This website by history teacher Tom Richey includes lots of great Renaissance resources for teachers, including YouTube videos, primary source worksheets, assignments, and PowerPoints. Some are free and downloadable, and others cost money.
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Video Lecture
This 6-minute lecture on YouTube focuses on characteristics of Renaissance art.
Video Lecture
This 8-minute YouTube video by a teacher of AP European History gives a good overview of humanism and its Renaissance roots.
Video Lecture
This 8-minute lecture on YouTube gives a good overview of humanism found in Renaissance paintings.
Resources
Dr. Witcombe has compiled a variety of art history resources on this website.
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Website
This link is to the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Florentine & Central Italy Renaissance collection.
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Website
This link is to the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Venetian & Northern Italy Renaissance collection.
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Website
This link is to the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Rome & Southern Italy Renaissance collection.
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Website
This link is to the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Northern Renaissance collection.
Article
This article is about an exhibition in Milan of women artists of the sixteenth & seventeenth centuries.
Article
This article looks at long-lost paintings that were discovered while the Uffizi Museum was being renovated in April 2021.
Video
This 13-minute clip on YouTube looks at the quest to find a lost da Vinci painting, “The Battle of Anghiari.”
Website, Reading
This reading explains the role of guilds during the Renaissance.
Renaissance Florence: Guilds
Article
This article examines the major guilds of Florence and their impact during the Renaissance.
Article
This article looks at humanism’s impact on learning and education.
Prezi
This published Prezi presentation looks at the role of merchants in Renaissance Italy.
Website, Lessons
This website includes a biography of Europe’s first feminist, along with passages from her writings and student activities.
Video
This 36-minute video on YouTube features a discussion between Peter Lyden and Fr. John O’Malley, SJ.
Article
This article by Fr. John O’Malley, SJ looks at how the Jesuits used humanist texts in their schools.
Article
This article in the looks at how Jesuit education was influenced by Renaissance humanism.
Article
This article with images of works by Vasari looks at the artist’s works and impact.
Website, Article
This article with images looks at Alberti, the Italian Renaissance scientist, mathematician, architect, and humanist.
Article
This article explores the impact of Palladio’s architecture throughout Europe and beyond.
Website
This site includes links to Renaissance villas designed by Palladio, along with further information on the architect and his impact.
Website
This entry from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy includes a good definition and examples of Neoplatonism.
Article
This article looks at health and well-being in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern world.
Article
This article from Humanities magazine looks at an exhibition at the Walters Museum focused on the contributions of African ancestry to Renaissance Europe.
Article
This article by David Wachtel looks at Jewish communities in Renaissance Italy.
Article
This article by Catherine Fletcher looks at how Jews in Italy were treated in different city-states and by different rulers during the Renaissance.
Article
This article from in November 2020 asks four historians if Renaissance advances were extended to women.
Article
This article by Dr. Heather Graham for The Khan Academy looks at gender representations, norms, depictions, and expectations in Renaissance Italy and its art.
Website
This History Crunch website includes information and links about Rome during the Renaissance.
Article
This Saudi article looks at Eastern influences in Venice, the gateway to the Middle East. Focuses on the sixteenth century.
Website
This History Crunch website includes information and links about Venice during the Renaissance.
Article
This article focuses on Basel, Switzerland, which became a center of the Renaissance where Erasmus, Holbein, and others lived and worked.
Video
This 14-minute YouTube video by John Green gives an overview of the Northern Renaissance.
Article
This lively article includes images, fun facts, and good information about the life and impact of Catherine de Medici.
Article
This op-ed by John Scott & Robert Zaretsky from 2013 is worth reading.
Excerpts, Lesson, Activities
This Learning Network article includes key questions, excerpts from , and activity sheets for students.
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Reading, Lesson
This reproducible handout has passages from both works with space for students to analyze characteristics of an ideal Renaissance man and effective Renaissance leader.
Article
This article by Randall Albury looks at whether the famous book by Castiglione includes philosophy.
Reading
This excerpt from looks at the role of the courtier in the arts.
Website, Poetry
This website includes fifteen sonnets written by Francesco Petrarch, considered to be the father of humanism.
Article
This article explains the Petrarchan sonnet and includes examples from his poetry.
Website, Poetry
This site includes the poems that make up the by Petrarch. They reveal his love for Laura, as well as his humanist and religious values.
Article
This article looks at Dante’s life, literary works, and influence on the Renaissance.
in Late Medieval & Early Renaissance Art
Website
This Khan Academy link uses information, analysis, and works of art to explore how Dante’s was portrayed in paintings.
Article
This article by Robert M. Woods defines Christian humanism and contextualizes it alongside other Renaissance philosophies.
Website, Lesson Plan
This website includes a lesson plan and worksheets for students to use while reading and reflecting on , written by Sir Thomas More in 1516.
: Humanism in the Renaissance
Article
This article explores how reflects humanism and the Renaissance.
and the Early Modern Travel Narrative
Article, Essay
This article by Jason Gleckman in the looks at through the nature of persuasive rhetoric.
Article
This article looks at how the Renaissance influenced the works of William Shakespeare.
Article
This article explores how Shakespeare’s Renaissance writing had a lot of medieval influences.
Video
This 13-minute YouTube video looks at the English Renaissance, especially in theatre.
Article
This article by Alana Shilling looks at in what ways Shakespeare impacted the Renaissance.
Video
This 2-minute YouTube clip shows how the Gutenberg printing press invented around 1450 worked.
Video
This 7-minute YouTube clip looks at how the printing press spread across Europe and the impact it had.
Website
This website includes photos and information about different châteaux, which are most associated with French Renaissance architecture.
Article
This History Extra article gives a brief guide to the Reformation with a focus on England.
Article
This article from 2017 looks at how countries and institutions marked the five hundredth anniversary of the Reformation.
Podcast
This History Extra podcast focuses on the Reformation’s five hundredth anniversary and features Eamon Duffy, a renowned English Reformation historian.
Website, Primary Sources
Fordham University’s website features many great primary source documents from the Protestant and Catholic Reformations.
Video
This 15-minute YouTube video by John Green focuses on the Protestant Reformation.
Video
This 13-minute YouTube video by John Green focuses on the Reformation’s impact and wars of religion.
Video
This 13-minute YouTube video by John Green focuses on the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Website
This website by the American Humanist Association looks at the history of the Protestant Reformation and gives brief overviews of the major Protestant sects.
Article
This article looks at the impact of Ulrich Zwingli on the five hundredth anniversary of the Swiss Reformation that began in 1519.
Website
This museum in Geneva, Switzerland is dedicated to the Reformation. The website includes exhibitions, articles, and resources.
Article
This lively article looks at the life and impact of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Website, Readings
This link on The World of the Habsburgs website focuses on Emperor Charles V and includes multiple short chapter readings.
Website, Readings
This link on The World of the Habsburgs website focuses on King Philip II of Spain and includes multiple short chapter readings.
Video
This 6-minute YouTube video explains why Galileo was convicted of heresy.
Website, Primary Sources
Fordham University’s website features many great primary source documents from the Scientific Revolution.
Video
This 15-minute YouTube video by John Green focuses on the age of exploration.
Website
This website includes a biography and explanation of Copernicus’s impact on Renaissance society.
Article
This article looks at Columbus as both a navigator and invader.
Website, Lessons
This website by the Zinn Education Project includes free lessons and resources for teaching about Columbus and the controversies surrounding him and his legacy.
Video
This 28-minute documentary on YouTube looks at the life, impact, and controversies that have arisen over Christopher Columbus.
Article
This article explores quotes and views of Columbus, seeking to debunk the main atrocities some have said he committed.
Website, Lesson Plan
This lesson plan on The National Humanities Center website includes a teacher’s guide, a student version, and close-reading questions.
Video
This 15-minute YouTube video by John Green focuses on life in early modern Europe.
Article, Book Review
This review of gives an overview of the book and its chapters written by different historians.
Museum Exhibit, Article
This article looks at the exhibit Revealing the African Presence in Renaissance Europe.
Video
This 6-minute YouTube clip looks at technological inventions in the age of exploration.
Article
This article looks at why early modern Germany experienced the most witch hunts and burnings.
Video
This 12-minute YouTube video by a historian looks at the history and reasons behind witch trials in Europe.
Article
This article focuses on Jacob Fugger, a merchant and the first true capitalist, whose family became bankers for the Holy Roman emperor.
Reading
This reading includes good information and images and could be given to students.
Article
This article from The Great Courses lecture series focuses on sixteenth-century dynasties of Europe, when monarchies were expanding.
Video
This 5-minute YouTube clip from CBS Sunday Morning looks at how artisan shops continue today in Florence.
Website, Music
This website has a good overview of development in Renaissance-era music with examples from a few composers.
Video, Music
This 11-minute YouTube video by the Music Theory Academy includes good examples and explanations of Renaissance music.
Book Review
This review of looks at what the author uncovered about the Pazzi conspiracy to wipe out the Medici in 1478.
Book Review
This review of by Ross King looks at why this book about the building of Florence’s great cathedral was a best seller.
Visions of the Ottoman World in Renaissance Europe
Book Review
looks at the image of the Turk during the Renaissance.
Book Review
tells the story of one of Renaissance Italy’s most powerful and ruthless rulers.
Book Review
looks at one of the Renaissance’s most powerful and notorious families.
Book Review
was written in 2020 and looks at the Renaissance period beyond the famous.
Book Recommendation
is an excellent resource when teaching about great works of art.
