what is a vertex presentation in childbirth

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Vertex Presentation: What It Means for You & Your Baby

By Sitaram Bhartia Team | December 3, 2020 | Maternity | 2020-12-03 13 April 2023

During the course of your pregnancy, you may hear your gynecologist refer to the ‘position’ or ‘presentation’ of your baby. The ‘presentation’ of the baby is the part of the baby that lies at the lower end of the uterus (womb) or is at the entry of the pelvis.

The ‘position’, in medical terms, indicates in which way the ‘presenting part’ of the baby lies in relation to the mother, i.e. whether it lies in the front, at the back or on the sides.

“In layman terms, ‘presentation’ and ‘position’ are often used interchangeably,” says Dr. Anita Sabherwal Anand, Obstetrician-Gynecologist at Sitaram Bhartia Hospital in Delhi.

When a doctor says that your baby is in a head down position, it means that your baby is in vertex presentation .

What is vertex position in pregnancy? What is the difference between vertex and cephalic presentation?

In layman terms, the head down position is known as ‘cephalic presentation’ which means that the head of the baby lies towards the mouth of the uterus (cervix) and the buttocks and feet of the baby are located at the top of the uterus. Vertex is the medical term for “crown of head”. Vertex presentation indicates that the crown of the head or vertex of the baby is presenting towards the cervix.

Vertex presentation is the most common presentation observed in the third trimester.

The definition of vertex presentation , according to the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists is, “ A fetal presentation where the head is presenting first in the pelvic inlet.”

Is vertex presentation normal?

Yes, the vertex position of the baby is the most appropriate and favourable position to achieve normal delivery .

“About 95% of babies are in vertex presentation (head down) at 36 weeks, while 3-4% may lie in a ‘ breech position ,” says Dr. Anita.

Breech presentation is a non vertex presentation .

A baby is said to be in breech presentation when its feet and buttocks are at the bottom, on the cervix, and the head settles at the top of the uterus.

Should I be worried about a breech presentation?

“There is no need to worry because babies turn throughout pregnancy, “ explains Dr. Anita.

In the early weeks of pregnancy, because the baby is small, it can lie in any position. As it grows heavier than 1 kg, it usually tumbles down and comes into the head down position.

What may cause babies to be in the breech position?

There are a few situations that may increase the risk of having a breech baby even after 36 weeks of pregnancy. These are:

Twins or multiple babies, wherein there is limited space for movement of the babies
Low levels of amniotic fluid that prevents free movement of babies or very high volume of amniotic fluid that does not allow the baby to settle in a position
Abnormalities in the uterus, either the presence of low lying placenta or large fibroids in the lower part of the uterus

Breech positions are higher in preterm birth where the baby is small and may not have had enough time to flip.

“Your gynecologist will place her hands on your abdomen and ascertain the baby’s position during your consultations in the third trimester.”

It was in one such consultation that Shilpa Newati found out that her baby was in breech presentation. She was consulting another hospital where her gynecologist advised a cesarean section. But Shilpa remained adamant and decided to get a second opinion.

“When I came to Sitaram Bhartia Hospital, the gynecologist explained that babies can turn even until the last moment. Since my pregnancy was progressing well she saw no reason to rush into a cesarean section. “

“I was advised to wait and try a few simple techniques that may help the baby turn.”

Can a baby turn from being in breech presentation to vertex presentation ?

Yes. If your baby is in breech position, you could try turning your baby through these methods:

Daily walks (45-60 minutes) not only keep the mother fit but also help the baby tumble down into the head down position.
Exercises like Cat and Camel or High Bridge may help turn the baby. “Be sure to learn these from a physiotherapist who can properly teach you what to do.”
External Cephalic Version (ECV) is a maneuver to manually turn the baby to vertex presentation . It is usually done after 36 weeks by a gynecologist with the guidance of an ultrasound. ECV has a success rate of about 50% .

There are a few other methods that are not scientifically proven but may be safe to try.

Torch: Placing a torch near your vagina may help the baby move in the direction of the light.
Music: Playing music near the bottom of the belly may encourage the baby to move toward the sound of music.

In Shilpa’s case, the baby turned into vertex presentation at 37 weeks and she went on to have a vaginal delivery like she had hoped.

Watch Shilpa share her story:

Breech-baby-shilpa's testimonial-video-normal-delivery

In very few instances, the baby may not turn into vertex presentation . In such a situation, a cesarean section may be safer for both mother and baby.

Come in for a consultation Please Chat with us on WhatsApp to schedule an appointment.

More Resources:

Baby’s Head Engaged: Symptoms, Meaning & What You Can Do
C Section Delivery: 9 Indications Where It May Be Avoidable
How to Turn Baby’s Head Down Naturally [VIDEO]

This article has been written with and reviewed by Dr. Anita Sabherwal Anand , who has over 20 years of experience in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

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What to Know About the Vertex Position

what is a vertex presentation in childbirth

When you give birth, your baby usually comes out headfirst, also called the vertex position. In the weeks before you give birth, your baby will move to place their head above your vagina .

Your baby could also try to come out feet -first, bottom-first, or both feet- and bottom-first. This is the breech position and only happens in about 3% to 4% of births. Your baby could also be in transverse position if they’re sideways inside of you. If your baby is in breech position or transverse position, your doctor will talk to you about different options that you have to give birth.

Birth in Vertex Position

Before you give birth, your baby will change positions inside of you. But when labor begins, babies usually move into the vertex position.

They will move farther down to the opening of your vagina . The doctor or midwife will instruct you on pushing your baby until their head is almost ready to come out. You'll take long, deep breaths to oxygenate the baby. A slow birth of your baby’s head will also help stretch the skin and muscles around your vagina.

Other Positions Your Baby Can Be In

Breech position. If your baby is still in the breech position at 36 weeks of pregnancy , your doctor may offer you an external cephalic version (ECV), which is where a doctor puts pressure on your uterus to try to turn your baby to a headfirst position. It may be slightly uncomfortable or even painful, but it’s generally a safe way to help your baby reach the vertex position. ECV helps babies get to a headfirst position about 50% of the time.

You shouldn’t have an ECV if you have had recent bleeding from your vagina, if your baby’s heartbeat is abnormal, if your water is broken, or if you’re pregnant with more than one baby.

If ECV doesn’t work, you’ll either have a cesarean section (C-section), which is when a baby is delivered through a cut in the uterus and abdomen , or a vaginal breech birth.

It may not be safe to have a vaginal breech birth if your baby’s feet are under their bottom, your baby is bigger or smaller than average, your baby is in an odd position, you have a low placenta , or you have preeclampsia , which is when you have high blood pressure and damage to organs with pregnancy.

Transverse position. If your baby is laying sideways across your uterus close to the time of delivery, your doctor would offer an ECV or C-section.

Your doctors may be able to turn your baby to a headfirst position, but if they can’t or you begin labor before they can turn your baby, you’ll most likely have a C-section.

Risks of Breech and Transverse Position

ECV problems. If your baby isn’t in vertex position and your doctor uses ECV to move them, some problems can happen. Your amniotic sac, or the part that holds liquid during pregnancy, can break early, your baby’s heart rate may change, your placenta may pull apart from your uterus, or you could go into labor too early.

Your baby may also move back into a breech position once your doctor moves them into vertex position. Your doctor can try to move them again, but this gets harder as the baby gets bigger.

Breech birth problems. If you give birth in the breech position, your baby’s body may not be able to stretch your cervix enough for their head to come out. Your baby’s shoulders or head could get stuck against your pelvis.

Breech births can also cause your umbilical cord to go into your vagina before your baby does. This is an emergency and requires an immediate C-section.

C-section problems. Since this is a major surgery, infections, bleeding, and organ damage can happen. C-sections can also cause you to have issues with later pregnancies, such as a tear in your uterus or issues with your placenta.

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Fetal Presentation, Position, and Lie (Including Breech Presentation)

Variations in Fetal Position and Presentation |

During pregnancy, the fetus can be positioned in many different ways inside the mother's uterus. The fetus may be head up or down or facing the mother's back or front. At first, the fetus can move around easily or shift position as the mother moves. Toward the end of the pregnancy the fetus is larger, has less room to move, and stays in one position. How the fetus is positioned has an important effect on delivery and, for certain positions, a cesarean delivery is necessary. There are medical terms that describe precisely how the fetus is positioned, and identifying the fetal position helps doctors to anticipate potential difficulties during labor and delivery.

Presentation refers to the part of the fetus’s body that leads the way out through the birth canal (called the presenting part). Usually, the head leads the way, but sometimes the buttocks (breech presentation), shoulder, or face leads the way.

Position refers to whether the fetus is facing backward (occiput anterior) or forward (occiput posterior). The occiput is a bone at the back of the baby's head. Therefore, facing backward is called occiput anterior (facing the mother’s back and facing down when the mother lies on her back). Facing forward is called occiput posterior (facing toward the mother's pubic bone and facing up when the mother lies on her back).

Lie refers to the angle of the fetus in relation to the mother and the uterus. Up-and-down (with the baby's spine parallel to mother's spine, called longitudinal) is normal, but sometimes the lie is sideways (transverse) or at an angle (oblique).

For these aspects of fetal positioning, the combination that is the most common, safest, and easiest for the mother to deliver is the following:

Head first (called vertex or cephalic presentation)

Facing backward (occiput anterior position)

Spine parallel to mother's spine (longitudinal lie)

Neck bent forward with chin tucked

Arms folded across the chest

If the fetus is in a different position, lie, or presentation, labor may be more difficult, and a normal vaginal delivery may not be possible.

Variations in fetal presentation, position, or lie may occur when

The fetus is too large for the mother's pelvis (fetopelvic disproportion).

The uterus is abnormally shaped or contains growths such as fibroids .

The fetus has a birth defect .

There is more than one fetus (multiple gestation).

Position and Presentation of the Fetus

Toward the end of pregnancy, the fetus moves into position for delivery. Normally, the presentation is vertex (head first), and the position is occiput anterior (facing toward the pregnant person's spine) and with the face and body angled to one side and the neck flexed.

Variations in fetal presentations include face, brow, breech, and shoulder. Occiput posterior position (facing forward, toward the mother's pubic bone) is less common than occiput anterior position (facing backward, toward the mother's spine).

Variations in Fetal Position and Presentation

Some variations in position and presentation that make delivery difficult occur frequently.

Occiput posterior position

In occiput posterior position (sometimes called sunny-side up), the fetus is head first (vertex presentation) but is facing forward (toward the mother's pubic bone—that is, facing up when the mother lies on her back). This is a very common position that is not abnormal, but it makes delivery more difficult than when the fetus is in the occiput anterior position (facing toward the mother's spine—that is facing down when the mother lies on her back).

When a fetus faces up, the neck is often straightened rather than bent,which requires more room for the head to pass through the birth canal. Delivery assisted by a vacuum device or forceps or cesarean delivery may be necessary.

Breech presentation

In breech presentation, the baby's buttocks or sometimes the feet are positioned to deliver first (before the head).

When delivered vaginally, babies that present buttocks first are more at risk of injury or even death than those that present head first.

The reason for the risks to babies in breech presentation is that the baby's hips and buttocks are not as wide as the head. Therefore, when the hips and buttocks pass through the cervix first, the passageway may not be wide enough for the head to pass through. In addition, when the head follows the buttocks, the neck may be bent slightly backwards. The neck being bent backward increases the width required for delivery as compared to when the head is angled forward with the chin tucked, which is the position that is easiest for delivery. Thus, the baby’s body may be delivered and then the head may get caught and not be able to pass through the birth canal. When the baby’s head is caught, this puts pressure on the umbilical cord in the birth canal, so that very little oxygen can reach the baby. Brain damage due to lack of oxygen is more common among breech babies than among those presenting head first.

In a first delivery, these problems may occur more frequently because a woman’s tissues have not been stretched by previous deliveries. Because of risk of injury or even death to the baby, cesarean delivery is preferred when the fetus is in breech presentation, unless the doctor is very experienced with and skilled at delivering breech babies or there is not an adequate facility or equipment to safely perform a cesarean delivery.

Breech presentation is more likely to occur in the following circumstances:

Labor starts too soon (preterm labor).

The uterus is abnormally shaped or contains abnormal growths such as fibroids .

If Your Baby Is Breech

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Frequently Asked Questions Expand All

In the last weeks of pregnancy, a fetus usually moves so his or her head is positioned to come out of the vagina first during birth. This is called a vertex presentation . A breech presentation occurs when the fetus’s buttocks, feet, or both are in place to come out first during birth. This happens in 3–4% of full-term births.

It is not always known why a fetus is breech. Some factors that may contribute to a fetus being in a breech presentation include the following:

You have been pregnant before.

There is more than one fetus in the uterus (twins or more).

There is too much or too little amniotic fluid .

The uterus is not normal in shape or has abnormal growths such as fibroids .

The placenta covers all or part of the opening of the uterus ( placenta previa )

The fetus is preterm .

Occasionally fetuses with certain birth defects will not turn into the head-down position before birth. However, most fetuses in a breech presentation are otherwise normal.

