations of comparative analysis by other nominating States Parties.

The sole responsibility for the content of each Nomination file lies with the State Party concerned. The publication of the Nomination file, including the maps and names, does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the history or legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.

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Overview of Taj Mahal: History Essay

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Taj Mahal is one of the most significant buildings in India and the world. In addition, this building is often listed as one of the most beautiful and historically significant buildings on earth, as it is in many ways unique and unrepeatable, despite the fact that many other countries have tried to replicate it. All these attempts have failed, but Taj Mahal holds a special status for all followers of Indian culture and religion and historians and architects who have admired its grandeur and unparalleled news for centuries.

The history of this building did not begin so long ago compared to many places of worship in the rest of the world. This is primarily because the Indian region was underdeveloped when it was built and did not allow for improved building methods, safety on the site, and materials to be used. All these problems did not prevent Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan from building this castle in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, in 1632. At that time, the first plans for the building appeared, and construction began, which was not completed until sixteen years later, in 1648. Despite what the building looks like now, at that time, it was not much different in its innovation and scale of construction (India Today, 2018). All of the above problems did not become unresolvable, and the Emperor was able to set up the building at a reasonably rapid pace for the time.

In addition, the Taj Mahal is a precious structure from a historical point of view. Inside is engraved valuable information of that time, which describes the culture and customs of that time, information about which is precious in the absence of other people’s sources of information. That is why artisans from all over Asia also joined the construction (History.com Editors, 2018). They helped not only to rebuild the palace but also to give it a historical value which is still revered today.

What makes this palace unique, besides the building itself, is the combination of the of light rays under the various arches. When they were built, the engineers thought it would be a creative idea to add places where light would fall to form shadows at just the right angle, all coming together into one whole. Thus, unique images were created from shadows, analogs of which do not exist. Even today, this technology is considered very complicated and hardly feasible (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, n.d.). Still, the builders of the Taj Mahal proved that they could do the impossible even for today’s time and create a unique form of art.

In addition, it is also worth noting a unique approach to the creation of the tomb. As already mentioned earlier, this palace was built to honor the memory of the Emperor’s wife, and he had in idea to create the most unusual concept of the rooms of his deceased wife. The architects admire the remarkable way the monument was built and located on the first floor in a four-sided garden. The whole unusual idea is that usually when such objects are created, the shrines are placed in the middle of the garden, which gives importance to the person who lays there and symbolizes the continuation of life through blooming plants (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, n.d.). The Emperor reasoned differently and placed his wife’s body near a distant room emperor pleaded otherwise and set his wife’s body by a remote room. In this way, he showed not her importance after death but that she followed a beautiful road of flowers to her eternal rest and finally found her peace in another world. In addition, her tomb was located on a small hill, which adds the significance of the persona of the Emperor’s wife. The tomb itself stands on an octagonal pedestal, the four sides extending beyond the edge of the figure, which gives the shape of a star and reminds of the importance of the empress in her husband’s life.

The first-floor plan maintains a balance throughout, as the rooms are placed in precisely the same order as on the other floors and maintain a perfect balance. The garden and shrine are in the middle of the complex on the first floor, surrounded by portal halls and four rooms in the corners. The exterior walls of the tomb are lined with portraits and frescoes depicting the Emperor and his wife. This is done in memory of the founder of this structure and shows the purpose of the construction.

The palace walls are made of first-class marble, which was very difficult to obtain in India at the time. Still, Emperor Shah Jahan negotiated a supply of the expensive material for the construction and hired artisans who knew how to handle it. The consequence of this step was that the rooms were perfectly made of marble and inlaid with precious stones. The tomb of the Emperor himself was one floor above. It was situated in the garden, as was his wife, and follows the composition of the previous tomb. However, the actual bodies were not there. It is only open to visitors, with floral installations and a beautiful garden with portraits of the imperial family. The bodies themselves are in a crypt behind the building, which was not a novelty at the time since monarchs were often buried away from human eyes.

Speaking of the appearance of the Taj Mahal, it should be noted that the first attraction that catches the eye of all people is the main entrance and the alley that leads to the palace. The main gate is inscribed in the center of the southern part of the palace and consists of large arches, which are symmetrical concerning each other. The entrance is framed by double arcaded galleries and leads to the garden, which is the first sight to see when viewing the building. The park is divided by two paths divided into sections, each of which is a separate composite, although, in the aggregate, they do not differ from each other in color (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, n.d.). This allows them to be seen as separate components of the garden and whole, which is also a creative solution to creating flower meadows.

The building itself is entirely symmetrical, which was very challenging in terms of architecture at the time of construction. It was necessary to correctly calculate the location of those or other elements of the building, absolutely accurately conduct calculations and at the same time take into account all the wishes of the Emperor. Combined with all the previously described details, such as the arches that cast light only at a certain angle, as well as the gardens, the plants which must be put together in a composition while being separated from each other, you can only imagine how difficult the work was not only with the design but also with the construction itself. In addition, the materials from which the Taj Mahal was built were in minimal quantities, which prevented him from making a mistake in calculations and making even minor errors.

In this regard, the temple is not made entirely of marble, as the Emperor wanted. Its foundation consisted of bricks on a lime base, decorated with marble and lined with red sandstone, of which there was plenty in India.

It is also worth noting that the complex also includes a guest house and a mosque in addition to the palace itself. The guest house is located near the Taj Mahal and is a small copy of it, with reduced proportions and built on the same basis as the palace itself (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, n.d.). Both buildings also have some similarities, such as the terrace, above which a large platform is made, and the prayer hall consists of three separate sections. Unlike the palace itself, these buildings don’t have a marble base but are built of sandstone bricks, though made to look as if they were marble. It is striking that the Emperor wanted to bring to perfection his primary creation and the surrounding buildings to impress the guests and the ordinary people as well. Even despite the lack of necessary materials palace was built and still is. Many historians and architects are studying its construction to this day to understand how possible it was to create this palace in the realities of the time, how materials were obtained, what are the features of the Taj Mahal and why it looks so that it is still the face of all Asia.

In conclusion, it is worth adding that it is still a cult structure despite its age because this palace is more than 350 years old. Despite all the conditions under which the workers were at its construction and design, it is still one of the finest examples of human intelligence and architectural ability. The Taj Mahal is an iconic structure that shows the world how majestic the culture of the Eastern region is.

History.com Editors. (2018). Taj Mahal . History. Web.

India Today (2018). A brief history of Taj Mahal, the epitome of love . Web.

UNESCO World Heritage Centre (n.d.). Taj Mahal . Web.

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Essay on Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal, a magnificent white marble structure located in Agra, India, is a treasure that has captured the hearts and imaginations of people worldwide. This essay explores the Taj Mahal’s rich history, architectural grandeur, cultural significance, and why it stands as a symbol of eternal love and beauty.

Historical Background

The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who passed away during childbirth in 1631. Construction began in 1632 and was completed in 1648, with additional landscaping completed later. It is a testament to the deep love and grief Shah Jahan felt for his wife.

Architectural Grandeur

The Taj Mahal is renowned for its breathtaking architecture. It features intricate designs and symmetrical layout. The main building stands on a platform, with a central dome surrounded by four smaller domes, all adorned with white marble and precious stones. The stunning gardens and reflecting pool add to its allure.

Cultural Significance

The Taj Mahal is not just a beautiful building; it is a symbol of India’s rich cultural heritage. In 1983, it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its historical and architectural importance. It represents the pinnacle of Mughal architecture and is a source of national pride.

The Eternal Love Story

The Taj Mahal’s construction was inspired by a deep and enduring love story. Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal shared a love so profound that it is said to have moved the heavens. The Taj Mahal’s creation is a tribute to their love and the promise of reuniting in the afterlife.

Architectural Features

The Taj Mahal is a marvel of architectural precision. Its design incorporates elements of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles. The intricate calligraphy, geometric patterns, and use of precious stones like jade, lapis lazuli, and turquoise make it a masterpiece.

The Charming Gardens

The Taj Mahal is surrounded by well-maintained gardens that are both beautiful and functional. The gardens symbolize paradise and are meticulously designed with geometric patterns and pathways. They enhance the overall beauty of the monument and provide a serene atmosphere for visitors.

Visitor Experience

The Taj Mahal welcomes millions of visitors from around the world every year. Tourists marvel at its beauty and significance. The experience of seeing the Taj Mahal up close is awe-inspiring, and it leaves an indelible mark on the hearts of those who visit.

Preservation Efforts

Preserving the Taj Mahal is of utmost importance. Pollution and environmental factors have led to discoloration of the marble. Conservation efforts, including cleaning, restoration, and limited visitor access, are in place to protect this architectural wonder for future generations.

Conclusion of Essay on Taj Mahal

In conclusion, the Taj Mahal is not just a monument; it is a testament to love, artistry, and culture. Its historical significance, architectural grandeur, and deep-rooted love story make it a symbol of India’s heritage and a source of inspiration for people worldwide. As we marvel at the Taj Mahal’s beauty and contemplate its enduring message of love, we are reminded of the timeless power of human creativity and emotion. The Taj Mahal will continue to stand as a beacon of love and beauty, captivating the hearts of generations to come.