Fordham University 441 E. Fordham Road Faber Hall 463 Bronx, NY 10458 • USA
Chapter 13: European Society in the Age of the Renaissance
The fourteenth century witnessed the beginning of remarkable changes in the Italian society and in the fifteenth century, this “Renaissance” spread to northern Europe
Economic growth laid the material basis from the Italian Renaissance, from 1050 to 1300, witnessed commercial and financial development, the growing political power of self-governing cities, and great population expansion (cultural achievements)
The period from the late sixteenth century was characterized by artistic energies
In the great commercial revival of the eleventh century, northern Italian cities led the way
Venice, supported by a huge merchant marine grew rich through overseas trade
Genoa and Milan enjoyed benefits of a large volume of trade with the Middle East and Europe (exchange between the East and West)
Genoa and Venice also made advancements in shipbuilding allowing ships to sail all year long and the increased the volume of goods that could be transported (accelerated speed) --the risks in such operations of trade were great, but the profits were enormous
The first artistic and literary manifestations of the Italian Renaissance appeared in Florence but toward the end of the thirteenth century, Florentine merchants and bankers acquired control of papal banking (acted as tax collectors for the papacy)
For Florence, profits from loans, investments, and money exchanges contributed to the city’s economy but the wool industry was the major factor in the city’s financial expansion and population increase as they purchased the best quality of wool
Florence developed remarkable techniques for its manufacture into cloth, and employed thousands of works in the manufacturing process
The economic foundations of Florence were so strong that even severe crises could not destroy the city such as huge debts of King Edward III or the Black Death
Northern Italian cities were communes , worn associations of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from local nobles and fought for and won independence
Marriage vows often sealed business contracts between the rural nobility and the mercantile aristocracy forming the new social class, an urban nobility
New class made citizenship in the communes dependent on a property qualification, years of residence within the city, and social connections
A new force, popolo , disenfranchised and heavily taxed, bitterly resenting their exclusion from power, wanted places in the communal government
Throughout thirteenth century, popolo used violence to take over the city governments
Because they practiced the same sort of political exclusivity as had the noble communes, the popolo never won the support of other groups
The popolo could not establish civil order within their cities and the movements for republican government failed and by 1300, signori (despots) or oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) had triumphed everywhere
Nostalgia for the Roman form of government, combined with calculating shrewdness, prompted the leaders of Venice, Milan, and Florence to use the old forms
In the fifteenth century, political power and elite culture centered at the princely courts of despots and oligarchs who flaunted their patronage of learning and the arts by munificent gifts to writers, philosophers, and artists
Renaissance Italians had a passionate attachment to their individual city-states which hindered the development of one unified state of Italy
In the fifteenth century, five powers dominated the Italian peninsula: Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples
Venice, with its trade and vast colonial empire, ranked as an international power
Central Italy consisted mainly of the Papal States—Pope Alexander VI aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia united the peninsula by ruthlessly conquering
The large cities used diplomacy, spies, paid informers, and any other available means to get information that could be used to advance their ambitions while the states of northern Europe were moving toward centralization and consolidation
Whenever one Italian state appeared to gain a predominant position within the peninsula, other states combined to establish a balance of power against the major threat
Renaissance Italians invented the machinery of modern diplomacy: permanent embassies with resident ambassadors in capitals where political relations and commercial ties needed continual monitoring
Imperialistic ambitions resulted in an inability to form a common alliance against potential foreign enemies made Italy an inviting target for invasion
When Florence and Naples entered into an agreement to acquire Milanese territories, Milan called on France for support
At Florence, the French invasion had been predicted by Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola who attacked paganism and moral vice of the city, the undemocratic government of Lorenzo de’ Medici and the corruption of Pope Alexander VI
Girolamo Savonarola was excommunicated by the pope and executed
The invasion of Italy by the French king Charles VIII inaugurated a new period in Italian and European power politics; Italy became the focus of international ambitions and foreign army
Florence, Rome, and Naples soon bowed and Charles VIII’s son Louis XII, formed the League of Cambrai with the pope and German emperor Maximilian for the purpose of stripping rich Venice of its mainland possessions
Pope Leo X called on the Spanish and Germans in a new alliance to expel the French
When France returned to Italy in 1522, a series of battles called the Habsburg-Valois Wars began and in the sixteenth century, the political and social life of Italy was upset by the relentless competition for dominance between France and the empire
Italian cities suffered from continual warfare and thus the failure of the city-states to form some federal system, consolidate, or at least establish a common foreign policy led to the continuation of the centuries-old subjection of the peninsula by outside invaders
Renaissance was characterized by self-conscious awareness and the realization that something was happening came to men of letters such as poet/humanist Francesco Petrarch
He considered the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of the human civilization
The sculptors, painters, and writers of the Renaissance spoke contemptuously of their medieval predecessors and identified themselves with the thinkers/artists of Greco-Romans
A humanism characterized by a deep interest in the Latin classics and a deliberate attempt to revive antique lifestyles emerged
Christian humility discouraged self-absorption and provided strong support for the individual and to exercise great social influence (new sense of historical distance from earlier periods)
A large literature specially concerned with the nature of individuality emerged
Italians of unusual abilities were self consciously aware of their singularity and unafraid to be unlike their neighbors; they had enormous confidence in their ability to achieve great things
Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents; thirst for fame, a driving ambition, and a burning desire for success drove such people to the complete achievement of their potential
In cities of Italy, civic leaders and the wealthy populace showed phenomenal archeological zeal for the recovery of manuscripts, statues, and monuments
Pope Nicholas V planned the Vatican Library, which remains one of the richest repositories of ancient and medieval documents (built by Pope Sixtus IV)
There was a profound interest in the study of the Latin classics (“new learning” – humanism)
Humanists studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature and emphasized human begins, their achievements, interests, and capabilities
Where medieval writers accepted pagan and classical authors uncritically, Renaissance humanists were skeptical of their authority
Renaissance humanists studied human nature, and while they fully grasped the moral thought of pagan antiquity, Renaissance humanists viewed humanity from a strongly Christian perspective: men and women were made in the image and likeness of God
Humanists rejected classical ideas that were opposed to Christianity or they sought reinterpretation of an underlying harmony between the pagan and secular and Christianity
Fourteenth and fifteenth-century humanists loved the language of the classics and considered it superior to the corrupt Latin of the medieval schoolmen
They became concerned more about form than about content, more about expression
Secularism involves a basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of spirit and thinking finds the explanation of everything and the final end of human beings
The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries witnessed the growth of such secularism in Italy
Worries of life did not leave much time for thoughts about penance and purgatory as wealth allowed greater material pleasures and a more comfortable life
Humanist Lorenzo Valla in his study On the False Donation of Constantine demonstrated by careful textual examination that an anonymous eighth-century document supposedly giving the papacy jurisdiction over vast territories in western Europe was a forgery; thus, exemplifying the application of critical scholarship to old and almost sacred writings as well as the new secular spirit of the Renaissance
Nor did church leaders do much to combat the new secular spirit; the papal court and the households of the cardinals were just as worldly as those of great urban patricians
Renaissance popes beautified the city of Rome, patronized artists and mean of letters, and expended enormous enthusiasm and huge sums of money
Papal interests, far removed from spiritual concerns, fostered the new worldly attitude
Renaissance evokes admiration for its artistic master pieces of painting, architecture and sculpture in which the city of Florence led the way
In the period art historians describe as the “High Renaissance,” Rome took the lead and the main characteristics of High Renaissance art—classical balance, harmony, and restraint—are revealed in the masterpieces of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
Powerful urban groups such as guilds or religious confraternities commissioned works of art
The works of Florentine cloth merchants represented the merchants’ dominant influence
Religious themes appeared in all media—wood, carvings, painted frescoes, stone sculptures, paintings; art served as educational purpose—a religious picture or statue was intended to spread a particular doctrine, act as a profession of faith
A great style of living, enriched by works of art, served to prove the greatness of the ruler
The study of classical texts brought deeper understanding of ancient ideas; classical themes and motifs, such as the lives and loves of pagan gods and goddesses, figured into art pieces
The individual portrait became distinct artistic genre (Renaissance portraits mirrored reality)
Florentine Masaccio, sometimes called the father of modern painting, inspired a new style characterized by great realism, narrative power, and remarkably effective use of light/dark
Rich color decorative detail, curvilinear rhythms, and saying forms (international style)
Narrative artists depicted the body in a more scientific and natural manner
Perspective in painting, the linear representation of distance and space on a flat surface
In the Renaissance the social status of the artist improved as the Renaissance artist was considered a free intellectual worker and usually worked on commission from a powerful prince; thus the artist’s reputation depended on the support of the powerful patrons
Renaissance society respected and rewarded the distinguished artist
Renaissance artists were not only aware of their creative power, they also boasted about it; some medieval painters and sculptors had signed their works but now, Renaissance artists almost universally did so, and many of them incorporated self-portraits
The medieval conception recognized no particular value in artistic originality
Renaissance artists and humanists thought that a work of art was the deliberate creation of a unique personality, of an individual who transcended traditions, rules, and theories
The culture of the Renaissance was that of a small mercantile elite, a business participant with aristocratic pretensions; the Renaissance maintained a gulf between the learned minority and the uneducated multitude that had survived for so many centuries
One of the central preoccupations of the humanists was education and moral behavior such as the treatises on the structure and goals of education and the training of rulers
Part of Vergerio’s treatise specifies subjects for the instruction of young men in public life: history teaches virtues by examples from the past, ethics focuses on virtue itself, and rhetoric or public speaking trains for eloquence
Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal, the gentleman; the educated man of the upper class should have a broad background in many academic subjects, and his spiritual and physical as well as intellectual capabilities should be trained (familiar with dance, music, the arts)
The subject of The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli is political power: how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it – also addressed citizen’s relationship to the state
Machiavelli concluded that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interest and this pessimistic view of humanity held him to maintain that the prince may have to manipulate the people in any way he finds necessary (fox and lion)
Medieval political theory had derived ultimately from Saint Augustine’s view that the state arose as a consequence of Adam’s fall and people’s propensity to sin
The test of good government was whether it provided justice, law, and order
They set high moral and Christian standards for the ruler’s conduct (increase of power?)