Your health care professional may be able to tell which way your fetus is facing by placing his or her hands at certain points on your abdomen. By feeling where the fetus's head, back, and buttocks are, it may be possible to find out what part of the fetus is presenting first. An ultrasound exam or pelvic exam may be used to confirm it.

External cephalic version (ECV) is an attempt to turn the fetus so that he or she is head down. ECV can improve your chance of having a vaginal birth. If the fetus is breech and your pregnancy is greater than 36 weeks your health care professional may suggest ECV.

ECV will not be tried if:

You are carrying more than one fetus

There are concerns about the health of the fetus

You have certain abnormalities of the reproductive system

The placenta is in the wrong place

The placenta has come away from the wall of the uterus ( placental abruption )

ECV can be considered if you have had a previous cesarean delivery .

The health care professional performs ECV by placing his or her hands on your abdomen. Firm pressure is applied to the abdomen so that the fetus rolls into a head-down position. Two people may be needed to perform ECV. Ultrasound also may be used to help guide the turning.

The fetus's heart rate is checked with fetal monitoring before and after ECV. If any problems arise with you or the fetus, ECV will be stopped right away. ECV usually is done near a delivery room. If a problem occurs, a cesarean delivery can be performed quickly, if necessary.

Complications may include the following:

Prelabor rupture of membranes

Changes in the fetus's heart rate

Placental abruption

Preterm labor

More than one half of attempts at ECV succeed. However, some fetuses who are successfully turned with ECV move back into a breech presentation. If this happens, ECV may be tried again. ECV tends to be harder to do as the time for birth gets closer. As the fetus grows bigger, there is less room for him or her to move.

Most fetuses that are breech are born by planned cesarean delivery. A planned vaginal birth of a single breech fetus may be considered in some situations. Both vaginal birth and cesarean birth carry certain risks when a fetus is breech. However, the risk of complications is higher with a planned vaginal delivery than with a planned cesarean delivery.

In a breech presentation, the body comes out first, leaving the baby’s head to be delivered last. The baby’s body may not stretch the cervix enough to allow room for the baby’s head to come out easily. There is a risk that the baby’s head or shoulders may become wedged against the bones of the mother’s pelvis. Another problem that can happen during a vaginal breech birth is a prolapsed umbilical cord . It can slip into the vagina before the baby is delivered. If there is pressure put on the cord or it becomes pinched, it can decrease the flow of blood and oxygen through the cord to the baby.

Although a planned cesarean birth is the most common way that breech fetuses are born, there may be reasons to try to avoid a cesarean birth.

A cesarean delivery is major surgery. Complications may include infection, bleeding, or injury to internal organs.

The type of anesthesia used sometimes causes problems.

Having a cesarean delivery also can lead to serious problems in future pregnancies, such as rupture of the uterus and complications with the placenta.

With each cesarean delivery, these risks increase.

If you are thinking about having a vaginal birth and your fetus is breech, your health care professional will review the risks and benefits of vaginal birth and cesarean birth in detail. You usually need to meet certain guidelines specific to your hospital. The experience of your health care professional in delivering breech babies vaginally also is an important factor.

Amniotic Fluid : Fluid in the sac that holds the fetus.

Anesthesia : Relief of pain by loss of sensation.

Breech Presentation : A position in which the feet or buttocks of the fetus would appear first during birth.

Cervix : The lower, narrow end of the uterus at the top of the vagina.

Cesarean Delivery : Delivery of a fetus from the uterus through an incision made in the woman’s abdomen.

External Cephalic Version (ECV) : A technique, performed late in pregnancy, in which the doctor attempts to manually move a breech baby into the head-down position.

Fetus : The stage of human development beyond 8 completed weeks after fertilization.

Fibroids : Growths that form in the muscle of the uterus. Fibroids usually are noncancerous.

Oxygen : An element that we breathe in to sustain life.

Pelvic Exam : A physical examination of a woman’s pelvic organs.

Placenta : Tissue that provides nourishment to and takes waste away from the fetus.

Placenta Previa : A condition in which the placenta covers the opening of the uterus.

Placental Abruption : A condition in which the placenta has begun to separate from the uterus before the fetus is born.

Prelabor Rupture of Membranes : Rupture of the amniotic membranes that happens before labor begins. Also called premature rupture of membranes (PROM).

Preterm : Less than 37 weeks of pregnancy.

Ultrasound Exam : A test in which sound waves are used to examine inner parts of the body. During pregnancy, ultrasound can be used to check the fetus.

Umbilical Cord : A cord-like structure containing blood vessels. It connects the fetus to the placenta.

Uterus : A muscular organ in the female pelvis. During pregnancy, this organ holds and nourishes the fetus.

Vagina : A tube-like structure surrounded by muscles. The vagina leads from the uterus to the outside of the body.

Vertex Presentation : A presentation of the fetus where the head is positioned down.

Article continues below

If you have further questions, contact your ob-gyn.

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Published: January 2019

Last reviewed: August 2022

Copyright 2024 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. All rights reserved. Read copyright and permissions information . This information is designed as an educational aid for the public. It offers current information and opinions related to women's health. It is not intended as a statement of the standard of care. It does not explain all of the proper treatments or methods of care. It is not a substitute for the advice of a physician. Read ACOG’s complete disclaimer .

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Breech Births

In the last weeks of pregnancy, a baby usually moves so his or her head is positioned to come out of the vagina first during birth. This is called a vertex presentation. A breech presentation occurs when the baby’s buttocks, feet, or both are positioned to come out first during birth. This happens in 3–4% of full-term births.

What are the different types of breech birth presentations?

Complete breech: Here, the buttocks are pointing downward with the legs folded at the knees and feet near the buttocks.
Frank breech: In this position, the baby’s buttocks are aimed at the birth canal with its legs sticking straight up in front of his or her body and the feet near the head.
Footling breech: In this position, one or both of the baby’s feet point downward and will deliver before the rest of the body.

What causes a breech presentation?

The causes of breech presentations are not fully understood. However, the data show that breech birth is more common when:

You have been pregnant before
In pregnancies of multiples
When there is a history of premature delivery
When the uterus has too much or too little amniotic fluid
When there is an abnormally shaped uterus or a uterus with abnormal growths, such as fibroids
The placenta covers all or part of the opening of the uterus placenta previa

How is a breech presentation diagnosed?

A few weeks prior to the due date, the health care provider will place her hands on the mother’s lower abdomen to locate the baby’s head, back, and buttocks. If it appears that the baby might be in a breech position, they can use ultrasound or pelvic exam to confirm the position. Special x-rays can also be used to determine the baby’s position and the size of the pelvis to determine if a vaginal delivery of a breech baby can be safely attempted.

Can a breech presentation mean something is wrong?

Even though most breech babies are born healthy, there is a slightly elevated risk for certain problems. Birth defects are slightly more common in breech babies and the defect might be the reason that the baby failed to move into the right position prior to delivery.

Can a breech presentation be changed?

It is preferable to try to turn a breech baby between the 32nd and 37th weeks of pregnancy . The methods of turning a baby will vary and the success rate for each method can also vary. It is best to discuss the options with the health care provider to see which method she recommends.

Medical Techniques

External Cephalic Version (EVC) is a non-surgical technique to move the baby in the uterus. In this procedure, a medication is given to help relax the uterus. There might also be the use of an ultrasound to determine the position of the baby, the location of the placenta and the amount of amniotic fluid in the uterus.

Gentle pushing on the lower abdomen can turn the baby into the head-down position. Throughout the external version the baby’s heartbeat will be closely monitored so that if a problem develops, the health care provider will immediately stop the procedure. ECV usually is done near a delivery room so if a problem occurs, a cesarean delivery can be performed quickly. The external version has a high success rate and can be considered if you have had a previous cesarean delivery.

ECV will not be tried if:

You are carrying more than one fetus
There are concerns about the health of the fetus
You have certain abnormalities of the reproductive system
The placenta is in the wrong place
The placenta has come away from the wall of the uterus ( placental abruption )

Complications of EVC include:

Prelabor rupture of membranes
Changes in the fetus’s heart rate
Placental abruption
Preterm labor

Vaginal delivery versus cesarean for breech birth?

Most health care providers do not believe in attempting a vaginal delivery for a breech position. However, some will delay making a final decision until the woman is in labor. The following conditions are considered necessary in order to attempt a vaginal birth:

The baby is full-term and in the frank breech presentation
The baby does not show signs of distress while its heart rate is closely monitored.
The process of labor is smooth and steady with the cervix widening as the baby descends.
The health care provider estimates that the baby is not too big or the mother’s pelvis too narrow for the baby to pass safely through the birth canal.
Anesthesia is available and a cesarean delivery possible on short notice

What are the risks and complications of a vaginal delivery?

In a breech birth, the baby’s head is the last part of its body to emerge making it more difficult to ease it through the birth canal. Sometimes forceps are used to guide the baby’s head out of the birth canal. Another potential problem is cord prolapse . In this situation the umbilical cord is squeezed as the baby moves toward the birth canal, thus slowing the baby’s supply of oxygen and blood. In a vaginal breech delivery, electronic fetal monitoring will be used to monitor the baby’s heartbeat throughout the course of labor. Cesarean delivery may be an option if signs develop that the baby may be in distress.

When is a cesarean delivery used with a breech presentation?

Most health care providers recommend a cesarean delivery for all babies in a breech position, especially babies that are premature. Since premature babies are small and more fragile, and because the head of a premature baby is relatively larger in proportion to its body, the baby is unlikely to stretch the cervix as much as a full-term baby. This means that there might be less room for the head to emerge.

Want to Know More?

Creating Your Birth Plan
Labor & Birth Terms to Know
Cesarean Birth After Care

Compiled using information from the following sources:

ACOG: If Your Baby is Breech
William’s Obstetrics Twenty-Second Ed. Cunningham, F. Gary, et al, Ch. 24.
Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Ninth Ed. Scott, James R., et al, Ch. 21.

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Vertex Position - Table of Contents

As you approach the due date for your baby’s delivery, the excitement and apprehensions are at their peak! What probably adds to the anxieties are the medical terms describing the baby, its ‘position’ and ‘presentation.’ Let’s strike that out from the list now!

In simple words, ‘ position ’ of the baby is always in reference to the mother ; on what side of the mother’s pelvis does the baby lean more (left or right) and if the baby is facing the mother’s spine or belly (anterior or posterior) – for eg.: Left Occiput Anterior , Right Occiput Anterior , Right Occiput Posterior and so on.

On the other hand, ‘ presentation’ is the body part of baby (head, shoulder, feet, and buttocks) that will enter the mother’s pelvic region first at the beginning of labor.

As ‘ presentation’ depends on the ‘ position’ of the baby, the terms cannot be used interchangeably, which is often mistakenly done. If you are told by your doctor that your baby is in a head-down position , which means its head will enter the pelvic region first , then it means the baby is in ‘vertex’ presentation or even sometimes loosely referred to as vertex position of baby though its conceptually incorrect however it means the same.

With this article, we aim to explain how exactly vertex presentation affects your labor and delivery.

Understanding Vertex Presentation

If your baby is in the head-down position by the third trimester, then you are one of the 95% mothers who have a vertex baby or a vertex delivery. When the baby enters the birth canal head first, then the top part of the head is called the ‘vertex.’

In exact medical terms, we give you the definition of vertex presentation by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG) – “a fetal presentation where the head is presenting first in the pelvic inlet.”

Besides vertex presentation (also sometimes referred to as vertex position of baby or vertex fetal position also), the other occasional presentations (non-vertex presentations) include –

Breech – baby’s feet or buttocks are down and first to enter the mother’s pelvic region. Head is near the mother’s ribs
Transverse – baby’s shoulder, arm or even the trunk are the first to enter the pelvis, as the baby is laying on the side and not in a vertical position

It is common that babies turn to a particular position (hence, affecting the presentation) by 34 -36 weeks of pregnancy. Nevertheless, some babies have ‘unstable lies’ ; – wherein the baby keeps changing positions towards the end of the pregnancy and not remaining in any one position for long.

Should you be worried if the baby is in vertex presentation?

Absolutely not! The vertex presentation is not only the most common, but also the best for a smooth delivery. In fact, the chances of a vaginal delivery are better if you have a vertex fetal position.

By 36 weeks into pregnancy, about 95% of the babies position themselves to have the vertex presentation. However, if your baby hasn’t come into the vertex fetal position by this time, then you can talk to your doctor about the options.

You may be suggested a cephalic version procedure also known as the version procedure /external cephalic version (ECV procedure) – which is used to turn the baby/ fetus from a malpresentation – like breech, oblique or transverse (which occur just about 3-4% times) to the cephalic position (head down).

This is how your doctor will try to turn your baby manually by pushing on your belly to get the baby into the vertex presentation. But it is necessary for you to know that this procedure does involve some risk and is successful only 60-70% of the time.

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Risks of vertex position of baby: can there be any complications for the baby in the vertex presentation.