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Essay on Taj Mahal

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Essay on Taj Mahal in 150-250 words

Essay on taj mahal in 300-400 words, essay on taj mahal in 500-1000 words.

The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, India, is one of the most iconic and breathtaking structures in the world. Built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century, it is a symbol of love and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Taj Mahal was constructed as a mausoleum for Shah Jahan’s beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who passed away during childbirth.

The architectural brilliance of the Taj Mahal is awe-inspiring. It is constructed entirely of white marble and features intricate carvings, calligraphy, and exquisite inlay work. The grand dome, minarets, and symmetrical gardens surrounding the Taj Mahal add to its majestic beauty.

The Taj Mahal has significant cultural and historical importance. It represents the Mughal era’s architectural achievements and showcases the blend of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles. It stands as a testament to the enduring power of love and serves as a pilgrimage site for tourists and visitors from all over the world.

The Taj Mahal’s ethereal beauty, rich history, and cultural significance make it a treasure of India and a marvel of human ingenuity. It continues to captivate and inspire people with its timeless elegance and serves as a reminder of the depth of love and the heights of human creativity.

The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, India, is one of the most iconic and revered structures in the world. Built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century, it stands as a symbol of love, devotion, and architectural brilliance. The Taj Mahal was constructed as a mausoleum for Shah Jahan’s beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who passed away during childbirth.

The architectural grandeur of the Taj Mahal is awe-inspiring. It is renowned for its exquisite craftsmanship and meticulous detailing. The structure is made entirely of white marble, which glistens in the sunlight, giving it a ethereal appearance. The central dome, flanked by four minarets, serves as the focal point, while intricate carvings, calligraphy, and inlay work adorn the exterior and interior of the monument. The lush gardens surrounding the Taj Mahal, with their symmetrical layout and reflecting pool, add to its beauty and serenity.

The Taj Mahal is not just a marvel of architectural splendor; it holds immense cultural and historical significance as well. It reflects the grandeur and opulence of the Mughal era and showcases the fusion of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles. The monument stands as a testament to the enduring power of love, as Shah Jahan built it as a mausoleum to honor his beloved wife. The Taj Mahal is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and attracts millions of visitors from around the globe who come to admire its beauty and appreciate its historical importance.

The Taj Mahal has transcended its physical boundaries to become a symbol of India’s rich cultural heritage. It is often regarded as one of the seven wonders of the world and is featured prominently in literature, art, and popular culture. It serves as a source of inspiration for artists, architects, and romantics alike.

In conclusion, the Taj Mahal is a testament to the power of love, the brilliance of architectural design, and the cultural legacy of India. Its intricate beauty, harmonious proportions, and historical significance continue to captivate the hearts and minds of people from all walks of life. The Taj Mahal stands as a shining example of human creativity, perseverance, and the enduring impact of a grand vision brought to life.

Title: Taj Mahal – A Testament to Eternal Love and Architectural Grandeur

Introduction :

The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, India, is one of the most exquisite and iconic architectural wonders in the world. Built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century, it stands as a symbol of eternal love and serves as a mausoleum for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal’s architectural grandeur, intricate craftsmanship, and historical significance have made it a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a global symbol of India’s rich cultural heritage.

Historical Background

The construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 and took approximately 22 years to complete. Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal Emperor of India, commissioned the monument as a final resting place for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who tragically passed away in 1631. The emperor was devastated by her loss and sought to create a mausoleum that would immortalize their eternal love.

Architectural Brilliance

The Taj Mahal is renowned for its architectural splendor and perfect symmetry. It is constructed entirely of white marble, which was sourced from various parts of India and beyond. The monument features intricate carvings, delicate filigree work, and exquisite inlay designs made of semi-precious stones. The central dome, towering at a height of 73 meters, is flanked by four minarets, each standing at 40 meters. The dome itself is adorned with intricate floral motifs and Quranic inscriptions.

The complex design of the Taj Mahal follows the principles of Mughal architecture, blending Persian, Islamic, and Indian influences. The use of geometrical patterns, arches, and ornamental elements creates a sense of harmony and balance. The surrounding gardens, known as the Charbagh, are laid out in a symmetrical pattern with water channels and fountains, reflecting the Islamic concept of paradise.

Symbolism and Cultural Significance

The Taj Mahal holds deep cultural and symbolic significance in Indian history. It represents the pinnacle of Mughal architecture and the fusion of diverse cultural influences. The monument’s creation is an enduring testimony to the love and devotion of Shah Jahan toward Mumtaz Mahal, immortalizing their bond for eternity.

The Taj Mahal’s cultural importance extends beyond its architectural magnificence. It symbolizes the rich heritage and artistic excellence of India. The monument stands as a testament to the Mughal Empire’s grandeur, showcasing the empire’s refined taste and patronage of the arts. Its inclusion as a UNESCO World Heritage Site recognizes its universal value and the need to preserve its historical and cultural significance for future generations.

Tourism and Impact

The Taj Mahal’s timeless beauty and historical significance attract millions of visitors from around the world each year. Tourists are captivated by its ethereal charm, intricate details, and the romantic tale behind its creation. The monument has become a symbol of India’s cultural identity and a must-visit destination for travelers.

However, the increasing number of visitors poses challenges to the preservation of the Taj Mahal. Environmental factors such as air pollution, acid rain, and the impact of human footfall have taken a toll on the monument’s pristine white marble. To mitigate these challenges, the Indian government has implemented measures to control pollution levels in the vicinity and limit the number of visitors to protect the monument’s structural integrity.

Conclusion :

The Taj Mahal stands as a remarkable testament to love, architectural brilliance, and cultural heritage. Its ethereal beauty, intricate craftsmanship, and profound historical significance continue to captivate the hearts and minds of people worldwide. As a symbol of eternal love and artistic excellence, the Taj Mahal serves as a beacon of India’s rich cultural heritage and a reminder of the enduring power of human creativity. It is a treasure that deserves to be preserved and cherished for generations to come.

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Essay on Taj Mahal: 100, 200 & 300 Words

• Updated on  
• Jan 23, 2024

Essay on Taj Mahal: The Taj Mahal is one of the most iconic and celebrated monuments in the world and is listed among the wonders of the world. This ivory-white marble mausoleum is located on the bank of Yamuna in Agra, India. Its design, significance, and history make it a sign of love and a masterpiece of human craftsmanship. It is also known as the 7th wonder of the world.

This blog determines the historical significance and also drafted a sample essay on Taj Mahal in 100 or 200 words to help the school students. 

Table of Contents

• 1 Historical Significance of the Taj Mahal
• 2 Essay on Taj Mahal in 100 Words
• 3 Essay on Taj Mahal in 200 Words

Also Read: English Essay Topics

Also Read: How to Write an Essay in English

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Historical Significance of the Taj Mahal

Commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal was built in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth. This monument is also referred to as the symbol of love. It demonstrates the excellence of Mughal architecture. 

The Taj Mahal is an architectural marvel that seamlessly blends various design influences, such as Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles. In 1983, the Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , further cementing its importance on a global scale. The Taj Mahal is more than just a monument; it is a masterpiece that embodies love, art, and history. 

Also Read – E ssay on Unity in Diversity

Essay on Taj Mahal in 100 Words

The Taj Mahal is a famous monument in India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in loving memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is made of white marble and has a beautiful garden. It has a big dome and four smaller domes.

The marble is carved with pretty designs made of colorful stones. The Taj Mahal is a symbol of love because it was built to remember the love between Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal.

People from all over the world come to see its beauty and learn about its history. It is a special place that shows the power of love. 

Essay on Taj Mahal in 200 Words

The Taj Mahal is an ivory-white marble mausoleum, built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal is an architectural marvel, which is crafted with white marble, giving it a stunning appearance. 

The surrounding garden, with its neatly planned pathways and water features, adds to the monument’s charm. The Taj Mahal serves as an emblem of love and devotion. Shah Jahan’s deep affection for Mumtaz Mahal inspired this grand gesture.

People from all over the world are attracted to this monument because of its magnificence historical reference and culture. UNESCO announced the Taj Mahal as a heritage site in the year 1982. This magnificent monument is mentioned as one of the seven wonders of the world. 

It speaks of the quality of Mughal Architecture and the love for his wife. It is said that the main purpose of building this monument was that Shah Jahan did not want the world to forget Mumtaz’s name in history. 

It is said that over 20 thousand workers made this construction for around 20 years with their utmost dedication and love. 

Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal who died while giving birth. It took around 20 years to complete the monument.

The Taj Mahal is a symbol of love. It stands as an eternal reminder of the deep and undying love between Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. The emperor’s grief at her passing was channeled into the creation of this breathtaking mausoleum, a symbol of his enduring love for his wife.

The Taj Mahal, located on the bank of Yamuna in Agra, India, is an architectural masterpiece and one of the most iconic symbols of love and beauty in the world. This magnificent white marble mausoleum stands as a testament to the enduring power of love and the unparalleled craftsmanship of the Mughal era.