Machiavelli even showed his strong commitment to republican government
In the thirteenth century, paper money and playing cards from China reached the West; they were block-printed (characters were carved into a wooden clock, inked, and the words or illustrations transferred to paper) -- method expensive and time consuming
In 1455, Johann Gutenberg, Johann Fust, and Peter Schoffer started movable type; the mirror image of each letter was carved in relief on a small block
Since letters could be arranged into any format, an infinite variety of texts could be printed by reusing and rearranging pieces of type
The knowledge of paper manufacture had originated in China, and the Arabs introduced it to the West in the twelfth century; durable paper was far less expensive than parchment
Printing transformed both the private and the public lives of Europeans making propaganda possible, emphasizing differences between opposing groups, such church and state
These differences laid the basis for the formation of distinct political parties
Printing also stimulated the literacy of lay people and eventually came to have a deep effect on their private lives; printers printed moralizing, medical, practical, and travel manuals
Since books and other printed materials were read aloud to illiterate listeners, print bridged the gap between written and oral cultures
During the Renaissance the status of upper-class women declined – in terms of the kind of work they performed, their access to property and political power, and their role in shaping the outlook of their society, women had generally less power than women in the feudal age
In cities of Renaissance Italy, young ladies learned their letters and studied the classics and many read Greek as well as Latin, knew poetry, and could speak Spanish or French
Laura Cereta illustrates the successes and failures of educated Renaissance women
Educated by her father. She learned languages, philosophy, theology, and mathematics and she gained self-confidence and a healthy respect for her own potential
The question of marriage forced the issue; she could choose a husband, family, and full participation in social life or else study and withdrawal from the world
Women’s inferiority was derived not from the divine order of things but from themselves
Men frequently believed that in becoming learned, a woman ceased to be a woman
Women were supposed to know how to attract artists and literati to her husband’s court and how to grace her husband’s household, whereas an educated man was supposed to know how to rule and participate in public affairs
In Castiglione’s The Courtier , the woman was to make herself pleasing to the man; with respect to love and sex, the Renaissance witnessed a downward shift in the women’s status
Educational opportunities being severely limited, few girls received an education (social divide) but apart from that, the works of the Renaissance had no effect on ordinary women
Rape was not considered a particularly serious crime against either the victim or society. Noble youths committed a higher percentage or rapes than their small numbers
The rape of a young girl of marriageable age or a child under twelve was considered a graver crime than the rape of a married woman
By contrast, the sexual assault of a noblewoman by a man of working-class origin, which was extraordinarily rare, resulted in a sever penalization because the crime had social and political overtones
Early medieval penitential and church councils had legislated against abortion and infanticide
Infanticide -- some were simply abandoned outdoors; some were said to have been crushed to death while sleeping in the same bed with their parents; some died from “crib death” or suffocation and occurred to frequently to have all been accidental
Far more girls than boys died, thus reflection societal discrimination against girl children as inferior and less useful than boys (also sometimes the cause was poverty)
But beginning in the fifteenth century, sizable numbers of black slaves entered Europe
Black servants, because of their rarity, were highly prized and much sought after
Many served as maids, valets, and domestic servants
They supplemented the labor force in virtually all occupations---as agricultural laborers, craftsmen, herdsmen, frappe pickers, workers in the manufacture of olive oil, and seamen on ships going to Lisbon and Africa
Most Europeans’ knowledge of the black as a racial type were based entirely on theological speculation; theologians taught that God was light and so blackness, therefore represented the hostile forces of the underworld: evil, sin, and the devil
Blackness symbolized the emptiness of worldly goods, the humility of the monastic way of life; black clothes permitted a conservative and discreet display of wealth (Christ had said that those who mourn are those who are blessed)
In Renaissance society, blacks, like women, were signs of wealth; both used for display
In the last quarter of the fifteenth century, Italian Renaissance thought and ideals penetrated northern Europe; students from the Low Countries, France, Germany, and England flocked to Italy, imbibed the “new learning” and carried it back to their countries
Northern humanists interpreted classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions, even though in Italy, secular and pagan themes and Greco-Roman motifs received more humanistic attention
Christian humanists believe that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined for example, classical ideals of calmness, stoical patience, and broad-mindedness with Christian virtues of love, faith, and hope
Northern humanists were impatient with Scholastic philosophy and believed it was capable of improvement through education, which would lead to peaty and an ethical way of life
Works of French priest Jacques Lefevre d’Etaples attempted to apply humanistic learning to religious problems and wrote a solid education in the Scriptures would increase piety and raise the level of behavior in the Christian society
Englishman Thomas More towered above other figures in sixteenth-century English social and intellectual history ( Utopia written in 1516)
Utopia describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere where children receive a good education, primarily in the Greco-Roman classics, and learning does not cease with maturity, for the goal of all education is to develop rational faculties; adults divide their days equally between manual labor or business pursuits and activities
Because the profits from business and property are held strictly in common, there is absolute social equality and the citizens lead an ideal existence living by reason
Society’s flawed institutions were responsible for corruption and war
More, the key to improvement and reform of the individual was reform of the social institutions that molded the individual
Better known by contemporaries was Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam
Two fundamental themes run through all of Erasmus’s scholarly work
Education is the means to reform, the key to moral and intellectual improvement; the core of education ought to be study of the Bible and the classics
“The philosophy of Christ” -- Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart of spirit; Christianity is not formalism, special ceremonies, or law. Christianity is Christ—is life and what he said and did, not what theologians have written (the Sermon on the Mount, for Erasmus, expresses the heart of the Christian message)
French humanist Francois Rabelais was convinced that “laughter is the essence of manhood”
Rabelais combined the Renaissance zest for life and enjoyment of pleasure with a classical insistence on the cultivation of the body and the mind
Jan van Eyck, one of the earliest artists to use oil-based paints successfully, shows the Flemish love for detail in paintings such as Ghent Altarpiece or Giovanni Arnofini and his Bride , the effect is great realism and remarkable attention to human personality
A quasi-spiritual aura likewise infuses architectural monuments in the north from shrines by the northern architecture was little influenced by the classical revival
Sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges, professional bureaucracies, and representative assemblies all trace their origins to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
The resurgent power of feudal nobilities weakened the centralizing work begun earlier
Rulers began the work of reducing violence, curbing unruly nobles and troublesome elements, and establishing domestic order
Dictators and oligarchs of the Italian city-states preferred to be secure, rather than loved
These monarchs were new in that they invested kingship with a strong sense of royal authority and national purpose; they stressed that monarchy was the one institution that linked all classes and peoples within definite territorial boundaries
These monarchs ruthlessly suppressed opposition and rebellion, especially from the noble
They seized the maxim of the Justinian Code, “what pleases the prince has the force of the law” and rulers tended to rely on middle-class civil servants
With tax revenues, medieval rulers had built armies to crush feudal anarchy
The Hundred Years’ War left France badly divided, drastically depopulated, commercially ruined, and agriculturally weak under the control of Charles VII
Charles reconciled the Burgundians and Armagnacs, who had been waging civil war for thirty years and by 1453, the French armies had almost completely driven out the English
Charles reorganized the royal council, giving more influence to the middle-class men and strengthened royal finances with taxes such as those on salt and land
Charles created the first permanent royal army by establishing regular cavalry/archers
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, asserting the superiority of a general council over the papacy, giving the French crown major control over the appointment of bishops and depriving the pope of French ecclesiastical revenues (Gallican liberties)
Charles’s son Louis XI (“Spider King”) promoted new industries, such as silk weaving and welcomed tradesmen and foreign craftsmen, he entered into commercial treaties
With the army Louis stopped aristocratic brigandage and slowly cut into urban independence (goal of expanding royal authority and unifying the kingdom)
On the timely death of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, France gained the territory and the extinction of the house of Anjou France gained Anjou, Bar, Maine, and Provence
Louis was thought to be typical of the new monarchs in his reliance on finances supplied by the middle classes to fight feudal nobility
Francis I and Pope Leo X formed a new treaty, the Concordat of Bolonga, in 1516
The treaty canceled the Pragmatic Sanction’s superiority of the general council over the papacy and approved the pope’s right to receive the income of new bishops and abbots; in return, Leo X recognized the French ruler’s right to select French bishops and abbots
Population decimated by the Black Death, continued to decline in England
Henry V was dependent on the feudal magnates who controlled the royal council/Parliament
Henry V’s death gave the barons a perfect opportunity to entrench their power and between 1455 and 1471, the ducal houses of York and Lancaster waged civil war, commonly called the Wars of the Roses (York -- white and Lancastrians – red)
The war hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry
Edward IV began establishing domestic tranquility and defeated the Lancastrian forces and began to reconstruct the monarchy and consolidate royal power after 1471
Edward, a brother Richard III, and Henry VII of the Welsh house of Tudor worked to restore royal prestige, to crush the power of the nobility, and to establish order and law at local level
All three rulers used methods that Machiavelli would have praised -- ruthlessness, efficiency, and secrecy
The Parliament had been the arena where nobles exerted their power and because the monarchy was dependent on the Lords and the Commons for revenue, the king had to call Parliament and he lived on his own financial resources
Edward conducted foreign policy on the basis of diplomacy avoiding expensive wars
Henry VII used these assemblies primarily to confirm laws and Parliament remained the highest court in the land and a statute approved there by the lords, bishops, and Commons gave the appearance of broad national support plus thorough judicial authority
The center of royal authority was the royal council which handled any business the king put before it -- executive, legislative or judicial
The council also prepared laws for parliamentary ratification
Henry VII set up the court of Star Chamber to prevent aristocratic interference in the administration of justice and to combat fur-collar criminal activity
Unlike Spain/France, England had no standing army or professional civil service bureaucracy
The Tudors won the support of the influential upper middle class because the Crown linked government policy with the interests of that class
Henry VII rebuilt the monarchy and encouraged the cloth industry and merchant marine
Henry VII crushed an invasion from Ireland and secured peace with Scotland
He left a country at peace both domestically and internationally, a substantially augmented treasury, and the dignity and role of the royal majesty much enhanced
The central theme in the history of medieval Spain was disunity and plurality
The centuries-long reconquista -- the attempts of northern Christian kingdoms to control the entire peninsula -- had both military and religious objectives: expulsion or conversion of the Arabs and Jews and political control of the south
The wedding in 1469 of Isabella, heiress of Castile and Ferdinand, heir of Aragon was the final major step in the unification and Christianization of Spain
Although Ferdinand and Isabella pursued a common foreign policy, Spain under their rule remained a loose confederation of separate states
Each kingdom continued to maintain its parliament, laws, systems of coinage & taxation
To curb rebellious and warring aristocracy, they revived an old medieval institution: the hermandades , or “brotherhood,” which were popular groups in the towns given the authority to act both as local police forces and judicial tribunals
They also restructured the royal council in which aristocrats and great territorial magnates were rigorously excluded; thus the influence of the nobility on state policy was reduced
Thus, executive, judicial, and legislative power was under the monarchy
The council, people of middle-class background, supervised the local authorities
Through a diplomatic alliance with the Spanish pope Alexander VI, the Spanish monarchs secured the right to appoint bishops and because of this the monarch could influence ecclesiastical policy, wealth, and military resources
Revenues from church estates could raise an army to continue the reconquista
Granada in the south was incorporated into the Spanish kingdom and in 1512, Ferdinand conquered Navarre in the north
Although the Arabs had been defeated, there still remained a sizable amount of Jews
Jews had played a decisive role in the economic and intellectual life of several of the Spanish kingdoms
Anti-Semitic riots and pogroms in the late fourteenth century led many Jews to convert; they were called conversos
At first, Isabella and Ferdinand continued the policy of royal toleration but many conversos reverted back to their faith of their ancestors and Ferdinand and Isabella secure Rome’s permission to revive the Inquisition, a medieval judicial procedure for heretic punishment
The Spanish Inquisition commonly applied torture to extract confessions
Shortly after the reduction of the Moorish stronghold at Granada in 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand issued an edict expelling all practicing Jews from Spain (150,000 out of 200,000)
Absolute religious orthodoxy and purity of blood (untainted by Jews or Muslims) served as the theoretical foundation of the Spanish national state
When Charles’s son Philip II united Portugal to the Spanish crown in 1580, the Iberian Peninsula was at last politically united
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Chapter 14: Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church
Chapter 15: The Age of European Expansion and Religious Wars
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Chapter 17: Absolutism in Eastern Europe to 1740
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Chapter 19: The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century
Chapter 21: The Revolution in Politics (1775-1815)
Chapter 22: The Revolution in Energy and Industry
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Chapter 24: Life in the Changing Urban Society
Chapter 25: The Age of Nationalism
Chapter 26: The West and the World
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Chapter 28: The Age of Anxiety
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Chapter 30: Cold War Conflicts and Social Transformations, 1945-1985
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Eng 102 - The Argumentative Essay: Harlem Renaissance
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Issues and Controversies
Harlem Renaissance
Issues and Controversies in American History is an excellent source for information on the Harlem Renaissance .
