what i do not believe and other essays

What I do not believe and other essays (2nd edition)

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What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays

By norwood russell hanson , matthew d. lund , stephen edelston toulmin , and harry woolf.

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What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays: 38 (Synthese Library, 38) Paperback – 26 Aug. 2021

Fifty years have passed since Norwood Russell Hanson's unexpected death, yet he remains an important voice in philosophy of science. This book is a revised and expanded edition of a collection of Hanson's essays originally published in 1971, edited by Stephen Toulmin and Harry Woolf. The new volume features a comprehensive introduction by Matthew Lund (Rowan University) and two new essays. The first is "Observation and Explanation: A Guide to Philosophy of Science", originally published as a posthumous book by Harper and Row. This essay, written near the end of Hanson’s life, represents his mature philosophy of science. The second new addition, Hanson's essay "The Trial of Galileo", is something of a "lost" work – it was only published in a small run collection on famous trials and was left out of the published lists of Hanson’s works. Ever the outspoken firebrand, Hanson found many lessons and warnings from Galileo's trial that were relevant to Cold War America.

This volume not only contains Hanson's best-known work in history and philosophy of science, but also highlights the breadth of his philosophical thought. Hanson balanced extreme versatility with a unified approach to conceptual and philosophical problems. Hanson's central insight is that philosophy and science both strive to render the world intelligible -- the various concepts central to our attempts to make sense of the world are interdependent, and cannot operate, or even be fully understood, independently. The essays included in this collection present Hanson's thinking on religious belief, theory, observation, meaning, cosmology, modality, logic, and philosophy of mind. This collection also includes Hanson's lectures on the theory of flight, Hanson's greatest passion.

• ISBN-10 9402417419
• ISBN-13 978-9402417418
• Edition 2nd ed. 2020
• Publication date 26 Aug. 2021
• Part of series Synthese Library
• Language English
• Dimensions 15.49 x 2.31 x 23.5 cm
• Print length 397 pages
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9789402417388

Synthese Library

Norwood Russell Hanson

D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland

29 January 2020

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Fifty years have passed since Norwood Russell Hanson's unexpected death, yet he remains an important voice in philosophy of science. This book is a revised and expanded edition of a collection of Hanson's essays originally published in 1971, edited by Stephen Toulmin and Harry Woolf. The new volume features a comprehensive introduction by Matthew Lund (Rowan University) and two new essays. The first is "Observation and Explanation: A Guide to Philosophy of Science", originally published as a posthumous book by Harper and Row. This essay, written near the end of Hanson's life, represents his mature philosophy of science. The second new addition, Hanson's essay "The Trial of Galileo", is something of a "lost" work – it was only published in a small run collection on famous trials and was left out of the published lists of Hanson's works. Ever the outspoken firebrand, Hanson found many lessons and warnings from Galileo's trial that were relevant to Cold War America.

This volume not only contains Hanson's best-known work in history and philosophy of science, but also highlights the breadth of his philosophical thought. Hanson balanced extreme versatility with a unified approach to conceptual and philosophical problems. Hanson's central insight is that philosophy and science both strive to render the world intelligible — the various concepts central to our attempts to make sense of the world are interdependent, and cannot operate, or even be fully understood, independently. The essays included in this collection present Hanson's thinking on religious belief, theory, observation, meaning, cosmology, modality, logic, and philosophy of mind. This collection also includes Hanson's lectures on the theory of flight, Hanson's greatest passion.

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• Author(s) Norwood Russell Hanson
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What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays 2nd Edition is written by Norwood Russell Hanson and published by Springer. The Digital and eTextbook ISBNs for What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays are 9789402417395, 9402417397 and the print ISBNs are 9789402417388, 9402417389. Save up to 80% versus print by going digital with VitalSource.

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The Agnostic’s Dilemma

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• Norwood Russell Hanson  

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An agnostic maintains himself in a state of perfect doubt concerning God’s existence, a position I regard as unsound. The agnostic achieves his equipoise of dubiety only by shifting his ground where logic requires him to stand fast.