As discussed above, the vertex fetal position/presentation is the best for labor and delivery, but there can be some complications as the baby makes its way through the birth canal. One such complication can arise if the baby is on the larger side. The baby can face difficulty while passing through the birth canal even if it is in the head-down position because of the size.

Babies who weigh over 9 to 10 pounds are called ‘ macrosomic’ or even referred to as fetal macrosomia , and they are at a higher risk of getting their shoulders stuck in the birth canal during delivery, despite being in the head-down position.

In such cases, to avoid birth trauma for the baby, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) suggests that cesarean deliveries should be limited to estimated fetal weights of at least 11 pounds in women without diabetes and about 9 pounds in women with diabetes.

In case of fetal macrosomia, your doctor will monitor your pregnancy more often and work out a particular birth plan for you subject to your age (mothers age) and size of your baby.

How will I deliver a baby in the vertex fetal position?

Even unborn human babies can astonish you if you observe the way they make their way through the birth canal during delivery.

A vertex baby may be in the optimal position ( head-down first in pelvis) for labor and delivery, but it does its own twisting and turning while passing through the birth canal to fit through. In humans, unlike other mammals, the ratio of the baby’s head to the space in the birth canal is quite limited.

The baby has to flex and turn its head in different positions to fit through and ultimately arrive in this world. And it does so successfully! It is a wonder how they know how to do this so naturally.

And to answer the question ‘how will I deliver a baby in the vertex position?’ – Simply NATURALLY i.e. vaginal delivery. Don’t worry, follow your doctor’s instructions, do your breathing and PUSH.

FAQs to keep ready: How can my doctor help me prepare as I approach my due date?

As your due date nears, apart from bodily discomfort, you may experience nervousness about the big day. Your doctor can help by clearing your doubts and putting you at ease. You can ask them the following questions to understand the process better.

Q1) How will I know if my baby is in vertex fetal position?

A doctor can confidently tell you whether or not your baby is in the vertex presentation. Many medical professionals will be able to determine your baby’s position merely by using their hands; this is called ‘Leopold’s maneuvers.’

However, in case they aren’t very confident about the baby’s position even after this, then an ultrasound can confirm the exact position of the baby.

You can also understand this through belly mapping . You are sure to feel the kicks towards the top of your stomach and head (distinct hard circular feel) towards your pelvis.

Q2)Is there any risk of my vertex baby turning and changing positions?

Yes, in case of some women, the baby who has a vertex presentation may turn at the last moment.

What may cause this? Women who have extra amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) have increased chances of a vertex baby turning into a breech baby at the last minute.

Discuss this with your doctor to understand what are the chances this might happen to you and what all you can do to keep the baby in the vertex presentation for delivery.

Q3) Is there need to be worried if my baby has a breech presentation?

Not really! There are loads of exercises which you which can help you get your baby in the right position.

Then there are the ECV (external cephalic version) procedure which can help in changing the position of your baby into the desired vertex position. Speak with your doctor.

Having a baby in breech position just before labor will require you to have a C-section . Let your doctor guide you. But there is nothing to worry about.

Q4) What may cause babies to come into breech position?

A few circumstances may cause the baby to come into breech position even after 36 weeks into pregnancy.

If you are carrying twins or multiple babies , in which case there is limited space for each baby to move around.
Low levels of amniotic fluid which restricts the free movement of the baby or even high levels of amniotic fluid that does not permit the baby to remain in any one position.
If there are abnormalities in the uterus or other conditions like low-lying placenta or large fibroids in the lower part of the uterus.

Chances of breech babies are higher in births that are pre-term as the baby does not get enough time to flip into a head-down position – cephalic position – vertex presentation (vertex position of baby/ vertex fetal position).

Q5) Can a baby turn from breech position to vertex presentation?

Yes, a baby can turn from a breech position to vertex position / vertex fetal position over time with exercises and sometimes through ECV.

If an ultrasound has confirmed you have a breech baby, then you can do the following to turn it to a vertex baby. Try the following –

Do not underestimate the wonders of daily walks of about 45-60 mins when it comes to bringing your baby in vertex presentation from breech presentation.
Talk to your doctor about certain exercises that can help turn your baby in the head-down position. Exercises like ‘ high bridge’ or ‘cat and camel’ can help here. We recommend you to learn and try this only in the presence of a professional.
External Cephalic Version (ECV ) is a way to manually maneuver the baby to vertex presentation. It is done with the help of an ultrasound and generally after 36 weeks into pregnancy. However, it has the success rate of just 50%. Discuss the risks, if any, with your gynecologist before opting for this procedure.

There are a couple of other unscientific methods that may not be safe to try –

Light : Placing a torch near your vagina may guide the baby toward the light, and hence, get it in the vertex presentation.
Music : Playing music near your belly’s bottom may urge the baby to move itself in the head-down position.

Q6) What all can I do to ensure I have a healthy delivery?

A healthy delivery requires the mother to be active, eating well, and staying happy. For any apprehensions regarding labor and delivery, do not hesitate to talk to your doctor and clarify your doubts.

Your doctor can help you understand your baby’s position and presentation, and then based on that they can plan your delivery to ensure your baby’s birth will happen in the safest possible way.

Try and maintain a healthy lifestyle which will also help in overall of your child and placenta health .

Key Takeaway

Yes, vertex presentation or vertex position of baby and vertex delivery are very common, normal, safe, and the best for labor and delivery of the baby. There is probability of complications sometimes, but that is only subject to certain conditions that we discussed above.

However, understand that any other baby position is also safe. The only thing with other positions and presentations is that the chances of a cesarean delivery goes up. Nevertheless, know what matters at the end of it all is a happy and healthy baby in your arms!

Happy pregnancy!

Khushboo Kirale

Sequential Screening – Why is it so important for you to get it done?

Placenta Previa or Low Lying Placenta: How much should you be concerned?

Lateral Placenta: How does this placenta position impact pregnancy and delivery?

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Fundal Placenta: Does Placenta on Top Make Pregnancy Difficult?

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Anterior Placenta Position – How It Affects Pregnancy, Labor and Delivery

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

StatPearls [Internet].

Delivery, face and brow presentation.

Julija Makajeva ; Mohsina Ashraf .

Affiliations

Last Update: January 9, 2023 .

Continuing Education Activity

Face and brow presentation is a malpresentation during labor when the presenting part is either the face or, in the case of brow presentation, it is the area between the orbital ridge and the anterior fontanelle. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of these two presentations and explains the role of the interprofessional team in managing delivery safely for both the mother and the baby.

Describe the mechanism of labor in the face and brow presentation.
Summarize potential maternal and fetal complications during the face and brow presentations.
Review different management approaches for the face and brow presentation.
Outline some interprofessional strategies that will improve patient outcomes in delivery cases with face and brow presentation issues.
Introduction

The term presentation describes the leading part of the fetus or the anatomical structure closest to the maternal pelvic inlet during labor. The presentation can roughly be divided into the following classifications: cephalic, breech, shoulder, and compound. Cephalic presentation is the most common and can be further subclassified as vertex, sinciput, brow, face, and chin. The most common presentation in term labor is the vertex, where the fetal neck is flexed to the chin, minimizing the head circumference.

Face presentation – an abnormal form of cephalic presentation where the presenting part is mentum. This typically occurs because of hyperextension of the neck and the occiput touching the fetal back. Incidence of face presentation is rare, accounting for approximately 1 in 600 of all presentations. [1] [2] [3]

In brow presentation, the neck is not extended as much as in face presentation, and the leading part is the area between the anterior fontanelle and the orbital ridges. Brow presentation is considered the rarest of all malpresentation with a prevalence of 1 in 500 to 1 in 4000 deliveries. [3]

Both face and brow presentations occur due to extension of the fetal neck instead of flexion; therefore, conditions that would lead to hyperextension or prevent flexion of the fetal neck can all contribute to face or brow presentation. These risk factors may be related to either the mother or the fetus. Maternal risk factors are preterm delivery, contracted maternal pelvis, platypelloid pelvis, multiparity, previous cesarean section, black race. Fetal risk factors include anencephaly, multiple loops of cord around the neck, masses of the neck, macrosomia, polyhydramnios. [2] [4] [5]

These malpresentations are usually diagnosed during the second stage of labor when performing a digital examination. It is possible to palpate orbital ridges, nose, malar eminences, mentum, mouth, gums, and chin in face presentation. Based on the position of the chin, face presentation can be further divided into mentum anterior, posterior, or transverse. In brow presentation, anterior fontanelle and face can be palpated except for the mouth and the chin. Brow presentation can then be further described based on the position of the anterior fontanelle as frontal anterior, posterior, or transverse.

Diagnosing the exact presentation can be challenging, and face presentation may be misdiagnosed as frank breech. To avoid any confusion, a bedside ultrasound scan can be performed. [6] The ultrasound imaging can show a reduced angle between the occiput and the spine or, the chin is separated from the chest. However, ultrasound does not provide much predicting value in the outcome of the labor. [7]

Anatomy and Physiology

Before discussing the mechanism of labor in the face or brow presentation, it is crucial to highlight some anatomical landmarks and their measurements.

Planes and Diameters of the Pelvis

The three most important planes in the female pelvis are the pelvic inlet, mid pelvis, and pelvic outlet.

Four diameters can describe the pelvic inlet: anteroposterior, transverse, and two obliques. Furthermore, based on the different landmarks on the pelvic inlet, there are three different anteroposterior diameters, named conjugates: true conjugate, obstetrical conjugate, and diagonal conjugate. Only the latter can be measured directly during the obstetric examination. The shortest of these three diameters is obstetrical conjugate, which measures approximately 10.5 cm and is a distance between the sacral promontory and 1 cm below the upper border of the symphysis pubis. This measurement is clinically significant as the fetal head must pass through this diameter during the engagement phase. The transverse diameter measures about 13.5cm and is the widest distance between the innominate line on both sides.

The shortest distance in the mid pelvis is the interspinous diameter and usually is only about 10 cm.

Fetal Skull Diameters

There are six distinguished longitudinal fetal skull diameters:

Suboccipito-bregmatic: from the center of anterior fontanelle (bregma) to the occipital protuberance, measuring 9.5 cm. This is the presenting diameter in vertex presentation.
Suboccipito-frontal: from the anterior part of bregma to the occipital protuberance, measuring 10 cm
Occipito-frontal: from the root of the nose to the most prominent part of the occiput, measuring 11.5cm
Submento-bregmatic: from the center of the bregma to the angle of the mandible, measuring 9.5 cm. This is the presenting diameter in face presentation where the neck is hyperextended.
Submento-vertical: from the midpoint between fontanelles and the angle of the mandible, measuring 11.5cm
Occipito-mental: from the midpoint between fontanelles and the tip of the chin, measuring 13.5 cm. It is the presenting diameter in brow presentation.

Cardinal Movements of Normal Labor

Neck flexion
Internal rotation
Extension (delivers head)
External rotation (Restitution)
Expulsion (delivery of anterior and posterior shoulders)

Some of the key movements are not possible in the face or brow presentations.

Based on the information provided above, it is obvious that labor will be arrested in brow presentation unless it spontaneously changes to face or vertex, as the occipito-mental diameter of the fetal head is significantly wider than the smallest diameter of the female pelvis. Face presentation can, however, be delivered vaginally, and further mechanisms of face delivery will be explained in later sections.

Indications

As mentioned previously, spontaneous vaginal delivery can be successful in face presentation. However, the main indication for vaginal delivery in such circumstances would be a maternal choice. It is crucial to have a thorough conversation with a mother, explaining the risks and benefits of vaginal delivery with face presentation and a cesarean section. Informed consent and creating a rapport with the mother is an essential aspect of safe and successful labor.

Contraindications

Vaginal delivery of face presentation is contraindicated if the mentum is lying posteriorly or is in a transverse position. In such a scenario, the fetal brow is pressing against the maternal symphysis pubis, and the short fetal neck, which is already maximally extended, cannot span the surface of the maternal sacrum. In this position, the diameter of the head is larger than the maternal pelvis, and it cannot descend through the birth canal. Therefore the cesarean section is recommended as the safest mode of delivery for mentum posterior face presentations.

Attempts to manually convert face presentation to vertex, manual or forceps rotation of the persistent posterior chin to anterior are contraindicated as they can be dangerous.

Persistent brow presentation itself is a contraindication for vaginal delivery unless the fetus is significantly small or the maternal pelvis is large.

Continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring is recommended for face and brow presentations, as heart rate abnormalities are common in these scenarios. One study found that only 14% of the cases with face presentation had no abnormal traces on the cardiotocograph. [8] It is advised to use external transducer devices to prevent damage to the eyes. When internal monitoring is inevitable, it is suggested to place monitoring devices on bony parts carefully.

People who are usually involved in the delivery of face/ brow presentation are:

Experienced midwife, preferably looking after laboring woman 1:1
Senior obstetrician
Neonatal team - in case of need for resuscitation
Anesthetic team - to provide necessary pain control (e.g., epidural)
Theatre team - in case of failure to progress and an emergency cesarean section will be required.
Preparation

No specific preparation is required for face or brow presentation. However, it is essential to discuss the labor options with the mother and birthing partner and inform members of the neonatal, anesthetic, and theatre co-ordinating teams.