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The issue: Should Harlem Renaissance writers and artists primarily seek to integrate with mainstream culture and advance the political goals of the civil rights establishment through their works? Or should Renaissance artists be free to express authentic and distinctly African American themes?
Arguments for cultural integration: In order to counter more than a century of racist stereotypes of blacks in American pop culture, Renaissance artists have an obligation to convey "respectable" images of African Americans to white society. In other words, art should be used as a political means, not for its own sake. Once black culture is accepted and integrated into mainstream culture, then political, social and economic equality will follow. Furthermore, the whole notion of "black art" is stereotypical in its own right; artists should express a wide array of themes and subject matter that aims to transcend racial identity.
Arguments against cultural integration: Countering racist portrayals in popular culture is crucial to achieving equality for African Americans, but not at the cost of sacrificing authentic and realistic forms of black artistry. A Renaissance artist should capture the unique voice of the black masses, not the whitewashed, "proper" portrayals that cater to the elite tastes of the black bourgeoisie and white society. The melting pot of cultural integration should be rejected in favor of the mosaic of cultural harmony, in which many cultures coexist apart from one another. Only when African Americans are accepted and respected for their own unique culture can genuine equality follow.
Harlem 1900-1940 . The website for the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture contains an online exhibition on black life in Harlem during the era of the Harlem Renaissance. Includes timeline of events, images, text, bibliography, and resources for teachers.
Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia . A project Ferris State University, the Jim Crow Museum website houses an exhaustive collection of artifacts documenting the Jim Crow era.
Rhapsodies in Black . The Institute of International Visual Arts presents an online exhibition of text and images highlighting the history and culture of the Harlem Renaissance.
The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . The website for the PBS series includes brief summary text and images exploring the Harlem Renaissance. Links to related topics and larger themes provided.
Second Resource:
The Gale In Context: U.S. History database provides access to Academic Journals, Magazines, Primary Sources, Reference Books, and Biographies related to the Harlem Renaissance .
The Harlem Renaissance (c. 1918- c. 1937) was an important period in the development of African American culture. During this era, a group of influential figures in the creative arts helped to turn the New York City neighborhood of Harlem into a major center of African American music, literature, politics, and culture. It was less a movement than an attempt by artists to support each other in a cultural environment during a period in American history when there was not broad support for African American creative expression.
Also called the “New Negro Movement,” the Harlem Renaissance was merely the most famous of several urban clusters of African American expression. Cities such as Chicago, Kansas City, Memphis, and Cleveland were also...
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"Harlem Renaissance." Gale U.S. History Online Collection , Gale, 2020. Gale In Context: U.S. History , https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.tmcc.edu/apps/doc/CSVSGR697740729/UHIC?u=tmcc_main&sid=UHIC&xid=5f9a33e3. Accessed 9 Apr. 2020.
The EBSCO ebook collection provides access to dozens of books dedicated to the Harlem Renaissance.
Use the Table of Contents to identify specific aspects of the Harlem Renaissance.
Subjects: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / American / African American Studies; American literature--African American authors--History and criticism; African American arts--New York (State)--New York--20th century; African American arts--20th century; African Americans--Intellectual life--20th century; Harlem Renaissance ; African Americans--New York (State)--New York--Intellectual life--20th century
Renaissance Essay | Essay on Renaissance for Students and Children in English
February 13, 2024 by Prasanna
Renaissance Essay: The word renaissance means rebirth. The Renaissance that took place in the periods of 15th and 16th centuries in is probably one of the most celebrated periods of European history. Even though two different periods of history do not have any form of demarcation, but the Renaissance worked to mark the transition from the Medieval Age to the Modern Age.
The Renaissance period is celebrated all around the globe. It has been an important period to pave culture and art in Europe, which eventually spread all around the globe due to colonization.
You can also find more Essay Writing articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.
Long and Short Essays on Renaissance for Students and Kids in English
We are providing students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic “Renaissance” for reference.
Long Essay on Renaissance 500 Words in English
Long Essay on Renaissance is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.
The meaning of the word renaissance means rebirth. The period was named so as the period was almost sort of a rebirth of human thinking capabilities, art, culture, morals, etc. in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries (the period is debated over at times). The Renaissance has been associated with the great social change which followed the later medieval period (a period of crisis).
It is said that the period of the Renaissance was a break from the middle ages, but some argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages. Humanism is what defined the earliest ages of the Renaissance which came into being and formation because of the events of the later Middle Ages, such as the fall of the Roman Catholic Church and intellectual reawakening.
Humanism developed earliest in Italy by secular men like Leonardo Bruni, Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, etc. instead of scholar clerics who had dominated intellectual awakening in the Middle Ages. Dante was one of the predecessors of Humanism.
The concept of Humanism was derived from the concept of Roman Humanitas and the rediscovery that was done regarding Greek philosophy, one of them being the Protagoras. The fall of Constantinople worked as a boost for Humanism and many scholars arrived in Italy with books and manuscripts from Greece. Humanism emphasized took all forms of human manifestation as a subject emphasized the dignity of man and highlighted about the compatibility and unity of all truth in syncretism.
Art and architecture, science, culture, geography, religion, political establishments and human thinking, all went through massive changes in the period of Renaissance. In art, during the Renaissance, the ‘point perspective’ was established, and artists like Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael flourished. Even though Michelangelo and Raphael were contemporaries and both had their unique styles with the touch of Renaissance Art and hence were both celebrated for their differences and similarities. Da Vinci’s work on human anatomy is something that the world will be ever grateful for. Thus, intermingling art and science also led to scientific and medical changes and improvements during the Renaissance.
Europeans set out into the world and found out about the various other continents and established trade connections (which later led to colonization) with them. Christopher Columbus is one big name during this period because he was responsible for the finding of the ‘New World’ (even though Columbus intended to find a different route to India, hence when he landed on the ‘New World’ he thought it was India).In the scientific fieldworks of Copernicus, Vesalius, Galileo, Kepler, etc. are celebrated. Copernicus’ book ‘On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres’ (translated in English) and Vesalius’ book on ‘The Workings of the Human Body’ paved ways for several other scientific innovations and discoveries, which, many historians argue paved the way for the Modern Age to set in. The Renaissance period, to be defined in a single sentence was the period of light, discoveries, rebirth and reawakening.
Short Essay on Renaissance 150 Words in English
Short Essay on Renaissance is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
The time between the Medieval Age and Modern Age in Europe is called the Renaissance French word), which means rebirth. It took place around 14th to 16th centuries which at times are also argued by historians.
Some prefer to segregate the Renaissance as a separate period. In contrast, some say that it was the extension of the later Medieval Age, regardless it worked as a marking period between the medieval age and modern age. Art, architecture, science, literature, geography, human thinking and philosophy, religion and political and social structures, all by mingling with each other, went through a reawakening or rebirth, hence living up to the name of the period in history.
Humanism, beginning in Italy, was one of the earliest characteristic features of the Renaissance which was inspired by the Roman ‘Humanitas’ and was ignited by the fall of Constantinople which led scholars to come into Italy with Greek books and manuscripts. Historians believe that the later developments in science and medicine are what led to the setting in of the Modern Age.
10 Lines on Renaissance in English
The word Renaissance means ‘rebirth’.
The Renaissance took place in Europe between the Middle and Modern Ages.
The time of the Renaissance starts from the 14th century and continues onto the 16th century.
One main and earliest aspect of the Renaissance was Humanism.
The fall of Constantinople in 1453 ignited the path for Humanism.
New continents were discovered during this time, which led to trade and later colonization.
Leonardo Da Vinci’s works on the human body and anatomy through his art paved the way for development in science.
There was an increased interest in Classical Scholarship values.
The Renaissance is one of the most celebrated historical times.
FAQ’s on Huck Finn Essay
Question 1. What does the word Renaissance Mean?
Answer: The French word Renaissance means rebirth.
Question 2. When did the Renaissance take place?
Answer: The Renaissance took place between the 14th and 16th centuries.
Question 3. What is the Renaissance?
Answer: Renaissance is a period in history when in Europe science, art, medicine, astronomy, art, literature, human values flourished and had an awakening, leaving an impact all over the world. It worked as a demarcation point between the middle and modern age.
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Renaissance Research Paper Topics
In this comprehensive page on Renaissance research paper topics , we delve into a captivating array of historical subjects that shaped one of the most transformative periods in human history. Within the following sections, we will present an extensive list of Renaissance research paper topics divided into 10 categories, explore the profound impact of the Renaissance on various aspects of society, and provide valuable insights on selecting and crafting exceptional research papers. As a bonus, we will showcase iResearchNet’s writing services, offering students the opportunity to unlock their full potential in academic excellence. Embrace the journey of rediscovering the Renaissance era through the lens of research and academic exploration.
100 Renaissance Research Paper Topics
The Renaissance period was a time of remarkable cultural, artistic, and intellectual growth, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe. It marked a significant shift from the medieval era to the modern age, reviving classical learning, embracing humanism, and unleashing a surge of creativity across various disciplines. Delving into the captivating realm of Renaissance history, we present a comprehensive list of research paper topics, organized into 10 categories, each capturing a unique facet of this transformative era.
