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It can be difficult to know how to write numbers in academic writing (e.g. five or 5 , 1 million or 1,000,000 ). This section gives some guidelines on when to use words to write numbers, and when to use numerals . There are also some exceptions to the rule which are considered, i.e. times when you might expect to use words but should instead use numerals. There is also a checklist at the end, that you can use to check the use of numbers in your own writing.
In general, words should be used for zero to ten , and numerals used from 11 onwards. The same rule should be applied to ordinal numbers, i.e. use words for first, second up to tenth, and numbers plus 'th' (or 'st') from 11th onwards. However, it is always best to check what the accepted practice is at your university (or in your department/on your course), and remember that some common referencing systems have their own, different requirements, as follows.
Before looking at when to use numerals (which is almost all other situations, see next), it is useful to look at important exceptions.
(1) When the number begins a sentence , you should use words , whatever the size of the number (though if possible, rewrite the sentence so the number is not at the beginning).
(2) When expressing part of a very large round number , e.g. million, billion, you should use words for that large number part (it is common to use abbreviations m for million and bn billion ).
Conversely, numerals should be used rather than words, whatever the size of the number, when large and small numbers are combined , since this makes comparisons easier.
Numerals are used for almost all other situations. These include the following.
The following are a few other points to remember when using numbers.
American Psychological Association (2019a) Numbers Expressed in Words . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/words (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
American Psychological Association (2019b) Numbers Expressed in Numerals . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/numerals (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
Harvard Wiki (2019) Numbers . Available at: https://wiki.harvard.edu/confluence/display/HSG/Numbers . (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of Bristol (2015) Using numbers . Available at: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/page_33.htm (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of New England (nd) Numbers in academic writing . Available at: https://aso-resources.une.edu.au/academic-writing/miscellaneous/numbers/ (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of Oxford (2015) Style Guide . Available at: https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
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Below is a checklist for using numbers in academic writing. Use it to check your writing, or as a peer to help.
Words have been used for , and numerals for numbers 11 and above (unless there are different requirements e.g. ). | ||
Numbers (written as numerals) are used to . | ||
Very are expressed using . | ||
If , numerals are used throughout. | ||
Numerals have been used for . |
Read more about using complex grammar in the next section.
Go back to the previous section about describing data .
Author: Sheldon Smith ‖ Last modified: 16 January 2022.
Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .
Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.
Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).
Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.
Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).
Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.
Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.
It is generally best to write out numbers from zero to one hundred in nontechnical writing. In scientific and technical writing, the prevailing style is to write out numbers under ten. While there are exceptions to these rules, your predominant concern should be expressing numbers consistently.
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Numbers can disrupt readability in a paragraph, so for most writing purposes, it is best to flex those fingers and type out numbers less than 101 as fully spelled words.
Sophie said there are ninety-nine reasons why she adores Justin Bieber, not nine.
According to census records, there were 53,364 people over the age of one hundred in the US in 2010.
When writing out numbers between forty and forty-nine, be sure to remember that forty has no u in it ( this is a common spelling error ).
The rules demonstrated in the examples above are simply rules of thumb and there are exceptions to them. For example, round numbers such as hundreds, thousands, or hundred thousands should be written out in full. Numbers that are not conveniently round will read better written as numerals.
It was said that there were five loaves and two fish to feed five thousand men.
This year’s parade brought in 123,675 attendees.
When a number begins a sentence, that number should always be spelled out. That said, writers often choose to restructure their sentences when the numbers become cumbersome for the reader.
5 finalists will qualify for the next round of the competition.
Five finalists will qualify for the next round of the competition.
Seventeen seventy-six was the year America became a nation.
In 1776, America became a nation.
Scientific and technical journals, and even news reports, often adhere to the rule that only numbers less than ten should be written out in full, except when fractions or decimals are involved. This can be a sensible approach to ensuring the readability of texts that refer to numbers and figures frequently.
The color blue was preferred by five out of eleven experiment participants.
Did you know the average snail moves at 0.029 miles per hour?
Fractional quantities of larger numbers, such as those in the millions and billions, are most easily read when abbreviated as decimals in combination with the word “million” or “billion” where possible. Whole millions and billions (and in American usage, trillions) can be expressed as a whole number plus the word “million,” “billion,” etc.
The Milky Way is approximately 13.6 billion years old.
Canada has a population of nearly 36 million.
When using abbreviations for units of measurement in your writing, always express numbers as numerals. Similarly, when writing about money, use numerals in connection with the dollar sign or other currency symbols. Infrequent references to money read best when written out as spelled-out numbers plus the word for the currency involved.
One inch is equal to 2.54 cm.
The weight of an average hippopotamus is 1,500 kg.
Patients expressed a desire to take the medication occasionally, but were hesitant to pay the fifty-dollar fee.
The actual cost of the medication to patients is $51.75.
Deciding whether to write out numbers in full can be tricky, but the key is to use the correct style for your audience and to use it consistently.
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Writers often need to discuss numbers and statistics in their manuscripts, and it can be a challenge to determine how to represent these in the most readable way. APA 7 contains detailed guidelines for how to write numbers and statistics, and the most common are listed below. These guidelines, however, are not exhaustive and writers may need to evaluate particular instances of numbers in their own writing to determine if the guideline applies or if an exception should be made for clarity.
Generally, you can spell out numbers below 10 in words (seven, three), and use numerals for anything 10 and higher (10, 42).
Use a numeral in these cases:
Spell the number out in words in these cases:
When numbers are written next to each other in a sentence, one strategy to help readers parse the sentence is to combine words and numerals (3 two-year-old owls, four 3-step plans), but rewording to separate the numbers may be the best choice for clarity in some cases. Clarity for readers is always the most important consideration.
Treat ordinal numbers (3rd, fourth) the same way as other numbers, using the guidelines above. You may use a superscript or not (1 st , 1 st ), but you should maintain the same usage throughout your paper.
In numbers less than 1, writers may include a leading 0 before the decimal point or not. This choice is based on the maximum possible amount of the statistic:
APA's general principle for rounding decimals in experimental results is as follows, quoted here for accuracy: "Round as much as possible while considering prospective use and statistical precision" (7th edition manual, p. 180). Readers can more easily understand numbers with fewer decimal places reported, and generally APA recommends rounding to two decimal places (and rescaling data if necessary to achieve this).
Some more specific guidelines for particular values are listed below.
One decimal place:
Two decimal places:
These rules cover presentation of data, not accuracy of data or the best way to conduct analysis.
You can represent data in the text, in a table, or in a figure. A rule of thumb is:
Clarity is always paramount.
When discussing statistics in common use, you do not need to provide a reference or formula.
If the statistic or expression is new, rare, integral to the paper, or used in an unconventional way, provide a reference or formula.
The purpose of reporting statistics is usually to help readers confirm your findings and analyses; as such, the degree of specificity in reporting results should follow in line with that purpose.
When your data are multilevel, you should include summary statistics for each level, depending on the kind of analysis performed. When your data are reported in a table or figure, you do not need to repeat each number in the text, but you should mention the table or figure in the text when discussing the statistics and emphasize in-text key data points that help interpret your findings.
Use words like "respectively" or "in order" to clarify each statistic mentioned in text and their referent.
For instance:
Confidence intervals should be reported: 90% CI [ LL, UL ], with LL as the lower limit and UL as the upper limit of the interval. You do not need to repeat confidence intervals in the same paragraph or in a series when the meaning is clear and the confidence interval has not changed. When CIs follow the report of a point estimate, you do not need to repeat the unit of measurement.
Statistics uses a great deal of symbols and abbreviations (when a term can be both, the abbreviation refers to the concept and the symbol indicates a numeric value).
You do not need to define these when they represent a statistic or when they are composed of Greek letters. You do need to define any other abbreviation (such as ANOVA, CFA, SEM) in your paper. If the analysis you are performing uses multiple notation styles for symbols and abbreviations, only use one consistently throughout your paper.
Some other statistical symbol guidelines include:
For ease of reading, use spaces between elements in a mathematical expression ( a + b = c ), except in the case of a minus sign indicating a negative number which uses a space before the minus but not between the minus and the numeral.
Use subscripts first and then superscripts, except in the case of key symbols like the superscript for prime.
All equations should be punctuated to fit in the syntax of the sentence, even if they are presented on their own line.
Short, simple equations can be written in a regular line of text, with a slash (/) for fractions. Parentheses, square brackets, and braces should be used (in that order, from innermost to outermost) to indicate order of operations. Equations that do not fit vertically in the line of text should be shown on their own line.
All displayed equations (equations on their own line) should be numbered, similarly to tables and figures, so that they can be referred to later (and simple equations may be displayed rather than written in a line of text if they will need to be referred to later by number).
In text, equations should be referred to by name (Equation 1 or the first equation are both acceptable). The equation number does not need a special label, and instead should be displayed in parentheses toward the right margin of the page:
+ = | (1) |
If a symbol in your equation cannot be entered with your word processor, use an image; otherwise, type all equations exactly as you would like them to appear in the publication.
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When using numbers in academic writing you need to decide if it’s more appropriate to use a numeral (e.g. 9) or to write the number in words (e.g. nine). It’s worth checking to see if your department has specific advice on this matter, because individual approaches do vary. In the absence of specific advice, here is some general guidance on the matter:
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Should you write “one” or “1,” “ten” or “10”? Read on to learn when you should write numbers with words instead of digits.
When it comes to writing numbers , using digits might be the easier option. But is using digits instead of words acceptable in all settings, including formal writing? We’ll discuss this and more below.
When writing numbers , deciding to use digits (e.g., “7”) versus words (e.g., “seven”) varies from writer to writer and style guide to style guide. If you’re writing for a publication like a newspaper, magazine, or online blog, you should ask what their rules are for writing numbers . Otherwise, using numbers or words is up to you. But if you want advice on writing numbers, you can keep the following general guidelines in mind.
One major guideline many writers follow is to write numbers “0–10” (sometimes “0-9” or “0–12”) in words and numbers that are higher in digits.
I was four years old when my mom first took me to Disney World.
My baby brother turned 16 yesterday.
Benjamin guessed that there were 230 marbles in the jar.
Keep in mind that you might have to adapt this guideline for extraordinarily large numbers. For example, AP style suggests a combination of both numbers and words when writing a number like 7 million.
Additionally, certain style guides advise spelling out numbers if doing so results in two words or fewer . For example, instead of using the digits “23”, you’d write out twenty-three.
If you opt to use this guideline, remember to include a hyphen when writing numbers with two words.
Sixty-five students auditioned for the lead role.
We had three hours to bake fifty cookies.
Mr. Bouchard went from a class with thirty students to a class with twenty-five students.
Just as every sentence should start with a capital letter , sentences that begin with numbers should always use the word, not the digit.
54 countries make up the continent of Africa.
Fifty-four countries make up the continent of Africa.
If the number is large and has more than two words, try rearranging the sentence.
Four hundred and twenty-five degrees is how hot the oven should be when baking the bread.
The oven should be set to 425 degrees when baking the bread.
Not only can LanguageTool help you with spelling and grammar, but it can also help you with numbers. This intelligent writing assistant will remind you to add a hyphen to compound numbers, and will also recommend not starting a sentence with a digit. Enhance your writing. Try it out today.
Clearly, there are a lot of things to consider when writing numbers. Two additional guidelines to remember are:
At the end of the day, how to write numbers is up to the writer’s stylistic preference. The only major rule that you should follow is to remain consistent. Pick a style and stick with it throughout your text. And if you’re writing for a publication, your best bet is to ask what the style guidelines are. Now that you’re familiar with writing numbers , start writing in three … two … one .
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Reviewing the Rules
Why do so many people find it difficult to remember the rules for using numbers in formal writing ? Probably because the rules seem a little fuzzy sometimes.
So what can you do? It's no mystery: as with anything, read and study the rules several times, and it will all seem natural, eventually.
Spell out numbers one through ten, as in this example:
Spell out numbers above ten, unless writing the number would involve using more than two words. For example:
It would look odd to begin a sentence with a numeral.
However, you should try to avoid using long, clunky numbers at the beginning of a sentence. Instead of writing that four hundred and fifty people attended a party, you could re-write:
Use numbers for dates:
And use numbers for phone numbers:
And use numbers for telling time if using a.m. or p.m.:
But spell out times when using "o'clock" or when the a.m. or p.m. are omitted:
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Numbers don't just show up in math assignments — they also appear in everyday writing. Like many facets of the English language, there are rules for writing numbers. Certain numbers are spelled out with letters, and others are only written as numerals. You've probably come across more than your fair share of Top 10 lists; why is it not a Top Ten list? Learning how to write numbers in English will reveal the answer!
There are several situations in which number words should be spelled out. Of course, as is often the case in English, there are some exceptions to the rules outlined below. As with other grammar rules, rules for writing numbers change according to certain style guides (for example Chicago Manual of Style, AP, MLA , etc.). Discover several general rules for spelling out numbers.
When writing numbers under 10 in a sentence, they should be spelled out. This is true regardless of where they fall in a sentence.
Whenever there are numbers at the beginning of a sentence, those numbers should be written out.
When compound numbers are spelled out, such as when they are at the beginning of a sentence, they should always be hyphenated .
Fractions at the beginning of a sentence must be spelled out. Within a sentence, they can be expressed as numerals or words. When spelled out, they should be hyphenated.
Part of learning how to write numbers in English requires learning the situations in which numbers should not be spelled out. Instead, they should be presented as numerals. Of course, these rules for using numerals all assume that the number isn't positioned at the very beginning of a sentence or question.
When you include a number in a heading or a title, it's better to use a numeral rather than spelling out a word. That's why you'll see Top 10 in the title of listicle articles rather than Top Ten . This rule is true even when the number is the first word of the title.
When you include numbers 10 or higher in sentences, those should be expressed as numerals, unless they are at the very beginning of the sentence.
While fractions are ordinarily spelled out, there is an exception to this rule for mixed fractions. A mixed fraction combines a whole number and a fraction. These require numerals unless positioned at the beginning of a sentence.
Dates should be expressed using numbers. There are a few special rules for properly writing dates . When writing just the day of the month, you can use a cardinal (4) or ordinal (4th) number. Both are correct.
When writing out the full date, you can use numbers for the month, da,y and year. Or, you can opt to spell out the month, with numbers for the day and year.
Please note that it is not correct to use ordinal numbers (1st, 2nd, 3rd) with full dates. It would be incorrect to state " March 23rd, 2010 ." There are special rules for writing the date in military format .
When writing percentages, use numbers paired with the % sign.
The word percent should generally only be used when spelling out percentages in words, which you would only do at the start of a sentence.
Decimals should be written as numerals.
It is best to avoid beginning a sentence with a decimal, as these types of numbers would be awkward to read if you had to spell them out. Often, you can reword what you want to say by putting the phrase "A total of" in front of the decimal as a way to keep from starting the sentence with a decimal.
When it comes to money, numbers follow their own set of rules. Money amounts are usually written as numerals, but can be written out when the amount is vague or rounded up — "it cost two or three dollars."
The most important guidelines to keep in mind are:
There are some special instances where numbers may be written in multiple ways.
When numbers are in a list, it is generally ideal to keep all the numbers in the list consistent, even if some numbers are under 10 and some are over. However, if you are following a style guide that dictates to always spell out numbers under ten (such as AP), you should follow the rules even though that would result in an inconsistent list. Otherwise, consistency is best.
When you're writing a sentence that has two numbers side-by-side that aren't part of a related list, you'll need to adjust the text for clarity. In this case, it is best to write one number as a word and the other as a numeral.
Another option would be to rearrange the sentence to separate the numbers. You could say, "There will be 12 kids who are 10 years old at my house this weekend."
When you are writing a check that will be used to draw funds on a bank account or credit card cash advance, a special rule applies. In this case, you will need to indicate the amount numerically in the designated spot beside the dollar sign. Then, you'll need to spell it out. You can use words for the dollars and cents, or opt to express cents as a fraction out of 100, since it takes 100 cents to make a dollar. Be sure to include the word "and" between the dollars and the cents.
When referring to a certain decade, there are a few different options. You can use a word, the full date, or an abbreviated date.
When writing the time along with a.m. to designate morning or p.m. to designate evening, use the numeral to designate time. For the precise time, add the minutes after a colon (8:22 p.m.) When referring to an even hour, just list the hour rather than including that there are zero minutes (use 2 a.m. instead of 2:00 a.m.). Don't use words for the time when using a.m. or p.m. (unless the time is the first word in the sentence).
The phrase o'clock stands for "of clock," though that exact phrase is not standard English language usage. However, o'clock can be used when you're referring to an even increment of time. It should not be used with a.m. or p.m. Instead, you could specify "in the morning," "in the evening," or "at night" to clarify the meaning. When using o'clock , you can use numerals or words to designate time, opting to comply with the rules of any style guide you are following (if applicable).
It is common to spell out noon and midnight instead of writing 12 p.m. and 12 a.m, though any of those options are correct. However, you should not combine both options.
When in doubt about whether to spell out or write a number, it's usually best to spell it out. However, for larger numbers, you can always err on the side of the numeral form.
Now that you are familiar with when to spell out numbers, take the time to discover some more rules for writing numbers. For example, explore the rules for using commas in numbers. Then, take an even deeper dive into numbers and explore those that can be expressed as a quotient by reviewing these rational number examples .
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2. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above. Numbers that are 10 or greater should be written using numerals in an essay. For example, "14 fish," "85 participants," or "101 pages.". This makes it easier for readers to quickly comprehend the numerical information without any confusion. 3.
Revised on July 23, 2023. Numbers can be written either as words (e.g., one hundred) or numerals (e.g., 100). In this article we follow the guidelines of APA Style, one of the most common style guides used in academic writing. In general, words should be used for numbers from zero through nine, and numerals should be used from 10 onwards.
When writing an academic essay, it is important to know how to properly use numerals. Here are some guidelines to follow: 1. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above: When expressing numbers 10 and above, use numerals. For example, "There were 15 participants in the study.". 2.
Writing Numbers - Purdue OWL
Use particular conventions if you are required to write numbers in words . a. To create a plural, add 's' or 'es' (e.g., twos, sixes). b. Use hyphens for fractions and if necessary to write a two-digit number in words such as at the beginning of a sentence (e.g., 94 = ninety-four; ⅜ = three-eighths).
A simple rule for using numbers in writing is that small numbers ranging from one to ten (or one to nine, depending on the style guide) should generally be spelled out. Larger numbers (i.e., above ten) are written as numerals. For example, instead of writing "It cost ten-thousand four-hundred and sixteen dollars to renovate the local library ...
Numbers. Numbers are used in all sorts of scholarly works. For example, writers may report numerical information about participants (number of participants, demographic information such as age, etc.) as well as the results of statistical analyses. Even writers who are not conducting empirical research often use statistical information to ...
Numbers Expressed in Numerals. In general, use numerals to express numbers 10 and above, and use words to express numbers zero through nine. there were 15 psychologists at the clinic. the study had 40 participants. students were in the third, sixth, eighth, 10th, and 12th grades. However, there are exceptions to this general guideline for ...
Numbers and Statistics Guide Numbers see Publication Manual Sections 6.32-6.35 for guidelines on using numerals vs. words • Use numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) for the following: ° numbers 10 and above; see exceptions in the next section ° numbers used in statistics (e.g., 2.45, 3 times as many, 2 x 2 design) ° numbers used with units of ...
If you do need to spell out larger numbers, a hyphen might be necessary. See the following rules: Always hyphenate compound numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine (this does not include numbers ending with 0) If you need to write out numbers higher than ninety-nine, do not use a hyphen; use "and" instead; Examples: Sally is thirty-three ...
9. Two numbers next to each other. It can be confusing if you write "7 13-year-olds", so write one of them as a numeral, like "seven 13-year-olds". Pick the number that has the fewest letters. 10. Ordinal numbers and consistency. Don't say "He was my 1st true love," but rather "He was my first true love.".
Rule 7. Write decimals using figures. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point. Example: A meter is about 1.1 yards. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point with numbers less than one.
Generally, it's best to write specific years in Arabic numerals. For example: I was born in 1972. Spell out decades in formal writing, but know that it's also safe to write them in numerals. Just remember there's no apostrophe before the 's.'. For example: I love the fashion in the sixties.
It can be difficult to know how to write numbers in academic writing (e.g. five or 5, 1 million or 1,000,000).This section gives some guidelines on when to use words to write numbers, and when to use numerals.There are also some exceptions to the rule which are considered, i.e. times when you might expect to use words but should instead use numerals.
Updated on December 23, 2020 Grammar. It is generally best to write out numbers from zero to one hundred in nontechnical writing. In scientific and technical writing, the prevailing style is to write out numbers under ten. While there are exceptions to these rules, your predominant concern should be expressing numbers consistently.
Numbers. Generally, you can spell out numbers below 10 in words (seven, three), and use numerals for anything 10 and higher (10, 42). You should use Arabic numerals (1, 7) instead of Roman numerals (II, XI) unless the Roman numerals are part of established terminology in your field. In numbers greater than 1,000, use commas to separate groups ...
Numbers up to nine should always be written in words, anything higher than nine can be written in numerals. Alternatively, some guides suggest that if you can write the number in two words or fewer then use words rather than numerals. If you are going to take this approach then you should include a hyphen when writing numbers with two words, e ...
Since the number five comes first, we follow the standard format of writing out numbers less than 10. Since both numbers are representing copies, to be consistent, we should write out both numbers. 2A. Please give Arthur four pencils with erasers and 15 blank sheets of paper to complete the assignment.
academic writing. You need to know and use the conventions for writing numbers correctly when you are writing and proofreading your work. 1. When to write numbers in words • Write in words one or two-word numbers, rounded numbers and ordinal numbers For general academic writing, you need to write these numbers in words: all numbers under one ...
When to Spell Out Numbers According to Different Style ...
But if you want advice on writing numbers, you can keep the following general guidelines in mind. 1. Numbers "0-10" should be written with words. Anything higher should be written in digits. One major guideline many writers follow is to write numbers "0-10" (sometimes "0-9" or "0-12") in words and numbers that are higher in ...
Writing Numbers Above Ten. Spell out numbers above ten, unless writing the number would involve using more than two words. For example: I have sixty-three dead bugs in my collection. My cousin has 207 bugs in his. This site has given me a thousand helpful hints for my homework. My grandmother is seventy-two today.
Learning how to write numbers in English involves understanding the rules. Read on to find ways to remember the rules for when to write out numbers!