Technique or Treatment

Mechanism of Labor in Face Presentation

During contractions, the pressure exerted by the fundus of the uterus on the fetus and pressure of amniotic fluid initiate descent. During this descent, the fetal neck extends instead of flexing. The internal rotation determines the outcome of delivery, if the fetal chin rotates posteriorly, vaginal delivery would not be possible, and cesarean section is permitted. The approach towards mentum-posterior delivery should be individualized, as the cases are rare. Expectant management is acceptable in multiparous women with small fetuses, as a spontaneous mentum-anterior rotation can occur. However, there should be a low threshold for cesarean section in primigravida women or women with large fetuses.

When the fetal chin is rotated towards maternal symphysis pubis as described as mentum-anterior; in these cases further descend through the vaginal canal continues with approximately 73% cases deliver spontaneously. [9] Fetal mentum presses on the maternal symphysis pubis, and the head is delivered by flexion. The occiput is pointing towards the maternal back, and external rotation happens. Shoulders are delivered in the same manner as in vertex delivery.

Mechanism of Labor in Brow Presentation

As this presentation is considered unstable, it is usually converted into a face or an occiput presentation. Due to the cephalic diameter being wider than the maternal pelvis, the fetal head cannot engage; thus, brow delivery cannot take place. Unless the fetus is small or the pelvis is very wide, the prognosis for vaginal delivery is poor. With persistent brow presentation, a cesarean section is required for safe delivery.

Complications

As the cesarean section is becoming a more accessible mode of delivery in malpresentations, the incidence of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality during face presentation has dropped significantly. [10]

However, there are still some complications associated with the nature of labor in face presentation. Due to the fetal head position, it is more challenging for the head to engage in the birth canal and descend, resulting in prolonged labor.

Prolonged labor itself can provoke foetal distress and arrhythmias. If the labor arrests or signs of fetal distress appear on CTG, the recommended next step in management is an emergency cesarean section, which in itself carries a myriad of operative and post-operative complications.

Finally, due to the nature of the fetal position and prolonged duration of labor in face presentation, neonates develop significant edema of the skull and face. Swelling of the fetal airway may also be present, resulting in respiratory distress after birth and possible intubation.

Clinical Significance

During vertex presentation, the fetal head flexes, bringing the chin to the chest, forming the smallest possible fetal head diameter, measuring approximately 9.5cm. With face and brow presentation, the neck hyperextends, resulting in greater cephalic diameters. As a result, the fetal head will engage later, and labor will progress more slowly. Failure to progress in labor is also more common in both presentations compared to vertex presentation.

Furthermore, when the fetal chin is in a posterior position, this prevents further flexion of the fetal neck, as browns are pressing on the symphysis pubis. As a result, descend through the birth canal is impossible. Such presentation is considered undeliverable vaginally and requires an emergency cesarean section.

Manual attempts to change face presentation to vertex, manual or forceps rotation to mentum anterior are considered dangerous and are discouraged.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

A multidisciplinary team of healthcare experts supports the woman and her child during labor and the perinatal period. For a face or brow presentation to be appropriately diagnosed, an experienced midwife and obstetrician must be involved in the vaginal examination and labor monitoring. As fetal anomalies, such as anencephaly or goiter, can contribute to face presentation, sonographers experienced in antenatal scanning should also be involved in the care. It is advised to inform the anesthetic and neonatal teams in advance of the possible need for emergency cesarean section and resuscitation of the neonate. [11] [12]

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Disclosure: Julija Makajeva declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Mohsina Ashraf declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

Cite this Page Makajeva J, Ashraf M. Delivery, Face and Brow Presentation. [Updated 2023 Jan 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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Vertex Position: Why It's Important & How to Get Baby There

During pregnancy, your doctor might talk about how your baby is positioned inside you. As your due date gets closer, they'll mention the "presentation" or position of the baby lower in your belly. Basically, they're talking about which part of your baby will come out first. If they say your baby's head is down or in the vertex position , that's usually a good sign. It means your baby is ready to come out head-first, which is the most common way babies are positioned in the last part of pregnancy. Let’s take a closer look at what is vertex position, why it’s important, and a few ways to encourage your baby to turn into the right position before you go into labor.

What Is Vertex Position in Pregnancy?

Vertex is a type of cephalic, or head-down, position. There are other types of cephalic presentations, such as brow and face. These mainly describe how the fetus’s neck is flexed. The vertex position specifically refers to the baby's chin being tucked into its chest facing mom’s spine so that the back of the head comes out first. It's the most common and natural way for a baby to be positioned for birth.

Why Is Vertex Position of the Fetus Important?

When it's time for labor and delivery, the best position for a baby to be in is the vertex position. This is especially true if the back of the baby's head (occiput) is facing toward the front of the pregnant person's pelvis. This position makes vaginal birth easier, quicker, and less painful. The baby's head fits well through the birth canal in this position. On the other hand, if the back of the baby's head is toward the pregnant person's spine, it's called the occiput posterior position . This can lead to longer labor and more discomfort during birth.

There are other positions that aren't as good for labor and delivery as well. They can make labor take longer, cause problems for the baby, and sometimes require interventions like vacuum or forceps assistance, or even a Cesarean delivery. Another thing to know is that positions other than vertex increase the risk of the umbilical cord falling into the vaginal canal before the baby, which is called cord prolapse . For example, if the baby is sideways and the water breaks, there's a higher chance of the cord coming out before the baby.

When doctors are helping with your baby's delivery, they check which part of the baby is in position to come out first. If the baby's head is down during labor, they'll check if the back of the head is facing the front or back of the pregnant person and if the back of the head is presenting or if it's the face or brow. These details matter, especially if they're considering using a vacuum or forceps to assist with the delivery.

When Does Vertex Fetal Position Typically Happen?

Doctors start checking how the baby is positioned in your belly around 32 to 34 weeks of pregnancy. By 30 weeks, about 75% to 80% of babies have their heads down, and by 37 weeks, it's around 96% to 97% . Only about 3% to 4% of babies are in a different position when it's time to give birth. To figure this out, doctors use a technique called Leopold maneuvers. They put their hands on your belly in different places to find where the baby's head and bottom are.

If your baby's head isn't down, the next common position is called breech. That's when the baby's legs or bottom are down, and the head is up near your ribs. Sometimes, the baby might be lying sideways, which is called transverse. This means the baby is lying across your belly, not up and down. There's also a chance the baby might be diagonal, called oblique. In this position, either the head or the bottom might be down, but they're not in the middle of your belly. If the baby's head isn't down, the doctor will check if the bottom is down or if the baby's feet are down. If the baby is lying sideways, the doctor will also check if the baby's back is facing down or up since this is especially important if you might need a Cesarean delivery.

Restore radiance to your skin with the Mama Mio Tummy Rub Butter . The soothing formula is lightweight, creamy, and glides across the skin effortlessly, with a little product covering most of your baby bump. Created to heighten the appearance of tauter, smoother skin with added elasticity during pregnancy, the innovative components within the tummy butter work to reduce the look of stretch marks.

What Are Some Ways to Get My Baby in the Vertex Position?

There are a number of ways to help turn a breech baby . To help your baby get into the vertex position (head down), stay active and go for walks. Gravity can be your friend here, as it might help the baby's head move to the lowest spot. If your baby isn't in the head-down position and you're getting close to your due date, there are a few other things you can try.

One method involves getting on all fours for about 10 minutes each day. This position, where your head is down and your buttocks are up, can help turn the baby around 60% to 70% of the time. Another option is seeing a chiropractor who uses the Webster technique to encourage the baby to turn head-first.

There are also some home remedies you could experiment with, even though they don't have strong scientific backing. Things like using music, heat, ice, or incense near your belly might encourage the baby to move. You can also do the pelvic tilt: lie on your back with bent legs, your feet on the ground, and lift your pelvis like a bridge for 10 minutes a few times a day, especially when your baby is active.

Some women have tried putting headphones low on their belly to encourage the baby to move toward the sound. You could also place a cold bag of veggies near the top of your uterus and something warm at the lower part to get the baby to turn. Acupuncture has also been used to help babies get into the right position. While not backed by a lot of science, these methods are generally safe to try.

What Happens If Baby Is Not in the Vertex Position?

If you're almost due and your baby isn't positioned head-first (vertex position) or in some other head-down position, you might want to talk about something called an external cephalic version (ECV). This happens in the hospital, and your doctor will try to gently turn the baby manually to get it into the right position. That said, not everyone is a candidate for this procedure, and it does come with some risks, so talk to your doctor about it.

If all attempts to turn the baby don't work and it stays in a non-head-down position, most doctors will suggest a C-section for delivery. It's important to know that having a baby in a breech position (bottom or feet first) during a vaginal delivery has more risks for the baby. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends a C-section in this case. Once labor starts, it's too late for the baby to change its position.

The Takeaway

If your baby isn't in the right head-down position yet, don't stress. Most babies naturally turn their heads or bottoms to the right spot before they're born. While you wait, take care of yourself by staying active and resting well. If you're worried, talk to your doctor about ways to encourage your baby to move into the right position. They can give you advice that fits your situation.

Disclaimer: The information on our site is NOT medical advice for any specific person or condition. It is only meant as general information. Please contact your health provider if you have any medical questions or concerns about your child or yourself.

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Presentation and position of baby through pregnancy and at birth

9-minute read

If you are concerned about your baby’s movements, contact your doctor or midwife for advice immediately.

If you baby is in a breech presentation, your doctor may recommend trying a technique called an external cephalic version to try and move your baby while they are still in the uterus for an easier birth.

What does presentation and position mean?

Presentation refers to the part of your baby’s body that is facing downwards in the direction of the birth canal.

Position refers to where your baby’s occiput (the bottom part of the back of their head) is in relation to your body.

If your baby is in a breech presentation , then position refers to where your baby’s sacrum (lower back) is in relation to your body.

People — including medical professionals — sometimes use these terms incorrectly. Sometimes when speaking about babies in breech presentation, the word ‘position’ will be used to refer to their presentation. For example, you may read information or hear people say ‘breech position’ instead of ‘breech presentation’.

What are the different types of presentation my baby could be in during pregnancy and birth?

Most babies present headfirst, also known as cephalic presentation. Most babies that are headfirst will be vertex presentation. This means that the crown of their head sits at the opening of your birth canal.

In rare cases, your baby can be headfirst but in face or brow presentation, which may not be suitable for vaginal birth.

If your baby is in a breech presentation, their feet or bottom will be closest to your birth canal. The 3 most common types of breech presentation are:

frank or extended breech — where your baby’s legs are straight up in front of their body, with their feet up near their face
complete or flexed breech — where your baby is in a sitting position with their legs crossed in front of their body and their feet near their bottom
footling breech — where one or both of your baby’s feet are hanging below their bottom, so the foot or feet are coming first

What are the different positions my baby could be in during pregnancy and birth?

If your baby is headfirst, the 3 main types of presentation are:

anterior – when the back of your baby’s head is at the front of your belly
lateral – when the back of your baby’s head is facing your side
posterior – when the back of your baby’s head is towards your back

Anterior, lateral and posterior fetal presentations

How will I know what presentation and position my baby is in?

Your doctor or midwife can usually work out your baby’s presentation by feeling your abdomen. They may also double check it with a portable ultrasound. Your baby’s presentation is usually checked around 36 weeks .

Your doctor or midwife will also confirm your baby’s head position in labour by examining your belly and using an ultrasound , and they may also do a vaginal examination . During the vaginal examination they are feeling for certain ridges on your baby’s head called sutures and fontanelles that help them work out which way your baby is positioned.

What is the ideal presentation and position for baby to be in for a vaginal birth?

For a vaginal birth, your baby will ideally be headfirst with the back of their head at the front of your belly, also known as being in the anterior position. This position is best for labour and birth since it means that the smallest part of your baby’s head goes down the birth canal first.

Vertex presentation, showing the narrow part of the baby’s head.

When does a baby usually get in the ideal presentation and position for birth?

Your baby will usually be in a headfirst position by 37 weeks of pregnancy. Around 3 in every 100 babies will be in breech presentation after 37 weeks.

Your baby’s position can change with your contractions during labour as they move down the birth canal, so their exact position can change during labour.

What are my options if baby isn't in the ideal presentation or position for a vaginal birth?

If your baby is in a breech presentation, your doctor may recommend a technique called an external cephalic version (ECV) to try and move your baby while they are still in the uterus . An ECV involves your doctor using their hands to apply pressure on your belly and help turn your baby to a headfirst position. It has a 1 in 2 chance of success and is a safe option in most pregnancies.

There is no evidence to show that alternative therapies, such as exercises, acupuncture or chiropractic treatments, help your baby change from a breech presentation to headfirst.

If your baby remains breech, your doctor may discuss having a breech vaginal birth. Not all doctors and hospitals offer this option. They may also suggest you birth your baby with a planned caesarean section .