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Leonardo da Vinci: The Universal Genius and His Masterpieces
Michelangelo’s David: A Symbol of Human Perfection
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling: Unraveling the Symbolism
Raphael’s School of Athens: Portrayal of Renaissance Philosophers
Titian’s Venus of Urbino: Redefining Beauty in Art
Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus: Reviving Classical Mythology
Donatello and the Renaissance Sculptural Revolution
Jan van Eyck and the Pioneering Techniques of Northern Renaissance Art
Caravaggio: The Controversial Genius of Baroque Art
Vermeer’s Mastery of Light and Shadows: The Girl with a Pearl Earring
Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: A Journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise
Petrarch’s Sonnets: The Father of Humanism and Modern Love Poetry
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales: A Window into Medieval and Renaissance England
Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Tragic Hero in a Changing World
Machiavelli’s The Prince: A Political Handbook for Rulers
Montaigne’s Essays: Personal Reflections in a Time of Intellectual Transition
Cervantes’ Don Quixote: Satire and the Birth of the Modern Novel
Sir Thomas More’s Utopia: An Exploration of Ideal Societies
Rabelais’ Gargantua and Pantagruel: Satire, Humanism, and Social Critique
John Milton’s Paradise Lost: A Religious Epic in a Time of Religious Turmoil
Copernicus and the Heliocentric Model: Challenging the Geocentric Universe
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion: Revolutionizing Astronomy
Galileo’s Observations and the Telescope: Advancements in Science and Technology
Vesalius and the Fabric of the Human Body: A New Understanding of Anatomy
Harvey’s Circulation of Blood: Groundbreaking Discoveries in Physiology
Bacon’s Scientific Method: The Empirical Approach to Knowledge
Newton’s Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation: The Foundation of Modern Physics
The Invention of the Printing Press: Revolutionizing Communication and Education
The Exploration and Mapping of New Worlds: The Age of Discovery
The Renaissance Impact on Navigational Techniques and Cartography
The Renaissance Papacy: The Influence of the Church on Politics and Culture
The Medici Family: Patrons of the Arts and Political Power in Renaissance Florence
The Tudor Dynasty: Consolidating Power in England during the Renaissance
The Habsburg Dynasty: European Politics and Diplomacy in the Renaissance
The Holy Roman Empire: Challenges and Transformations in the Renaissance
The Ottoman Empire: Expansion and Cultural Exchange during the Renaissance
The Role of Women in Renaissance Politics: From Queens to Noblewomen
The Rise of City-States: Venice, Genoa, and the Renaissance Maritime Republics
The Thirty Years’ War: Religious Conflicts and Political Realignment in Europe
The Peace of Westphalia: Redefining State Sovereignty and International Relations
The Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther and the Ninety-Five Theses
The Counter-Reformation: The Catholic Church’s Response to Protestantism
The Council of Trent: Reaffirming Catholic Doctrines and Addressing Corruption
Erasmus and Humanist Theology: The Quest for Religious Reform from Within
Savonarola and the Bonfire of the Vanities: Religious Zeal and Cultural Destruction
The Spanish Inquisition: Religious Persecution and the Quest for Orthodoxy
The Anabaptist Movement: Radical Reformers in the Early Modern Period
The Impact of the Reformation on Art and Iconography: From Religious to Secular Themes
The Printing Press and the Spread of Religious Ideas: Dissemination of Reformist Writings
The Edict of Nantes: Religious Tolerance and the Challenges of Coexistence
Humanism and the Rediscovery of Ancient Learning: The Renaissance Intellectual Revolution
The Influence of Classical Greek and Roman Philosophy on Renaissance Thought
Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man: Human Potential and Freedom
Giordano Bruno: Philosopher, Astronomer, and Heretic in the Renaissance
The Impact of Stoicism and Epicureanism on Renaissance Ethics
Renaissance Neoplatonism: The Search for Spiritual Unity and Harmony
The Debate on Free Will and Predestination in Renaissance Theology and Philosophy
The Skepticism of Michel de Montaigne: Questioning Truth and Knowledge
Machiavelli and Political Realism: The Pragmatic Approach to Politics
Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis: Utopian Vision and the Advancement of Knowledge
Palestrina and the Renaissance Polyphony: Sacred Music in the Catholic Church
The Advent of Opera: Monteverdi and the Birth of a New Art Form
Josquin des Prez: Master of Renaissance Choral Music
The Influence of Renaissance Music on Later Baroque Composers
Orlando di Lasso: The International Composer of the Renaissance
Gabrieli and the Venetian School: Innovations in Instrumental Music
The Development of Musical Notation in the Renaissance
Thomas Tallis and William Byrd: English Renaissance Composers
Secular Music in the Renaissance: Madrigals, Chansons, and Villancicos
Music Patronage in the Renaissance: The Role of Courts and Noble Families
Filippo Brunelleschi and the Dome of Florence Cathedral: Engineering Marvel of the Renaissance
Andrea Palladio: The Architect of the Venetian Renaissance
The Medici Villas: Harmonizing Nature and Architecture in Renaissance Tuscany
St. Peter’s Basilica: Michelangelo’s Architectural Legacy in Rome
The Influence of Islamic Architecture on Renaissance Europe
The Renaissance Garden: Artistic Expression in Landscape Design
The Development of Perspective in Renaissance Painting and Architecture
The Influence of Renaissance Architecture on Later Periods
The Renaissance Palaces: Symbol of Power and Prestige
The Evolution of Renaissance Urban Planning and Design
The Elizabethan Theater: Shakespeare and the Golden Age of English Drama
The Globe Theater: An Iconic Venue for Renaissance Theatrical Performances
Christopher Marlowe: The Tragic Dramatist of the Elizabethan Era
Commedia dell’Arte: The Italian Renaissance Improvisational Comedy
The Role of Women in Renaissance Theater: Actresses and Playwrights
Seneca’s Influence on Renaissance Tragedy: From Rome to the English Stage
The Impact of Renaissance Drama on Society and Culture
Renaissance Theater Costumes and Stagecraft: Enhancing the Theatrical Experience
Moral Themes and Allegory in Renaissance Drama
Renaissance Theater and the Exploration of Human Nature
The Renaissance Court: Intrigue, Politics, and Cultural Patronage
Education and Humanism in Renaissance Europe: The Rise of the Educated Elite
The Role of Women in Renaissance Society: From Queens to Commoners
The Renaissance Feast: Culinary Arts and Social Gatherings
The Development of Banking and Finance in Renaissance Italy
Renaissance Fashion and Clothing: Style, Status, and Symbolism
The Printing Revolution and the Dissemination of Knowledge in Renaissance Europe
Renaissance Medicine and Healthcare: Advancements and Superstitions
The Renaissance Impact on Family Life and Marriage
Renaissance Travel and Exploration: Journeys of Discovery and Exchange
Delve into the enchanting world of the Renaissance era through these captivating research paper topics, each offering a unique perspective on one of the most transformative periods in human history. As you embark on your academic journey, may these subjects inspire your exploration and contribute to a deeper understanding of the remarkable achievements and complexities of the Renaissance. The road to intellectual discovery awaits you, as you uncover the rich tapestry of cultural, artistic, and intellectual growth that shaped the course of history.
Renaissance: Exploring the Revival of Knowledge and Creativity
The Renaissance, a remarkable period spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, marked a profound intellectual, cultural, and artistic awakening in Europe. It emerged as a response to the challenges and transformations brought about by the Middle Ages, bringing forth a renewed interest in the classical works of ancient Greece and Rome. This revival of knowledge and creativity laid the foundation for the modern world, shaping the course of history and leaving a lasting impact on various aspects of human civilization.
Rediscovering the Past
The Renaissance was characterized by a fervent desire to rediscover and emulate the achievements of classical antiquity. Scholars and intellectuals sought to study and preserve the works of ancient Greek and Roman authors, including philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, historians like Herodotus and Thucydides, and poets like Homer and Virgil. The translation and dissemination of classical texts were instrumental in spreading ancient wisdom and sparking intellectual curiosity across Europe.
Humanism and the Celebration of Human Potential
At the core of the Renaissance was humanism, an intellectual movement that emphasized the value and potential of the individual. Humanists believed in the power of reason and sought to develop human capabilities in various fields, including literature, art, science, and politics. They promoted education and sought to create well-rounded individuals, known as the “Renaissance man” or “Renaissance woman,” who could excel in multiple areas of knowledge and expertise.
Artistic Renaissance and the Mastery of Realism
The Renaissance witnessed a flourishing of art, with artists exploring new techniques and styles to depict the world with unprecedented realism. This period saw the emergence of legendary artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, who brought forth a level of detail and skill that had not been seen since the classical era. Their masterpieces captured the essence of the human form, as well as the beauty of the natural world.
Patronage and the Medici Influence
The support of wealthy patrons, notably the Medici family in Florence, played a crucial role in the flourishing of the arts during the Renaissance. These patrons sponsored artists, architects, and scholars, providing them with the resources and opportunities to create their finest works. The Medici, in particular, were influential in nurturing artistic talent and promoting cultural exchange.
Scientific Advancements and the Pursuit of Knowledge
The Renaissance also witnessed significant advancements in the field of science. Pioneering minds like Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler challenged the geocentric model of the universe and proposed the heliocentric model, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system. These breakthroughs laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution that would follow in the centuries ahead.
Literary and Linguistic Achievements
In addition to the revival of classical literature, the Renaissance also witnessed the development of vernacular languages, such as Italian, English, French, and Spanish, as literary languages. Writers like Dante Alighieri, Geoffrey Chaucer, and Miguel de Cervantes contributed to the elevation of their respective languages through their literary works, such as “The Divine Comedy,” “The Canterbury Tales,” and “Don Quixote.”
Religious Reformation and the Impact on Art and Thought
The Renaissance coincided with the Protestant Reformation, led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin. This movement challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to religious conflicts across Europe. The impact of the Reformation on art and thought was profound, with artists and intellectuals grappling with questions of faith, morality, and individual spirituality.
Scientific Method and the Empirical Approach:
The Renaissance saw the emergence of the scientific method, an approach to inquiry that relied on observation, experimentation, and evidence-based reasoning. This marked a departure from the reliance on ancient authorities and paved the way for modern scientific inquiry, laying the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment.
Architecture and Urban Planning
Renaissance architects, inspired by the classical orders and principles of ancient Roman architecture, designed magnificent structures, including cathedrals, palaces, and public buildings. The era also witnessed advancements in urban planning, resulting in the creation of elegant cities and well-designed public spaces.
Legacy of the Renaissance
The legacy of the Renaissance continues to reverberate throughout the centuries, leaving an indelible mark on human history. Its impact on art, science, literature, philosophy, and politics laid the groundwork for the subsequent periods of intellectual and cultural growth, shaping the modern world we inhabit today.
The Renaissance, a time of intellectual and creative rebirth, remains a source of fascination and inspiration for scholars and history enthusiasts alike. The revival of knowledge, the celebration of human potential, and the pursuit of artistic excellence during this period continue to captivate our imagination and remind us of the enduring power of human ingenuity. As we explore the rich tapestry of the Renaissance, we gain a deeper understanding of the profound transformations that shaped the course of history and continue to influence our lives today.
How to Choose Renaissance Research Paper Topics
Selecting the right research paper topic is a crucial step in the academic journey, especially when delving into the vast and fascinating world of the Renaissance. With such a diverse and influential period in history, choosing a research paper topic can be both exciting and overwhelming. To assist you in this process, we have compiled a comprehensive guide with ten tips to help you navigate through the myriad of possibilities and select a compelling and engaging Renaissance research paper topic.