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An avid writer and a creative person. With an experience of 1.5 years content writing, Simran has worked with different areas. From medical to working in a marketing agency with different clients to Ed-tech company, the journey has been diverse. Creative, vivacious and patient are the words that describe her personality.

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Essay on Taj Mahal | Taj Mahal Essay for Students and Children in English

February 13, 2024 by Prasanna

Essay on Taj Mahal with headings: The Taj Mahal is a historic and the most beautiful place world. The cultural monument is located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, and holds a symbol of love. This seamless beauty is constructed using white marbles and is a hotspot of tourist attraction. The Mughal Architecture represents cultural diversity prevailing in the country and is identified as UNESCO World Heritage Site the year 2007. Below this historic paradise lies the tombs of great Indian kings and queens cremated in the darkroom.

The great Rabindranath Tagore refers to the Taj Mahal as ” the dream of marble.” Located on the banks of the river Yamuna, the green atmosphere surrounding the monument increases the fragrance of the environment. The monument’s view gets brightened by the beautiful moonlight dawned at night.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essay on Taj Mahal for Kids and Students in English

To assist students and children with relevant information on the topic, here is a long and essay that guides the students through their assignments. Additionally, ten summarized pointers are given as a form of a basic framework for comprehension. Below-mentioned is a descriptive essay on 450-500 words and a short 200 words summarized article on the topic as a framework guide. Read on to find more about Essay on Taj Mahal for Class 2, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 8.

Long Essay on Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal is the materialized vision of love and marks a perfect indelible remark on it’s Mughal Architecture. This historical monument is the mausoleum of Emporer Shan Jahan’s beloved wife, Empress Arjuman Banu Begum, most commonly known as Mumtaz mahal. The Taj Mahal is a complex comprising of the astonishing vision Ustad Isa Khan of Turkey, the chief architect of this historic monument.

The Taj Mahal now holds a renowned place in UNESCO’s World Heritage Site. The tomb contains a 17-hectare centerpiece. The Taj Mahal is located 2.5 km away from the famous Agra Fort and is a renowned masterpiece of the world holds a special place as the 7th wonders in the world.

About Taj Mahal, The conventional story behind the stunning 17th-century marble mausoleum is Emperor Shah Jahan’s eternal for Mumtaz, who died in childbirth. Historians believe that Shah Jahan remained heartbroken over the Empress’s death and ordered his court into mourning for two whole years.  To treasure all memories of his beloved wife, Shah Jahan undertook the task of building the world’s most treasured beautiful monument as a symbol of love. The construction of the imperial structure took almost 22 solid years with the labor of 22,000 workers. However, there are a few debates that question the construction of the Taj Mahal as a monument of love or guilt.

To invoke the memories of the Mughal era,  a 10-day annual event called the ‘Taj Festival’ is celebrated in February, in front of the Taj Mahal.

The grandeur of the Taj Mahal despite decades after construction resonates as the most attractive human-made tourist spot of the world. The Taj Mahal unveils five major structural components- the Darwaza or the main entrance, the Bageecha or gardens, the Masjid or Mosque, the Naqqar Khana or the rest house, and Rauza, the central mausoleum.

The Taj Mahal’s main chambers consist of pseudo-tombs perforated marble screens. Beneath this lies the shadowy burial crypt that homes the tombs of both the Empress Mumtaz and the Emperor Shah Jahan. The perforated screens transmit light into the grave and is a structure of typical Mughal mausoleum. The tombs hold semi-precious stone linings, and calligraphic inscriptions are found to be inscribed on the sides on Mumtaz’s monument, reveal ing the ninety-nine names, Allah. The Taj structures add great artistic wonder and architectural realm to the place.

Located on banks of the sacred river Yamuna, in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, the Taj Mahal is a royal artwork of multiple talented artisans and artists. The area surrounding the Taj holds many decorative elements such as grass lawns and trees that increase the fragrance of the environment. A few feet apart, at the foothills of the entrance pathway lies a fascinating fountain gleaming with water. However, due to the growing pollution, the white Taj marbles have reacted, leaving yellow-tinged surfaces. To protect the Mahal from further damage, the Indian government has enforced around 4,000-square-mile Taj Trapezium Zone, with strict emissions standards. This beautiful marble masterpiece gives immense pride to all Indians and is considered as a devout symbol of love.

Short Essay on Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal is one of the most magnificent Indian historical monuments with complex visualization. It attracts thousands of tourists with no preference for religion or lifestyle. No matter what nationality, people must various parts of the world remain mesmerized by this beauty. The words Taj Mahal means ‘ crown of the palace’ and is a symbol of eternal love. The ivory-marble realm is located on the banks of river Yamuna in the city of Agra, Uttar Pradesh, in India.

The monument unveils the story of the 17the century Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan reigned from the 1628-1658 period as the fifth Mughal Emperor and built the mausoleum after the death of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It took Shah Jahan almost 22 years of  22,000 worker’s toil to complete the royal tomb.

UNESCO has placed the Taj Mahal as the World Heritage Site, and in 2007, it was identified as one of the seven wonders of the world. The architecture is a combined structure of diverse culture such as Indian, Parsi, Islam, etc. After the death of Shah Jahan, he buried at the Taj next to his wife.

The Taj Mahal is considered as a top tourist-centric spot with thousands of flooding visitors every year.

10 Lines on Taj Mahal Essay

• The Taj Mahal is white marble mausoleum built by the 17th century Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
• The Mahal was built in the loving memory of the Emperor’s beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal
• It took 22 years and the 22,000 workers to construct the Taj Mahal
• It is located on the banks of river Yamuna and is surrounded by a 280-meter square garden
• The Taj Mahal was identified as the 7th wonder the world and is a part of UNESCO’s World Heritage Site
• The inner walls of the Mahal contain Islamic inscriptions from the Quran using Terracotta
• The area around the Mahal contains symmetrical pathways with lawn, blooming plants, bushes, elevated lotus pools and fountains reflect the images
• The Government of India allocates budget to maintain and preserve its historical asset
• The Taj Mahal attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world
• The monument represents great cultural diversity and has a great influence on the Persian and Islamic architecture

FAQ’s on Essay on Taj Mahal

Question 1. Who constructed the Taj Mahal and Why?

Answer: The Taj Mahal was constructed by the 17th century Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, as an underlying symbol of eternal love.

Question 2. Who ruled India after Jahangir?

Answer: Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal Emperor, and the richest person in the world. It is believed that during his reign, 27 percent of the world’s GDP was from India, therefore making him the richest man in the world. He is the son of Emperor Jahangir and the grandson of King Akbar.

Question 3. Was Mumtaz the only wife of Shah Jahan?

Answer: As per the historians, Shah Jahan was married four times. Mumtaz Mahal was a Persian and the most beautiful women of Persia. She was Shah Jahan’s second and most favorite wife. After her death, Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal as a symbol of eternal love.

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Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — Taj Mahal — A Study and History of the Taj Mahal

A Study and History of The Taj Mahal

• Categories: Taj Mahal

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Words: 872 |

Published: Oct 31, 2018

Words: 872 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

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Short Essay & Paragraph On Historical Place Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal is a majestic historical monument located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century as a loving tribute to his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Let’s explore the wonders of the Taj Mahal and the experience of visiting this iconic landmark.

Table of Contents

Essay About The Enchanting Taj Mahal: A Journey Through History and Love

Awe-inspiring arrival.

As you approach the Taj Mahal, its magnificent white marble structure stands tall and proud against the backdrop of the Yamuna River. The sight is truly awe-inspiring and fills the heart with wonder. The monument is surrounded by a vast Mughal garden, spreading over nearly 17 hectares, which adds to its grandeur. The journey begins through the main gateway, leading to the outer courtyard and its beautiful cloisters.

Exquisite Architecture and Craftsmanship

Moving closer to the Taj Mahal, one is captivated by its intricate architectural details and exquisite craftsmanship. The monument is adorned with precious and semi-precious stones, adding to its opulence. It exemplifies the perfect blend of Indo-Islamic architecture, with influences from Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. The harmonious proportions and delicate incorporation of decorative elements make it a masterpiece of Mughal architecture.

A Symbol of Eternal Love

Inside the mausoleum lie the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. The interior is adorned with beautiful calligraphy and delicate marble screens. The serene ambiance and interplay of light and shadow create a sense of tranquility and reverence. The Taj Mahal stands as a symbol of the everlasting love that Shah Jahan had for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is often described as a “teardrop on the cheek of eternity” and is considered one of the most stunning buildings ever constructed.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Taj Mahal’s beauty and historical significance have gained it the rank of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also recognized as one of the seven wonders of the world. The monument is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of India and attracts thousands of visitors from all corners of the globe each year.

Unforgettable Experience

A visit to the Taj Mahal is not merely an architectural adventure; it is a journey through history and a tale of enduring love. The meticulously maintained gardens surrounding the monument further enhance its beauty. The visit leaves a lasting impression, evoking a sense of wonder and admiration.

How long did it take to build the Taj Mahal?

The construction of the Taj Mahal took approximately 22 years, from 1632 to 1653.

What is the architectural style of the Taj Mahal?

The Taj Mahal exhibits a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic architectural styles, showcasing the best of Mughal architecture.

What are some interesting facts about the Taj Mahal?

The Taj Mahal changes color at different times of the day, appearing pinkish in the morning, white during the day, and golden in the moonlight. It also houses the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal in an underground chamber.

The Taj Mahal is an enchanting destination that showcases the splendor of Indian history and the power of eternal love. Its breathtaking architecture, intricate craftsmanship, and romantic tale make it a must-visit place for anyone interested in exploring India’s rich cultural heritage. A visit to the Taj Mahal is an unforgettable experience that will remain etched in the hearts of all who have the privilege of witnessing its grandeur.

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Taj Mahal: Short Essay on Taj Mahal

Read This Short Essay on Taj Mahal!

The Taj Mahal, a materialized vision of loveliness marks a perfect indelible mark in the architecture of Mogul period. This building stands on a bend on the right bank of river Yamuna at Agra presently situated in Uttar Pradesh state.

This is the mausoleum of Emperor Shah Jahan’s beloved wife, the empress Arjuman Banu Begum also called Mumtaz mahal. Ustad Isa Khan of Turkey was credited to have been the main architect of this building. Tajmahal is now UNESCO’s world heritage site.

But as per another version, it is believed that Tajmahal was not built by Shah Jahan to his wife. It is a palace called Tejomahalaya, which was a palace built by Hindu king Raja Man Singh. It was not built meant for the purpose of a tomb. The building was ceased by Shah Jahan. It consists of guest houses, security quarters, horse stables and other edifices which are unconnected to a tomb structure.

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Inspirational Buildings to the Design of Tajmahal :

There are two buildings already built and existing at Delhi from which the design of Tajmahal arrived.

These buildings are:

i. Mausoleum of Humayun, Delhi

ii. Tomb of Khan Khanan, a Mogul nobleman, a lesser-known structure, Delhi.

Site Layout :

The main structure occupies relatively a small portion of the whole architectural layout. The site is rectangular measuring 579 metres by 305 metres. A square portion of 305 metres side was set aside on north side in which the white marble building on a raised terrace was built at the extreme north side adjacent to the river in the center.

A high boundary wall encloses the site having broad octagonal bastions at each corner. A monumental entrance gateway is placed in the centre of southern side. In the front southern court, the stables, outhouses and other edifices were added.

Entrance and Passages :

The southern entrance structure is imposing containing chamfered angles, arches, parapets and vaulted roof. Access is provided into the garden of the main enclosure through this gate. The front perspective view of Tajmahal building and its garden is seen from this point. The garden is laid on the principle of Charbagh.

It is totally symmetrical containing paved pathways, lawns, bushes, flower plants, fountains and elevated lotus pools, all arranged to reflect the images. A straight pathway leads to the main structure.

Main Enclosure :

Significant structures are placed at the northern end of this enclosure consisting of the tomb building in the centre. The two subsidiary edifices also in marble are placed one on each side symmetrically. Of these two, that on the west side is the mosque and the other on the east is merely a replica of the mosque for the sake of symmetry. It might be used as a guesthouse.

Main Tomb Building :

The main white marble tomb building stands in the middle of an elevated large terrace measuring 57 metres square in plan and 6.7 metres high. This is entered by symmetrical stairs built in the center of south side of terrace. The main building over the terrace is square in plan with chamfered corners.

The interior consists of a main octagonal central hall with subsidiary chambers also octagonal in plan placed at each corner connected by radiating passages. The main hall is in two storeys with a cenotaph chamber built under with descending steps. The main hall was roofed by hemispherical vault forming the inner shell of the double dome.

Above this the main dome was built leaving a large void in between. Perforated marble screens filled the arched windows in two levels. There are some carvings on the dados inside the corner rooms. Every part of the monument shows fineness, beauty, curves, decorations which attributes to a royal female to whom the monument was dedicated.

This was carried to a height of 33 metres, having a cupola above each corner, while over the centre is the great bulbous dome reaching to height of 57 metres. The facade is same and alike on all its four sides. A minaret in three stages crowned by a kiosk with cupola roof rises from each corner on the terrace to a height of 42 metres. The same Tajmahal building would become an architectural blunder without these four minarets.

The fine marble building has its facades same and alike on all its four sides. The façade has its large central arch and two arched windows one at the bottom and the other at top on each side. Perforated screens fill all the arched openings except the front entrance.

A graceful and finely curved dome takes place over a circular drum in the center rising to a height of 57 metres. Similar smaller domes were placed over corner rooms. Merloned parapets on top of walls decorate the skyline of the building. The fine lines of stone joints not only divided the surfaces, but also enriched the beauty of surfaces.

Proportions :

The factors responsible for the beauty of Tajmahal are not only the fine material of white marble, but it mainly lies in its proportions, the grouping of its parts, their sizes, simple curves, rhythmical disposal, interrelation of parts in total. Its proportions are simple as its shape. The entire width is equal to the height and the height of the main vertical lower building body equals to height of the dome. The crowning glory of the facade lies in the volume and shape of the dome supported on a lofty drum.

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Essay On Taj Mahal – 10 Lines, Short And Long Essay For Children

Key Points to Remember When Writing Essay On Taj Mahal For Lower Primary Classes

10 lines on taj mahal for kids, a paragraph on the taj mahal for children, short essay on taj mahal in english for kids, long essay on taj mahal for children, what will your child learn from taj mahal essay.

Taj Mahal doesn’t need any introduction. It is one of the most magnificent monuments on Earth. Kids can learn in detail about this beautiful monument by composing an essay on the Taj Mahal for classes 1, 2 and 3.

As per experts, it would have been nearly impossible to come up with such an architecture, but the Taj Mahal stands tall amongst the world-renowned Mughal architectures, and it took over 22 years to complete. Archaeologists marvel at the impeccable design and engineering professionals achieved around 400 years ago. All these reasons have made the Taj Mahal enter the list of seven wonders of the world. An essay on the Taj Mahal, one of the seven wonders of the world, in English will provide great insight into this topic.

When writing an essay for lower primary classes, keeping the details simple and easy to learn is crucial. Here are the key points that will help kids how to write an essay on the Taj Mahal.

• Mention the date of construction because it indicates the use of material and fusion in the style of architecture.
• Do not forget to add the location.
• Add details about the ruler who commissioned the building of the Taj Mahal.
• Talk about the typical Mughal architecture and the properties observed in the Taj Mahal.
• You can also talk about why the Taj Mahal is included in the list of seven wonders of the world.
• It is crucial to tell the story behind the Taj Mahal because it is what makes this monument so interesting.
• It would be best to refrain from indulging in too much technical information like complete historical background, dimensions, etc.

Kids have limited retention power. Therefore, you should only provide basic details in one-liners. However, you should cover all the crucial points so the kids can build on the given information in later classes. Here are a few lines about the Taj Mahal:

• Taj Mahal is located in Agra, a city in Uttar Pradesh.
• This famous monument is situated on the banks of the river Yamuna.
• Taj Mahal was built in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
• Taj Mahal is made of white marble.
• The monument is one of the seven wonders of the world.
• Taj Mahal is essentially a tomb built in the memory of Shah Jahan’s wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
• Taj Mahal is also famous as the symbol of love.
• The popular dome and the pillars around the Taj Mahal are common in medieval Mughal architecture.
• In 1982, the Taj Mahal was designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
• People from all over the world and from all walks of life come to India to adore the beauty of the Taj Mahal.

These lines can help them build an essay for classes 1 and 2.

Writing short paragraphs teaches children to structure the essay articulately. Use simple words and short sentences while writing a paragraph for generic topics like the Taj Mahal. Also, take note of the arrangement of sentences. Here is an example of a few lines about the Taj Mahal for children:

Taj Mahal is one of the most adored monuments in the world. The glazing white marble shimmers over the Yamuna river, creating a paradise illusion. In front of the Taj Mahal are lush Persian gardens that complement the majesty of the architecture. The beautiful monument is located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Every year, thousands of tourists visit India to take a look at this marvellous piece of architecture.

Taj Mahal is the symbol of love as it was built by Shah Jahan in the memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The grave of Mumtaz lies beneath the Taj Mahal. Today, the monument’s beauty is in danger because of environmental pollution, and this has led to the decolouring of white marble. Hence, the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) Authority has banned the use of petrol and diesel vehicles to enter a 500m radius of the Taj Mahal.

We have seen that there is a chapter for short paragraphs or short essays in a lot of academic curriculums for primary kids. This is to introduce the kids to the basics of article writing. Here is an essay on the Taj Mahal in 150 words.

Taj Mahal is one of the major attractions in India and is known worldwide for its magnificence. As a result, tourists from global platforms travel our country to see and praise this beautiful creation. Situated in Agra, it is a stunning piece of art; Shah Jahan built it in the memory of his beautiful wife. It is also believed that Shah Jahan saw many designs of the Taj Mahal and later selected the present one. It showcases the ultimate power of love and dedication between two people. UNESCO declared the Taj Mahal a heritage site in 1982. It took almost 22 years to finish this great creation. Expensive stones are used to decorate the Taj Mahal. The most suitable time to visit the Taj Mahal is during the sunset when sun rays fall on the glimmering white marble to create a mesmerising image. This beautiful monument, the Taj Mahal, is named one of the seven wonders of the world.

Knowing about the Taj Mahal can be a very enriching experience for kids. They can learn a great deal about it by writing an essay for class 3.

This magnificent piece of architecture leaves everyone intoxicated at first glance. If you visit this monument on a clear sky day, you will notice the magnanimity of the beauty that people talk about. Moreover, the symmetrical reflection of the Taj Mahal on the Yamuna waters creates a multi-dimensional image that is amazing in itself. People fly miles and miles to have one look at this mesmerising piece of work. No wonder the Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world.

Taj Mahal symbolises the peak of Mughal architecture under the leadership of Shah Jahan. He was interested in architecture, but as per 17th-century manuscripts, Ustad Ahmed was the main architect behind its beautiful creation. We are no stranger to the majestic Mughal buildings, but what sets the Taj Mahal apart is the brilliance of architecture and engineering that people achieved around 400 years ago.

1. Taj Mahal – The Symbol Of Love & One Of The Seven Wonders

What adds to the beauty of the Taj Mahal is the fine story behind its origin? Mumtaz was Shah Jahan’s most loved wife, and he adored her in inexplicable ways. When Mumtaz died, it left Shah Jahan in despair and dismay.

He now longed for her even more. Shah Jahan could not come to terms with the death of his wife, who he loved immensely. He did not want Mumtaz’s name to be lost in history and decided to build a monument to etch an unforgettable chapter in history. The monument was supposed to represent the beauty and purity of his deceased wife.

For this reason, Shah Jahan asked his people to invite the best artisans and architects. Shah Jahan’s vision was to create a monument that was one of its kind. Taj Mahal is also known as one last gift by Shah Jahan to Mumtaz. In the end, Shah Jahan was also buried in the same building, next to his wife, so the two lovers could share eternity.

2. Construction/Making Of Taj Mahal

The fact that the Taj Mahal was built with imported marbles makes it unique. Moreover, we can see the fusion of Turkish, Persian, and Mughal architecture, which creates a magnificent design. According to historians, one of the reasons behind the Taj Mahal’s more than 22 years timeline is that Shah Jahan had initially rejected many designs. If you look closely, you will be able to see a slight inward inclination in the pillars. This was done to protect the monument in the event of a natural disaster. Lastly, let’s not forget the subtle contribution of the fountain and the underlying channels that create a mirror image of the Taj Mahal.

Your child can learn a great deal about this beautiful monument’s history and origin. He can comprehend unique facts and details about this historical place Taj Mahal.

The reason behind this beautiful creation is the sheer love and devotion that the Mughal emperor had for his wife. He could not let the death of his better half go in vain. He wanted the world to know about his love and commitment. Taj Mahal continues to inspire generations after generations. It tells us about the power of love and benevolence.

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Essay on Tajmahal

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The Taj Mahal, often referred to as the “Crown of Palaces,” is one of the most iconic and recognized monuments globally, representing a timeless symbol of love, art, and architecture. Located in Agra, India, it stands as a testament to the enduring love of Emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. This majestic mausoleum has captured the imagination of people worldwide and is a source of inspiration for writers, artists, and admirers of beauty and history alike. In this essay, we will explore the Taj Mahal in detail, its historical significance, architectural marvels, and how to craft a compelling essay about this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Historical Background

The story of the Taj Mahal begins in the 17th century during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan, who ruled the Mughal Empire from 1628 to 1658. Shah Jahan’s love for Mumtaz Mahal, his favorite wife, was legendary. When Mumtaz Mahal passed away while giving birth to their 14th child in 1631, Shah Jahan was devastated. To immortalize their love and honor her memory, he embarked on the ambitious project of constructing the Taj Mahal.

Construction and Architecture

The construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 and took over two decades to complete, involving thousands of skilled artisans and laborers. The mausoleum, designed by the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, combines various architectural styles, primarily Mughal, Persian, and Indian. It is a stunning example of Mughal architecture, characterized by its use of white marble, intricate carvings, and symmetrical design.

One of the most striking features of the Taj Mahal is its pristine white marble façade. The marble was sourced from the quarries of Rajasthan and transported to Agra. The shimmering white surface is adorned with exquisite inlays of semi-precious stones and intricate floral patterns, creating a mesmerizing play of light and shadow.

The Taj Mahal is a symmetrical structure with four identical facades, each featuring a massive central arch, flanked by smaller arches and minarets. The central dome, rising to a height of 73 meters (240 feet), is a masterpiece of engineering and design. Inside, a spacious central chamber houses the cenotaphs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan, while the actual graves lie in a lower chamber.

Symbolism and Significance

The Taj Mahal is not merely a beautiful architectural wonder; it is also a symbol of profound love and devotion. Shah Jahan’s decision to build this grand monument for his beloved wife reflects the depth of his emotions and his desire to create something timeless and extraordinary. The Taj Mahal stands as a testament to the power of love, transcending time and space.

Apart from its romantic significance, the Taj Mahal also holds cultural, historical, and religious importance. It is a symbol of India’s rich heritage and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, drawing millions of tourists and scholars from around the world. The site is not only a marvel of architecture but also a reflection of the artistic and cultural achievements of the Mughal era.

Crafting an Essay on the Taj Mahal

For students participating in an essay writing competition, exploring the Taj Mahal offers a rich and captivating topic. To create an outstanding essay, consider the following points:

• Historical Context : Begin by providing a historical context, introducing the Mughal Empire and the reign of Shah Jahan. Explain the circumstances leading to the construction of the Taj Mahal.
• Architectural Marvel : Delve into the architectural brilliance of the Taj Mahal. Describe its design, materials, and the techniques used in its construction. Discuss its symmetrical layout and the intricate carvings.
• Symbolism and Love Story : Explore the symbolism of the Taj Mahal as a symbol of love. Narrate the love story of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, emphasizing the emotional connection that led to the creation of this masterpiece.
• Cultural and Historical Significance : Highlight the cultural and historical significance of the Taj Mahal in India and the world. Discuss its recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and its impact on tourism and art.
• Visitor Experience : Share the visitor experience of exploring the Taj Mahal. Include details about its surroundings, the serene Yamuna River, and the gardens that enhance its beauty.
• Conservation Efforts : Mention the conservation efforts in place to preserve the Taj Mahal’s pristine condition. Discuss the challenges of pollution and wear and tear due to tourism.
• Personal Reflection : Conclude your essay with a personal reflection on what the Taj Mahal represents to you, and how it has influenced your understanding of history, art, and love.

In conclusion, The Taj Mahal stands as an enduring testament to love, art, and architecture. Its historical significance, architectural brilliance, and cultural importance make it an ideal topic for an essay writing competition. Crafting an essay on the Taj Mahal allows students to delve into a rich tapestry of history and emotions, and share the marvel of this iconic monument with the world. In doing so, they pay tribute to the enduring legacy of Shah Jahan’s love for Mumtaz Mahal and contribute to the appreciation of this timeless masterpiece.

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Essay on A Visit to a Historical Place Taj Mahal

Students are often asked to write an essay on A Visit to a Historical Place Taj Mahal in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on A Visit to a Historical Place Taj Mahal

Introduction.

Taj Mahal, a symbol of love and beauty, is a famous historical place in India. I had the opportunity to visit this magnificent monument last year.

Exquisite Architecture

The Taj Mahal, built in pure white marble, displays the brilliance of Mughal architecture. Its beauty left me spellbound.

Symbol of Love

The Taj Mahal was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It stands as a testament to eternal love.

Visiting the Taj Mahal was an unforgettable experience. It is not just a monument, but a grand symbol of love and devotion.

250 Words Essay on A Visit to a Historical Place Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal, an epitome of love and romance, stands majestically on the right bank of the River Yamuna in Agra, India. The UNESCO World Heritage Site is a testament to the rich Mughal architecture and a symbol of India’s historical past.

Architectural Grandeur

The Taj Mahal, built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, is a marvel of Mughal architecture. The symmetrical structure, inlaid with semi-precious stones and adorned with intricate carvings, captivates the beholder’s eye. The central dome, flanked by four minarets, adds to the grandeur and symmetry of the edifice.

Symbol of Eternal Love

The Taj Mahal is more than an architectural masterpiece. It serves as a symbol of eternal love, embodying Shah Jahan’s deep affection for his wife. This poignant sentiment is reflected in the serene ambiance that engulfs the monument, making it a beloved destination for romantics worldwide.

Environmental Concerns

However, in recent years, the Taj Mahal has faced significant environmental threats. Pollution, particularly from the Yamuna River, has discolored the once pristine white marble. The monument’s preservation is a pressing concern, necessitating immediate and effective conservation measures.

The Taj Mahal, a blend of architectural magnificence and emotional depth, is a jewel in India’s historical crown. Despite environmental challenges, it continues to enchant visitors with its timeless beauty and romantic aura. A visit to this historical place is a journey into the heart of India’s rich cultural tapestry, a narrative of love immortalized in stone.

500 Words Essay on A Visit to a Historical Place Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal, an architectural marvel and one of the seven wonders of the world, is a testament to the timeless allure of human creativity and ingenuity. This monument has been a subject of admiration and fascination for centuries, attracting tourists from all corners of the globe. A visit to this historical place is an immersive experience, a journey through time that offers a glimpse into the past.

The Magnificence of the Taj Mahal

The historical significance.

The Taj Mahal is not just a monument but a narrative of history, culture, and art of the Mughal era. The fusion of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles reflects the cosmopolitan nature of the Mughal Empire. The monument narrates a story of power, love, and loss, making it an integral part of India’s rich historical tapestry.

Personal Experience

My visit to the Taj Mahal was an experience of a lifetime. As I walked through the grand gateway, I was struck by the sheer majesty and grandeur of the monument. The beautiful garden leading up to the mausoleum, the reflection pool mirroring the majestic edifice, and the minarets standing tall at the corners were a sight to behold.

Visiting the Taj Mahal is an unforgettable experience, a journey through time that offers a glimpse into the past. The monument stands as a testament to the timeless allure of human creativity and ingenuity, captivating visitors with its beauty and grandeur. It is a reminder of our shared history and heritage, a monument that transcends borders and cultures. It is a symbol of love and devotion, a testament to the power of human emotion and the enduring allure of beauty.

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Live Election Updates: Trump Tries to Curb Harris Enthusiasm After Another Big Rally

Former President Donald J. Trump tested a new tactic for attacks at an event in Montana as Vice President Kamala Harris and Gov. Tim Walz headed to Nevada to wrap up their introductory tour of battlegrounds.

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Chris Cameron Michael Gold and Simon J. Levien

Here’s the latest on the presidential race.

As former President Donald J. Trump continues to reach for attacks against his new opponent, Vice President Kamala Harris, she and her running mate, Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota, were wrapping up their week with a rally on Saturday in Las Vegas, part of a renewed push to try to hold on to Nevada.

At a campaign event on Friday night in Bozeman, Mont., Mr. Trump aimed to use Ms. Harris’s own words against her, twice interrupting his speech to play two compilations of past remarks by Ms. Harris that his campaign hopes will portray her as overly liberal and inept.

It may be a new a strategy to try to halt the political momentum that Democrats have received since Ms. Harris chose Mr. Walz as her running mate. The new ticket’s introductory tour of battlegrounds has been drawing large crowds, including a rally in Glendale, Ariz. , on Friday that the Harris campaign claimed to have more than 15,000 people in attendance, which would have been its biggest rally yet.

Mr. Trump’s running mate, Senator JD Vance of Ohio, rallied near Las Vegas last week , denouncing the vice president’s role in the Biden administration’s border policies. At the Arizona rally, Ms. Harris said she supported “strong border security and an earned pathway to citizenship.”

Here’s what else to know:

A twist on that helicopter tale: After Mr. Trump spent Friday doubling down on his story of nearly crashing during a helicopter ride with Willie Brown, the notable Black politician from California. Another Black politician from California, Nate Holden, said in an interview with The New York Times that he had been on a helicopter ride with Mr. Trump around 1990 when the aircraft experienced mechanical trouble and was forced to make an emergency landing in New Jersey.

A first-time endorsement: A Latino rights group backed Ms. Harris , breaking with its 95-year history of abstaining from formal presidential endorsements. The League of United Latin American Citizens, known as LULAC, said its members were stirred to action by concerns over the potential negative impact on Latinos if Mr. Trump were elected again.

Not an endorsement: Joe Rogan, the world’s most popular podcaster, backpedaled on comments he made on Thursday that seemed to throw his support behind the independent presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. After backlash from Mr. Trump’s supporters, Mr. Rogan, the podcaster with a large, devoted following that leans young and male, posted on X that what he said was not “ an endorsement. ” Another podcaster, Tim Pool, also expressed his support for Mr. Kennedy before quickly switching his support to Mr. Trump in the face of withering criticism from Trump supporters.

A tale of two very different bank accounts: Mr. Vance and Mr. Walz both came from modest backgrounds in the Midwest, but their personal fortunes have wildly diverged since then. Mr. Vance is a multimillionaire. Mr. Walz has much less than that, and is already emphasizing that contrast on the campaign trail .

Generating buzz: A high school class lesson that Mr. Walz gave 31 years ago is getting new attention online . As a geography teacher in Nebraska in 1993, Mr. Walz asked his students to take what they had learned about the Holocaust to predict which nation was most at risk for genocide. “They came up with Rwanda,” Mr. Walz said, talking about the project at a conference last month . “Twelve months later, the world witnessed the horrific genocide in Rwanda.”

Adam Nagourney

As a rule, candidates who think they are ahead do not challenge their opponent to three debates, as Donald Trump did with Kamala Harris the other day. So it’s a pretty good bet that Trump’s own polling — or at the least, his political gut — had picked up on what Times/Siena college poll reports this weekend: that Harris could be a much tougher opponent than Biden.

Michael Gold and Simon J. Levien

Reporting from Bozeman, Mont.

Fine-tuning his attacks on Harris, Trump tries using her words against her.

As former President Donald J. Trump continues to reach for attacks on his new opponent, Vice President Kamala Harris, that might halt her political momentum, he unveiled a new tactic at a rally in Bozeman, Mont., on Friday night, aiming to use Ms. Harris’s own words against her.

Interrupting his typical pattern of a digressive and lengthy speech, Mr. Trump played two video compilations of past remarks by Ms. Harris that his campaign hopes will portray her as overly liberal and inept.

The first video drew on statements that Ms. Harris made during the 2020 presidential campaign, when she tacked to the left and backed progressive ideas on criminal justice reform. The second was a montage of interviews and speeches that Mr. Trump’s campaign used to mock her speaking style and insult her intelligence.

The videos did little to alter the message that the Trump campaign has deployed against Ms. Harris for weeks and that Mr. Trump summed up during his speech on Friday.

“America cannot survive for four more years of this bumbling communist lunatic,” Mr. Trump told thousands gathered in the Brick Breeden Fieldhouse at Montana State University. “We cannot let her win this election.”

Mr. Trump and his allies have repeatedly tried to portray Ms. Harris as more liberal than President Biden in the three weeks since he ended his campaign and cleared the way for her to be the Democratic presidential nominee.

The video compiling her past positions accused her of supporting a ban on fracking, mandatory gun buybacks and a single-payer health insurance system like “Medicare for all.”

Ms. Harris has backed away from those policy positions, which largely stem from her time in the 2020 presidential race. But Mr. Trump — who has been known to flip-flop or equivocate on hot-button issues like abortion — argued that her early statements were the only ones that mattered.

Mr. Trump’s rally on Friday was his first since Ms. Harris chose Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota as her running mate, and he used the selection to bolster his portrait of the Democratic ticket as overly liberal. Effectively likening Mr. Walz to a socialist, he accused the governor of being too lax in his response to protests that turned to riots in Minneapolis after the police murder of George Floyd and for signing a law giving access to menstrual products to transgender children.

Referring to Mr. Walz as “Comrade Walz,” Mr. Trump argued that Ms. Harris tapped him for his progressive bona fides. “This is her ideology,” he said.

Mr. Trump also acknowledged that he has frequently mispronounced Ms. Harris’s given name in recent speeches, though he added that he “couldn’t care less” how it should be pronounced. He admitted that he has in the past “done a lot of bad name-calling” in which he has purposefully mispronounced a person’s name. “They say, ‘Sir, you made a mistake,’” Mr. Trump recounted. “I said, ‘No, I didn’t.’”

Still, Mr. Trump’s speech offered continued evidence of the growing pains he has faced as he tries to shift years of attacks against Mr. Biden toward Ms. Harris.

Even as he argued that Ms. Harris was more extreme than Mr. Biden, he tied her to the president’s policies on immigration and the economy.

At one point, he said she was the one running the country the past four years, even as he repeatedly argued that she was too unintelligent or incompetent to do so effectively. Mr. Trump has long made the same argument about Mr. Biden.

Mr. Trump's rally is part of a western swing that includes fund-raisers in mountain resort towns favored by the wealthy. Before he took the stage in Bozeman, he attended an event in Big Sky, Mont., and on Saturday he will travel to fund-raisers in Jackson Hole, Wyo., and Aspen, Colo.

Montana is not an obvious site for a presidential campaign rally. Mr. Trump won the state handily in both 2016 and 2020, and he is expected to do so again in November. But with Republicans keen on flipping Democrats’ narrow edge in the Senate, Mr. Trump traveled to Montana to support his party’s Senate candidate there, Tim Sheehy, who is looking to unseat the Democratic incumbent, Senator Jon Tester.

At one point, Mr. Trump, whose flight to Bozeman was diverted to another city after his plane suffered a mechanical issue, reflected on how long it takes to travel to Montana.

“I’ve got to like Tim Sheehy a lot to be here,” he said.

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Shawn Hubler Maggie Haberman and Heather Knight

Yes, Trump was in a scary helicopter ride, but not with that politician.

Donald J. Trump was doubling down on Friday about his story of nearly crashing during a helicopter ride once with Willie Brown, the notable Black California politician.

He was so adamant that it had happened that he threatened to sue The New York Times for reporting that the story was untrue , then posted on his social media site that there were “‘Logs,’ Maintenance Records, and Witnesses” to back up his account.

“It was Willie Brown,” Mr. Trump, who spent much of the last year hoping to make gains with Black voters, posted. “But now Willie doesn’t remember?”

Mr. Brown, 90, who was mayor of San Francisco and speaker of the California Assembly, gave several interviews on Thursday and Friday saying such a trip never occurred.

Turns out, however, that there was a Black politician from California who once made an emergency landing in a helicopter with Mr. Trump. It just wasn’t Mr. Brown.

Nate Holden, 95, a former Los Angeles city councilman and state senator, said in an interview with The Times that he had been on a helicopter ride with Mr. Trump around 1990 when the aircraft experienced mechanical trouble and was forced to make an emergency landing in New Jersey.

Recounting an episode that he had described earlier on Friday to Politico, Mr. Holden said Mr. Trump had been seeking to develop the site of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles when it was part of Mr. Holden’s district. Mr. Trump wanted him to see his Taj Mahal casino, Mr. Holden said, so on a visit to Manhattan, he rode with Mr. Trump from his Midtown skyscraper to a helipad, where the two took off for Atlantic City, accompanied by Mr. Trump’s brother Robert and by his executive vice president of construction and development, Barbara Res.

“He was trying to impress me,” Mr. Holden said. “We start flying to New Jersey. He said, ‘Look at the skyline! Look at how beautiful it is! And I’m part of it!’”

Mr. Holden said he wasn’t impressed. “I grew up in New Jersey,” he said. “It ain’t nothing new to me.”

“Anyway,” he continued, “we start flying to Atlantic City. He’s talking about how great things are. And about 15, 20 minutes in, the pilot yells, ‘Shut up! Shut up!’”

The hydraulic system had failed, he said. “Donald turned white as snow,” Mr. Holden recalled. “He was shaking.”

Mr. Holden said that as the helicopter’s crew worked frantically to set the aircraft down safely, his own thoughts ran to a helicopter crash in 1989 that had killed three senior executives of Mr. Trump’s casinos over Forked River, N.J.

“I just thought, how the hell do you let your staff not maintain your aircraft after you just had a crash that killed some of your staff? How could you let this happen again? I thought, if we go down, this is your fault.”

The helicopter ultimately landed safely in Linden, N.J., Mr. Holden said.

Ms. Res wrote about the episode in a memoir and corroborated Mr. Holden’s account in a brief interview late Friday. Ms. Res, who also spoke to Politico, recalled that Mr. Trump liked to say that Mr. Holden had “turned white” from fear, but that it was actually Mr. Trump whose face was ashen.

A spokesman for Mr. Trump did not immediately respond to an email seeking comment.

Mr. Holden said he was in his living room watching Mr. Trump’s news conference on TV on Thursday when the former president told of experiencing a brush with death on a helicopter ride with Mr. Brown.

“I said, ‘What the hell is this?’” Mr. Holden said. “‘Was he in two near-fatal helicopter crashes? He didn’t fix those damn helicopters yet?’”

Mr. Holden said that he called Mr. Brown to compare notes. Mr. Brown told him he had never been in a helicopter with Mr. Trump.

“I said, ‘Willie, you know what? That’s me!’” Mr. Holden said. “And I told him, “You’re a short Black guy and I’m a tall Black guy — but we all look alike, right?”

Mr. Holden gave his own height as 6-foot-1. “Willie has to be about 5-foot-6. Maybe 5-foot-5. He comes up to about my shoulders. And he’s bald. And I’m not bald.”

Mr. Brown, he said, “just laughed and laughed.”

Mr. Holden, summing up his assessment of Mr. Trump’s recollection, said: “I just think he makes things up. That’s what I think. He never thought anybody’s going to check.”

Mr. Trump told the story about nearly dying in a helicopter crash with Mr. Brown after a reporter at Thursday’s news conference asked him a leading question about Vice President Kamala Harris’s long-ago relationship with Mr. Brown and whether it helped her career trajectory.

The two dated in 1994 and 1995 when she was a prosecutor in Alameda County, which includes Oakland, and Mr. Brown was the Assembly speaker. Mr. Brown appointed Ms. Harris to two state boards before she ended their relationship.

“Well, I know Willie Brown very well,” Mr. Trump responded. “In fact, I went down in a helicopter with him.”

He recounted how the two had a close brush with death — “We thought maybe this was the end” — and that Mr. Brown used the frightening ride to tell him “terrible things” about Ms. Harris. “He was not fan of hers very much, at that point,” Mr. Trump said.

Mr. Trump had previously told the story, saying it was Mr. Brown on a helicopter with him, in his book, “Letters to Trump,” which was published in 2023.

Reached again Friday night, Mr. Brown reiterated that he had never flown in a helicopter with Mr. Trump and that he had not denigrated Ms. Harris to the former president because he admires and respects her.

“Those are the two things I am certain of,” he said. “All the rest of this is amusing.”

Asked if Mr. Trump might have confused the two California politicians because they are both Black, Mr. Brown said, “I wouldn’t want to conclude that he can’t tell Black people apart, because I’d hate for him to think that I’m Beyoncé.”

And then he burst out laughing.

Kellen Browning and Shane Goldmacher

Reporting from Glendale, Ariz.

Harris rides momentum to Arizona, for what her campaign says is largest rally yet.

Vice President Kamala Harris rolled into Arizona on Friday evening with the same political momentum that has infused her first swing across the country this week, drawing a crowd that her campaign estimated at more than 15,000 — her largest yet — in a Western state that not long ago appeared to be falling off the battleground map.

Along with her newly minted running mate, Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota, Ms. Harris delivered a stump speech that is barely a week old, and yet familiar enough to an impassioned new following that some shouted her lines before she did.

The rally was her fourth in four days with an arena-filling crowd that demonstrated the degree to which her candidacy replacing President Biden’s had remade the 2024 race.

Mr. Walz relished the crowd that filed into the Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Ariz., in 100-degree heat as he poked fun at Mr. Trump’s obsession with rally crowds.

“It’s not as if anybody cares about crowd sizes or anything,” Mr. Walz said to knowing cheers.

Despite her momentum, Ms. Harris faces an uphill battle in Arizona , a longtime Republican stronghold that flipped to Mr. Biden in 2020 but, according to polling, had been drifting back to former President Donald J. Trump this year.

To win, she will need to reunite the diverse coalition of voters who delivered the state four years ago, and she made an explicit appeal to one part of that group on Friday: Native American voters.

“As president, I will tell you, I will always honor tribal sovereignty and respect tribal self-determination,” she said. The first speaker at the rally, notably, was Stephen Roe Lewis, the governor of the Gila River Indian Community, south of Phoenix.

In her speech, Ms. Harris zeroed in on two issues that are especially pertinent to Arizonans: immigration and abortion.

Crossings from Mexico into Arizona have remained high this year even as they have dropped elsewhere, and Ms. Harris positioned herself as supporting both an “earned pathway to citizenship” and tougher border restrictions, pointing to her record as California’s attorney general.

“I went after the transnational gangs, the drug cartels and the human traffickers,” Ms. Harris said. “I prosecuted them in case after case, and I won. So I know what I’m talking about.”

By contrast, Ms. Harris said, Mr. Trump was playing politics with the issue. She highlighted his opposition to a bipartisan bill this year that would have beefed up border security.

“He talks a big game about border security,” she said, “but he does not walk the walk.”

The comments come as her campaign began to air a tough-on-immigration ad that labeled her a “border-state prosecutor.” Senior Trump campaign officials see the border and immigration as one of Ms. Harris’s deepest areas of vulnerability, and his campaign has repeatedly labeled her, inaccurately , as Mr. Biden’s failed “border czar.”

Ms. Harris did add a new riff to her speech, responding to Mr. Trump’s muddled comments on Thursday at a news conference in Florida, in which he did not rule out directing the Food and Drug Administration to revoke access to abortion pills.

Ms. Harris said Mr. Trump’s agenda “would ban medication abortion in every state,” adding, “But we are not going to let that happen — because we trust women.”

Mr. Trump has previously supported the Supreme Court’s ruling on the abortion drug mifepristone. Karoline Leavitt, a Trump spokeswoman, said in a statement the former president’s position on mifepristone “remains the same — the Supreme Court unanimously decided on the issue and the matter is settled.”

The abortion rhetoric could prove especially potent in Arizona, where the State Supreme Court reinstated a near-total ban on the procedure this year. The State Legislature eventually repealed it, but abortion is still banned after 15 weeks, and voters will have a chance to enshrine the right to an abortion until fetal viability in the state’s Constitution through a ballot measure in November.

The speakers who preceded Ms. Harris on Friday made a number of appeals to independents and moderate Republicans, another segment she will need to win over.

“I do not recognize my party,” said John Giles, the mayor of Mesa, Ariz., who is a prominent Republican backing Ms. Harris. “We need to elect a ticket who will be the adults in the room.”

Senator Mark Kelly, the Arizona Democrat who is also a Navy veteran and former astronaut, introduced Ms. Harris and Mr. Walz. It was the second time this week that a finalist in Ms. Harris’s running-mate sweepstakes introduced her at a rally. Gov. Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania did the same in Philadelphia on Tuesday.

Mr. Kelly said Mr. Trump had “zero respect for any of us who have worn the uniform.” Mr. Trump’s allies have raised questions about Mr. Walz’s decision to leave the National Guard in 2005 to run for Congress.

Attendees and speakers said the enormous crowd braving scorching desert temperatures on Friday was a sign that, after months of dreariness among Democrats, momentum in Arizona was finally on their side.

“It may be a little warm outside,” Kate Gallego, the mayor of Phoenix, said, “but based on the energy in this arena, I know it’s Donald Trump who’s feeling the heat.”

Maggie Haberman

Trump claims he has helicopter trip records and threatens to sue.

Former President Donald J. Trump on Friday afternoon vehemently maintained that he had once been in a dangerous helicopter landing with Willie Brown , the former mayor of San Francisco, and insisted he had records to prove it, despite Mr. Brown’s denial.

In an angry phone call to a New York Times reporter as he landed several hours away from his planned rally in Bozeman, Mont., because of a mechanical issue on his plane, Mr. Trump excoriated The Times for its coverage of his meandering news conference on Thursday at Mar-a-Lago, his private club and home, during which he told of an emergency landing during a helicopter trip that he said both he and Mr. Brown had made together.

Mr. Trump was expected to keep his rally schedule on Friday as planned, boarding a smaller plane to complete the journey.

Mr. Brown denied on Thursday that he had ever flown in a helicopter with Mr. Trump.

It appeared Mr. Trump may have confused Willie Brown with Jerry Brown, the former governor of California, with whom Mr. Trump traveled by helicopter in 2018 while surveying wildfire damage in the state. But Jerry Brown, who left office in January 2019, said through a spokesman, “There was no emergency landing and no discussion of Kamala Harris.”

Willie Brown, who was a boyfriend of Vice President Kamala Harris during the 1990s, knew Mr. Trump as a potential business associate during those years, when Mr. Trump, then a New York developer, was working on new projects. A biography of Ms. Harris, “Kamala’s Way: An American Life,” reported that Mr. Trump had sent his private plane for Mr. Brown and Ms. Harris in 1994 to fly them from Boston to New York City.

“We have the flight records of the helicopter,” Mr. Trump insisted Friday, saying the helicopter had landed “in a field,” and indicating that he intended to release the flight records, before shouting that he was “probably going to sue” over the Times article.

When asked to produce the flight records, Mr. Trump responded mockingly, repeating the request in a sing-song voice. As of early Friday evening, he had not provided them.

Mr. Trump has a history of claiming he will provide evidence to back up his claims but ultimately not doing so.

He has also told the helicopter story before, in his 2023 book, “Letters to Trump,” in which he published letters to him from a number of people, including Mr. Brown. In the book, Mr. Trump wrote, “We actually had an emergency landing in a helicopter together. It was a little scary for both of us, but thankfully we made it.”

Neil Vigdor

Two rivals in Michigan’s crucial Senate contest say they were both swatted.

The two leading contenders for Michigan’s open Senate seat disclosed that they had been targeted in separate “swatting” incidents in a span of less than 24 hours, just days after winning primaries in a crucial contest that could determine which party controls the chamber.

The first incident, involving Representative Elissa Slotkin, a Democrat, happened on Thursday night at her home in Oakland County, north of Detroit. The second one occurred on Friday at an address that had been listed on public records under the name of Mike Rogers, the Republican candidate and former House member, in neighboring Livingston County.

Politicians on both sides of the political aisle have increasingly been the target of swatting in recent years. The hoaxes — when false threats are deliberately made to law enforcement to draw a heavily armed response to a person’s home — have added to a climate of intimidation and the harassment of public officials.

Ms. Slotkin was not home at the time of the incident, according to a spokeswoman for her office, Lynsey Mukomel, who said in a statement that Michigan State Police troopers went to the residence after a false threat was emailed to a local official. She did not elaborate on the nature of the false threat. Michigan State Police confirmed they responded.

“Michigan State Police checked the property and confirmed no one was in danger,” Ms. Mukomel said, adding that U.S. Capitol Police would investigate the incident.

Mr. Rogers, a former longtime House member who was endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump, experienced a similar incident around 12:30 p.m. Eastern time on Friday, said Chris Gustafson, a spokesman for his campaign.

A person reported that a man was holding a woman at gunpoint at the property in Livingston County connected with Mr. Rogers, according to Mr. Gustafson, who said that Mr. Rogers currently does not live there but that other members of his family do.

Shanon Banner, a Michigan State Police spokeswoman, said that a sergeant had responded to a report about a domestic situation at a residence in Livingston County on Friday and determined that it was false. She was not immediately able to confirm whether it was the same property.

Mr. Gustafson, in a statement, said that it was the second time that Mr. Rogers had been targeted in a swatting incident. The first was in 2013, when he was a member of Congress.

“This kind of violence cannot be tolerated, and it is our hope that those responsible will be quickly prosecuted and held accountable,” Mr. Gustafson said.

The rivals are running for a seat that is being vacated by Senator Debbie Stabenow, Michigan’s senior senator and a Democrat, who announced last year that she would not seek a fifth term . Democrats control the Senate by a thin 51-49 seat majority.

Ken Bensinger

Joe Rogan would like to clarify: He did not endorse Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

The world’s most popular podcaster has, sort of, but not really, thrown his support to one of the 2024 presidential race’s least popular candidates.

On Thursday, Joe Rogan said he preferred Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who is running as an independent, for president. “He’s the only one that makes sense to me,” Mr. Rogan said, as a guest on a podcast hosted by Lex Fridman, and called Mr. Kennedy a “legitimate guy.”

Mr. Rogan’s devoted following, one that leans young, male and numbers in the tens of millions, is highly coveted. His remarks about Mr. Kennedy, uttered on a show with a far smaller reach than his own, nonetheless set off a frenzied response.

Supporters of former President Donald J. Trump, worried that Mr. Rogan’s stance could carve off voters and hurt his electoral chances come November, quickly turned on the podcaster, standup comic and U.F.C. announcer. They questioned his intelligence and even mocked his height , a spectacle that was greeted with something akin to joy — or, at least, schadenfreude — among Democrats who have long written off Mr. Rogan as helpful to their cause.

By Friday morning, Mr. Rogan was backpedaling. “This isn’t an endorsement,” he posted on the social media platform X, and advised that he is “not the guy to get political information from.”

Mr. Trump himself weighed in on Friday afternoon, pondering “how loudly Joe Rogan gets BOOED the next time he enters the UFC ring” in a post on his social network that seemingly reflected his concerns that the influential podcaster could tip the scales against him.

“This takes straight from the Trump base,” said Mike Madrid, a Republican political consultant. A New York Times/Siena poll in battleground states in May found that 54 percent of respondents who said they planned to vote for the former president had a favorable opinion of Mr. Rogan.

Mr. Kennedy, long before Mr. Rogan’s unwinding act, had already taken credit for the perceived nod, posting on social media: “From one ‘legitimate’ guy to another, thank you.”

Even if it’s not a true endorsement, Mr. Rogan’s praise could come as a huge shot in the arm for Mr. Kennedy, who has seen his polling average drop from as much as 15 percent in early June to somewhere around 6 percent as of late last month.

While Mr. Kennedy drew national attention this week after acknowledging that he dumped a dead bear cub in Central Park a decade ago, such headlines have not helped ease his struggles raising money . He’s also fighting to get his name on the ballots in critical states, or, in the case of New York , keep it there.

“He doesn’t attack people. He attacks actions and ideas, but he’s much more reasonable and intelligent,” Mr. Rogan said of Mr. Kennedy on the “Lex Fridman Podcast,” which has 4.1 million subscribers on YouTube.

Mr. Rogan’s fan base is much bigger. In March, Spotify said that “The Joe Rogan Experience” had 14.5 million followers , almost triple the platform’s second most popular program. He also has 19 million followers on Instagram and 17 million followers on YouTube.

A poll by YouGov last year found that 81 percent of his listeners are male and 56 percent are under 35 years old , feeding the perception that he has a direct line to a cohort that polling suggests tends to support Mr. Trump over Vice President Kamala Harris.

“This is a group Trump needs strong performance with,” Mr. Madrid said.

During his interview with Mr. Fridman, he said that he was “not a Trump supporter in any way, shape or form” and adding that he turned down multiple offers to have him on his show. “I’ve said no every time,” Mr. Rogan said. “I’m not interested in helping him,”

Mr. Kennedy sat for an interview on the “Joe Rogan Experience” in June 2023.

Ruth Igielnik contributed reporting.