If your baby’s presentation is headfirst but the position of your baby’s head is not ideal for labour, it can lead to a longer labour, and potential complications . The position of your baby’s head will often change as your labour progresses. If it doesn’t, sometimes you can still give birth without assistance, or you may need your doctor to help turn your baby’s head or help your birth with a vacuum or forceps .

Any procedure or decision for a type of birth will only go ahead with your consent . You will be able to discuss all the options with your doctor, and based on your preferences for yourself and your baby’s safety, make a decision together .

Resources and support

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology has a factsheet about the options available to you if your baby is in a breech presentation at the end of your pregnancy .

Mercy Perinatal has information on external cephalic version (ECV) safety and benefits if your baby is in a breech presentation at the end of your pregnancy.

The Women’s Hospital has information about the different presentations and positions your baby could be in, and how it can affect your birthing experience.

Speak to a maternal child health nurse

Call Pregnancy, Birth and Baby to speak to a maternal child health nurse on 1800 882 436 or video call . Available 7am to midnight (AET), 7 days a week.

Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content .

Last reviewed: October 2023

External cephalic version (ecv), malpresentation, breech pregnancy, search our site for.

Foetal Version
Breech Presentation

Need more information?

Breech presentation and turning the baby

In preparation for a safe birth, your health team will need to turn your baby if it is in a bottom first ‘breech’ position.

Breech Presentation at the End of your Pregnancy

Breech presentation occurs when your baby is lying bottom first or feet first in the uterus (womb) rather than the usual head first position. In early pregnancy, a breech position is very common.

Read more on RANZCOG - Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists website

External Cephalic Version for Breech Presentation - Pregnancy and the first five years

This information brochure provides information about an External Cephalic Version (ECV) for breech presentation

Labour complications

Even if you’re healthy and well prepared for childbirth, there’s always a chance of unexpected problems. Learn more about labour complications.

ECV is a procedure to try to move your baby from a breech position to a head-down position. This is performed by a trained doctor.

Having a baby

The articles in this section relate to having a baby – what to consider before becoming pregnant, pregnancy and birth, and after your baby is born.

Anatomy of pregnancy and birth - pelvis

Your pelvis helps to carry your growing baby and is tailored for vaginal births. Learn more about the structure and function of the female pelvis.

Planned or elective caesarean

There are important things to consider if you are having a planned or elective caesarean such as what happens during and after the procedure.

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Breech, posterior, transverse lie: What position is my baby in?

Fetal presentation, or how your baby is situated in your womb at birth, is determined by the body part that's positioned to come out first, and it can affect the way you deliver. At the time of delivery, 97 percent of babies are head-down (cephalic presentation). But there are several other possibilities, including feet or bottom first (breech) as well as sideways (transverse lie) and diagonal (oblique lie).

Fetal presentation and position

During the last trimester of your pregnancy, your provider will check your baby's presentation by feeling your belly to locate the head, bottom, and back. If it's unclear, your provider may do an ultrasound or an internal exam to feel what part of the baby is in your pelvis.

Fetal position refers to whether the baby is facing your spine (anterior position) or facing your belly (posterior position). Fetal position can change often: Your baby may be face up at the beginning of labor and face down at delivery.

Here are the many possibilities for fetal presentation and position in the womb.

Medical illustrations by Jonathan Dimes

Head down, facing down (anterior position)

A baby who is head down and facing your spine is in the anterior position. This is the most common fetal presentation and the easiest position for a vaginal delivery.

This position is also known as "occiput anterior" because the back of your baby's skull (occipital bone) is in the front (anterior) of your pelvis.

Head down, facing up (posterior position)

In the posterior position , your baby is head down and facing your belly. You may also hear it called "sunny-side up" because babies who stay in this position are born facing up. But many babies who are facing up during labor rotate to the easier face down (anterior) position before birth.

Posterior position is formally known as "occiput posterior" because the back of your baby's skull (occipital bone) is in the back (posterior) of your pelvis.

Frank breech

In the frank breech presentation, both the baby's legs are extended so that the feet are up near the face. This is the most common type of breech presentation. Breech babies are difficult to deliver vaginally, so most arrive by c-section .

Some providers will attempt to turn your baby manually to the head down position by applying pressure to your belly. This is called an external cephalic version , and it has a 58 percent success rate for turning breech babies. For more information, see our article on breech birth .

Complete breech

A complete breech is when your baby is bottom down with hips and knees bent in a tuck or cross-legged position. If your baby is in a complete breech, you may feel kicking in your lower abdomen.

Incomplete breech

In an incomplete breech, one of the baby's knees is bent so that the foot is tucked next to the bottom with the other leg extended, positioning that foot closer to the face.

Single footling breech

In the single footling breech presentation, one of the baby's feet is pointed toward your cervix.

Double footling breech

In the double footling breech presentation, both of the baby's feet are pointed toward your cervix.

Transverse lie

In a transverse lie, the baby is lying horizontally in your uterus and may be facing up toward your head or down toward your feet. Babies settle this way less than 1 percent of the time, but it happens more commonly if you're carrying multiples or deliver before your due date.

If your baby stays in a transverse lie until the end of your pregnancy, it can be dangerous for delivery. Your provider will likely schedule a c-section or attempt an external cephalic version , which is highly successful for turning babies in this position.

Oblique lie

In rare cases, your baby may lie diagonally in your uterus, with his rump facing the side of your body at an angle.

Like the transverse lie, this position is more common earlier in pregnancy, and it's likely your provider will intervene if your baby is still in the oblique lie at the end of your third trimester.

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BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals. We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies .

Ahmad A et al. 2014. Association of fetal position at onset of labor and mode of delivery: A prospective cohort study. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology 43(2):176-182. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929533 Opens a new window [Accessed September 2021]

Gray CJ and Shanahan MM. 2019. Breech presentation. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448063/ Opens a new window [Accessed September 2021]

Hankins GD. 1990. Transverse lie. American Journal of Perinatology 7(1):66-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2131781 Opens a new window [Accessed September 2021]

Medline Plus. 2020. Your baby in the birth canal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002060.htm Opens a new window [Accessed September 2021]

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Fetal Positions for Labor and Birth

Knowing your baby's position can you help ease pain and speed up labor

In the last weeks of pregnancy , determining your baby's position can help you manage pain and discomfort. Knowing your baby's position during early labor can help you adjust your own position during labor and possibly even speed up the process.

Right or Left Occiput Anterior

Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell

Looking at where the baby's head is in the birth canal helps determine the fetal position.The front of a baby's head is referred to as the anterior portion and the back is the posterior portion. There are two different positions called occiput anterior (OA) positions that may occur.

The left occiput anterior (LOA) position is the most common in labor. In this position, the baby's head is slightly off-center in the pelvis with the back of the head toward the mother's left thigh.

The right occiput anterior (ROA) presentation is also common in labor. In this position, the back of the baby is slightly off-center in the pelvis with the back of the head toward the mother's right thigh.

In general, OA positions do not lead to problems or additional pain during labor or birth.

Right or Left Occiput Transverse

Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell

When facing out toward the mother's right thigh, the baby is said to be left occiput transverse (LOT). This position is halfway between a posterior and anterior position. If the baby was previously in a posterior position (in either direction), the LOT position indicates positive movement toward an anterior position.

When the baby is facing outward toward the mother's left thigh, the baby is said to be right occiput transverse (ROT). Like the previous presentation, ROT is halfway between a posterior and anterior position. If the baby was previously in a posterior position, ROT is a sign the baby is making a positive move toward an anterior position.

When a baby is in the left occiput transverse position (LOT) or right occiput transverse (ROT) position during labor, it may lead to more pain and a slower progression.

Tips to Reduce Discomfort

There are several labor positions a mother can try to alleviate pain and encourage the baby to continue rotating toward an anterior position, including:

Pelvic tilts
Standing and swaying

A doula , labor nurse, midwife , or doctor may have other suggestions for positions.

Right or Left Occiput Posterior

When facing forward, the baby is in the occiput posterior position. If the baby is facing forward and slightly to the left (looking toward the mother's right thigh) it is in the left occiput posterior (LOP) position. This presentation can lead to more back pain (sometimes referred to as " back labor ") and slow progression of labor.

In the right occiput posterior position (ROP), the baby is facing forward and slightly to the right (looking toward the mother's left thigh). This presentation may slow labor and cause more pain.

To help prevent or decrease pain during labor and encourage the baby to move into a better position for delivery, mothers can try a variety of positions, including:

Hands and knees
Pelvic rocking

Mothers may try other comfort measures, including:

Bathtub or shower (water)
Counter pressure
Movement (swaying, dancing, sitting on a birth ball )
Rice socks (heat packs)

How a Doctor Determines Baby's Position

Leopold's maneuvers are a series of hands-on examinations your doctor or midwife will use to help determine your baby's position. During the third trimester , the assessment will be done at most of your prenatal visits. Knowing the baby's position before labor begins can help you prepare for labor and delivery.

Once labor begins, a nurse, doctor, or midwife will be able to get a more accurate sense of your baby's position by performing a vaginal exam. When your cervix is dilated enough, the practitioner will insert their fingers into the vagina and feel for the suture lines of the baby's skull as it moves down in the birth canal. It's important to ensure the baby is head down and moving in the right direction.

Labor and delivery may be more complicated if the baby is not in a head-down position, such as in the case of a breech presentation.

How You Can Determine Baby's Position

While exams by health practitioners are an important part of your care, from the prenatal period through labor and delivery, often the best person to assess a baby's position in the pelvis is you. Mothers should pay close attention to how the baby moves and where different movements are felt.

A technique called belly mapping can help mothers ask questions of themselves to assess their baby's movement and get a sense of the position they are in as labor approaches.

For example, the position of your baby's legs can be determined by asking questions about the location and strength of the kicking you feel. The spots where you feel the strongest kicks are most likely where your baby's feet are.

Other landmarks you can feel for include a large, flat plane, which is most likely your baby's back. Sometimes you can feel the baby arching his or her back.

At the top or bottom of the flat plane, you may feel either a hard, round shape (most likely your baby's head) or a soft curve (most likely to be your baby's bottom).

Guittier M, Othenin-Girard V, de Gasquet B, Irion O, Boulvain M. Maternal positioning to correct occiput posterior fetal position during the first stage of labour: a randomised controlled trial . BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology . 2016;123(13):2199-2207. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13855

Gizzo S, Di Gangi S, Noventa M, Bacile V, Zambon A, Nardelli G. Women’s Choice of Positions during Labour: Return to the Past or a Modern Way to Give Birth? A Cohort Study in Italy . Biomed Res Int . 2014;2014:1-7. doi:10.1155/2014/638093

Ahmad A, Webb S, Early B, Sitch A, Khan K, MacArthur C. Association between fetal position at onset of labor and mode of delivery: a prospective cohort study . Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology . 2014;43(2):176-182. doi:10.1002/uog.13189

Nishikawa M, Sakakibara H. Effect of nursing intervention program using abdominal palpation of Leopold’s maneuvers on maternal-fetal attachment . Reprod Health . 2013;10(1). doi:10.1186/1742-4755-10-12

Choi S, Park Y, Lee D, Ko H, Park I, Shin J. Sonographic assessment of fetal occiput position during labor for the prediction of labor dystocia and perinatal outcomes . The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine . 2016;29(24):3988-3992. doi:10.3109/14767058.2016.1152250

Bamberg C, Deprest J, Sindhwani N et al. Evaluating fetal head dimension changes during labor using open magnetic resonance imaging . J Perinat Med . 2017;45(3). doi:10.1515/jpm-2016-0005

Gabbe S, Niebyl J, Simpson J et al. Obstetrics . Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2012.

By Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH is a professor, author, childbirth and postpartum educator, certified doula, and lactation counselor.

Face and Brow Presentation

Author: Teresa Marino, MD; Chief Editor: Carl V Smith, MD more...
Sections Face and Brow Presentation
Mechanism of Labor
Labor Management

At the onset of labor, assessment of the fetal presentation with respect to the maternal birth canal is critical to the route of delivery. At term, the vast majority of fetuses present in the vertex presentation, where the fetal head is flexed so that the chin is in contact with the fetal thorax. The fetal spine typically lies along the longitudinal axis of the uterus. Nonvertex presentations (including breech, transverse lie, face, brow, and compound presentations) occur in less than 4% of fetuses at term. Malpresentation of the vertex presentation occurs if there is deflexion or extension of the fetal head leading to brow or face presentation, respectively.

In a face presentation, the fetal head and neck are hyperextended, causing the occiput to come in contact with the upper back of the fetus while lying in a longitudinal axis. The presenting portion of the fetus is the fetal face between the orbital ridges and the chin. The fetal chin (mentum) is the point designated for reference during an internal examination through the cervix. The occiput of a vertex is usually hard and has a smooth contour, while the face and brow tend to be more irregular and soft. Like the occiput, the mentum can present in any position relative to the maternal pelvis. For example, if the mentum presents in the left anterior quadrant of the maternal pelvis, it is designated as left mentum anterior (LMA).

In a brow presentation, the fetal head is midway between full flexion (vertex) and hyperextension (face) along a longitudinal axis. The presenting portion of the fetal head is between the orbital ridge and the anterior fontanel. The face and chin are not included. The frontal bones are the point of designation and can present (as with the occiput during a vertex delivery) in any position relative to the maternal pelvis. When the sagittal suture is transverse to the pelvic axis and the anterior fontanel is on the right maternal side, the fetus would be in the right frontotransverse position (RFT).

Face presentation occurs in 1 of every 600-800 live births, averaging about 0.2% of live births. Causative factors associated with a face presentation are similar to those leading to general malpresentation and those that prevent head flexion or favor extension. Possible etiology includes multiple gestations, grand multiparity, fetal malformations, prematurity, and cephalopelvic disproportion. At least one etiological factor may be identified in up to 90% of cases with face presentation.

Fetal anomalies such as hydrocephalus, anencephaly, and neck masses are common risk factors and may account for as many as 60% of cases of face presentation. For example, anencephaly is found in more than 30% of cases of face presentation. Fetal thyromegaly and neck masses also lead to extension of the fetal head.

A contracted pelvis or cephalopelvic disproportion, from either a small pelvis or a large fetus, occurs in 10-40% of cases. Multiparity or a large abdomen can cause decreased uterine tone, leading to natural extension of the fetal head.

Face presentation is diagnosed late in the first or second stage of labor by examination of a dilated cervix. On digital examination, the distinctive facial features of the nose, mouth, and chin, the malar bones, and particularly the orbital ridges can be palpated. This presentation can be confused with a breech presentation because the mouth may be confused with the anus and the malar bones or orbital ridges may be confused with the ischial tuberosities. The facial presentation has a triangular configuration of the mouth to the orbital ridges compared to the breech presentation of the anus and fetal genitalia. During Leopold maneuvers, diagnosis is very unlikely. Diagnosis can be confirmed by ultrasound evaluation, which reveals a hyperextended fetal neck. [ 1 , 2 ]

Brow presentation is the least common of all fetal presentations and the incidence varies from 1 in 500 deliveries to 1 in 1400 deliveries. Brow presentation may be encountered early in labor but is usually a transitional state and converts to a vertex presentation after the fetal neck flexes. Occasionally, further extension may occur resulting in a face presentation.

The causes of a persistent brow presentation are generally similar to those causing a face presentation and include cephalopelvic disproportion or pelvic contracture, increasing parity and prematurity. These are implicated in more than 60% of cases of persistent brow presentation. Premature rupture of membranes may precede brow presentation in as many as 27% of cases.

Diagnosis of a brow presentation can occasionally be made with abdominal palpation by Leopold maneuvers. A prominent occipital prominence is encountered along the fetal back, and the fetal chin is also palpable; however, the diagnosis of a brow presentation is usually confirmed by examination of a dilated cervix. The orbital ridge, eyes, nose, forehead, and anterior fontanelle are palpated. The mouth and chin are not palpable, thus excluding face presentation. Fetal ultrasound evaluation again notes a hyperextended neck.

As with face presentation, diagnosis is often made late in labor with half of cases occurring in the second stage of labor. The most common position is the mentum anterior, which occurs about twice as often as either transverse or posterior positions. A higher cesarean delivery rate occurs with a mentum transverse or posterior [ 3 ] position than with a mentum anterior position.

The mechanism of labor consists of the cardinal movements of engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, and the accessory movements of extension and external rotation. Intuitively, the cardinal movements of labor for a face presentation are not completely identical to those of a vertex presentation.

While descending into the pelvis, the natural contractile forces combined with the maternal pelvic architecture allow the fetal head to either flex or extend. In the vertex presentation, the vertex is flexed such that the chin rests on the fetal chest, allowing the suboccipitobregmatic diameter of approximately 9.5 cm to be the widest diameter through the maternal pelvis. This is the smallest of the diameters to negotiate the maternal pelvis. Following engagement in the face presentation, descent is made. The widest diameter of the fetal head negotiating the pelvis is the trachelobregmatic or submentobregmatic diameter, which is 10.2 cm (0.7 cm larger than the suboccipitobregmatic diameter). Because of this increased diameter, engagement does not occur until the face is at +2 station.

Fetuses with face presentation may initially begin labor in the brow position. Using x-ray pelvimetry in a series of 7 patients, Borrell and Ferstrom demonstrated that internal rotation occurs between the ischial spines and the ischial tuberosities, making the chin the presenting part, lower than in the vertex presentation. [ 4 , 5 ] Following internal rotation, the mentum is below the maternal symphysis, and delivery occurs by flexion of the fetal neck. As the face descends onto the perineum, the anterior fetal chin passes under the symphysis and flexion of the head occurs, making delivery possible with maternal expulsive forces.

The above mechanisms of labor in the term infant can occur only if the mentum is anterior and at term, only the mentum anterior face presentation is likely to deliver vaginally. If the mentum is posterior or transverse, the fetal neck is too short to span the length of the maternal sacrum and is already at the point of maximal extension. The head cannot deliver as it cannot extend any further through the symphysis and cesarean delivery is the safest route of delivery.

Fortunately, the mentum is anterior in over 60% of cases of face presentation, transverse in 10-12% of cases, and posterior only 20-25% of the time. Fetuses with the mentum transverse position usually rotate to the mentum anterior position, and 25-33% of fetuses with mentum posterior position rotate to a mentum anterior position. When the mentum is posterior, the neck, head and shoulders must enter the pelvis simultaneously, resulting in a diameter too large for the maternal pelvis to accommodate unless in the very preterm or small infant.

Three labor courses are possible when the fetal head engages in a brow presentation. The brow may convert to a vertex presentation, to a face presentation, or remain as a persistent brow presentation. More than 50% of brow presentations will convert to vertex or face presentation and labor courses are managed accordingly when spontaneous conversion occurs.

In the brow presentation, the occipitomental diameter, which is the largest diameter of the fetal head, is the presenting portion. Descent and internal rotation occur only with an adequate pelvis and if the face can fit under the pubic arch. While the head descends, it becomes wedged into the hollow of the sacrum. Downward pressure from uterine contractions and maternal expulsive forces may cause the mentum to extend anteriorly and low to present at the perineum as a mentum anterior face presentation.

If internal rotation does not occur, the occipitomental diameter, which measures 1.5 cm wider than the suboccipitobregmatic diameter and is thus the largest diameter of the fetal head, presents at the pelvic inlet. The head may engage but can descend only with significant molding. This molding and subsequent caput succedaneum over the forehead can become so extensive that identification of the brow by palpation is impossible late in labor. This may result in a missed diagnosis in a patient who presents later in active labor.

If the mentum is anterior and the forces of labor are directed toward the fetal occiput, flexing the head and pivoting the face under the pubic arch, there is conversion to a vertex occiput posterior position. If the occiput lies against the sacrum and the forces of labor are directed against the fetal mentum, the neck may extend further, leading to a face presentation.

The persistent brow presentation with subsequent delivery only occurs in cases of a large pelvis and/or a small infant. Women with gynecoid pelvis or multiparity may be given the option to labor; however, dysfunctional labor and cephalopelvic disproportion are more likely if this presentation persists.

Labor management of face and brow presentation requires close observation of labor progression because cephalopelvic disproportion, dysfunctional labor, and prolonged labor are much more common. As mentioned above, the trachelobregmatic or submentobregmatic diameters are larger than the suboccipitobregmatic diameter. Duration of labor with a face presentation is generally the same as duration of labor with a vertex presentation, although a prolonged labor may occur. As long as maternal or fetal compromise is not evident, labor with a face presentation may continue. [ 6 ] A persistent mentum posterior presentation is an indication for delivery by cesarean section.

Continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring is considered mandatory by many authors because of the increased incidence of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns and/or nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns. [ 7 ] An internal fetal scalp electrode may be used, but very careful application of the electrode must be ensured. The mentum is the recommended site of application. Facial edema is common and can obscure the fetal facial anatomy and improper placement can lead to facial and ophthalmic injuries. Oxytocin can be used to augment labor using the same precautions as in a vertex presentation and the same criteria of assessment of uterine activity, adequacy of the pelvis, and reassuring fetal heart tracing.

Fetuses with face presentation can be delivered vaginally with overall success rates of 60-70%, while more than 20% of fetuses with face presentation require cesarean delivery. Cesarean delivery is performed for the usual obstetrical indications, including arrest of labor and nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern.

Attempts to manually convert the face to vertex (Thom maneuver) or to rotate a posterior position to a more favorable anterior mentum position are rarely successful and are associated with high fetal morbidity and mortality and maternal morbidity, including cord prolapse, uterine rupture, and fetal cervical spine injury with neurological impairment. Given the availability and safety of cesarean delivery, internal rotation maneuvers are no longer justified unless cesarean section cannot be readily performed.

Internal podalic version and breech extraction are also no longer recommended in the modern management of the face presentation. [ 8 ]

Operative delivery with forceps must be approached with caution. Since engagement occurs when the face is at +2 position, forceps should only be applied to the face that has caused the perineum to bulge. Increased complications to both mother and fetus can occur [ 9 ] and operative delivery must be approached with caution or reserved when cesarean section is not readily available. Forceps may be used if the mentum is anterior. Although the landmarks are different, the application of any forceps is made as if the fetus were presenting directly in the occiput anterior position. The mouth substitutes for the posterior fontanelle, and the mentum substitutes for the occiput. Traction should be downward to maintain extension until the mentum passes under the symphysis, and then gradually elevated to allow the head to deliver by flexion. During delivery, hyperextension of the fetal head should be avoided.

As previously mentioned, the persistent brow presentation has a poor prognosis for vaginal delivery unless the fetus is small, premature, or the maternal pelvis is large. Expectant management is reasonable if labor is progressing well and the fetal well-being is assessed, as there can be spontaneous conversion to face or vertex presentation. The earlier in labor that brow presentation is diagnosed, the higher the likelihood of conversion. Minimal intervention during labor is recommended and some feel the use of oxytocin in the brow presentation is contraindicated.

The use of operative vaginal delivery or manual conversion of a brow to a more favorable presentation is contraindicated as the risks of perinatal morbidity and mortality are unacceptably high. Prolonged, dysfunctional, and arrest of labor are common, necessitating cesarean section delivery.

The incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality and maternal morbidity has decreased due to the increased incidence of cesarean section delivery for malpresentation, including face and brow presentation.

Neonates delivered in the face presentation exhibit significant facial and skull edema, which usually resolves within 24-48 hours. Trauma during labor may cause tracheal and laryngeal edema immediately after delivery, which can result in neonatal respiratory distress. In addition, fetal anomalies or tumors, such as fetal goiters that may have contributed to fetal malpresentation, may make intubation difficult. Physicians with expertise in neonatal resuscitation should be present at delivery in the event that intubation is required. When a fetal anomaly has been previously diagnosed by ultrasonographic evaluation, the appropriate pediatric specialists should be consulted and informed at time of labor.

Bellussi F, Ghi T, Youssef A, et al. The use of intrapartum ultrasound to diagnose malpositions and cephalic malpresentations. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2017 Dec. 217 (6):633-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

[Guideline] Ghi T, Eggebø T, Lees C, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2018 Jul. 52 (1):128-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] . [Full Text] .

Shaffer BL, Cheng YW, Vargas JE, Laros RK Jr, Caughey AB. Face presentation: predictors and delivery route. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2006 May. 194(5):e10-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

Borell U, Fernstrom I. The mechanism of labour. Radiol Clin North Am . 1967 Apr. 5(1):73-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

Borell U, Fernstrom I. The mechanism of labour in face and brow presentation: a radiographic study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand . 1960. 39:626-44.

Gardberg M, Leonova Y, Laakkonen E. Malpresentations--impact on mode of delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand . 2011 May. 90(5):540-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

Collaris RJ, Oei SG. External cephalic version: a safe procedure? A systematic review of version-related risks. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand . 2004 Jun. 83(6):511-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

Verspyck E, Bisson V, Gromez A, Resch B, Diguet A, Marpeau L. Prophylactic attempt at manual rotation in brow presentation at full dilatation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand . 2012 Nov. 91(11):1342-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

Johnson JH, Figueroa R, Garry D. Immediate maternal and neonatal effects of forceps and vacuum-assisted deliveries. Obstet Gynecol . 2004 Mar. 103(3):513-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

Benedetti TJ, Lowensohn RI, Truscott AM. Face presentation at term. Obstet Gynecol . 1980 Feb. 55(2):199-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

BROWNE AD, CARNEY D. OBSTETRICS IN GENERAL PRACTICE. MANAGEMENT OF MALPRESENTATIONS IN OBSTETRICS. Br Med J . 1964 May 16. 1(5393):1295-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

Campbell JM. Face presentation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol . 1965 Nov. 5(4):231-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] .

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Teresa Marino, MD Assistant Professor, Attending Physician, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Carl V Smith, MD The Distinguished Chris J and Marie A Olson Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, University of Nebraska Medical Center Carl V Smith, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists , American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine , Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Central Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists , Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine , Council of University Chairs of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nebraska Medical Association Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chitra M Iyer, MD, Perinatologist, Obstetrix Medical Group, Fort Worth, Texas.

Chitra M Iyer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists , Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine .

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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Fetal presentation before birth

The way a baby is positioned in the uterus just before birth can have a big effect on labor and delivery. This positioning is called fetal presentation.

Babies twist, stretch and tumble quite a bit during pregnancy. Before labor starts, however, they usually come to rest in a way that allows them to be delivered through the birth canal headfirst. This position is called cephalic presentation. But there are other ways a baby may settle just before labor begins.

Following are some of the possible ways a baby may be positioned at the end of pregnancy.

Head down, face down

When a baby is head down, face down, the medical term for it is the cephalic occiput anterior position. This the most common position for a baby to be born in. With the face down and turned slightly to the side, the smallest part of the baby's head leads the way through the birth canal. It is the easiest way for a baby to be born.

Head down, face up

When a baby is head down, face up, the medical term for it is the cephalic occiput posterior position. In this position, it might be harder for a baby's head to go under the pubic bone during delivery. That can make labor take longer.

Most babies who begin labor in this position eventually turn to be face down. If that doesn't happen, and the second stage of labor is taking a long time, a member of the health care team may reach through the vagina to help the baby turn. This is called manual rotation.

In some cases, a baby can be born in the head-down, face-up position. Use of forceps or a vacuum device to help with delivery is more common when a baby is in this position than in the head-down, face-down position. In some cases, a C-section delivery may be needed.

Illustration of the head-down, face-up position

Frank breech

When a baby's feet or buttocks are in place to come out first during birth, it's called a breech presentation. This happens in about 3% to 4% of babies close to the time of birth. The baby shown below is in a frank breech presentation. That's when the knees aren't bent, and the feet are close to the baby's head. This is the most common type of breech presentation.

If you are more than 36 weeks into your pregnancy and your baby is in a frank breech presentation, your health care professional may try to move the baby into a head-down position. This is done using a procedure called external cephalic version. It involves one or two members of the health care team putting pressure on your belly with their hands to get the baby to roll into a head-down position.

If the procedure isn't successful, or if the baby moves back into a breech position, talk with a member of your health care team about the choices you have for delivery. Most babies in a frank breech position are born by planned C-section.

Illustration of the frank breech position

Complete and incomplete breech

A complete breech presentation, as shown below, is when the baby has both knees bent and both legs pulled close to the body. In an incomplete breech, one or both of the legs are not pulled close to the body, and one or both of the feet or knees are below the baby's buttocks. If a baby is in either of these positions, you might feel kicking in the lower part of your belly.

If you are more than 36 weeks into your pregnancy and your baby is in a complete or incomplete breech presentation, your health care professional may try to move the baby into a head-down position. This is done using a procedure called external cephalic version. It involves one or two members of the health care team putting pressure on your belly with their hands to get the baby to roll into a head-down position.

If the procedure isn't successful, or if the baby moves back into a breech position, talk with a member of your health care team about the choices you have for delivery. Many babies in a complete or incomplete breech position are born by planned C-section.

Illustration of a complete breech presentation

When a baby is sideways — lying horizontal across the uterus, rather than vertical — it's called a transverse lie. In this position, the baby's back might be:

Down, with the back facing the birth canal.
Sideways, with one shoulder pointing toward the birth canal.
Up, with the hands and feet facing the birth canal.

Although many babies are sideways early in pregnancy, few stay this way when labor begins.

If your baby is in a transverse lie during week 37 of your pregnancy, your health care professional may try to move the baby into a head-down position. This is done using a procedure called external cephalic version. External cephalic version involves one or two members of your health care team putting pressure on your belly with their hands to get the baby to roll into a head-down position.

If the procedure isn't successful, or if the baby moves back into a transverse lie, talk with a member of your health care team about the choices you have for delivery. Many babies who are in a transverse lie are born by C-section.

If you're pregnant with twins and only the twin that's lower in the uterus is head down, as shown below, your health care provider may first deliver that baby vaginally.

Then, in some cases, your health care team may suggest delivering the second twin in the breech position. Or they may try to move the second twin into a head-down position. This is done using a procedure called external cephalic version. External cephalic version involves one or two members of the health care team putting pressure on your belly with their hands to get the baby to roll into a head-down position.

Your health care team may suggest delivery by C-section for the second twin if:

An attempt to deliver the baby in the breech position is not successful.
You do not want to try to have the baby delivered vaginally in the breech position.
An attempt to move the baby into a head-down position is not successful.
You do not want to try to move the baby to a head-down position.

In some cases, your health care team may advise that you have both twins delivered by C-section. That might happen if the lower twin is not head down, the second twin has low or high birth weight as compared to the first twin, or if preterm labor starts.

Landon MB, et al., eds. Normal labor and delivery. In: Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 19, 2023.
Holcroft Argani C, et al. Occiput posterior position. https://www.updtodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 19, 2023.
Frequently asked questions: If your baby is breech. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/if-your-baby-is-breech. Accessed May 22, 2023.
Hofmeyr GJ. Overview of breech presentation. https://www.updtodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 22, 2023.
Strauss RA, et al. Transverse fetal lie. https://www.updtodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 22, 2023.
Chasen ST, et al. Twin pregnancy: Labor and delivery. https://www.updtodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 22, 2023.
Cohen R, et al. Is vaginal delivery of a breech second twin safe? A comparison between delivery of vertex and non-vertex second twins. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2021; doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.2005569.
Marnach ML (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. May 31, 2023.

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Pregnancy Complications

What Does It Mean to Have a Frank Breech Baby?

Frank breech is the most common type of breech position. Learn what this position means for you and your baby.

Types of Breech Positions

How To Tell If Your Baby Is Breech

Causes of breech presentations, treatment for breech presentations, complications of a breech birth, what happens if my baby is breech.

If your baby is in a frank breech position, that means that their bottom is facing down towards the birth canal instead of their head. The part of the baby that is nearest to the cervix is called the presenting part. The presenting part, which is the part of the baby's body that is born first in a vaginal delivery , is usually the baby's head (known as vertex presentation).

In a small number of deliveries, however, a baby’s bottom or feet are in a position to be born first. This is called a breech presentation, and frank breech (bottom first, with feet up near the head) is the most common type.

Learn about the types of breech presentation including frank breech, what causes a baby to be breech, how it's treated, and what to expect with a breech delivery.

Jamie Grill / Getty Images

Frank Breech and Other Types of Breech Positions

Babies can be in all sorts of positions during pregnancy, but most babies eventually turn head down in late pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses, the more likely it is that the baby will turn and the head will be down near the cervix when it's time for delivery.

Breech Presentation Statistics

Before the 28th week of pregnancy, about 20% to 25% of babies are breech.
By the 34th week of pregnancy, most babies will turn and approximately 5% to 7% will be breech.
By full term, only 3% to 4% of babies (3 or 4 out of every 100 births) are breech.

Sometimes, however, babies are in a breech (bottom or leg down) position when labor begins. There are several types of breech positions.

Frank breech

A frank breech position is when the baby’s bottom is down, but their legs are straight up with their feet near their head. The presenting part is the buttocks.

A frank breech is the most common breech presentation, especially when a baby is born at full term. Of the 3% to 4% of term breech births, babies are in the frank breech position 50% to 70% of the time.

Complete breech

In this position, the bottom is down, but the baby's knees are also bent, so the feet are also down near the buttocks. The presenting part is not only the bottom but both feet as well. At delivery, about 10% of breech babies are in a complete breech position.

Incomplete (footling) breech

A footling breech position is when the baby’s legs are extended and facing straight down. Instead of the bottom, the presenting part is one foot (a single footling) or both feet (a double footling). Approximately 25% of breech deliveries are incomplete.

As your pregnancy progresses, your prenatal health care provider will examine you and keep track of your baby’s position . You might even be able to figure out how your baby is positioned on your own.

Here are some of the techniques you and your health care provider can use to tell which way your baby is facing.

Kicks : You can feel where your baby is kicking you and judge their general position. If you feel kicks in your lower pelvis, then the baby hasn’t turned head down yet. But if the kicks are up toward your ribs and the top of your uterus, then the baby’s head is most likely facing down.
Palpation : At your prenatal visits, your doctor or midwife will check your baby's position by palpating or feeling your belly to find the baby’s head, back, and bottom.
Heartbeat : Listening to the baby’s heartbeat is another way to tell where your baby is in the uterus. By finding the heartbeat's location, the doctor or midwife can get a better idea of the baby’s position.
Ultrasound : An ultrasound provides the best position information. It shows you and your health care team a picture of the baby and their exact position in your uterus. If your baby is breech, the ultrasound can determine the type of breech position your baby is in, such as frank breech or complete breech.
Pelvic exam : During labor, your health care provider can perform a pelvic examination . They will be able to feel whether the baby’s head or their bottom and feet are in the birth canal.

The size of the baby, amount of amniotic fluid , and amount of space inside the uterus are all factors that can contribute to a baby’s ability to move around.

The most common reason for a breech presentation is prematurity, but other factors could lead to a baby in a breech position:

Premature delivery : A premature baby is smaller and has more room inside the uterus to move around, which increases the chances that they will be in a breech presentation if you go into preterm labor .
Multiples : Twins or other multiples have less room in the uterus to move around and get into the head-down position for delivery.
Uterine issues : Fibroids or a heart-shaped uterus can get in the way of the baby’s ability to turn.
Shortened umbilical cord : If the umbilical cord is very short, the baby may not be able to move and turn.
Too much or too little amniotic fluid : Too much amniotic fluid gives the baby the ability to move around freely in the uterus. As they grow, they may still be able to flip and turn rather than turning head down and staying head down. Too little amniotic fluid , on the other hand, may prevent a baby from moving into the head-down position as they get closer to full-term.
Location of the placenta : When the placenta is low and covers all or part of the cervix, it’s called placenta previa . When the placenta is in this position, it takes up the room at the bottom of the uterus and can make it difficult for the baby to turn head down.
Congenital abnormalities in the baby : Some congenital abnormalities can affect the baby’s ability to move into the head-down position. These conditions are usually not a surprise at delivery since they are typically seen during prenatal ultrasound examinations .

If your baby is breech, you will face four possible outcomes to your pregnancy:

Your baby may turn on its own . Especially if it's early in your pregnancy, there is a chance your baby will turn from a breech position to a head-down position. Many prenatal health care providers will take a wait-and-see approach early on.
Your doctor may attempt to manually turn your baby . If there are no complications in your pregnancy and the baby has not yet turned on its own by the 36th or 37th week, your doctor may attempt to turn the baby using a manual procedure called external cephalic version (ECV). ECV works approximately 60% of the time.
Your doctor may schedule a C-section . For a baby that remains in a breech position in late pregnancy, most doctors will recommend a surgical birth via a C-section .
Your doctor may agree to help you attempt a vaginal delivery . The majority of pregnancy care providers will not deliver a breech baby vaginally, but a small percentage of doctors may be willing to work with you having a vaginal delivery with a breech baby.

You can also do some things to encourage your baby to turn head down , such as acupuncture and exercises like pelvic tilts and even walking.

Most babies who are born breech are healthy. But when a baby is frank breech or in any other breech position, there is a higher chance of a complicated labor and delivery. Here are some of the complications associated with breech birth.

Umbilical cord prolapse

During a vaginal breech delivery, there is a chance that the umbilical cord will come down through the cervix before the baby is born. As the baby comes through the birth canal, their body and head can press on the cord and cut off the supply of blood and oxygen that the cord is carrying.

This can affect the baby’s heart rate and the flow of oxygen and blood to the baby’s brain. The danger of a prolapsed cord is greater with a footling breech and a complete breech.

The risk of cord prolapse is less when the baby is in the frank breech position.

Head entrapment

The baby’s head can get stuck during the delivery if the baby’s body is born before the cervix fully dilates. This situation is dangerous since the head can press against the umbilical cord and cause asphyxia or a lack of oxygen.

Head entrapment is more common in premature deliveries because the baby’s head is typically bigger than their body.

Physical injuries to the baby

The risk of injury to the baby during delivery is higher when the baby is breech compared to when the baby is not breech. Preemies are more likely to injure their head and skull. Bruising, broken bones, and dislocated joints can also occur depending on the baby's position during birth.

Additionally, after a baby is born, breech newborns have a higher incidence of neonatal hip instability, also called developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). This complication occurs in between 12% to 24% of breech babies.

Physical injury to the gestational parent

The vaginal delivery of a breech baby can require an episiotomy and the use of forceps, which can cause injury to the birthing person's genital area.

Many babies will turn to the head-down position before labor begins. However, if your baby is still breech when labor begins, you and your doctor will have to decide between having a C-section or trying a vaginal birth.

Whenever possible, the standard choice is to deliver any breech baby who is premature or in distress via cesarean section. Since vaginal deliveries, even when all the above criteria are met, come with a higher risk of a difficult birth and birth injuries, most doctors prefer to deliver all breech presentations by C-section.

However, when there are no other complications, a baby in the frank breech position may be delivered vaginally if the doctor agrees to it and certain conditions are met:

Emergency resources are available
The baby is at least 36 weeks
The baby is not too big or too small
The baby’s head is in the right position (flexed)
The health care team has experience with breech deliveries
The size of your pelvis is large enough
There is continuous monitoring of the baby
You have delivered vaginally before

If any complications arise during the delivery, you may still need an emergency C-section .

If Your Baby Is Breech . American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists . 2024.

A comparison of risk factors for breech presentation in preterm and term labor: A nationwide, population-based case-control study . Arch Gynecol Obstet . 2020.

Breech presentation: Vaginal versus cesarean delivery, which intervention leads to the best outcomes? . Acta Med Port. 2017.

Breech presentation . Medscape . 2022.

Breech presentation: CNGOF Guidelines for Clinical Practice - Information and management . Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol. 2020.

Mode of Term Singleton Breech Delivery . American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists . 2023.

Umbilical Cord Prolapse . StatPearls . 2023.

Incidence of acetabular dysplasia in breech infants following initially normal ultrasound: the effect of variable diagnostic criteria . J Child Orthop . 2017.

Where Is the Real Information on Pregnancy and Childbirth?

Here's what you need to know for the transition to motherhood..

Posted July 26, 2024 | Reviewed by Davia Sills

What Is Pregnancy?
Take our Authoritative Parenting Test
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Labor and delivery are naturally painful processes.
The idea that pain relief delays delivery is not correct if it is given at the appropriate time.
"Natural childbirth" has been idealized and misrepresented, especially to first-time mothers.

This is the sixth post in a series.

In the book Matrescence: Pregnancy , Childbirth, and Motherhood , Lucy Jones talks about the shocking lack of information available to women regarding what childbirth is really like, what the actual consequences are of using pain relief during labor, and what some of the potential risks are during delivery.

Jones takes up the subject of "natural childbirth." She says that women have been told for so long that "natural childbirth" is best that this has pretty much become the ideal. However, she lets us know that the concept of "natural childbirth" has a very particular origin.

She says that this goes back a long way in medicine to a British obstetrician named Grantly Dick-Read, who coined the phrase in the mid-1900s and who portrayed childbirth in a highly idealized way. Dick-Read promulgated the idea that childbirth is not necessarily painful and that fear is the main cause of pain during labor and delivery. He developed a form of hypnotherapy that he said would help women be less anxious about going through labor and delivery and, therefore, experience less pain. His work is still used and quoted today.

However, according to Jones, Dick-Read had scant evidence for this theory. And he also had little evidence that hypnosis and relaxation techniques could make the birth process far less painful.

This will come as shocking news to most women—as these ideas are still popular and routinely disseminated in childbirth classes to this day.

However, for most women who have actually labored and or given birth while conscious, it is not news that labor and delivery are extremely painful with or without relaxation and breathing techniques. Labor hurts. Delivery is very painful. And all the exercises you learned usually go out the window after a certain point. Anyone who does not remember it being this way either has a very high pain threshold, or they are good at repressing painful memories.

Jones goes on to talk about the misinformation given to women about the risks of using epidurals and pain medication during childbirth. Women are often told that having an epidural will slow the rate of labor and result in an increased likelihood of having a C-section. As it turns out, neither of these is true.

According to Zha et al. (2021), labor is not prolonged by the administration of an epidural if it is given after the woman is 6 cm dilated, and there is no difference in birth outcome for babies whose mothers have or have not had an epidural. And Ashagrie et al. (2023) reveal in their literature review that there is not a greater risk of C-section for women who choose to have an epidural (Ashagrie et al., 2023).

Jones also talks about the consequences of delivery. She talks about how common it is for there to be tearing of the vagina, the perineum, and the anus, and she says that women are usually not told about the risks of these occurring in advance of childbirth.

According to Okeahialam et al. (2023), 9 out of 10 women experience perineal tears during first-time deliveries, and 6 percent of first-time births include anal sphincter injury. A percentage of mothers also experience pelvic floor injuries during childbirth.

These things are important for pregnant women to know, not because they need one more thing to worry about, but in order to advocate for themselves prior to and following delivery. Especially for those women who choose home births, it is important to understand that prompt surgical repair of sphincter injuries is crucial to prevent fecal incontinence, something that will dramatically decrease a mother's quality of life following delivery. Mothers need to make sure their midwives are willing to check for such injuries and will tell them about them.

Moreover, it is helpful for first-time mothers to know that preventative measures can be taken. Doctors and midwives can manually protect the perineum during delivery if they know how. And prior to delivery, pregnant women can ask about whether their doctors or midwives are trained in such measures. Secondly, it can be helpful for pregnant women to know that perineal massage can be effective if done in the third trimester of pregnancy to increase the muscle elasticity of their perineum (Okeahialam et al., 2023). And lastly, it is important to know that women who have experienced pelvic floor injuries can seek out physical therapy following childbirth.

Lucy Jones says that not only are most women unaware of these issues, but many midwives, nurses, and OBs do not talk with their patients about these subjects.

It's time to talk about what childbirth is really like, and to be honest about it. And it is time for women to have the information they need prior to delivery in order to prepare for the realities of childbirth and life postpartum .

Thank you, Lucy Jones, for leading the way.

1 Caton, D., Who said childbirth is natural: the medical mission of Grantly Dick-Read. Aenesthesiology, 84, April 1996, p. 955 - 964.

Nicola Adanna Okeahialam, MBChB , Abdul H. Sultan, MD, FRCOG , Ranee Thakar, MD, The prevention of perineal trauma during Vaginal birth, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(22)00464-1/fulltext#

Ashagire, D. et al (2021) A review article on epidural analgesia for labor pain management: A systematic review, International Journal of Surgery Open, Vol 24, 2020, p 100 - 104. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Mar 5; 100(9): e24923. Published online 2021 Mar 5. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024923

Ying Zha , MM,a Xun Gong , MD,a Chengwu Yang , MD, MS, PhD,b Dongrui Deng , MD,a Ling Feng , MD,a Ailin Luo , MD,c Li Wan , MD,c Fuyuan Qiao , MD,a Wanjiang Zeng , MD,a Suhua Chen , MD,a Yuanyuan Wu , MD,a Dongji Han , MD,c and Haiyi Liu , MDa,∗Epidural analgesia during labor and its optimal initiation time-points A real-world study on 400 Chinese nulliparas

Corinne Masur, Psy.D., is a clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst in private practice in Chester Springs, Pennsylvania.

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IMAGES

Vertex presentation
Vertex Presentation: Position, Birth What It Means, 49% OFF
Vertex Position Of Baby
Figure: Sequence of events in delivery for vertex presentations
Vertex Position Fetal Position In
vertex presentation

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VERTEX 2023
Mechanism of Normal Labor
Fetal vertex presentation#shorts# ESIC#you tube#norcet6
vertex presentation delivery
childbirth feedback loop (1)
Fetal movements of Breech Baby & Cephalic Baby

COMMENTS

What Is Vertex Presentation?
Baby Nicknames Short baby names are undeniably catchy; they cut to the chase while leaving a long-lasting impression. The lovely thing about short baby names is that the only thing they have in common is the number of letters they each have, giving you the flexibility of any of your favorite definitions in a neat package.
Vertex Presentation: What It Means for You & Your Baby
During the course of your pregnancy, you may hear your gynecologist refer to the 'position' or 'presentation' of your baby. The 'presentation' of the baby is the part of the baby that lies at the lower end of the uterus (womb) or is at the entry of the pelvis.
What Is Vertex Position?
While you are pregnant, you may hear your healthcare provider frequently refer to the position or presentation of your baby, particularly as you get closer to your due date.What they are referring to is which part of your baby is presenting first—or which part is at the lower end of your womb or the pelvic inlet.
What Is the Vertex Position?
When you give birth, your baby usually comes out headfirst, also called the vertex position. In the weeks before you give birth, your baby will move to place their head above your vagina.. Your ...
Fetal Presentation, Position, and Lie (Including Breech Presentation
In face presentation, the baby's neck arches back so that the face presents first rather than the top of the head.. In brow presentation, the neck is moderately arched so that the brow presents first.. Usually, fetuses do not stay in a face or brow presentation. These presentations often change to a vertex (top of the head) presentation before or during labor.
If Your Baby Is Breech
In the last weeks of pregnancy, a fetus usually moves so his or her head is positioned to come out of the vagina first during birth. This is called a vertex presentation.A breech presentation occurs when the fetus's buttocks, feet, or both are in place to come out first during birth. This happens in 3-4% of full-term births.
Cephalic presentation
In obstetrics, a cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the occiput is the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal). All other presentations are abnormal ...
Breech Presentation
In the last weeks of pregnancy, a baby usually moves so his or her head is positioned to come out of the vagina first during birth. This is called a vertex presentation.
Vertex Presentation: How does it affect your labor & delivery?
Even unborn human babies can astonish you if you observe the way they make their way through the birth canal during delivery. A vertex baby may be in the optimal position (head-down first in pelvis) for labor and delivery, but it does its own twisting and turning while passing through the birth canal to fit through.In humans, unlike other mammals, the ratio of the baby's head to the space in ...
Delivery, Face and Brow Presentation
The term presentation describes the leading part of the fetus or the anatomical structure closest to the maternal pelvic inlet during labor. The presentation can roughly be divided into the following classifications: cephalic, breech, shoulder, and compound. Cephalic presentation is the most common and can be further subclassified as vertex, sinciput, brow, face, and chin.
Vertex Presentation : Types, Positions, Complications and Risks
Vertex position is a baby's position during vaginal delivery. Baby moves into the vertex position between the 33rd - 36th week of pregnancy.
Vertex Position: Why It's Important & How to Get Baby There
During pregnancy, your doctor might talk about how your baby is positioned inside you. As your due date gets closer, they'll mention the "presentation" or position of the baby lower in your belly.
Presentation and position of baby through pregnancy and at birth
What is the ideal presentation and position for baby to be in for a vaginal birth? For a vaginal birth, your baby will ideally be headfirst with the back of their head at the front of your belly, also known as being in the anterior position.
Fetal presentation: Breech, posterior, transverse lie, and more
Fetal presentation, or how your baby is situated in your womb at birth, is determined by the body part that's positioned to come out first, and it can affect the way you deliver.
Fetal Positions for Labor and Birth
Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Looking at where the baby's head is in the birth canal helps determine the fetal position.The front of a baby's head is referred to as the anterior portion and the back is the posterior portion.
Face and Brow Presentation: Overview, Background, Mechanism ...
At the onset of labor, assessment of the fetal presentation with respect to the maternal birth canal is critical to the route of delivery. At term, the vast majority of fetuses present in the vertex presentation, where the fetal head is flexed so that the chin is in contact with the fetal thorax.
Your Guide to Fetal Positions before Childbirth
Your baby's position in the womb is important to know before going into labor. Here's how different fetal presentations can impact your delivery plans.
Fetal presentation before birth
When a baby is head down, face up, the medical term for it is the cephalic occiput posterior position. In this position, it might be harder for a baby's head to go under the pubic bone during delivery.
Face Presentation Birth: Is it Dangerous? Birth Injuries Legal Help
Face Presentation Causes & Risk Factors. These conditions may increase the likelihood of a face presentation birth: A Very Big Baby (Fetal Macrosomia): Larger babies may have trouble fitting into the birth canal in the standard position, leading to alternative presentations. Prematurity: Premature infants are more likely to have non-standard presentations, including face presentation, because ...
Frank Breech Position: What Does It Mean?
In a small number of deliveries, however, a baby's bottom or feet are in a position to be born first. This is called a breech presentation, and frank breech (bottom first, with feet up near the ...
Where Is the Real Information on Pregnancy and Childbirth?
This is the sixth post in a series. In the book Matrescence: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Motherhood, Lucy Jones talks about the shocking lack of information available to women regarding what ...

Vertex Presentation: What It Means for You & Your Baby

What is vertex position in pregnancy? What is the difference between vertex and cephalic presentation?

Is vertex presentation normal?

Should I be worried about a breech presentation?

What may cause babies to be in the breech position?

Can a baby turn from being in breech presentation to vertex presentation ?

START TYPING AND PRESS ENTER TO SEARCH

What to Know About the Vertex Position

Birth in Vertex Position

Other Positions Your Baby Can Be In

Risks of Breech and Transverse Position

Top doctors in ,

Fetal Presentation, Position, and Lie (Including Breech Presentation)

Position and Presentation of the Fetus

Variations in Fetal Position and Presentation

Occiput posterior position

Breech presentation

Other presentations

If Your Baby Is Breech

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Breech Births

What are the different types of breech birth presentations?

What causes a breech presentation?

How is a breech presentation diagnosed?

Can a breech presentation mean something is wrong?

Can a breech presentation be changed?

Medical Techniques

ECV will not be tried if:

Complications of EVC include:

Vaginal delivery versus cesarean for breech birth?

What are the risks and complications of a vaginal delivery?

When is a cesarean delivery used with a breech presentation?

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