Understand the Renaissance Period : Before choosing a research paper topic, it is essential to develop a solid understanding of the Renaissance period. Familiarize yourself with the historical context, major events, key figures, and prevailing cultural, intellectual, and artistic trends. This foundational knowledge will provide you with a broader perspective to identify specific areas of interest for your research.
Identify Your Area of Interest : The Renaissance covers a wide range of subjects, including art, literature, science, politics, religion, philosophy, and more. Determine your area of interest and identify topics that resonate with you personally. Choosing a topic that captivates your curiosity will make the research process more enjoyable and productive.
Narrow Down Your Topic : The Renaissance is a vast and multi-faceted period, so it is crucial to narrow down your research topic. Rather than attempting to cover the entire Renaissance, focus on a specific aspect, individual, city, or theme within the period. For example, you could explore the impact of the Renaissance on a particular region, such as Renaissance Florence or Renaissance England.
Consult Secondary Sources : Conduct preliminary research using secondary sources, such as books, academic journals, and reputable websites. Secondary sources will provide you with insights into the existing scholarship on various Renaissance topics, helping you identify gaps in the research and potential areas for exploration.
Formulate a Research Question : Once you have identified your area of interest, develop a clear and concise research question. A well-defined research question will guide your investigation and provide a focus for your paper. Make sure your research question is specific, relevant, and open to exploration.
Consider Primary Sources : Incorporating primary sources in your research is essential for delving deeper into the historical context and gaining a firsthand perspective. Primary sources may include letters, diaries, artwork, speeches, and other contemporary materials. Accessing and analyzing these sources will enhance the authenticity and credibility of your research.
Evaluate the Feasibility of Your Topic : Consider the availability of resources and the feasibility of conducting research on your chosen topic. Ensure that there is sufficient information and materials available to support your investigation. If your topic is too obscure or lacks credible sources, it may be challenging to develop a comprehensive research paper.
Consult with Your Instructor or Advisor : Seeking guidance from your instructor or academic advisor can be valuable in refining your research paper topic. They can provide valuable feedback, suggest additional resources, and offer insights into potential research avenues.
Stay Open to Revision : As you delve deeper into your research, be open to revising your research topic if necessary. You may discover new information or angles that lead you to modify your focus. Flexibility is key to ensuring your research paper evolves organically and addresses significant aspects of the Renaissance.
Be Passionate and Curious : Ultimately, the most successful research paper topics are born out of passion and curiosity. Choose a topic that ignites your enthusiasm, as your passion for the subject will drive you to explore it thoroughly and produce an exceptional research paper.
Selecting a Renaissance research paper topic requires a careful balance of curiosity, knowledge, and focus. By understanding the period, identifying your interests, and formulating a specific research question, you can narrow down your options and choose a captivating topic that will engage readers and showcase your academic prowess. Embrace the opportunity to explore the rich and transformative era of the Renaissance, and let your research paper unveil the profound impact it had on the course of human history.
How to Write a Renaissance Research Paper
Writing a research paper on the Renaissance is an exciting endeavor that allows you to explore a period of history marked by a profound revival of art, culture, and knowledge. As you embark on this academic journey, it is essential to approach the writing process with a systematic and thoughtful approach. In this section, we will guide you through the steps to craft a well-structured and compelling Renaissance research paper.
Conduct In-Depth Research : Before diving into the writing process, conduct thorough research on your chosen topic. Utilize both primary and secondary sources to gather relevant information and gain a comprehensive understanding of the Renaissance era. Take notes and organize your research material to streamline the writing process later.
Develop a Strong Thesis Statement : Your thesis statement is the backbone of your research paper. It should present the main argument or point of your paper in a clear and concise manner. A strong thesis statement will provide direction to your writing and help readers understand the purpose of your research.
Create an Outline : Organize your research and ideas into a well-structured outline. An outline serves as a roadmap for your paper, helping you arrange your thoughts logically and ensure a smooth flow of information. Divide your paper into sections and subsections, each supporting a specific aspect of your thesis.
Introduction : Begin your research paper with an engaging introduction that provides context to the Renaissance era and presents your thesis statement. Hook your readers with a captivating opening and offer a brief overview of what they can expect from your paper.
Provide Historical Context : In the introduction or early sections of your paper, provide the necessary historical context for readers who may not be familiar with the Renaissance. Highlight the key developments, events, and influential figures that characterize this period.
Use Proper Citation and Referencing : When citing sources and referencing historical materials, adhere to the citation style specified by your instructor, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago/Turabian. Accurate and consistent citation ensures the credibility and authenticity of your research.
Analyze Primary Sources : If your research includes primary sources from the Renaissance, analyze them critically. Offer insights into the significance of these materials and their relevance to your research topic. Use direct quotes or paraphrasing to support your arguments.
Present Clear Arguments and Evidence : Each section of your research paper should present clear arguments supported by relevant evidence. Analyze your research findings and draw connections between different aspects of the Renaissance to strengthen your arguments.
Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge and address potential counterarguments to your thesis. By engaging with opposing viewpoints, you demonstrate a nuanced understanding of the topic and present a more well-rounded research paper.
Provide Critical Analysis : In addition to presenting information, offer critical analysis of the Renaissance era and its impact on society, art, politics, and culture. Demonstrate your ability to evaluate historical developments and draw meaningful conclusions from your research.
Conclusion : Summarize the key points of your research and restate your thesis in the conclusion. Offer insights into the significance of your findings and how they contribute to the broader understanding of the Renaissance period.
Revise and Edit : After completing the first draft, take time to revise and edit your research paper. Review the content for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for grammatical errors, typos, and formatting issues. Consider seeking feedback from peers or instructors to gain different perspectives.
Embrace Your Voice and Style : While adhering to academic conventions, let your unique voice and style shine through in your writing. Engaging and passionate writing will captivate your readers and make your research paper more enjoyable to read.
Writing a Renaissance research paper is a rewarding experience that allows you to explore the rich and transformative era of history. By conducting thorough research, developing a strong thesis, and presenting clear arguments supported by evidence, you can create an exceptional research paper that sheds light on the Renaissance’s enduring impact on human civilization. Embrace the opportunity to delve into this extraordinary period and let your passion for history shine in your writing.
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Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays
Renaissance drawings: material and function.
Design Fragment for the Left Side of the 'Fonte Gaia' in Siena
Jacopo della Quercia (Jacopo di Pietro d’Angelo di Guarnieri)
Three Standing Figures (recto); Seated Woman and a Male Hermit in Half-length (verso)
Stefano da Verona (Stefano di Giovanni d'Arbosio di Francia)
Allegory on the Fidelity of the Lizard (recto); Design for a Stage Setting (verso)
Leonardo da Vinci
Standing Youth with Hands Behind His Back, and a Seated Youth Reading (recto); Two Studies of Hands (verso)
Filippino Lippi
Design for the Tomb of Pope Julius II della Rovere
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Compositional Sketches for the Virgin Adoring the Christ Child, with and without the Infant St. John the Baptist; Diagram of a Perspectival Projection (recto); Slight Doodles (verso)
Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist; upper left, Study for the Right Arm of the Infant Saint John; upper right, Study for Drapery (recto); Study of a Nude Male Figure (verso)
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio or Santi)
Studies of the Christ Child
Landscape (recto); Landscape (verso)
Perugino (Pietro di Cristoforo Vannucci)
Studies for Hercules Holding a Club Seen in Frontal View, Male Nude Unsheathing a Sword, and the Movements of Water (Recto); Study for Hercules Holding a Club Seen in Rear View (Verso)
Studies for the Libyan Sibyl (recto); Studies for the Libyan Sibyl and a small Sketch for a Seated Figure (verso)
The Head of the Virgin in Three-Quarter View Facing Right
Two Satyrs in a Landscape
Titian (Tiziano Vecellio)
Study for the Head of Julius Caesar
Andrea del Sarto (Andrea d'Agnolo)
The Annunciation
Correggio (Antonio Allegri)
Seated Figure of Mercury
Parmigianino (Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola)
Bishop Saint in Bust-Length (Cartoon for an Altarpiece)
Saint John the Evangelist (recto; Cartoon for a Fresco); Saint Mark (verso; Cartoon for a Fresco)
Francesco Salviati (Francesco de' Rossi)
Carmen Bambach Department of Drawings and Prints, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
October 2002
During the late fourteenth century, artists began to use paper more and more to explore their ideas for the design of paintings and sculptures , rather than simply to copy or record finished works of art. This exploratory type of drawing offers a vivid and intimate glimpse of the artist creatively thinking on paper.
In preparing a composition, artists first drew quick sketches, usually in pen and ink, in which they formulated general ideas rather than focused on details. An example is Leonardo da Vinci’s fascinating double-sided sheet that includes an exquisite small sketch for an allegory on the fidelity of the lizard, and the stage design for a musical comedy ( 17.142.2 ). Another of Leonardo’s double-sided sheets combines an exciting array of ideas for different projects: a figure of Hercules probably intended for a sculpture, some scientific illustrations of the flow of water around obstacles, and a tiny figure of a man sheathing or unsheathing a sword ( 2000.328a,b ).
In the next steps of the creative process, artists investigated the poses of the figures from life models . The earliest such extant studies date from the first years of the fifteenth century. Using the medium of silverpoint on pink prepared paper to obtain delicate tonal effects, Filippino Lippi posed a male studio assistant to stand in for the figure of a bound Christ or Saint Sebastian, in order to observe the figure’s chiseled nude musculature ( 36.101.1 ). In contrast, Raphael’s sheet of studies of an infant ( 1997.75 ) attempts to capture his energy and delightful gestures, and the red chalk medium serves to imitate the soft tonal effects of his dimpled flesh. Artists then integrated the results of studying the figures from life models into a summary design of the composition, in order to pull together the figural arrangements with the lighting effects and setting. Raphael’s Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist ( 64.47 ) offers a fairly rough summary study of their pyramidal grouping, while Titian’s poetic study of two satyrs in a landscape ( 1999.28 ) concentrates especially on the transforming effects of light and atmosphere.
As a final step, artists drew cartoons (full-scale drawings). These were especially necessary in painting frescoes on moist plaster, for the enormously difficult medium of fresco demanded that artists paint quickly, one plaster patch per day, before the moist plaster and the water-based colors set in a chemical process. A monumental cartoon by Francesco Salviati ( 2001.409 ) is boldly rendered with black chalk and white highlights in the final size of the figure in the fresco painting, and the main outlines around the figure are incised with a stylus for the transfer of the full-scale design onto the moist plaster.