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Hanson, N.R. (1971). The Agnostic’s Dilemma. In: Toulmin, S., Woolf, H. (eds) What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays. Synthese Library, vol 38. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-3108-0_18

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What I do not believe, and other essays by Norwood Russell Hanson

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What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays

Introduction

Matthew D. Lund

Part I. Philosophy of Science

A Picture Theory of Theory-Meaning

On Elementary Particle Theory

Some Philosophical Aspects of Contemporary Cosmologies

Stability Proofs and Consistency Proofs: A Loose Analogy

Observation and Explanation: A Guide to Philosophy of Science

Part II. History of Science

Leverrier: The Zenith and Nadir of Newtonian Mechanics

The Contributions of Other Disciplines to 19th Century Physics

The Trial of Galileo

Part III General Philosophy

On Being in Two Places at Once

Copernicus' Role in Kant's Revolution

It's Actual, so It's Possible

On Having the Same Visual Experiences

Mental Events Yet Again: Retrospect on Some Old Arguments

Part IV Logic

Imagining the Impossible

On the Impossibility of Any Future Metaphysics

Good Inductive Reasons

A Budget of Cross-Type Inferences, or Invention is the Mother of Necessity

The Irrelevance of History of Science to Philosophy of Science

The Idea of a Logic of Discovery

Part V. Religion

The Agnostic's Dilemma

What I Don't Believe

Part VI. The Theory of Flight

Edward MacKinnon, S.J.

Lecture One: The Discovery of Air

Lecture Two: The Shape of an Idea

Lecture Three: The Idea of a Shape

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Fact check on Algerian fighter Imane Khelif, DSDs, biology and Olympic boxing

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The Paris Games is the first in history to reach gender parity. Transgender inclusion has had no negative effect on gender parity at the Olympics, according to GLAAD and InterACT. Also, IOC guidelines state athletes should not be excluded from competing due to alleged unfair advantage based on sex variations, according to GLAAD.

Conservatives seize on boxing to spread anti-trans rhetoric

As part of a large wave of anti-LGBTQ laws in the U.S., transgender women in sports has become a key rallying call for conservatives. In the last five years, 25 states have passed laws banning transgender students from participating in sports that match their gender identity, according to data compiled by MAP , despite research from the Human Rights Campaign showing transgender youth are a small part of the population and not all of them are interested in playing sports.

Former President Donald Trump jumped on Khelif's win at the Olympics to further his campaign promise, posting a video of the fight on social media "I WILL KEEP MEN OUT OF WOMEN'S SPORTS!"

Trump's running mate JD Vance shared a video of the match on X, falsely calling Khelif a man and suggesting Kamala Harris' stance on gender leads to a "disgusting," outcome.

“From my point of view, this was not an equal competition,” conservative Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni said, according to POLITICO.

Khelif told UNICEF earlier this year that she was picked-on for participating in sports as a girl growing up, and had to raise money for her boxing lessons as her father did not approve of her getting into the sport, because she is a girl.

“I started with nothing and now I have everything,” she said.

Contributing: Josh Peter

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What Research Says About Being a Stay-at-Home Parent

Ask people what they think about  stay-at-home moms  (SAHMs) and stay-at-home parents in general, and you'll likely get a variety of answers. Some might say they've got it easy, or that life at home with the kids would be boring. Some might think they're lazy or not contributing much to society. Others contend that stay-at-home parents are making the best decision of their lives and that they're making a noble, worthwhile sacrifice to stay home and nurture their kids day in and day out.

If you're contemplating whether or not to be a stay-at-home parent, what matters most is what works best for your family. So, first and foremost, consider your personal beliefs, priorities, finances, and lifestyle. However, there is also a wealth of research on the subject that you can consult when making your decision. The findings on life as a stay-at-home parent may surprise you.

Brianna Gilmartin

Pros and Cons of Staying at Home

There are, of course, many personal reasons for or against staying home with your kids. Benefits may include more opportunities for quality time with your children and having more direction over their learning and development. You may not want to miss a minute of their childhoods. You also might not trust others to care for your little loves. Drawbacks include the big hit to your family's income and the trajectory of your career as well as the big change to your lifestyle.

While there is no right or wrong answer, this research may help inform your choice. Remember that each of these benefits and drawbacks may or may not apply to you. There are many different factors, such as budget, lifestyle, priorities, social support, relationship status, spousal involvement, and your kids' specific needs, to consider before making your final decision.

Evidence-Based Benefits of Being a Stay-At-Home-Parent

There are many reasons that parents choose to stay at home with their children. Studies have shown that many people think this is the best option for kids when financially plausible. According to a Pew Research Center study, about 18% of American parents stayed home with their children in 2021.

According to Pew Research Center's Social and Demographic Trends, 60% of Americans say a child is better off with at least one parent at home. While 35% of responders said that kids are just as well off with both parents working outside the home.

Benefits for Children of Stay-at-Home-Parents

A 2014 study found that the benefits of having a parent at home extend beyond the early years of a child's life. The study measured the educational performance of 68,000 children. Researchers found an increase in school performance to high school-aged children. However, the biggest educational impact was on kids ages 6 and 7.

Most  homeschooled students  also have an at-home parent instructing them. A compilation of studies provided by the National Home Education Research Institute supports the benefits of a parent at home for educational reasons. Some research has found homeschoolers generally score 15 to 30 percentile points above public school students on standardized tests and achieve above-average scores on the ACT and SATs.

Regardless of whether parents stay home or work outside the home, research shows that parent involvement in schools makes a difference in children's academic performance and how long they stay in school.  Some kids with learning differences and/or special needs may do better in a school (vs. homeschooling) to access any required services .

Decreased Stress and Aggression in Kids

Some studies link childcare with increased behavioral problems and suggest that being at home with your children offers benefits to their development compared with them being in  being in childcare  full-time.  This may be reassuring news for stay-at-home parents knee-deep in diapers and temper tantrums.

Studies have found that children who spend a large amount of their day in daycare experience high stress levels, particularly at times of transition, like drop-off and pick-up.

Subsequent studies also showed higher levels of stress in children in childcare settings compared with those who are cared for at home. But that doesn't mean you have to keep your children with you every minute until they're ready to go to school. Look for a nanny or babysitting co-op that allows your kids to play with others while giving you some time alone.

Greater Control of Children's Upbringing

The ability to directly protect, spend time with, and nurture their children each day is often cited as a primary benefit of not working outside the home. Studies show that some parents stay home specifically to have greater first-hand control over the influences their child is exposed to. Others simply see it as their duty to be the one who provides daily care to their little ones.

More Parents Want to Stay Home

According to the Pew Research Center, more people are becoming stay-at-home parents—and 60% of Americans believe that choice is best for children. The number of stay-at-home parents jumped from a low of 23% in 1999 to 29% in less than 15 years. However, today's rates don't match those of the 1970s and earlier when around 50% of women (and very few men) were stay-at-home parents.

While the number of men taking on this role is far lower than that of women (around 210,000 compared with over 5.2 million), the rate of men becoming stay-at-home dads is on an upswing, too. Between 2010 and 2014, the prevalence of men choosing to stay home increased by 37%.

Downsides of Being a Stay-at-Home Parent

Regardless of the increasing numbers and some important benefits, a decision to quit your job to become a stay-at-home parent shouldn't be made out of guilt or peer pressure. While there are many great reasons to be a stay-at-home parent, it's not necessarily right or beneficial (or financially plausible) for everyone. For some families, the drawbacks significantly outweigh any positives.

Some People Miss Working

Research shows that many stay-at-home parents miss working outside the home and think about  going back to work  someday.  It can be tough to leave behind the tangible rewards and results of a job, especially one you enjoyed and were good at.

If you stay home when your kids are little but plan to return to the workforce, you can take some steps to bridge that employment gap, such as taking classes, earning licenses or certificates that enhance your resume, or even taking a part-time job.  You might also consider at-home business opportunities as well as  remote jobs  that let you stay home while also earning money and reclaiming some of what you missed about your career.

Costs to Your Career and Wallet

The decision to stay at home with your kids means giving up income. Research shows that stay-at-home parents must contend with lost wages now and decreased wages when returning to work. This "wage penalty" often amounts to 40% less in earned income over time.

There is also a big hit to the stay-at-home parent's career trajectory. Some parents can regain their previous work roles upon reentering the workforce, while others struggle to get a foothold professionally after taking time off.

The direct impact on your family's finances will depend on your personal earning potential, skills, and career choices—as well as the income of your partner if you have one. However, studies show that mothers who reenter work after having children experience between a 5% and 10% pay gap compared with their childless peers. This is in addition to the gender pay gap.

Adverse Impacts on Physical and Mental Health

Studies show that stay-at-home parents experience poorer physical and mental health compared with parents who work outside the home. Effects include higher rates of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, as well as higher rates of chronic illness. A 2012 Gallup poll surveyed 60,000 women including women with no children, working moms, and stay-at-home moms who were or were not looking for work, and found more negative feelings among SAHMs. There are likely several reasons for this, including experiencing more parental and financial stress. Working parents tend to have access to more robust health insurance plans than stay-at-home parents. They also tend to benefit from greater self-worth, personal control over their life, economic security, and more dynamic socio-economic support.

However, it's worth noting that significant research shows that whether they work outside the home or not, parents generally are less happy than their childless counterparts.  Of course, the joy you get from parenting (and staying home with the kids) is likely to be highly individual.

More Social Isolation

A 2015 study found that many moms are spending lots of time with their kids, more so than in years past. Researchers believe this extra kid-focus results in a higher potential for social isolation. Interestingly, the research found no scientifically proven difference in outcomes for the children with this additional parental attention.

Some stay-at-home parents may feel isolated or undervalued by what some call the " mommy wars, " which pit parents against each other. This social dynamic can create perceived judgments or pressures that leave some stay-at-home parents feeling like they're not respected as worthy members of society. On the flip side, some working parents may feel criticized for not spending as much time with their children. Both groups can end up feeling socially isolated.

A 2021 study found that around a third of all parents experience loneliness. That's why it's so important for all parents (whether they stay at home or work outside the home) to find the right balance of social activities, exercise, sleep, hobbies, and self-care. Additionally, it's helpful to make the most of your family time, including  creating gadget-free zones  and planning fun activities you can all enjoy.

It's also key to take care of your own emotional well-being and let your children spend some time away from you. Whether it's a date night with your spouse or scheduling a day off so you can have some alone time, you're not going to shortchange your child because you didn't spend every minute with them. Giving yourself parenting breaks and opportunities to socialize is important for your well-being, particularly during times of stress.

Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review .  J Marriage Fam .

Stay at home moms and dads account for about 1-in-5 U.S. parents . Pew Research Center. 

After decades of decline, a rise in stay-at-home mothers . Pew Research Center. 

Home with mom: The effects of stay-at-home parents on children’s long-run educational outcomes .  J Labor Econ. 

National Home Education Research Institute.  Research facts on homeschooling .

Effect of parental involvement on children’s academic achievement in chile .  Front Psychol.  

School performance among children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review .  Children (Basel) .

The NICHD study of early child care and youth development . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 

Toddlers’ stress during transition to childcare .  European Early Childhood Education Research Journal .

Examining change in cortisol patterns during the 10-week transition to a new child-care setting .  Child Dev .

7 key findings about stay-at-home moms . Pew Research Center. 

The mother's perspective: Factors considered when choosing to enter a stay-at-home father and working mother relationship .  Am J Mens Health .

The relationships between mothers' work pathways and physical and mental health .  J Health Soc Behav .

The motherhood penalty at midlife: Long-term effects of children on women's careers .  J Marriage Fam .

Parents' work schedules and time spent with children .  Community Work Fam .

Gallup.  Stay-at-home moms report more depression, sadness, anger .

Parenthood and happiness: Effects of work-family reconciliation policies in 22 OECD countries .  AJS .

Does the amount of time mothers spend with children or adolescents matter? .  J Marriage Fam.

Experiencing loneliness in parenthood: A scoping review .  Perspect Public Health .

  First things first: Parent psychological flexibility and self-compassion during COVID-19.   Behav Anal Pract .

Related Articles

Essays and Short Answer Prompts

The Penn application process includes a personal essay —which is sent to most schools you apply to—as well as a few short answer prompts . We read your words carefully, as they are yet another window into how you think, what you value, and how you see the world. Through your writing, we get a glimpse of what you might bring to our community—including your voice and creativity. 

Remember, you are the expert on your story. This is an opportunity for you to reflect and understand who you are now, and who you want to be in the future. You have the agency to choose the information you want to share. This is your story: your experiences, your ideas, your perspective.   

A Few Writing Tips

• Review the prompts thoroughly.  Be sure you’re answering the question or prompt being asked. Topics are chosen because the Admissions Committee wants to know specific things about you. If you don’t address them directly, we are left to make decisions regarding your application with incomplete information. 
• Consider your response carefully.  We understand that you may be writing responses for different schools and you may want to reuse material, but be sure to read through your response to make sure it is relevant to the prompt. 
• Double-check your writing.  Give yourself time to revisit your response. Try to avoid rushing your writing process so you have time to revise your work. Ultimately, it is up to you to polish and proofread your writing before you submit. 
• Do your research. Are there classes you’re eager to take? Research opportunities you’d love to pursue? A group or club you want to be a part of? This kind of specificity shows us you’re serious about Penn and have thought about how you’d spend your time here. 

2024-25 Short Answer and Essay Prompts

When answering these prompts, be precise when explaining both why you are applying to Penn and why you have chosen to apply to that specific undergraduate school. Some of our specialized programs will have additional essays to complete, but the  Penn short answer prompts should address your single-degree or single-school choice.  

• Write a short thank-you note to someone you have not yet thanked and would like to acknowledge. (We encourage you to share this note with that person, if possible, and reflect on the experience!) (150-200 words, only required for first-year applicants) 
• How will you explore community at Penn? Consider how Penn will help shape your perspective, and how your experiences and perspective will help shape Penn. (150-200 words) 
• The school-specific prompt is unique to the school to which you are applying. (For example, all applicants applying to the College of Arts and Sciences will respond to the prompt under the “College of Arts and Sciences” section). Considering the undergraduate school you have selected for your single-degree option, please respond to your school-specific prompt below.  

Transfer Essay (required for all transfer applicants): Please explain your reasons for transferring from your current institution and what you hope to gain by transferring to another institution. (4150 characters) 

Undergraduate School-Specific Short Answer Prompts

For students applying to coordinated dual-degree and specialized programs, please answer this question about your single-degree school choice; your interest in the coordinated dual-degree or specialized program may be addressed through the program-specific essay.  

Penn Nursing intends to meet the health needs of a global, multicultural world by preparing its students to impact healthcare through advancing science. How will you contribute to our mission of promoting equity in healthcare and how will Penn Nursing contribute to your future nursing goals? (150-200 words)

To help inform your response, applicants are encouraged to learn more about Penn Nursing’s mission and how we promote equity in healthcare here . This information will help you develop a stronger understanding of our values and how they align with your own goals and aspirations.

The flexible structure of The College of Arts and Sciences’ curriculum is designed to inspire exploration, foster connections, and help you create a path of study through general education courses and a major. What are you curious about and how would you take advantage of opportunities in the arts and sciences? (150-200 words) 

To help inform your response, applicants are encouraged to learn more about the  academic offerings within the College of Arts and Sciences .  This information will help you develop a stronger understanding of how the study of the liberal arts aligns with your own goals and aspirations. 

Wharton prepares its students to make an impact by applying business methods and economic theory to real-world problems, including economic, political, and social issues.  Please reflect on a current issue of importance to you and share how you hope a Wharton education would help you to explore it.  (150-200 words) 

To help inform your response, applicants are encouraged to learn more about  the foundations of a Wharton education . This information will help you better understand what you could learn by studying at Wharton and what you could do afterward. 

Penn Engineering prepares its students to become leaders in technology by combining a strong foundation in the natural sciences and mathematics with depth of study in focused disciplinary majors. Please share how you plan to pursue your engineering interests at Penn. (150-200 words)

To help inform your response, applicants are encouraged to learn more about Penn Engineering and its mission to prepare students for global leadership in technology here . This information will help you develop a stronger understanding of academic pathways within Penn Engineering and how they align with your goals and interests.

Coordinated Dual Degree and Specialized Program Essay Prompts

For students applying to coordinated dual-degree and specialized programs, please answer the program-specific essay below. 

** Numbers marked with double asterisks indicate a character count that only applies to transfer students applying through Common App.  

Discuss how your interests align with the Digital Media Design (DMD) program at the University of Pennsylvania? (400-650 words / 3575 characters**)

We encourage you to learn more about the DMD: Digital Media Design Program .

The Huntsman Program supports the development of globally minded scholars who become engaged citizens, creative innovators, and ethical leaders in the public, private, and non-profit sectors in the United States and internationally. What draws you to a dual-degree program in business and international studies, and how would you use what you learn to contribute to a global issue where business and international affairs intersect? (400-650 words) 

The LSM program aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the life sciences and their management with an eye to identifying, advancing, and implementing innovations. What issues would you want to address using the understanding gained from such a program? Note that this essay should be distinct from your single degree essay. (400-650 words) 

• Explain how you will use the M&T program to explore your interest in business, engineering, and the intersection of the two. (400-650 words) 
• Describe a problem that you solved that showed leadership and creativity. (250 words) 

Discuss your interest in nursing and health care management. How might Penn's coordinated dual-degree program in nursing and business help you meet your goals? (400-650 words) 

How do you envision your participation in the Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research (VIPER) furthering your interests in energy science and technology? Please include any past experiences (ex. academic, research, or extracurricular) that have led to your interest in the program. Additionally, please indicate why you are interested in pursuing dual degrees in science and engineering and which VIPER majors are most interesting to you at this time. (400-650 words) 

Sharing Additional Information

To be your own best advocate, you may give our Admissions Committee more context about you by sharing additional information in your college application. While this is not required, it can help give admissions officers a fuller picture of who you are if you are concerned about any missing information or context. Consider the following guiding questions as you decide to share any additional information:

• Is there additional context you want to provide about how your time is spent outside of the classroom?
• Do you have a long commute to school, or responsibilities within your home or community that may prevent you from engaging in certain activities?
• Has there been a big change in your life that has impacted your grades or participation in activities?
• Is there missing context about your school that you want to provide? 

What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays

• January 2020
• ISBN: 978-94-024-1738-8
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