During the late fourteenth century, artists also began to work out the details of their commissions for paintings, sculptures, and buildings with their prospective patrons by drafting legally binding contracts. These contracts often included a drawing as an attachment in order to explain the details of the design that was expected and that would be agreed upon by the two parties. A number of drawings were also more generally produced as demonstration pieces ( modelli ) for the patron’s approval and for the workshop’s use, and these were often carefully modeled with pen and ink and were fairly complete regarding the iconography. These types of demonstration drawings for sculptural projects usually illustrate the architectural framework of the monument, as is seen in the designs by Jacopo della Quercia for the Fonte Gaia that was orignally meant for the Piazza del Campo in Siena ( 49.141 ), and by Michelangelo for the tomb of Pope Julius II , intended originally for Saint Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican ( 62.93.1 ).
Bambach, Carmen. “Renaissance Drawings: Material and Function.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/drwg/hd_drwg.htm (October 2002)
Further Reading
Ames-Lewis, Francis. Drawing in Early Renaissance Italy . 2d ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
Bambach, Carmen C. Drawing and Painting in the Italian Renaissance Workshop: Theory and Practice, 1300–1600 . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Additional Essays by Carmen Bambach
Bambach, Carmen. “ Anatomy in the Renaissance .” (October 2002)
Bambach, Carmen. “ Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) .” (October 2002)
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Home — Essay Samples — History — Harlem Renaissance — Harlem Renaissance Essay Outline
Harlem Renaissance Essay Outline
Categories: Harlem Renaissance
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Published: Jun 13, 2024
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Introduction, origins of the harlem renaissance, key figures of the harlem renaissance, major works of the harlem renaissance, lasting impact of the harlem renaissance, historical context, economic factors, intellectual foundations, literary giants, musical innovators, visual artists, performers and actors, cultural legacy, civil rights movement, integration of african american culture.
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Writing the Renaissance: Essays on Sixteenth-Century French Literature in Honor of Floyd Gray
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Raymond C. La Charité, ed. Writing the Renaissance: Essays on Sixteenth-Century French Literature in Honor of Floyd Gray. Lexington, Ky: French Forum Publishers, 1992, 236 pp. (French Forum Monographs Vol. 77), ISBN 0-917058-81-X.
As the study of Renaissance literature expands at an ever increasing rate, with new theories and newly-resurrected works clamouring for attention, it is appropriate that the French Forum thought to honour an individual very much responsible for this critical resurgence. The essays collected under the title Writing the Renaissance pay tribute to the pioneering work of Floyd Gray. In the tradition of Gray, the literary text is always in the foreground in these discussions, never overshadowed by theory which is, instead, consistently applied in a judicious and illuminating fashion.
The nine English and five French essays in this collection are divided into three sections. The first section is devoted exclusively to Rabelais; the second, to Marot, Du Guillet, Du Bellay, and Ronsard; and the third, to Montaigne. Each of the essays addresses what the editor, Raymond C. La Charité, defines as the focus of Gray's own scholarship, the "writerly art" of French Renaissance authors. True to the diversity both of the authors examined and the theoretical concerns which inform these essays, the critics who contributed to the collection take this "writerly art" to constitute many various and fascinating things. In virtually all the cases, however, the concerns of the essayists surround the complexities of language and representation.
La Charité himself begins with an essay on "Originality and the Alimentary Design of Rabelais's Pantagruel," an appropriate opening focusing as it does on a theme generally sustained throughout the volume: the festive, challenging, and transformative energies within French Renaissance literature. Looking specifically at the final chapters of Pantagruel, La Charité maintains that they do not constitute "unrelated extras" as is commonly thought, but engage in a struggle for independence and originality that is a dominant theme throughout the text. In Pantagruel, he contends, the origin of this struggle can be found in the story of the "grosses mesles" which represents "the birthing of Rabelaisian practice" (22). The "mesles" stand for "transposition, hybridization, fusion," the very forces which empower the "mashing and mixing" necessary for the production of the literary work itself (23). Instead of...
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How to write an essay outline | Guidelines & examples
How to Write an Essay Outline | Guidelines & Examples
Published on August 14, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.
An essay outline is a way of planning the structure of your essay before you start writing. It involves writing quick summary sentences or phrases for every point you will cover in each paragraph , giving you a picture of how your argument will unfold.
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Table of contents
Organizing your material, presentation of the outline, examples of essay outlines, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about essay outlines.
At the stage where you’re writing an essay outline, your ideas are probably still not fully formed. You should know your topic and have already done some preliminary research to find relevant sources , but now you need to shape your ideas into a structured argument.
Creating categories
Look over any information, quotes and ideas you’ve noted down from your research and consider the central point you want to make in the essay—this will be the basis of your thesis statement . Once you have an idea of your overall argument, you can begin to organize your material in a way that serves that argument.
Try to arrange your material into categories related to different aspects of your argument. If you’re writing about a literary text, you might group your ideas into themes; in a history essay, it might be several key trends or turning points from the period you’re discussing.
Three main themes or subjects is a common structure for essays. Depending on the length of the essay, you could split the themes into three body paragraphs, or three longer sections with several paragraphs covering each theme.
As you create the outline, look critically at your categories and points: Are any of them irrelevant or redundant? Make sure every topic you cover is clearly related to your thesis statement.
Order of information
When you have your material organized into several categories, consider what order they should appear in.
Your essay will always begin and end with an introduction and conclusion , but the organization of the body is up to you.
Consider these questions to order your material:
Is there an obvious starting point for your argument?
Is there one subject that provides an easy transition into another?
Do some points need to be set up by discussing other points first?
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Within each paragraph, you’ll discuss a single idea related to your overall topic or argument, using several points of evidence or analysis to do so.
In your outline, you present these points as a few short numbered sentences or phrases.They can be split into sub-points when more detail is needed.
The template below shows how you might structure an outline for a five-paragraph essay.
Thesis statement
First piece of evidence
Second piece of evidence
Summary/synthesis
Importance of topic
Strong closing statement
You can choose whether to write your outline in full sentences or short phrases. Be consistent in your choice; don’t randomly write some points as full sentences and others as short phrases.
Examples of outlines for different types of essays are presented below: an argumentative, expository, and literary analysis essay.
Argumentative essay outline
This outline is for a short argumentative essay evaluating the internet’s impact on education. It uses short phrases to summarize each point.
Its body is split into three paragraphs, each presenting arguments about a different aspect of the internet’s effects on education.
Importance of the internet
Concerns about internet use
Thesis statement: Internet use a net positive
Data exploring this effect
Analysis indicating it is overstated
Students’ reading levels over time
Why this data is questionable
Video media
Interactive media
Speed and simplicity of online research
Questions about reliability (transitioning into next topic)
Evidence indicating its ubiquity
Claims that it discourages engagement with academic writing
Evidence that Wikipedia warns students not to cite it
Argument that it introduces students to citation
Summary of key points
Value of digital education for students
Need for optimism to embrace advantages of the internet
Expository essay outline
This is the outline for an expository essay describing how the invention of the printing press affected life and politics in Europe.
The paragraphs are still summarized in short phrases here, but individual points are described with full sentences.
Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages.
Provide background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press.
Present the thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.
Discuss the very high levels of illiteracy in medieval Europe.
Describe how literacy and thus knowledge and education were mainly the domain of religious and political elites.
Indicate how this discouraged political and religious change.
Describe the invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg.
Show the implications of the new technology for book production.
Describe the rapid spread of the technology and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible.
Link to the Reformation.
Discuss the trend for translating the Bible into vernacular languages during the years following the printing press’s invention.
Describe Luther’s own translation of the Bible during the Reformation.
Sketch out the large-scale effects the Reformation would have on religion and politics.
Summarize the history described.
Stress the significance of the printing press to the events of this period.
Literary analysis essay outline
The literary analysis essay outlined below discusses the role of theater in Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park .
The body of the essay is divided into three different themes, each of which is explored through examples from the book.
Describe the theatricality of Austen’s works
Outline the role theater plays in Mansfield Park
Introduce the research question : How does Austen use theater to express the characters’ morality in Mansfield Park ?
Discuss Austen’s depiction of the performance at the end of the first volume
Discuss how Sir Bertram reacts to the acting scheme
Introduce Austen’s use of stage direction–like details during dialogue
Explore how these are deployed to show the characters’ self-absorption
Discuss Austen’s description of Maria and Julia’s relationship as polite but affectionless
Compare Mrs. Norris’s self-conceit as charitable despite her idleness
Summarize the three themes: The acting scheme, stage directions, and the performance of morals
Answer the research question
Indicate areas for further study
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You will sometimes be asked to hand in an essay outline before you start writing your essay . Your supervisor wants to see that you have a clear idea of your structure so that writing will go smoothly.
Even when you do not have to hand it in, writing an essay outline is an important part of the writing process . It’s a good idea to write one (as informally as you like) to clarify your structure for yourself whenever you are working on an essay.
If you have to hand in your essay outline , you may be given specific guidelines stating whether you have to use full sentences. If you’re not sure, ask your supervisor.
When writing an essay outline for yourself, the choice is yours. Some students find it helpful to write out their ideas in full sentences, while others prefer to summarize them in short phrases.
You should try to follow your outline as you write your essay . However, if your ideas change or it becomes clear that your structure could be better, it’s okay to depart from your essay outline . Just make sure you know why you’re doing so.
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Caulfield, J. (2023, July 23). How to Write an Essay Outline | Guidelines & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 21, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/essay-outline/
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Renaissance Studies: Sample Writing. Winky Macadew Humanities 302 December 2003. Final Essay. The Renaissance is considered "the rebirth" or "the early modern period." This period in history was a time of enlightenment, where some of the greatest poetry, medicine, discovery, art, and many other achievements were accomplished during this time.
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a period in European civilization that immediately followed the Middle Ages and reached its height in the 15th century. It is conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents and numerous important inventions.
Causes and Effects of The Renaissance
Effects of the Renaissance. The effects of the Renaissance were profound and far-reaching, shaping the course of European history for centuries to come. One of the most significant effects was the transformation of European society and culture. The Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in humanism, the idea that human beings are capable ...
A Beginner's Guide to the Renaissance
The Renaissance Period "Renaissance" can also refer to the period, c. 1400 - c. 1600. "High Renaissance" generally refers to c. 1480 - c. 1520. The era was dynamic, with European explorers "finding" new continents, the transformation of trading methods and patterns, the decline of feudalism (in so far as it ever existed), scientific developments such as the Copernican system of ...
189 Renaissance Topics & Essay Samples
189 Renaissance Essay Topics & Examples. Updated: Mar 1st, 2024. 19 min. When writing an art research paper or discussing Italian paintings, you're likely to require a good idea. Our experts have collected these renaissance essay topics for a variety of assignments - check them out! Table of Contents.
Renaissance Outline
Renaissance Pros And Cons Essay The Renaissance is the French word for rebirth and is the period from the 14th to the 17th century that transformed Europe from the Middle Ages to modern history. While there were many positive outcomes from the Renaissance, there were a good amount of negative outcomes as well.
Teaching Resources for the Renaissance
Teaching resources for World History, European History, and Renaissance studies, or the era ca. 1300-1700, including the following topics: Reformation, print revolution, scientific revolution, economic history, and Counter-Reformation.
Outline On The Renaissance
Outline On The Renaissance. • 'The Renaissance was the rebirth of man's life on earth. Freed from the shackles of authority, man's mind was viewed as able to understand the universe. Far from being a tortured soul trapped in a deformed bodily prison, man was regarded as rational, beautiful and heroic--worthy of happiness and capable of ...
Chapter 13: European Society in the Age of the Renaissance
In Renaissance society, blacks, like women, were signs of wealth; both used for display; In the last quarter of the fifteenth century, Italian Renaissance thought and ideals penetrated northern Europe; students from the Low Countries, France, Germany, and England flocked to Italy, imbibed the "new learning" and carried it back to their ...
Eng 102
The Harlem Renaissance (c. 1918- c. 1937) was an important period in the development of African American culture. During this era, a group of influential figures in the creative arts helped to turn the New York City neighborhood of Harlem into a major center of African American music, literature, politics, and culture.
Renaissance Essay
Long Essay on Renaissance is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10. The meaning of the word renaissance means rebirth. The period was named so as the period was almost sort of a rebirth of human thinking capabilities, art, culture, morals, etc. in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries (the period is debated over at times). The ...
Toward the High Renaissance, an introduction
As the Humanism of the Early Renaissance develops, a problem arises. Have a look at Fra Filippo Lippi's Madonna and Child with Angels.We see a Madonna and Christ Child that have become so real—the figures appear so human—that in some ways we can hardly tell that these are divine figures (except perhaps for the faint outline of a halo, and Mary's sorrowful expression and hands clasped in ...
Renaissance Research Paper Topics
Create an Outline: Organize your research and ideas into a well-structured outline. An outline serves as a roadmap for your paper, helping you arrange your thoughts logically and ensure a smooth flow of information. ... Your Partner in Renaissance Research Papers. At iResearchNet, we understand the challenges students face when tasked with ...
Renaissance Drawings: Material and Function
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays Renaissance Drawings: Material and Function. Design Fragment for the Left Side of the 'Fonte Gaia' in Siena Jacopo della Quercia (Jacopo di Pietro d'Angelo di Guarnieri) ... and the main outlines around the figure are incised with a stylus for the transfer of the full-scale design onto the moist plaster.
A History of the Renaissance Period
The Renaissance is defined as the revival or rebirth of the arts. The home of the Renaissance was Italy, with its position of prominence on the Mediterranean Sea. Italy was the commerce capital between Europe and Eurasia, during this time period, from fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Painters, sculptors, and architects exhibited a similar ...
Renaissance Period Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines
Renaissance Period in Europe and. Pages: 1 Words: 335. The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1498. This painting demonstrates the harmony of symmetrical balance. The focal point is Christ, with six disciples on each side of him. When compared to Venus, the mood in this painting is significantly somber.
Harlem Renaissance Essay Outline
Introduction The Harlem Renaissance, a cultural, social, and artistic explosion, took place in Harlem, New York, during the early 20th century. This... read full [Essay Sample] for free
Essay The American Renaissance Romantic Period Assignment ...
Thesis and Outline for Essay Realism or Naturalism Sample; Preview text. ENGL 201. ESSAY: THE AMERICAN RENAISSANCE/ROMANTIC PERIOD ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS OVERVIEW. Choose one of the following topics and write a polished essay of at least 1,200 words (4-5 double spaced typed pages). The essay requires not less than 3 secondary sources in ...
Harlem Renaissance Essay Outline
Harlem Renaissance Essay Outline. Great Essays. 1652 Words; 7 Pages; Open Document. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Show More. The Harlem Renaissance (1919-1929) The Harlem Renaissance, originally known as the New Negro Movement, received its' name from Harlem, a large neighborhood within Manhattan, New York. From 1917-1935, nearly ...
Writing the Renaissance: Essays on
Full Text. Raymond C. La Charité, ed. Writing the Renaissance: Essays on Sixteenth-Century French Literature in Honor of Floyd Gray. Lexington, Ky: French Forum Publishers, 1992, 236 pp. (French Forum Monographs Vol. 77), ISBN -917058-81-X. As the study of Renaissance literature expands at an ever increasing rate, with new theories and newly ...
How to Write an Essay Outline
Expository essay outline. Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages. Provide background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press. Present the thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.
How to Write an Essay Outline in 4 Steps
3 Identify the points you'll make in each paragraph. Using the list of points you wrote down, identify the key arguments you'll make in your essay. These will be your body sections. For example, in an argumentative essay about why your campus needs to install more water fountains, you might make points like:
IMAGES
COMMENTS
From Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins. During the Middle Ages, a period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made ...
Renaissance Studies: Sample Writing. Winky Macadew Humanities 302 December 2003. Final Essay. The Renaissance is considered "the rebirth" or "the early modern period." This period in history was a time of enlightenment, where some of the greatest poetry, medicine, discovery, art, and many other achievements were accomplished during this time.
The Renaissance was a period in European civilization that immediately followed the Middle Ages and reached its height in the 15th century. It is conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents and numerous important inventions.
Effects of the Renaissance. The effects of the Renaissance were profound and far-reaching, shaping the course of European history for centuries to come. One of the most significant effects was the transformation of European society and culture. The Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in humanism, the idea that human beings are capable ...
The Renaissance Period "Renaissance" can also refer to the period, c. 1400 - c. 1600. "High Renaissance" generally refers to c. 1480 - c. 1520. The era was dynamic, with European explorers "finding" new continents, the transformation of trading methods and patterns, the decline of feudalism (in so far as it ever existed), scientific developments such as the Copernican system of ...
189 Renaissance Essay Topics & Examples. Updated: Mar 1st, 2024. 19 min. When writing an art research paper or discussing Italian paintings, you're likely to require a good idea. Our experts have collected these renaissance essay topics for a variety of assignments - check them out! Table of Contents.
Renaissance Pros And Cons Essay The Renaissance is the French word for rebirth and is the period from the 14th to the 17th century that transformed Europe from the Middle Ages to modern history. While there were many positive outcomes from the Renaissance, there were a good amount of negative outcomes as well.
Teaching resources for World History, European History, and Renaissance studies, or the era ca. 1300-1700, including the following topics: Reformation, print revolution, scientific revolution, economic history, and Counter-Reformation.
Outline On The Renaissance. • 'The Renaissance was the rebirth of man's life on earth. Freed from the shackles of authority, man's mind was viewed as able to understand the universe. Far from being a tortured soul trapped in a deformed bodily prison, man was regarded as rational, beautiful and heroic--worthy of happiness and capable of ...
In Renaissance society, blacks, like women, were signs of wealth; both used for display; In the last quarter of the fifteenth century, Italian Renaissance thought and ideals penetrated northern Europe; students from the Low Countries, France, Germany, and England flocked to Italy, imbibed the "new learning" and carried it back to their ...
The Harlem Renaissance (c. 1918- c. 1937) was an important period in the development of African American culture. During this era, a group of influential figures in the creative arts helped to turn the New York City neighborhood of Harlem into a major center of African American music, literature, politics, and culture.
Long Essay on Renaissance is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10. The meaning of the word renaissance means rebirth. The period was named so as the period was almost sort of a rebirth of human thinking capabilities, art, culture, morals, etc. in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries (the period is debated over at times). The ...
As the Humanism of the Early Renaissance develops, a problem arises. Have a look at Fra Filippo Lippi's Madonna and Child with Angels.We see a Madonna and Christ Child that have become so real—the figures appear so human—that in some ways we can hardly tell that these are divine figures (except perhaps for the faint outline of a halo, and Mary's sorrowful expression and hands clasped in ...
Create an Outline: Organize your research and ideas into a well-structured outline. An outline serves as a roadmap for your paper, helping you arrange your thoughts logically and ensure a smooth flow of information. ... Your Partner in Renaissance Research Papers. At iResearchNet, we understand the challenges students face when tasked with ...
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays Renaissance Drawings: Material and Function. Design Fragment for the Left Side of the 'Fonte Gaia' in Siena Jacopo della Quercia (Jacopo di Pietro d'Angelo di Guarnieri) ... and the main outlines around the figure are incised with a stylus for the transfer of the full-scale design onto the moist plaster.
The Renaissance is defined as the revival or rebirth of the arts. The home of the Renaissance was Italy, with its position of prominence on the Mediterranean Sea. Italy was the commerce capital between Europe and Eurasia, during this time period, from fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Painters, sculptors, and architects exhibited a similar ...
Renaissance Period in Europe and. Pages: 1 Words: 335. The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1498. This painting demonstrates the harmony of symmetrical balance. The focal point is Christ, with six disciples on each side of him. When compared to Venus, the mood in this painting is significantly somber.
Introduction The Harlem Renaissance, a cultural, social, and artistic explosion, took place in Harlem, New York, during the early 20th century. This... read full [Essay Sample] for free
Thesis and Outline for Essay Realism or Naturalism Sample; Preview text. ENGL 201. ESSAY: THE AMERICAN RENAISSANCE/ROMANTIC PERIOD ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS OVERVIEW. Choose one of the following topics and write a polished essay of at least 1,200 words (4-5 double spaced typed pages). The essay requires not less than 3 secondary sources in ...
Harlem Renaissance Essay Outline. Great Essays. 1652 Words; 7 Pages; Open Document. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Show More. The Harlem Renaissance (1919-1929) The Harlem Renaissance, originally known as the New Negro Movement, received its' name from Harlem, a large neighborhood within Manhattan, New York. From 1917-1935, nearly ...
Full Text. Raymond C. La Charité, ed. Writing the Renaissance: Essays on Sixteenth-Century French Literature in Honor of Floyd Gray. Lexington, Ky: French Forum Publishers, 1992, 236 pp. (French Forum Monographs Vol. 77), ISBN -917058-81-X. As the study of Renaissance literature expands at an ever increasing rate, with new theories and newly ...
Expository essay outline. Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages. Provide background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press. Present the thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.
3 Identify the points you'll make in each paragraph. Using the list of points you wrote down, identify the key arguments you'll make in your essay. These will be your body sections. For example, in an argumentative essay about why your campus needs to install more water fountains, you might make points like: