information research essay

How to Write an Informative Essay in 7 Steps

An essay that educates its readers is known as an informative essay. In an informative essay, your goal is to answer a question. This question can be specific, like “Why doesn’t AP style use the Oxford comma ?” Or it can be fairly broad, like “What is punctuation ?”

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What is an informative essay? 

An informative essay is an essay that explains a topic. Informative essays come in many forms; one might explain how a system works, analyze data, summarize an event, compare two or more subjects, or walk the reader through a process step-by-step. 

Unlike reaction essays, reflective essays , and narrative essays , informative essays are purely objective pieces of writing. When reading an informative essay, the reader should not encounter the author’s opinion or perspective. Instead, they should learn something factual. 

How is an informative essay structured?

Your informative essay starts with an introduction paragraph. This paragraph includes your thesis statement, which is a concise summary of your essay’s focus. In a persuasive or argumentative essay, the thesis statement is typically the author’s position, which the author then supports and defends in the body paragraphs. In an informative essay, it’s a sentence that clearly states what the essay will cover. 

In addition to your thesis statement, your introduction paragraph should include the points you’ll discuss in your body paragraphs, as well as an interesting statement to hook your reader’s interest. This can be an important statistic, a surprising fact, or an engaging anecdote that makes the reader want to learn more. 

Your essay’s body paragraphs make up the bulk of its content. This section is where you present facts, statistics, and all relevant details to support your thesis statement. In an informative essay that walks the reader through a process, the body paragraphs explain the process. 

Each body paragraph should focus on one topic. For an essay comparing two events, write a paragraph for each event, thoroughly summarizing it and including all relevant facts. If you’re writing an essay that explains how to complete a task, dedicate a body paragraph to explaining each step in the process. 

Conclusion 

In the conclusion section, summarize your essay in a few sentences. Think of this as a recap of the points you made in your body paragraphs. Somewhere within this recap, reiterate your thesis statement. You don’t need to restate it in the exact same words you used in your introduction, but you should remind the reader of your essay’s primary focus. 

7 steps for writing an informative essay

1 select topic.

If you aren’t assigned a topic, you’ll need to choose your own. Choose a topic you can sufficiently explain in approximately five paragraphs .

Once you’ve chosen a general topic, narrow it down to the specific subject you’ll cover in your essay. This process, known as brainstorming, often involves some preliminary research.

The next step is to thoroughly research your topic. During this phase, choose credible sources you can cite in your work. 

3 Create an outline

After you’ve conducted your research and determined which sources you’ll use in your essay, write an essay outline . An essay outline is a bare-bones “skeleton” version of your essay that briefly mentions what you’ll discuss in each paragraph. 

Following your outline’s structure , write your essay. At this stage, don’t stress about getting the tone just right or maintaining perfect flow between paragraphs; these are things you’ll refine during the revision stage. Focus on getting words on the page that craft an easy-to-follow look at your topic. Your tone should be objective, informative, and without literary devices. 

Once you’re finished writing your first draft, take a break. Revisit it again, ideally a day later, and read it carefully. Take note of how effectively your sources support the points you make, how your writing flows from one paragraph to the next, and how well you explain your topic overall. Then rewrite any parts that can be made stronger. By the time you’re finished rewriting these, you’ll have your second draft. 

6 Proofread

You’re not done yet! After you’ve finished revising your work, read it again to check for any spelling or grammatical mistakes. It’s also helpful to double-check the facts you cite at this stage to ensure they’re all accurate. 

7 Document citations 

The last part of writing an informative essay is writing a citations page. Because an informative essay includes statistics, facts, and other pieces of objective data, you need to credit the sources you consulted to find this data. How you format your citations page depends on whether your essay is written in MLA , APA , or Chicago style . 

Informative essay example

Topic: Troubleshooting Common Wi-Fi Problems

Intro: In the introduction, mention specific Wi-Fi problems the reader might encounter. These could include a slow network, connectivity difficulty, and the reasons why one device might be unable to connect despite other devices connecting to the network easily. The thesis statement would state that these Wi-Fi problems are easy to troubleshoot and can usually be fixed without tech support. 

Body paragraph: This paragraph is about troubleshooting a slow network. Discuss symptoms of a slow network, common causes of a slow network, and strategies the reader can use to speed up their Wi-Fi. 

Body paragraph: This paragraph is about connectivity difficulty. Discuss scenarios in which none of the reader’s devices are able to connect to Wi-Fi and mention solutions they can try.

Body paragraph: This final body paragraph discusses scenarios when all devices but one can connect. Discuss reasons why one device might be unable to connect to the Wi-Fi despite all other devices connecting perfectly fine. 

Conclusion: In the final paragraph, summarize the main reasons why the reader might be facing Wi-Fi difficulties and common troubleshooting strategies. Then restate your thesis statement and conclude the essay by briefly mentioning that if none of these strategies work, the reader should call their IT department or internet provider. 

Informative essay FAQs

What is an informative essay.

An informative essay is an essay that explains a specific topic. The purpose is to provide a clear, objective explanation of a subject.

Body paragraph

What are the steps to writing an informative essay?

• Select topic
• Create an outline
• Write essay
• Document citations 

Writing an Informative Essay

Informative essays engage readers with new, interesting, and often surprising facts and details about a subject. Informative essays are educational; readers expect to learn something new from them. In fact, much of the reading and writing done in college and the workplace is informative. From textbooks to reports to tutorials like this one, informative writing imparts important and useful information about a topic.

This tutorial refers to the sample informative outline and final essay written by fictional student Paige Turner.

Reasons to Write Informatively

Your purpose for writing and the audience for whom you are writing will impact the depth and breadth of information you provide, but all informative writing aims to present a subject without opinions or bias. Some common reasons to write informatively are to

• report findings that an audience would find interesting,
• present facts that an audience would find useful, and
• communicate information about a person, place, event, issue, or change that would improve an audience’s understanding.

Characteristics of Informative Essays

Informative essays present factual information and do not attempt to sway readers’ opinions about it. Other types of academic and workplace writing do try to influence readers’ opinions:

• Expository essays aim to expose a truth about an issue in order to influence how readers view the issue.
• Persuasive essays aim to influence readers’ opinions, so they will adopt a particular position or take a certain course of action.

Expository and persuasive essays make “arguments.” The only argument an informative essay makes is that something exists, did exist, is happening, or has happened, and the point of the essay is not to convince readers of this but to tell them about it.

• Informative essays seek to enlighten and educate readers, so they can make their own educated opinions and decisions about what to think and how to act.

Strategies for Writing Informatively

Informative essays provide useful information such as facts, examples, and evidence from research in order to help readers understand a topic or see it more clearly. While informative writing does not aim to appeal emotionally to readers in order to change their opinions or behaviors, informative writing should still be engaging to read. Factual information is not necessarily dry or boring. Sometimes facts can be more alarming than fiction!

Writers use various strategies to engage and educate readers. Some strategies include

• introducing the topic with an alarming fact or arresting image;
• asserting what is true or so about the subject in a clear thesis statement;
• organizing the paragraphs logically by grouping related information;
• unifying each paragraph with a topic sentence and controlling idea;
• developing cohesive paragraphs with transition sentences;
• using precise language and terminology appropriate for the topic, purpose, and audience; and
• concluding with a final idea or example that captures the essay’s purpose and leaves a lasting impression.

Five Steps for Getting Started

1. Brainstorm and choose a topic.

• Sample topic : The opioid epidemic in the United States.
• The opiod epidemic or even opiod addiction would would be considered too broad for a single essay, so the next steps aim to narrow this topic down.

2. Next, write a question about the topic that you would like to answer through research.

• Sample question : What major events caused the opioid crisis in the United States?
• This question aims to narrow the topic down to causes of the epidemic in the US.

3. Now go to the Purdue Global Library to find the answers to your research question.

As you begin reading and collecting sources, write down the themes that emerge as common answers. Later, in step four, use the most common answers (or the ones you are most interested in writing and discussing) to construct a thesis statement.

• Sample answers: aggressive marketing, loopholes in prescription drug provider programs, and economic downturn.

4. Next, provide purpose to your paper by creating a thesis statement.

The thesis attempts to frame your research question. The sample thesis below incorporates three of the more common answers for the research question from step two: What caused the opioid crisis in the United States?

• Thesis Statement : Aggressive marketing, loopholes in prescription drug provider programs, and economic downturn contributed to the current opioid crisis in the United States.
• Writing Tip : For additional help with thesis statements, please visit our Writing a Thesis Statement article. For help with writing in 3rd person, see our article on Formal Vs. Informal Writing .

5. Now follow each numbered step in the “Suggested Outline Format and Sample” below.

Sample answers have been provided for “I. Introduction” and “II. First Cause.” A complete sample outline can be seen here. A complete sample informative essay can be seen here.

Suggested Outline Format and Sample

I. INTRODUCTION

A. First provide a topic sentence that introduces the main topic: Sample topic sentence : There is a current prescription pain medication addiction and abuse epidemic possibly caused by an excessive over prescription of these medications.

B. Now provide a couple sentences with evidence to support the main topic: Sample sentence one with evidence to support the main topic : According to Dr. Nora Volkow, Director of National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), in testimony before the 115th Congress, “In 2016, over 11 million Americans misused prescription opioids … and 2.1 million had an opioid use disorder due to prescription opioids” (Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis, 2017, p. 2).

C. Sample sentence two with evidence to support the main topic : Volkow indicated “more than 300,000 Americans have died of an opioid overdose” since 2013 (Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis, 2017, p.2).

D. Sample sentence three with evidence to support the main topic : According to Perez-Pena (2017), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported more than 25,000 people in the United States died in 2015 from overdosing on opioids Fentanyl, Oxycodone, and Hydrocodone.

E. Toward the end of the introduction, include your thesis statement written in the 3rd-person point-of-view: Sample thesis statement : Potential solutions to the growing opioid epidemic may be illuminated by examining how opioid addiction is triggered through aggressive pharmaceutical marketing, how opioid addiction manifests among prescribed patients, and how economic downturns play a role in the increase of opioid addiction.

F. Write down the library sources you can use in this introductory paragraph to help support the main topic.

• Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis, 2017
• Perez-Pena, 2017
• Writing Tip : For more help writing an introduction, please refer to this article on introductions and conclusions .

II. FIRST CAUSE

A. First provide a topic sentence that introduces the first cause of the opioid epidemic: Sample topic sentence that introduces the first cause : One issue that helped contribute to the opioid epidemic is aggressive marketing by pharmaceutical manufacturers.

B. Now provide sentences with evidence to support the first cause: Sample sentence one with evidence that supports the first cause : Perez-Pena (2017) concluded that while the healthcare industry was attempting to effectively and efficiently treat patients with chronic pain, pharmaceutical companies were providing funding to prominent doctors, medical societies, and patient advocacy groups in order to win support for a particular drug’s adoption and usage.

C. Sample sentence two with evidence to support the first cause : In fact, pharmaceutical companies continue to spend millions on promotional activities and materials that deny or trivialize any risks of opioid use while at the same time overstating each drug’s benefit (Perez-Pina, 2017).

D. Next, add more information or provide concluding or transitional sentences that foreshadows the upcoming second cause: Sample concluding and transitional sentence that foreshadow the second cause : Although aggressive marketing by pharmaceutical companies played a large role in opioid addiction, patients are to blame too, as many take advantage of holes in the healthcare provider system in order to remedy their addiction.

E. Write down the library sources you can use in this body paragraph to help support the first cause:

• Writing Tip : For more assistance working with sources, please visit the Using Sources page here.

III. SECOND CAUSE

A. First provide a topic sentence that introduces the second cause.

B. Now provide sentences with evidence to support the second cause.

C. Next, add more information or provide concluding or transitional sentences that foreshadows the upcoming third cause.

D. Write down the library sources you can use in this body paragraph to help support the second cause:

• Writing Tip : Listen to Writing Powerful Sentences for information and features of effective writing.

IV. THIRD CAUSE

A. First provide a topic sentence that introduces the third cause.

B. Now provide sentences with evidence to support the third cause.

C. Next, add more information or provide a concluding sentence or two.

D. Write down the library sources you can use in this body paragraph to help support the third cause:

V. CONCLUSION: Summary of key points and evidence discussed.

• Writing Tip : For more help writing a conclusion, refer to this podcast on endings .
• Writing Tip : Have a question? Leave a comment below or Purdue Global students, click here to access the Purdue Global Writing Center tutoring platform and available staff.
• Writing Tip : Ready to have someone look at your paper? Purdue Global students, click here to submit your assignment for feedback through our video paper review service.

See a Sample Informative Essay Outline here .

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dang bro i got an A

Having faith with all this mentioned, that i will pass my english class at a college. Thank you for posting.

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How to write an informative essay

Published September 27, 2020. Updated June 5, 2022.

Informative essay definition

The primary purpose of an informative essay is to educate the reader without injecting the writer’s ideas and opinions.

Overview of an informative essay

The first step is to choose a topic for the informative essay. Pick a topic that interests you, as this will help you stay motivated. When writing an informative essay, explain a topic as objectively as possible, unless otherwise directed by a professor. An informative essay helps readers to understand the facts without adding bias. The next step is to research the topic for the informative essay. An informative essay is based on facts and not opinions; therefore, it is important to choose proper sources when researching the topic. The next step of the essay is to create an outline. The outline is important because it helps to keep the thoughts and ideas organized. An informative essay outline generally consists of an introduction, three or more body paragraphs, and a conclusion. After the draft is written, it should be read as many times as possible to search for grammar mistakes. The language should be more coherent and flowing. Enough evidence should be used and cite the sources correctly.

• You will usually be writing for your instructor and a general academic audience.
• Common examples of informative essays include “how-to” guides, definitions of subjects, and data analyses.
• These examples serve only to inform the reader about a specific subject .
• The style of informative writing is utilitarian and concise. Typically, the reader isn’t interested in opinions—they just want to learn about the topic.

Worried about your writing? Submit your paper for a Chegg Writing essay check , or for an Expert Check proofreading . Both can help you find and fix potential writing issues.

How is an informative essay different from other essays?

When writing an informative essay, explain a topic as objectively as possible, unless otherwise directed by your professor. The clue is in the name—an informative essay delivers information and not much else.

• Journalism is informative in nature, as the facts are presumably presented without bias. The audience gets to decide for themselves what they think about these facts.
• Remember that true objectivity is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain.

In contrast, an explanatory essay explores viewpoints surrounding an issue. Moreover, it may suggest why one opinion is superior to another. Because it serves only to educate, there is less emphasis on supporting arguments with evidence.

• There are also many similarities between an informative essay and an explanatory essay.
• Writers of both essays are trying to help the reader understand something new.
• The only real difference is that an informative essay helps readers understand a new set of facts, while an explanatory essay explains why certain opinions have resulted from those facts.

Why is an informative essay important?

Informative essays help readers understand the facts without adding bias. These types of essays teach students how to impart information without trying to influence people to think in one way or another.

Informative essays test your ability to

• write objectively
• conduct credible research

Planning your informative essay

Choose a topic.

The first step is to choose a topic for your informative essay. Pick a topic that interests you, as this will help you stay motivated.

• Choose a topic that appeals to a wider audience, especially if your instructor requires you to give an accompanying presentation with your essay.
• It’s easier to educate your audience if they’re learning about something they are interested in.
• Avoid essays about a very esoteric topic that few would know about; always avoid specific jargon that a general academic audience would not understand.

Finally, it’s a good idea to choose a topic that you already know about. If you have a solid understanding of a subject’s background, you will probably find it easier to research the topic and quickly find important facts. With that said, your instructor may choose your topic, or you may enjoy the challenge of writing about something totally new.

Conduct research

The next step is to research the topic for your informative essay. Because an informative essay is based on facts and not opinions, it’s important to choose proper sources when researching your topic. Keep the following in mind:

• Look for sources with well-established facts.
• Use primary sources when possible.
•  For example, if you are writing about a famous speech or text, use the original or “primary” document rather than a “secondary” commentary about the speech or otherwise altered source.
• Secondary sources can still be helpful if they are unbiased and academic in nature.
• The best sources for an informative essay help you clearly define your subject.

Research tips:

• Using a variety of sources will give you more credibility.
• Remember to check the reliability of each source you choose and make sure that “the facts” are widely accepted by subject matter experts.
• Take notes and bookmark sources that you want to use.
• Save all publication data for correct documentation in your Works Cited, Bibliography, or References section.
• Make sure you understand the format your instructor requires, usually MLA, APA, or Chicago style.
• Write down important quotes or statistics.

Create an outline

Next, create an outline. The outline is important because it helps you keep your thoughts and ideas organized. With a clear structure in place, you’ll find that the writing process is much easier once you begin the essay itself. Many instructors require this; some don’t. If it isn’t required and you don’t find outlines useful, skip this step.

If the outline is required, be sure to use the format you are writing the essay in. Refer to MLA or APA guides and model your outline after the examples you find in the guide’s index. Some require roman numerals; other styles require alphabetical notation.

You can outline in your own formal style if the assignment doesn’t require this step.

An informative essay outline generally consists of the following:

• introduction
• three or more body paragraphs

Writing your informative essay

Write the introduction.

Start with a sentence that grabs the reader’s attention. Your goal is to educate the reader, but that doesn’t mean you can’t get them interested in the subject they will learn about. Once you have the reader hooked, provide a generous amount of background information for the subject with a few sentences. Finish the introduction with a thesis statement.

Normally, a thesis statement would communicate an argument or point of view, but opinions do not belong in informative essays. Because of this, your thesis statement should essentially be a one-sentence clarification of the subject you’re focusing on. The thesis statement should also make the reader want to continue reading. During the introduction, you might want to touch on the where , who , why , what , how , and when of the topic.

Write the body paragraphs

The body paragraphs of an informative essay go into detail and explore important aspects of the subject you’re writing about. Each body paragraph should cover a different aspect of the topic, leaving readers with a more complete understanding of the subject.

• Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence introducing what you’ll be discussing.
• Once you’ve introduced the sub-topic, go into detail and support various facts with the evidence you discovered during your research.
• Try to use a variety of paraphrases, short direct quotes, and your own logical analysis.
• Be careful to avoid accidental plagiarism when paraphrasing or using quotes from outside sources.
• Any outside information must be cited correctly and/or attributed in your essay and reflected in the works cited or references at the end so your teacher can easily see where the information came from (and find it if they want to).

Remember, you can’t just throw your evidence out there and expect your reader to connect the dots on their own. Explain how this evidence relates to the subject and why it’s important.

To conclude each of your body paragraphs, write a single sentence summarizing what you’ve just discussed and how it relates to the main topic. If you can, try to transition into the next body paragraph in a smooth, flowing manner.

Write the conclusion

Once you’ve finished your body paragraphs, it’s time to wrap your informative essay up with a strong conclusion. Start your conclusion by restating your thesis. Remind the reader about the topic, but use different language compared to the thesis in your introduction.

Next, mention why the information you’ve just delivered is relevant.

• How can the reader use this information in the future?
• What is its impact?
• Why is this information valuable for the average person?
• Can you think of examples of how they might make use of this information in the future?

Finish your conclusion (and your entire essay) with a sentence that leaves a strong impact on the reader.

Hammer home the importance of the subject you’ve just explored in a new way that you haven’t already used in your essay.

A tried-and-true method is to use a powerful quote related to your subject—something that sums up what your subject truly means.

You might even end with an open-ended question that leaves the reader with larger ideas to connect.

Editing your informative essay

After you’ve finished the draft, read it over as many times as you can in order to search for grammar mistakes.

Try to make the language more coherent and flowing. Ensure that you’re using evidence and citing your sources in the correct manner.

Once you’re sure that you’ve found even the smallest errors, find a classmate or peer willing to read over your essay and give you advice. In return, you can also edit their essay.

• Some teachers are happy to review your draft and offer suggestions before you turn in the final draft.
• If you are a college student, check to see if there is a writing lab you can visit for some suggestions on improvement.

Example informative essay

Before you turn in that paper, don’t forget to cite your sources in APA format , MLA format , or a style of your choice.

Additional tips for writing an informative essay

• Be careful to leave out bias: write as objectively as possible.
• Use a variety of credible sources.
• Transition between ideas and paragraphs to help the essay flow.
• Avoid redundancy, wordiness, and unnecessary repetition.
• Stay on topic: avoid going on long tangents.
• Use the correct academic reference/citation style based on your instructor and discipline.
• Be aware of your audience and write accordingly.

By Andrew Block. Andrew received his BA in English from the University of South Carolina and his MA from the University of New Mexico. After more than a decade as a faculty member in a community college, he has worked in client success for an educational technology company since 2018.

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Informative Essay — Purpose, Structure, and Examples

What is informative writing.

Informative writing educates the reader about a certain topic. An informative essay may explain new information, describe a process, or clarify a concept. The provided information is objective, meaning the writing focuses on presentation of fact and should not contain personal opinion or bias.

Informative writing includes description, process, cause and effect, comparison, and problems and possible solutions:

Describes a person, place, thing, or event using descriptive language that appeals to readers’ senses

Explains the process to do something or how something was created

Discusses the relationship between two things, determining how one ( cause ) leads to the other ( effect ); the effect needs to be based on fact and not an assumption

Identifies the similarities and differences between two things; does not indicate that one is better than the other

Details a problem and presents various possible solutions ; the writer does not suggest one solution is more effective than the others

Purpose of informative writing

The purpose of an informative essay depends upon the writer’s motivation, but may be to share new information, describe a process, clarify a concept, explain why or how, or detail a topic’s intricacies.

Informative essays may introduce readers to new information .

Summarizing a scientific/technological study

Outlining the various aspects of a religion

Providing information on a historical period

Describe a process or give step-by-step details of a procedure.

How to write an informational essay

How to construct an argument

How to apply for a job

Clarify a concept and offer details about complex ideas.

Explain why or how something works the way that it does.

Describe how the stock market impacts the economy

Illustrate why there are high and low tides

Detail how the heart functions

Offer information on the smaller aspects or intricacies of a larger topic.

Identify the importance of the individual bones in the body

Outlining the Dust Bowl in the context of the Great Depression

Explaining how bees impact the environment

How to write an informative essay

Regardless of the type of information, the informative essay structure typically consists of an introduction, body, and conclusion.

Introduction

Background information

Explanation of evidence

Restated thesis

Review of main ideas

Closing statement

Informative essay introduction

When composing the introductory paragraph(s) of an informative paper, include a hook, introduce the topic, provide background information, and develop a good thesis statement.

If the hook or introduction creates interest in the first paragraph, it will draw the readers’ attention and make them more receptive to the essay writer's ideas. Some of the most common techniques to accomplish this include the following:

Emphasize the topic’s importance by explaining the current interest in the topic or by indicating that the subject is influential.

Use pertinent statistics to give the paper an air of authority.

A surprising statement can be shocking; sometimes it is disgusting; sometimes it is joyful; sometimes it is surprising because of who said it.

An interesting incident or anecdote can act as a teaser to lure the reader into the remainder of the essay. Be sure that the device is appropriate for the informative essay topic and focus on what is to follow.

Directly introduce the topic of the essay.

Provide the reader with the background information necessary to understand the topic. Don’t repeat this information in the body of the essay; it should help the reader understand what follows.

Identify the overall purpose of the essay with the thesis (purpose statement). Writers can also include their support directly in the thesis, which outlines the structure of the essay for the reader.

Informative essay body paragraphs

Each body paragraph should contain a topic sentence, evidence, explanation of evidence, and a transition sentence.

A good topic sentence should identify what information the reader should expect in the paragraph and how it connects to the main purpose identified in the thesis.

Provide evidence that details the main point of the paragraph. This includes paraphrasing, summarizing, and directly quoting facts, statistics, and statements.

Explain how the evidence connects to the main purpose of the essay.

Place transitions at the end of each body paragraph, except the last. There is no need to transition from the last support to the conclusion. A transition should accomplish three goals:

Tell the reader where you were (current support)

Tell the reader where you are going (next support)

Relate the paper’s purpose

Informative essay conclusion

Incorporate a rephrased thesis, summary, and closing statement into the conclusion of an informative essay.

Rephrase the purpose of the essay. Do not just repeat the purpose statement from the thesis.

Summarize the main idea found in each body paragraph by rephrasing each topic sentence.

End with a clincher or closing statement that helps readers answer the question “so what?” What should the reader take away from the information provided in the essay? Why should they care about the topic?

Informative essay example

The following example illustrates a good informative essay format:

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Informative Essay Guide

Informative Essay Outline

Last updated on: Jun 20, 2023

Learn How to Create an Informative Essay Outline

By: Jared P.

Reviewed By: Melisa C.

Published on: Jun 1, 2021

An informative essay is written to educate readers on a particular topic. This type of essay can be written for several purposes, such as defining a term or comparing and contrasting something. This type of essay doesn’t require your opinion on the topic.

The purpose of writing an informative essay is to educate others on a certain topic. You should not express your opinion and do not try to persuade others to take a certain action.

If you are writing an informative essay for the first time, better create an outline first. The informative essay outline will help you structure your essay in the best way possible.

In this blog, you will learn about the basic rules for creating an informative essay outline. These guidelines and a sample outline are designed to help students get started with their projects successfully.

On this Page

What is an Informative Essay Outline?

An informative essay outline is like a checklist or action plan that you need to complete. The outline helps the writer not to lose focus while working on the essay. Creating an outline is not necessary, but expert writers recommend it. An outline is the only way not to get lost in the middle of the writing process.

The purpose of an outline for an informative essay is to highlight ideas that you want to include in your essay.

Writing an outline is important because of the basic structure that it provides. In addition, the outline should contain some specific details regarding the layout of the essay. Creating an outline prior to the essay writing process is the key to writing a successful essay.

Outline Your Way to Writing Excellence!

How to Write an Informative Essay Outline?

The layout of an informative essay is similar to other types of academic essays. These include argumentative essays, persuasive essays, narrative essays, etc.

The outline for an informative essay should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Understanding what to include in each part of the informative essay is very important for a successful informative essay.

Informative Essay Introduction

Any idea how to start an informative essay?

Remember this is the section where you need to introduce your topic and provide a thesis statement. In a few lines, introduce the topic you are writing your essay on and provide some background information.

The introduction should end with a strong thesis statement. This statement should tell the audience what direction your essay is going to take. Therefore, make sure the thesis statement is brief, clear, and concise.

Tips for Writing an Effective Introduction:

• Make sure to narrow down the scope of your essay.
• There must be a connection between your introduction and thesis statement.
• Hook your readers at the start of your introductory paragraph.

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Informative Essay Body Paragraphs

The main body of an informative essay is usually composed of three paragraphs. There are two things that you should consider while composing the body paragraphs of an informative essay. One is the target point, and the second is supporting facts.

Each body paragraph of an informative essay should begin with an idea (topic sentence). This is one sentence statement on which the whole paragraph will be based on. This statement must be in cohesion with the thesis statement written in the introductory paragraph.

After that, provide supporting evidence from the most credible sources. The evidence you provide must relate to your main target point. Don’t forget to quote sources and properly cite information to avoid plagiarism.

At the end of each body paragraph, summarize your points and explain their relevance to the thesis statement. Effective body paragraphs for an informative essay depend on the following points.

• Making a claim
• Evidence in support of the claim
• Provide an explanation in the last

The informative essay can have more than three body paragraphs depending upon the chosen topic.

Tips for Effective Body Paragraphs:

• Do not provide your opinion or point of view on the topic.
• Completely rely on facts and research.
• Discuss the strongest point in the first body paragraph.
• Don’t forget to use transition words for a smooth flow of information in your body paragraphs.

Informative Essay Conclusion

This is the last part where you need to wrap up your information. Begin the conclusion by restating the thesis statement. After that, write about your major arguments and their purpose. The goal of the conclusion is to provide the reason for your informative essay and its importance in the real world.

The conclusion should describe the purpose of your informative essay and what it means for your readers. You should summarize your key arguments and provide a strong closing statement to summarize all your key points.

Tips for a Strong Conclusion:

• Highlight the key points of your argument.
• Do not introduce any new ideas in the conclusion.
• Restate the thesis in other similar words and terms.

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Informative Essay Outline Template Free

Most of the essay outline contain the same elements. But each essay outline has particular points that you need to focus on. It is important to be well-aware of the distinctive features to come up with a good informative paper.

INFORMATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE ELEMENTARY

5Th TO 8TH GRADE INFORMATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE TEMPLATE

INFORMATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE TEMPLATE FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL

INFORMATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE HIGH SCHOOL

INFORMATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS

Informative Essay Outline Example

Wondering where you can get free informative essay outline examples? Having a well-written example in hand will help you in coming up with successful work. You can easily find many informative essay examples online for your help.

5 PARAGRAPH INFORMATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE

Sample Informative Essay Outline

Hopefully, the above guidelines and examples help you in writing a great informative essay. However, informative writing is sometimes not easy, especially when you are working on an unfamiliar topic.

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Jared P. is a renowned author and writing service provider with over fifteen years of experience in the publishing industry. He has a Ph.D. degree in English Literature and has spent his entire career helping students achieve their academic goals by providing expert writing assistance.

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How to Write an Informative Essay | A Step-by-Step Guide

Writing an essay, regardless of the type or format, can be a daunting task. However, with the right approach and understanding of the essay format, you can make the process more manageable. In this blog, we will provide a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to write an informative essay effectively. Whether you are a student working on an assignment or someone seeking to share information with others, this guide will equip you with the necessary tools to create a well-structured and informative piece of writing.

To begin with, selecting an appropriate topic is crucial for an informative essay. Consider your audience and purpose, and choose a topic that is both interesting and informative. Conduct thorough research to gather relevant information from credible sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites. Taking organized notes and keeping track of your sources will help you in the later stages of writing.

Next, create an outline that will serve as a roadmap for your essay. Start with an attention-grabbing introduction that provides background information and ends with a clear thesis statement. Divide the body of your essay into paragraphs, each addressing a specific aspect or supporting point. Support your arguments with evidence, examples, and analysis. Finally, summarize the main points in a concise conclusion that reinforces your thesis statement and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

By following these steps and paying attention to the details of essay writing, such as the essay format and structure, you can confidently write an informative essay that engages and educates your audience. Remember to utilize informative essay examples and informative essay topics as sources of inspiration and guidance. If you find yourself struggling, you can seek help from essay services that specialize in writing and editing. With a well-structured essay and a compelling thesis statement, you can effectively convey your message and provide valuable information to your readers.

Understanding the Essay Format In an Informative Essay

Before delving into the process of writing an essay, it is essential to understand the essay format. Whether you’re working on a research paper, an informative essay, or any other type of writing assignment, the essay format remains consistent. It consists of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction is crucial as it serves as the gateway to your essay, captivating the reader’s attention. It should include an essay topic, an engaging thesis statement, and an essay outline that highlights the main points to be discussed. Once you’ve hooked the reader, the body paragraphs come into play. They provide a detailed exploration of your thesis statement, supported by research and examples. To ensure coherence, it’s important to use an essay outline format that clearly organizes your ideas. Each paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting evidence, and analysis. Finally, the conclusion wraps up your essay by summarizing the key points and reinforcing the main argument, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.

Writing an essay involves several steps that begin with selecting suitable research paper topics or informative essay topics. Once you have chosen a topic, it’s time to create an essay outline. This outline acts as a roadmap, guiding you through the writing process. A w ell-structured essay outline example will ensure that your essay flows smoothly. With your outline in place, you can start developing the content. Conduct thorough research using reputable sources, such as academic journals and books, to gather information and support your arguments. Take note of relevant details and organize your research material. This will serve as a solid foundation for your essay or research paper. As you start writing, pay attention to the essay format example and the introduction essay examples. Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that articulates the main argument of your essay. Remember, an informative essay introduction must be compelling and provide a glimpse of what’s to come. Follow your essay outline , dedicating each body paragraph to a specific supporting point or idea. The conclusion should summarize the key points discussed and leave the reader with a strong impression. If you need assistance, there are essay services available that can help you with writing, formatting, and structuring your essay or research paper.

Selecting an Informative Essay Topic

When it comes to writing an essay, particularly an informative one, understanding the essay format and structure is essential. Knowing how to write an essay effectively involves following a specific essay format that includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The essay format serves as a guideline for organizing your thoughts and presenting information in a logical and coherent manner. Additionally, creating an essay outline can greatly assist in structuring your writing. A well-crafted outline provides a roadmap for your essay, helping you stay focused and ensuring that you cover all the necessary points. It helps you organize your ideas, decide on the order of your arguments, and create smooth transitions between paragraphs. By following the proper essay format and utilizing an outline, you can present your ideas clearly and concisely, making your essay more impactful.

Choosing a topic for an informative essay is a crucial step in the writing process. Research paper topics, personal experiences, and current events can all serve as excellent starting points. It’s important to select a topic that not only interests you but also provides valuable information to your readers. Once you have chosen a topic, conducting thorough research is essential. This research will help you gather relevant information and supporting evidence to back up your claims and make your essay more credible. Having a clear thesis statement is also crucial in an informative essay, as it sets the direction for your writing and guides your readers. Overall, selecting an informative essay topic , conducting comprehensive research, and developing a strong thesis statement are key elements in creating an engaging and informative essay that effectively communicates your message to your audience.

Conducting Research and Creating an Outline

Once you have chosen a topic for your essay, it is essential to follow a structured approach to ensure a well-written and informative piece. Start by conducting thorough research to gather relevant and reliable information from credible sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites. Utilize these sources to find supporting evidence, examples, and expert opinions that strengthen your arguments and lend credibility to your writing. As you delve into your research, take organized notes and keep track of your sources for proper referencing. This will help you create an essay outline that outlines the main points and subtopics you want to cover, ensuring a coherent and logical flow in your writing.

The essay format typically consists of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, provide an overview of your topic, engage the reader’s interest, and present a clear thesis statement that outlines your main argument. The body paragraphs should each focus on a specific point or idea related to your thesis statement. Support each point with evidence, examples, and analysis to strengthen your arguments . Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs to maintain the coherence of your essay. Finally, in the conclusion, summarize your main points, restate your thesis, and provide a closing thought or reflection on the topic.

Writing an essay can be a daunting task, but with proper research, organization, and adherence to the essay structure, you can produce a well-crafted and informative piece of writing. If you find yourself struggling, there are essay services available that can provide guidance and assistance throughout the writing process. Remember to proofread and edit your essay before submission to ensure clarity, coherence, and proper grammar and spelling.

Writing the Introduction

The introduction is a critical component of any essay, and understanding how to write an effective one is crucial. When writing an essay, it is important to follow a specific format and structure to ensure clarity and coherence. One common format is the research paper outline, which helps to organize your thoughts and ideas before you begin writing . By following an outline, you can ensure that your essay has a logical flow and covers all the necessary points.

To illustrate the essay format and structure, it can be helpful to refer to an essay example. Examining a well-written essay can provide insight into how to organize your own writing and present your ideas effectively. By analyzing the essay outline and structure, you can gain a better understanding of how to create a cohesive and well-structured essay .

There are different types of essays, each with its own unique characteristics and purposes. Some common types include informative essays, personal essays , and persuasive essays. Understanding the different essay types can help you choose the appropriate approach and style for your topic. It’s important to select a topic that is both interesting and manageable, and that aligns with the requirements of your assignment.

If you need assistance with your essay, there are various essay services available that can provide writing help, proofreading, and editing. These services can be particularly useful if you’re struggling with certain aspects of your essay or need guidance in refining your ideas. Hence, understanding the essay format, conducting proper research, creating an outline, and selecting an appropriate topic are crucial steps in the essay writing process. By following these steps and utilizing the available resources, you can enhance your essay writing skills and produce well-structured, engaging, and informative essays .

Developing Body Paragraphs

When writing an essay, it is crucial to follow a proper essay format and structure. The body paragraphs of your essay play a vital role in presenting your ideas and supporting your thesis statement. To effectively convey your message, start each paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea. This helps to maintain clarity and organization throughout your essay . As you delve into each paragraph, provide relevant evidence, such as statistics, research findings, or expert opinions, to support your claims. Including real-life examples and situations can make your content more relatable and understandable to the reader.

Furthermore, it is essential to consider different types of essays and their specific requirements. For instance, when writing an informative essay, your focus is on providing valuable information and insights on a particular topic. In this case, you need to choose informative essay topics that are engaging and relevant. Additionally, ensure that your essay has a clear introduction that grabs the reader’s attention and includes examples or personal essay examples to make it more relatable. Developing an informative essay outline can help you structure your content in a logical and coherent manner.

When conducting research for your essay, create a research paper outline to organize your findings and ideas. This outline format serves as a roadmap for your essay, guiding you on what information to include in each paragraph. It helps to maintain a s mooth flow of ideas and ensures that you cover all the necessary points. Additionally, properly citing and referencing all the sources used in your essay is essential to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism.

If you need assistance with your essay, GradeSmiths is available to provide comprehensive guidance and support. Our range of services includes essay writing, where our expert writers can help you craft a well-structured and engaging essay. We can also assist you in developing an outline that effectively organizes your ideas and arguments, ensuring a coherent flow throughout your paper. Additionally, our team can refine your thesis statement, helping you to articulate a clear and concise focus for your essay.

Formatting your essay correctly is essential, and GradeSmiths can ensure that your essay adheres to the required style, whether it be APA, MLA , or any other formatting guidelines. Our experienced editors will meticulously review your essay to guarantee proper formatting, citation, and referencing. If you are struggling to find suitable research paper topics, our knowledgeable team can provide suggestions that align with your subject area and interests. Furthermore, if you are pressed for time or simply need some extra assistance, our writers can even collaborate with you to write the essay from start to finish, ensuring a high-quality and well-crafted final product.

At GradeSmiths , we understand the challenges that students face when it comes to essay writing, and our goal is to alleviate your stress and help you achieve academic success. Our team of skilled professionals is dedicated to providing top-notch assistance tailored to your specific needs. So, if you require any support with your essay, don’t hesitate to reach out to GradeSmiths . We are here to help you every step of the way.

Structuring the Conclusion

When it comes to structuring the conclusion of your essay, it is essential to consider several key elements to ensure a comprehensive and impactful ending. The conclusion serves as the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your reader and reinforce the main points discussed throughout your essay . Additionally, incorporating your provided keywords will further enhance the content. Let’s explore the key components to include:

• Summarize the Main Points: Begin your conclusion by summarizing the main arguments and ideas presented in your essay. This serves as a reminder to your reader of the key takeaways and provides a cohesive overview of the entire essay .
• Restate the Thesis Statement: While avoiding repetition, restate your thesis statement in a fresh and impactful manner. Use different words or sentence structure to reinforce the central theme or argument of your essay. This restatement helps to solidify your message and emphasize its importance.
• Avoid Introducing New Information: One crucial rule in conclusion writing is to refrain from introducing new information. The conclusion should primarily focus on reinforcing and synthesizing the existing content. Including new ideas can confuse or dilute the overall impact of your essay .
• Provide a Thought-Provoking Ending: Aim to conclude your essay with a thought-provoking statement or idea that resonates with your reader. This could be a reflection, a call to action, or a rhetorical question that encourages further exploration or consideration of the topic.

By skillfully structuring your conclusion with these elements, you can create a powerful and memorable ending for your essay. The summarized main points and restated thesis statement reinforce the core message, while the absence of new information ensures clarity and focus. Finally, ending with a thought-provoking statement leaves a lasting impression on your reader and prompts them to engage further with the subject matter.

Polishing Your Essay

When it comes to writing an essay , the process doesn’t end with completing the initial draft. It is crucial to invest time in polishing and refining your work to ensure its quality and effectiveness. One of the first steps in this process is to thoroughly proofread your essay, checking for any grammar or spelling errors. This careful review helps to ensure that your writing is clear, professional, and free from mistakes . Additionally, pay close attention to the coherence and flow of your essay by reading it aloud or seeking feedback from others. This step allows you to identify areas that may require further clarification or restructuring. Revise your sentence structure and word choice to enhance readability and engage your readers effectively. Simplify any complex or convoluted sentences to make your ideas more accessible. By devoting time to polish your essay , you can elevate its overall quality and leave a lasting impression on your audience.

Citing Sources and References

Maintaining academic integrity is of utmost importance when writing an essay. To demonstrate the credibility of your work and acknowledge the contributions of other authors, it is essential to include proper citations and references for any external sources used . Familiarize yourself with the required citation style for your essay, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, and adhere to its guidelines meticulously. Throughout your essay, ensure that all in-text citations are accurately formatted and correspond to the entries in your bibliography or reference page. Consistency and accuracy are key in this process. Compile a comprehensive bibliography or reference list that encompasses all the sources cited in your essay. Double-check the accuracy of each entry, including authors’ names, publication dates, titles, and page numbers. By appropriately citing your sources and providing accurate references, you demonstrate your respect for intellectual property and contribute to the scholarly conversation. Following these guidelines for citing sources and references helps maintain the academic integrity of your essay and enhances its credibility.

Finalizing Your Essay

When it comes to finalizing your essay, there are several important steps to take to ensure that your work meets the necessary requirements and is ready for submission. It is crucial to pay attention to detail and make any necessary adjustments. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the finalization process:

• Formatting and Styling: Before submitting your essay, make sure to format it according to the given guidelines. Adjust the font style and size, margins, line spacing, and indentation as required. Consistency in formatting throughout your essay enhances its visual appeal and readability.
• Review Assignment Requirements: Double-check that you have met all the assignment requirements, including the word count and any specific instructions or prompts. Ensure that your essay aligns with the expectations set by your instructor or the assignment guidelines.
• Proofreading and Editing: Take the time to thoroughly proofread your essay for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Correct any typos, awkward phrasing, or unclear sentences. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and coherent. Reading your essay aloud or asking someone else to review it can help you identify areas that need improvement .
• Citations and References: Verify that you have properly cited all the sources used in your essay. Follow the required citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, and ensure accuracy and consistency throughout your essay. Create a bibliography or reference page that lists all the sources cited in your essay.

Overall Coherence and Flow: Read your essay from start to finish to evaluate its overall coherence and logical flow. Ensure that each paragraph connects smoothly to the next and that your ideas progress in a logical and organized manner. Make necessary revisions to improve the clarity and cohesion of your essay.

Writing an informative essay is a process that requires careful planning, research, and organization. By following the step-by-step guide provided, you can confidently navigate the essay writing journey and produce high-quality work. It all starts with selecting a suitable topic that is interesting and relevant to your audience. Conduct thorough research and gather credible information to support your ideas.

Creating a solid outline helps you structure your essay and ensures that you cover all the necessary points. Focus on developing well-structured paragraphs that clearly present your ideas and provide supporting evidence. Throughout the writing process, be mindful of polishing your essay by proofreading it for errors and refining your writing style to enhance clarity and impact.

At GradeSmiths , we understand the challenges of writing an informative essay. That’s why we offer comprehensive essay services to provide guidance and support at every stage of the writing process. Our experienced writers can help you with essay formatting, proofreading, and refining your content to ensure a polished and impressive final product. Trust GradeSmiths to assist you in crafting compelling and informative essays that captivate readers and convey valuable information.

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Writing a Research Paper

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The Research Paper

There will come a time in most students' careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often creates a great deal of unneeded anxiety in the student, which may result in procrastination and a feeling of confusion and inadequacy. This anxiety frequently stems from the fact that many students are unfamiliar and inexperienced with this genre of writing. Never fear—inexperience and unfamiliarity are situations you can change through practice! Writing a research paper is an essential aspect of academics and should not be avoided on account of one's anxiety. In fact, the process of writing a research paper can be one of the more rewarding experiences one may encounter in academics. What is more, many students will continue to do research throughout their careers, which is one of the reasons this topic is so important.

Becoming an experienced researcher and writer in any field or discipline takes a great deal of practice. There are few individuals for whom this process comes naturally. Remember, even the most seasoned academic veterans have had to learn how to write a research paper at some point in their career. Therefore, with diligence, organization, practice, a willingness to learn (and to make mistakes!), and, perhaps most important of all, patience, students will find that they can achieve great things through their research and writing.

The pages in this section cover the following topic areas related to the process of writing a research paper:

• Genre - This section will provide an overview for understanding the difference between an analytical and argumentative research paper.
• Choosing a Topic - This section will guide the student through the process of choosing topics, whether the topic be one that is assigned or one that the student chooses themselves.
• Identifying an Audience - This section will help the student understand the often times confusing topic of audience by offering some basic guidelines for the process.
• Where Do I Begin - This section concludes the handout by offering several links to resources at Purdue, and also provides an overview of the final stages of writing a research paper.

Chapter 30.1: Exploratory Essays and Informative Research Papers

Part 6: chapter 30.1.

In English 1110, if you have not completed this process, you may want to begin by utilizing your first paper, the personal narrative, as a springboard for learning about research in college writing. What experiences have helped formulate your ideas or position on a topic? How can your experiences help you develop your research questions?

To begin, let’s learn about the differences between an Exploratory Essay and an Informative Research Report:

The Exploratory Essay is often introduced as a research project that presents a set of different questions about a topic and attempts to answers these questions through informal sources such as non-specific Google searches and strategic Google searches, or article databases including newspapers and magazines. This type of essay is written from the perspective of someone who seeks general answers and encourages students to begin learning basic citation formatting and practice honing keyword lists to navigate online search engines while applying evaluation tools to assess the reliability of these sources.

The Informative Research Report is a report that relays the results of a central research question in an organized manner through more formal sources. These resources could include Google Scholar, library catalogs and academic article databases, websites of relevant agencies, and Google searches using (site: *.gov or site: *.org). A report is written from the perspective of someone who is seeking to find specific and in-depth information about a certain aspect of a topic.

The Research Process

According to Successful College Composition, no matter what field of study you pursue, you will most likely be asked to compose a research project in your college degree program and to apply the skills of research and writing in your career. This process is similar to the process professionals use when they begin a research project. Learning this research process allows students to complete research to answer specific questions, to share their findings with others, to increase their understanding of challenging topics, and to strengthen their analytical skills. Practicing these skills will help prepare students for future academic tasks and professional writing tasks.

Having to complete a research project may feel intimidating at first. After all, researching and composing requires time, effort, and organization. However, its challenges have rewards. The research process allows you to gain expertise on a topic of your choice.

The writing process helps you to remember what you learned, to understand it on a deeper level, and to develop expertise. Thus, writing a research paper can be a great opportunity to explore a question and topic that particularly interests you and to grow as a person.

Exploratory Essays

The exploratory essay serves as an early and informal entry into research where students can continue to explore multiple issues related to their narrative assignment and ask, “what questions about myself or my community emerge from this narrative?”

Many college writing assignments call for you to establish a position and defend that position with an effective argument. However, some assignments are not argumentative but exploratory in nature. Exploratory essays ask questions and gather information that may answer these questions. However, the main point of the exploratory essay is not to find definite answers. The main point is to conduct inquiry into a topic, gather information, and share that information with readers.

Using your narrative as springboard, students will explore multiple issues related to their personal narrative assignment. For example, a student who writes a narrative about generational language loss may choose to research language policies in the U.S., or, a student who writes a community narrative about being a bicyclist in New Mexico might research cyclists’ rights to the road and national vs. statewide safety statistics. Your goal is to ask questions about your topic, find sources to help you answer those questions, and determine if the sources you found are helpful. For more information, review this Exploratory Essay PowerPoint .

Sources, according to Writing in College , can be categorized in four tiers according to type, content, uses, and research methods.

Students begin learning basic citation formatting during this process. As you consider your narrative, you will learn to utilize that information to begin honing keyword lists to navigate online search engines while applying evaluation tools to assess the reliability of these sources. The Exploratory Essay draws primarily from resources found in tiers 3 and 4:

Tier 3. Short pieces from periodicals or credible websites

A step below the well-developed reports and feature articles that make up Tier 2 are the short tidbits that one finds in newspapers and magazines or credible websites. How short is a short news article? Usually, they’re just a couple paragraphs or less, and they’re often reporting on just one concept: an event, an interesting research finding, or a policy change. They don’t take extensive research and analysis to write, and many just summarize a press release written and distributed by an organization or business. They may describe issues like corporate mergers, newly discovered diet-health links, or important school-funding legislation.

You may want to cite Tier 3 sources in your paper if they provide an important factoid or two that isn’t provided by a higher-tier piece, but if the Tier 3 article describes a particular study or academic expert, your best bet is to find the journal article or book it is reporting on and use that Tier 1 source instead. If the article mentions which journal the study was published in, you can access that journal through your library website. What counts as a credible website in this tier? You may need some guidance from instructors or librarians, but you can learn a lot by examining the person or organization providing the information (look for an “About” link). For example, if the organization is clearly agenda-driven or not up-front about its aims and/or funding sources, then it is not a source you want to cite as a neutral authority. Also look for signs of expertise. A quote about a medical research finding written by someone with a science background carries more weight than the same topic written by a policy analyst. These sources are sometimes uncertain, which is all the more reason to follow the trail to a Tier 1 or Tier 2 source whenever possible.

Tier 4. Agenda-driven or pieces from unknown sources

Tier 4 sources can be helpful in identifying interesting topics, positions within a debate, keywords to search on, and, sometimes, higher-tier sources on the topic. They often play a critically important role in the early part of the research process, but they generally aren’t (and shouldn’t be) cited in the final paper. Entering keywords into Google and reviewing those results is a fine way to begin your research, but don’t stop there. Start a list of the people, organizations, sources, and keywords that seem most relevant to your topic. For example, suppose you’ve been assigned a research paper about the impact of linen production and trade on the ancient world. A quick Google search reveals that (1) linen comes from the flax plant, (2) the scientific name for flax is Linum usitatissimum, (3) Egypt dominated linen production at the height of its empire, and (4) Alex J. Warden published a book about ancient linen trade in 1867. Similarly, you found some useful search terms to try instead of “ancient world” (antiquity, Egyptian empire, ancient Egypt, ancient Mediterranean) and some generalizations for linen (fabric, textiles, or weaving). Now you have a starting point to tap into the library catalog and academic article databases.

Suggestions for Organizing Exploratory Essays

Introduction.

Your introduction should be the platform for your essay. Here, you will introduce important context – you can begin by providing general background information and set up a “map” of what the paper will discuss. There are several goals for the introduction. First, state the importance of this topic – the introduction should also compel the audience to read further and create interest in the topic. Second, state the questions or topic of exploration that initiated this research – this can be one or several sentences or questions that states what the author is interested in finding out, why, and how they intend to complete the research process Third, provide a brief overview of the types of sources you researched during your inquiry to establish your credibility.

Body Paragraphs

As you shift into writing your essay, work to create body paragraphs that discuss the inquiry process you followed to research your topic. These paragraphs should include the following:

• A question you have about your topic. You should begin each body paragraph with a different question.
• Introduction of source (title, author, type of media, publisher, publication date, etc.) and why you chose to use it in your exploration.
• Important information you found in the source regarding your topic; include a direct quote using P.I.E. (See ch. 9.1)
• Explain why the information is important and dependable in relation to the topic.
• Some personal introspection on how the source helped you, encouraged you to think differently about the problem, or even fell short of your expectations and led you in a new direction in your research, which forms a transition into your next source.

The conclusion should provide a general overview of what has been discussed. Here, bring up questions regarding the topic you explored and if the sources you found were helpful in answering these questions. Consider stating what other questions surfaced through your research and focus on; you will use one or a few of these questions that will drive your inquiries for the Informative Research Report.

Informative Research Reports

The purpose of an informative essay, sometimes called an expository essay, is to educate others on a certain topic. Typically, these essays aim to answer the 5 Ws and H questions: who, what, where, when, why, and how. For this essay, you will focus on one or two driving questions about your topic , which will drive your research and help you reach a conclusion. The question can be one that emerged from your Exploratory Essay or it can be a brand-new question about your topic that you are interested in researching.

The point of an informative essay is not to convince others to take a certain action or stance; that role is expressly reserved for persuasive essays. Instead, the main objective is to highlight specific information about your topic. In this project, you may be asking “after researching general aspects about my narrative, what do I want others to understand about it?” Of course, if your informative essay is interesting enough, it may move readers to learn more about the subject, but they’ll have to come to that on their own, thanks to the wealth of interesting information you present.

Now that you have spent time considering different aspects of your topic in your exploratory essay, you will continue your research through our CNM library resources to help inform a larger audience about your topic. The final unit builds upon students’ existing research skills and introduces them to library resources and other higher-level tiered resources. Students should have a clearer idea of their research topic and can begin exploring common challenges to finding relevant sources and managing them (recording citation details, quoting, paraphrasing, citing). For more information, review Structuring an Informational Report .

The Informative Research Report draws primarily from resources found in tiers 1 and 2 according to the research table in Writing in College :

Tier 1: Peer-reviewed academic publications

These are sources from the mainstream academic literature: books and scholarly articles. Academic books generally fall into three categories: (1) textbooks written with students in mind, (2) monographs which give an extended report on a large research project, and (3) edited volumes in which each chapter is authored by different people. Scholarly articles appear in academic journals, which are published multiple times a year in order to share the latest research findings with scholars in the field. They’re usually sponsored by some academic society. To get published, these articles and books had to earn favorable anonymous evaluations by qualified scholars.

Tier 2: Reports, articles and books from credible non-academic sources

Some events and trends are too recent to appear in Tier 1 sources. Also, Tier 1 sources tend to be highly specific, and sometimes you need a more general perspective on a topic. Thus, Tier 2 sources can provide quality information that is more accessible to non-academics. There are three main categories. First, official reports from government agencies or major international institutions like the World Bank or the United Nations ; these institutions generally have research departments staffed with qualified experts who seek to provide rigorous, even-handed information to decision-makers. Second, feature articles from major newspapers and magazines like the New York Times , Wall Street Journal , London Times , or The Economist are based on original reporting by experienced journalists (not press releases) and are typically 1500+ words in length. Third, there are some great books from non-academic presses that cite their sources; they’re often written by journalists. All three of these sources are generally well researched descriptions of an event or state of the world, undertaken by credentialed experts who generally seek to be even-handed.

Suggestions for Organizing Informative Research Reports                                                                                                         

The initial stage is an introduction, which should start with the sound hook sentence to engage the reader in what a writer plans to share. One example is: “A community is generally defined by people in a group who live together in a particular area, or a group of people who are considered a unit because of their shared interests or background.” Then, introduce the topic with its background in a couple of sentences. The writer will then end the paragraph with a powerful thesis statement, which points to the necessity of topic research. The writer’s goal is to do everything possible to lure the audience’s interest in the initial paragraph.

• Define the topic.
• Provide short background information.
• State who your intended audience is.
• State what your driving research question is.
• Create a thesis statement by identifying the scope of the informative essay (the main point you want your audience to understand about your topic).

The main purpose of the body paragraphs is to inform the target audience about the background/significance of your topic, or the answers to the 5 Ws and H driving questions that you focused your research on. Share some interesting facts, go into the possibly unknown details, or reflect a common knowledge in a new light to make readers intrigued. Body paragraphs should discuss the inquiry process you followed to research your topic. These paragraphs should include the following:

• Begin with a topic sentence; using one of the 5 Ws or H questions here will remind you and your readers what you will be focusing on in this paragraph.
• Introduce your sources in a sentence or two to summarize what the information revealed about your topic.
• Include a direct quote using P.I.E. and reflect on what the source illuminated about your question.

The conclusion is your opportunity to summarize the essay and hopefully spur the reader to want to learn more about the topic. Be sure to clearly reiterate the thesis statement. In your introduction, you may have laid out what would be covered in the essay. Offer a sentence or two reiterating what was learned about those topic areas. Finally, work to avoid adding any new information and questions in this final section of your writing.

• Reword the thesis sentence(s).
• Reiterate the key points of your research.
• Offer some forecasts for the future (example: “Hopefully now with a clearer understanding about free soloing and the rock-climbing community, others might understand the draw to such a seemingly risky sport…”).

This chapter is a synthesis of three texts:

Adapted from “Chapter 4.1” of Successful College Composition , 2016, used according to creative commons CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 , and  adapted from “Secondary Sources in Their Natural Habitat” of Writing in College, 2016, used according to creative commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 .

Sections are also written by Dr. Danizete Martinez, published by Central New Mexico Community College, 2020, and licensed according to Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 .

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How to Write a Research Essay

Last Updated: January 12, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Michelle Golden, PhD . Michelle Golden is an English teacher in Athens, Georgia. She received her MA in Language Arts Teacher Education in 2008 and received her PhD in English from Georgia State University in 2015. There are 11 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 387,173 times.

Research essays are extremely common assignments in high school, college, and graduate school, and are not unheard of in middle school. If you are a student, chances are you will sooner or later be faced with the task of researching a topic and writing a paper about it. Knowing how to efficiently and successfully do simple research, synthesize information, and clearly present it in essay form will save you many hours and a lot of frustration.

Researching a Topic

• Be sure to stay within the guidelines you are given by your teacher or professor. For example, if you are free to choose a topic but the general theme must fall under human biology, do not write your essay on plant photosynthesis.
• Stick with topics that are not overly complicated, especially if the subject is not something you plan to continue studying. There's no need to make things harder on yourself!

• Specialty books; these can be found at your local public or school library. A book published on your topic is a great resource and will likely be one of your most reliable options for finding quality information. They also contain lists of references where you can look for more information.
• Academic journals; these are periodicals devoted to scholarly research on a specific field of study. Articles in academic journals are written by experts in that field and scrutinized by other professionals to ensure their accuracy. These are great options if you need to find detailed, sophisticated information on your topic; avoid these if you are only writing a general overview.
• Online encyclopedias; the most reliable information on the internet can be found in online encyclopedias like Encyclopedia.com and Britannica.com. While online wikis can be very helpful, they sometimes contain unverified information that you should probably not rely upon as your primary resources.
• Expert interviews; if possible, interview an expert in the subject of your research. Experts can be professionals working in the field you are studying, professors with advanced degrees in the subject of interest, etc.

• Organize your notes by sub-topic to keep them orderly and so you can easily find references when you are writing.
• If you are using books or physical copies of magazines or journals, use sticky tabs to mark pages or paragraphs where you found useful information. You might even want to number these tabs to correspond with numbers on your note sheet for easy reference.
• By keeping your notes brief and simple, you can make them easier to understand and reference while writing. Don't make your notes so long and detailed that they essentially copy what's already written in your sources, as this won't be helpful to you.

• Sometimes the objective of your research will be obvious to you before you even begin researching the topic; other times, you may have to do a bit of reading before you can determine the direction you want your essay to take.
• If you have an objective in mind from the start, you can incorporate this into online searches about your topic in order to find the most relevant resources. For example, if your objective is to outline the environmental hazards of hydraulic fracturing practices, search for that exact phrase rather than just "hydraulic fracturing."

• Avoid asking your teacher to give you a topic. Unless your topic was assigned to you in the first place, part of the assignment is for you to choose a topic relevant to the broader theme of the class or unit. By asking your teacher to do this for you, you risk admitting laziness or incompetence.
• If you have a few topics in mind but are not sure how to develop objectives for some of them, your teacher can help with this. Plan to discuss your options with your teacher and come to a decision yourself rather than having him or her choose the topic for you from several options.

Organizing your Essay

• Consider what background information is necessary to contextualize your research topic. What questions might the reader have right out of the gate? How do you want the reader to think about the topic? Answering these kinds of questions can help you figure out how to set up your argument.
• Match your paper sections to the objective(s) of your writing. For example, if you are trying to present two sides of a debate, create a section for each and then divide them up according to the aspects of each argument you want to address.

• An outline can be as detailed or general as you want, so long as it helps you figure out how to construct the essay. Some people like to include a few sentences under each heading in their outline to create a sort of "mini-essay" before they begin writing. Others find that a simple ordered list of topics is sufficient. Do whatever works best for you.
• If you have time, write your outline a day or two before you start writing and come back to it several times. This will give you an opportunity to think about how the pieces of your essay will best fit together. Rearrange things in your outline as many times as you want until you have a structure you are happy with.

• Style guides tell you exactly how to quote passages, cite references, construct works cited sections, etc. If you are assigned a specific format, you must take care to adhere to guidelines for text formatting and citations.
• Some computer programs (such as EndNote) allow you to construct a library of resources which you can then set to a specific format type; then you can automatically insert in-text citations from your library and populate a references section at the end of the document. This is an easy way to make sure your citations match your assigned style format.

• You may wish to start by simply assigning yourself a certain number of pages per day. Divide the number of pages you are required to write by the number of days you have to finish the essay; this is the number of pages (minimum) that you must complete each day in order to pace yourself evenly.
• If possible, leave a buffer of at least one day between finishing your paper and the due date. This will allow you to review your finished product and edit it for errors. This will also help in case something comes up that slows your writing progress.

Writing your Essay

• Keep your introduction relatively short. For most papers, one or two paragraphs will suffice. For really long essays, you may need to expand this.
• Don't assume your reader already knows the basics of the topic unless it truly is a matter of common knowledge. For example, you probably don't need to explain in your introduction what biology is, but you should define less general terms such as "eukaryote" or "polypeptide chain."

• You may need to include a special section at the beginning of the essay body for background information on your topic. Alternatively, you can consider moving this to the introductory section, but only if your essay is short and only minimal background discussion is needed.
• This is the part of your paper where organization and structure are most important. Arrange sections within the body so that they flow logically and the reader is introduced to ideas and sub-topics before they are discussed further.
• Depending upon the length and detail of your paper, the end of the body might contain a discussion of findings. This kind of section serves to wrap up your main findings but does not explicitly state your conclusions (which should come in the final section of the essay).
• Avoid repetition in the essay body. Keep your writing concise, yet with sufficient detail to address your objective(s) or research question(s).

• Always use quotation marks when using exact quotes from another source. If someone already said or wrote the words you are using, you must quote them this way! Place your in-text citation at the end of the quote.
• To include someone else's ideas in your essay without directly quoting them, you can restate the information in your own words; this is called paraphrasing. Although this does not require quotation marks, it should still be accompanied by an in-text citation.

• Except for very long essays, keep your conclusion short and to the point. You should aim for one or two paragraphs, if possible.
• Conclusions should directly correspond to research discussed in the essay body. In other words, make sure your conclusions logically connect to the rest of your essay and provide explanations when necessary.
• If your topic is complex and involves lots of details, you should consider including a brief summary of the main points of your research in your conclusion.

• Making changes to the discussion and conclusion sections instead of the introduction often requires a less extensive rewrite. Doing this also prevents you from removing anything from the beginning of your essay that could accidentally make subsequent portions of your writing seem out of place.
• It is okay to revise your thesis once you've finished the first draft of your essay! People's views often change once they've done research on a topic. Just make sure you don't end up straying too far from your assigned topic if you do this.
• You don't necessarily need to wait until you've finished your entire draft to do this step. In fact, it is a good idea to revisit your thesis regularly as you write. This can save you a lot of time in the end by helping you keep your essay content on track.

• Computer software such as EndNote is available for making citation organization as easy and quick as possible. You can create a reference library and link it to your document, adding in-text citations as you write; the program creates a formatted works cited section at the end of your document.
• Be aware of the formatting requirements of your chosen style guide for works cited sections and in-text citations. Reference library programs like EndNote have hundreds of pre-loaded formats to choose from.

• Create a catchy title. Waiting until you have finished your essay before choosing a title ensures that it will closely match the content of your essay. Research papers don't always take on the shape we expect them to, and it's easier to match your title to your essay than vice-versa.
• Read through your paper to identify and rework sentences or paragraphs that are confusing or unclear. Each section of your paper should have a clear focus and purpose; if any of yours seem not to meet these expectations, either rewrite or discard them.
• Review your works cited section (at the end of your essay) to ensure that it conforms to the standards of your chosen or assigned style format. You should at least make sure that the style is consistent throughout this section.
• Run a spell checker on your entire document to catch any spelling or grammar mistakes you may not have noticed during your read-through. All modern word processing programs include this function.

• Note that revising your draft is not the same as proofreading it. Revisions are done to make sure the content and substantive ideas are solid; editing is done to check for spelling and grammar errors. Revisions are arguably a more important part of writing a good paper.
• You may want to have a friend, classmate, or family member read your first draft and give you feedback. This can be immensely helpful when trying to decide how to improve upon your first version of the essay.
• Except in extreme cases, avoid a complete rewrite of your first draft. This will most likely be counterproductive and will waste a lot of time. Your first draft is probably already pretty good -- it likely just needs some tweaking before it is ready to submit.

Community Q&A

• Avoid use of the word "I" in research essay writing, even when conveying your personal opinion about a subject. This makes your writing sound biased and narrow in scope. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Even if there is a minimum number of paragraphs, always do 3 or 4 more paragraphs more than needed, so you can always get a good grade. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

• Never plagiarize the work of others! Passing off others' writing as your own can land you in a lot of trouble and is usually grounds for failing an assignment or class. Thanks Helpful 12 Not Helpful 1

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/choosing_a_topic.html
• ↑ https://libguides.mit.edu/select-topic
• ↑ https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/research-objectives
• ↑ https://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/handouts/the-writing-process-1/organization/Organizing-an-Essay
• ↑ https://www.lynchburg.edu/academics/writing-center/wilmer-writing-center-online-writing-lab/the-writing-process/organizing-your-paper/
• ↑ https://www.mla.org/MLA-Style
• ↑ http://www.apastyle.org/
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/PlanResearchPaper.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa6_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
• ↑ https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/chapter/chapter-12-peer-review-and-final-revisions/
• ↑ https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/wrd/back-matter/creating-a-works-cited-page/

About This Article

The best way to write a research essay is to find sources, like specialty books, academic journals, and online encyclopedias, about your topic. Take notes as you research, and make sure you note which page and book you got your notes from. Create an outline for the paper that details your argument, various sections, and primary points for each section. Then, write an introduction, build the body of the essay, and state your conclusion. Cite your sources along the way, and follow the assigned format, like APA or MLA, if applicable. To learn more from our co-author with an English Ph.D. about how to choose a thesis statement for your research paper, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Examples of Informative Essays

• DESCRIPTION Woman Typing an Essay
• SOURCE paulaphoto / iStock / Getty Images Plus
• PERMISSION Used under Getty Images license

The purpose of an informative essay is to educate others on a certain topic. Typically, these essays will answer one of the five Ws: who, what, where, when, and why. Of course, they can also answer "how," indicating how to do something.

Informative essays must never express your opinion or try to convince others to take a certain action or stance. That role is expressly reserved for persuasive essays . Of course, if your informative essay is interesting enough, it may move readers to learn more about the subject, but they'll have to come to that on their own, thanks to the wealth of interesting information you present.

Read our examples of informative essays and learn more about choosing a topic and how to write an informative essay to help you get started.

Structure of an Informative Essay

The basic structure of an informative essay is very simple. It needs to have a beginning, middle, and end. These are known more formally as the introduction, body, and conclusion, respectively.

The Introduction

The beginning, otherwise known as the introduction, is your opportunity to present your thesis statement and grab the attention of the reader. Your thesis statement must be one sentence, making it very clear what the reader will be informed about.

The introduction can be anywhere from a paragraph to a page, depending on the requirements and circumstances. Use this opportunity to introduce the main idea, provide any pertinent definitions, and briefly describe what will be covered. Above all else, the introduction must clearly state what readers are about to explore. Be sure to steer clear of any evidence of your opinion on the topic.

Below, you'll find two informative essay introduction examples to help you brainstorm your own ideas.

Sample Introduction #1 : This essay discusses the topic of donating blood.

When you woke up this morning, did you think today would be the day you save a life? In fact, it's quite easy to save a life and it only takes a little bit of your time. You don't even need to be a paramedic or firefighter. All you have to do is set aside approximately one hour to donate blood. This essay will explore how to donate blood, whom it benefits, and how often you can contribute to these life-saving measures.

Sample Introduction #2: This essay explores the history of Ireland from the perspective of its iconic castles.

Ireland is a country steeped in history. In fact, its history dates beyond 3,000 B.C, when the megalithic tombs were constructed in Newgrange. Throughout the country's expansive evolution, the Irish fought time and again to maintain their independence as a sovereign nation. Evidence of the rich history is clearly visible through its many castles, including Leighlinbridge Castle and Carlow Castle, two of Ireland's oldest establishments.

The middle, otherwise known as the body, is your opportunity to expound upon the thesis statement and grab the attention of the audience with solid facts, statistics, statements , and other supporting details.

The body will be several paragraphs long, comprising the bulk of the essay. This is where you'll provide further details about the main idea. Be sure you delve deeply into every area previously outlined in the introduction.

The Conclusion

The end, otherwise known as the conclusion , is your opportunity to summarize the essay in a paragraph or two. It should spur the reader to want to learn more about the topic. Be sure to reiterate the thesis statement clearly. In your introduction, you may have laid out what would be covered in the essay. Offer a sentence or two reiterating what was learned about those topic areas.

After that, offer up a few closing remarks that gloss over the most important elements. End on a high note, encouraging your readers to learn more or contemplate the most important elements of your essay. You may even pose a rhetorical question.

Below, you'll find two sample conclusions to help you brainstorm your own ideas.

Sample Conclusion #1 : This concludes the essay example above on the topic of donating blood. Note how it emphasizes the simplicity of the process.

The process of donating blood is decidedly simple. Many folks carry out the process while reading a chapter from a new book or watching an episode of their favorite TV show. Indeed, the infinitesimal amount of time it takes to donate blood can transfer into a lifetime of happiness for the recipient. Remember to bring juice or something sugary to keep your glucose levels high at the end of the procedure. Then, hold your head up high, knowing there's a life out there that's about to be saved by you.

Sample Conclusion #2 : This conclusion to the Ireland essay example reiterates the "ferocity of its people."

If Ireland isn't an example of a rebel nation, what is? The ferocity of its people is clearly evidenced by the fact that Leighlinbridge Castle was built and rebuilt three times before it was finally sacked by the Cromwellians. Carlow Castle's staggering history earmarks Ireland's triumphant history too, starting as a mighty fortress and surviving numerous rebellions. Indeed, Ireland is a country storied in history and its many castles are the tellers of its tale.

Sample Informative Essay

In the sample below, note a few things as you read. Try to keep an eye out for the thesis statement in the first paragraph. Then, note the transition words in two of the body paragraphs. They are, "Also in line with safety…" and "In terms of fun…" Finally, in-text citations will vary, based on your teacher's style guide, so be sure to double-check those. Download the PDF version below the essay to keep as a handy reminder.

The title of the following essay is "How to Travel Solo Successfully."

James Baldwin said it best. "I met a lot of people in Europe. I even encountered myself" (Baldwin, 2014). Solo travel will not only reveal colorful new heights, it will also introduce you to yourself - your resiliency, your sense of adventure, your independence. Learning how to travel solo is as intrinsic as tying your shoes, and it is something that can be learned today. The first, most obvious, way to travel solo successfully is to research your area. The number one indicator of a tourist is someone stopped in the middle of the sidewalk scanning the GPS on their phone. According to World Travel News Report, four in fifteen tourists will be pickpocketed if they stand still on a busy street (Parker, 2019). Arrive well-informed on the area. Understand the public transportation system to the point where you can blend in as a local. Also in line with safety, you may want to splurge on accommodations. You can stay alone in a hostel, but read the reviews carefully. Make sure it is in a safe area and security is a priority for them. You might even want to consider a private room, some of which include a private bath. In terms of fun, pack for your lack of companionship. Bring a blank journal to record your adventures. Pack a paperback to enjoy while you wait out a rainstorm in a coffee shop. World traveler Samantha Byrnes says, "I never travel with friends. When I'm exploring a new continent, my journal is my only sidekick" (Byrnes, 2018). This allows her to absorb her new surroundings, make new acquaintances, and focus on the act of encountering herself. Byrnes continues, "We lost sight of ourselves in the day-to-day. We focus on work, family, to-do lists, chores. Solo travel allows us to return to ourselves so that, when we resume our day-to-day activities, we can give our all" (Byrnes, 2018). Learning how to travel solo successfully is an achievable feat. You can stay safe if you remain knowledgeable on the area and choose your accommodations wisely. Beyond that, you can experience true transformation through the simple act of carrying a tattered old journal. What do you say? Will you explore solo travel? Choose wisely, for it just might change your life forever.

Example Informative Essay

Subject matter.

Have you been tasked with writing an informative essay? If the topic is open, the first thing you must ask yourself is, "What interests me the most?" This will make the task far less laborious. Take something you're already knowledgeable about and share it with the world, citing other sources and stating current facts and statistics.

This is your chance to add to others' viewpoints on a subject as long as you don't include your own opinions. Allow them to analyze the data, perhaps in a cause and effect layout. Or, you can educate them on how to do something, create something, or solve a problem.

Here are some examples of informative essay topics to get your creative juices flowing:

• How to open a bank account
• World poverty
• Procrastination and its effects
• Homelessness
• Air pollution
• Dream interpretation
• History of women's right to vote
• Foreign cultures
• U.S. stock market
• Biographies
• Architecture in Paris
• History of the Titanic

Example Essay Titles

While your introduction must be carefully crafted in order to reel readers in, your essay title is the first thing they encounter, and it needs to be enticing. Formulate a clear title, indicating what's about to be discussed. Find a way to invite others to want to learn more. Remember to follow these rules for capitalization in titles .

Here are some possible titles for inspiration:

• How to Donate Blood
• A Brief History of Ireland
• Understanding the Link Between Cholesterol and Heart Disease
• How to Buy a House
• Understanding Your Credit Score
• Defining Poverty in the City of Chicago
• The Health Benefits of a Vegetarian Diet
• The Importance of Regular Daily Exercise
• Top Three Causes of Global Warming
• Reducing Carbon Emissions With Alternative Fuels
• The Many Cost Savings of Hybrid Vehicles
• Understanding Geothermal Heating and Cooling
• Why Cleaning Your Air Ducts Is Important
• Qualifications for Contractors
• How to Get a Commercial Driver's License

Essay Writing Steps

Most of the work on an informative essay is done before you actually sit down to type.

• Select an appropriate topic.
• Research and gather ideas about the subject. See what you already know about the subject as you uncover other areas you still need to research.
• Make a list of these important facts. Be sure all the facts are accurate. This is a good time to craft your thesis statement as well as a topic sentence for each fact you'd like to include.
• Create an outline that will organize your facts in a logical way. After this, you'll be ready to make your first draft.
• Write your essay based on the outline you've created. Ensure that one section naturally flows into the next.
• Proofread and edit your work. Editing is an important step for any writing project. Reading your essay out loud will help you notice areas where your writing may be unclear or awkwardly worded.

If possible, have someone else read your essay and offer their ideas for improvement. Of course, don't forget to pay attention to grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and other errors as well.

Knowledge Is Power

An informative essay is the best way to explain something complicated - in an uncomplicated way. Even though you're (hopefully) writing on a topic of interest to you, be sure to back up each claim with substantial facts and statistics. Let the content speak for itself, inviting readers to learn more.

Informative essays are powerful, persuasive essays are moving, but have you ever been tasked with a narrative essay? Enjoy the wonders of this third form of essay writing in Narrative Essay Examples and let the endless exchange of knowledge begin!

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

11.4 Strategies for Gathering Reliable Information

Learning objectives.

• Distinguish between primary and secondary sources.
• Identify strategies for locating relevant print and electronic resources efficiently.
• Identify instances when it is appropriate to use human sources, such as interviews or eyewitness testimony.
• Identify criteria for evaluating research resources.
• Understand why many electronic resources are not reliable.

Now that you have planned your research project, you are ready to begin the research. This phase can be both exciting and challenging. As you read this section, you will learn ways to locate sources efficiently, so you have enough time to read the sources, take notes, and think about how to use the information.

Of course, the technological advances of the past few decades—particularly the rise of online media—mean that, as a twenty-first-century student, you have countless sources of information available at your fingertips. But how can you tell whether a source is reliable? This section will discuss strategies for evaluating sources critically so that you can be a media-savvy researcher.

In this section, you will locate and evaluate resources for your paper and begin taking notes. As you read, begin gathering print and electronic resources, identify at least eight to ten sources by the time you finish the chapter, and begin taking notes on your research findings.

Locating Useful Resources

When you chose a paper topic and determined your research questions, you conducted preliminary research to stimulate your thinking. Your research proposal included some general ideas for how to go about your research—for instance, interviewing an expert in the field or analyzing the content of popular magazines. You may even have identified a few potential sources. Now it is time to conduct a more focused, systematic search for informative primary and secondary sources.

Using Primary and Secondary Sources

Writers classify research resources in two categories: primary sources and secondary sources. Primary sources are direct, firsthand sources of information or data. For example, if you were writing a paper about the First Amendment right to freedom of speech, the text of the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights would be a primary source.

Other primary sources include the following:

• Research articles
• Literary texts
• Historical documents such as diaries or letters
• Autobiographies or other personal accounts

Secondary sources discuss, interpret, analyze, consolidate, or otherwise rework information from primary sources. In researching a paper about the First Amendment, you might read articles about legal cases that involved First Amendment rights, or editorials expressing commentary on the First Amendment. These sources would be considered secondary sources because they are one step removed from the primary source of information.

The following are examples of secondary sources:

• Magazine articles
• Biographical books
• Literary and scientific reviews
• Television documentaries

Your topic and purpose determine whether you must cite both primary and secondary sources in your paper. Ask yourself which sources are most likely to provide the information that will answer your research questions. If you are writing a research paper about reality television shows, you will need to use some reality shows as a primary source, but secondary sources, such as a reviewer’s critique, are also important. If you are writing about the health effects of nicotine, you will probably want to read the published results of scientific studies, but secondary sources, such as magazine articles discussing the outcome of a recent study, may also be helpful.

Once you have thought about what kinds of sources are most likely to help you answer your research questions, you may begin your search for print and electronic resources. The challenge here is to conduct your search efficiently. Writers use strategies to help them find the sources that are most relevant and reliable while steering clear of sources that will not be useful.

Finding Print Resources

Print resources include a vast array of documents and publications. Regardless of your topic, you will consult some print resources as part of your research. (You will use electronic sources as well, but it is not wise to limit yourself to electronic sources only, because some potentially useful sources may be available only in print form.) Table 11.1 “Library Print Resources” lists different types of print resources available at public and university libraries.

Table 11.1 Library Print Resources

Some of these resources are also widely available in electronic format. In addition to the resources noted in the table, library holdings may include primary texts such as historical documents, letters, and diaries.

Writing at Work

Businesses, government organizations, and nonprofit organizations produce published materials that range from brief advertisements and brochures to lengthy, detailed reports. In many cases, producing these publications requires research. A corporation’s annual report may include research about economic or industry trends. A charitable organization may use information from research in materials sent to potential donors.

Regardless of the industry you work in, you may be asked to assist in developing materials for publication. Often, incorporating research in these documents can make them more effective in informing or persuading readers.

As you gather information, strive for a balance of accessible, easy-to-read sources and more specialized, challenging sources. Relying solely on lightweight books and articles written for a general audience will drastically limit the range of useful, substantial information. On the other hand, restricting oneself to dense, scholarly works could make the process of researching extremely time-consuming and frustrating.

Make a list of five types of print resources you could use to find information about your research topic. Include at least one primary source. Be as specific as possible—if you have a particular resource or type of resource in mind, describe it.

To find print resources efficiently, first identify the major concepts and terms you will use to conduct your search—that is, your keywords . These, along with the research questions you identified in Chapter 11 “Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?” , Section 11.2 “Steps in Developing a Research Proposal” , will help you find sources using any of the following methods:

• Using the library’s online catalog or card catalog
• Using periodicals indexes and databases
• Consulting a reference librarian

You probably already have some keywords in mind based on your preliminary research and writing. Another way to identify useful keywords is to visit the Library of Congress’s website at http://id.loc.gov/authorities . This site allows you to search for a topic and see the related subject headings used by the Library of Congress, including broader terms, narrower terms, and related terms. Other libraries use these terms to classify materials. Knowing the most-used terms will help you speed up your keyword search.

Jorge used the Library of Congress site to identify general terms he could use to find resources about low-carb dieting. His search helped him identify potentially useful keywords and related topics, such as carbohydrates in human nutrition, glycemic index, and carbohydrates—metabolism. These terms helped Jorge refine his search.

Knowing the right keywords can sometimes make all the difference in conducting a successful search. If you have trouble finding sources on a topic, consult a librarian to see whether you need to modify your search terms.

Visit the Library of Congress’s website at http://id.loc.gov/authorities and conduct searches on a few terms related to your topic.

• Review your search results and identify six to eight additional terms you might use when you conduct your research.
• Print out the search results or save the results to your research folder on your computer or portable storage device.

Using Periodicals, Indexes, and Databases

Library catalogs can help you locate book-length sources, as well as some types of nonprint holdings, such as CDs, DVDs, and audio books. To locate shorter sources, such as magazine and journal articles, you will need to use a periodical index or an online periodical database . These tools index the articles that appear in newspapers, magazines, and journals. Like catalogs, they provide publication information about an article and often allow users to access a summary or even the full text of the article.

Print indexes may be available in the periodicals section of your library. Increasingly, libraries use online databases that users can access through the library website. A single library may provide access to multiple periodical databases. These can range from general news databases to specialized databases. Table 11.2 “Commonly Used Indexes and Databases” describes some commonly used indexes and databases.

Table 11.2 Commonly Used Indexes and Databases

Reading Popular and Scholarly Periodicals

When you search for periodicals, be sure to distinguish among different types. Mass-market publications, such as newspapers and popular magazines, differ from scholarly publications in their accessibility, audience, and purpose.

Newspapers and magazines are written for a broader audience than scholarly journals. Their content is usually quite accessible and easy to read. Trade magazines that target readers within a particular industry may presume the reader has background knowledge, but these publications are still reader-friendly for a broader audience. Their purpose is to inform and, often, to entertain or persuade readers as well.

Scholarly or academic journals are written for a much smaller and more expert audience. The creators of these publications assume that most of their readers are already familiar with the main topic of the journal. The target audience is also highly educated. Informing is the primary purpose of a scholarly journal. While a journal article may advance an agenda or advocate a position, the content will still be presented in an objective style and formal tone. Entertaining readers with breezy comments and splashy graphics is not a priority.

Because of these differences, scholarly journals are more challenging to read. That doesn’t mean you should avoid them. On the contrary, they can provide in-depth information unavailable elsewhere. Because knowledgeable professionals carefully review the content before publication, scholarly journals are far more reliable than much of the information available in popular media. Seek out academic journals along with other resources. Just be prepared to spend a little more time processing the information.

Periodicals databases are not just for students writing research papers. They also provide a valuable service to workers in various fields. The owner of a small business might use a database such as Business Source Premiere to find articles on management, finance, or trends within a particular industry. Health care professionals might consult databases such as MedLine to research a particular disease or medication. Regardless of what career path you plan to pursue, periodicals databases can be a useful tool for researching specific topics and identifying periodicals that will help you keep up with the latest news in your industry.

Consulting a Reference Librarian

Sifting through library stacks and database search results to find the information you need can be like trying to find a needle in a haystack. If you are not sure how you should begin your search, or if it is yielding too many or too few results, you are not alone. Many students find this process challenging, although it does get easier with experience. One way to learn better search strategies is to consult a reference librarian.

Reference librarians are intimately familiar with the systems libraries use to organize and classify information. They can help you locate a particular book in the library stacks, steer you toward useful reference works, and provide tips on how to use databases and other electronic research tools. Take the time to see what resources you can find on your own, but if you encounter difficulties, ask for help. Many university librarians hold virtual office hours and are available for online chatting.

Visit your library’s website or consult with a reference librarian to determine what periodicals indexes or databases would be useful for your research. Depending on your topic, you may rely on a general news index, a specialized index for a particular subject area, or both. Search the catalog for your topic and related keywords. Print out or bookmark your search results.

• Identify at least one to two relevant periodicals, indexes, or databases.
• Conduct a keyword search to find potentially relevant articles on your topic.
• Save your search results. If the index you are using provides article summaries, read these to determine how useful the articles are likely to be.
• Identify at least three to five articles to review more closely. If the full article is available online, set aside time to read it. If not, plan to visit our library within the next few days to locate the articles you need.

One way to refine your keyword search is to use Boolean operators. These operators allow you to combine keywords, find variations on a word, and otherwise expand or limit your results. Here are some of the ways you can use Boolean operators:

• Combine keywords with and or + to limit results to citations that include both keywords—for example, diet + nutrition .
• Combine keywords with not or – to search for the first word without the second. This can help you eliminate irrelevant results based on words that are similar to your search term. For example, searching for obesity not childhood locates materials on obesity but excludes materials on childhood obesity.
• Enclose a phrase in quotation marks to search for an exact phrase, such as “ morbid obesity .”
• Use parentheses to direct the order of operations in a search string. For example, since Type II diabetes is also known as adult-onset diabetes, you could search (Type II or adult-onset) and diabetes to limit your search results to articles on this form of the disease.
• Use a wildcard symbol such as # , ? , or $ after a word to search for variations on a term. For instance, you might type diabet# to search for information on diabetes and diabetics. The specific symbol used varies with different databases.

Finding and Using Electronic Resources

With the expansion of technology and media over the past few decades, a wealth of information is available to you in electronic format. Some types of resources, such as a television documentary, may only be available electronically. Other resources—for instance, many newspapers and magazines—may be available in both print and electronic form. The following are some of the electronic sources you might consult:

• Online databases
• Popular web search engines
• Websites maintained by businesses, universities, nonprofit organizations, or government agencies
• Newspapers, magazines, and journals published on the web
• Audio books
• Industry blogs
• Radio and television programs and other audio and video recordings
• Online discussion groups

The techniques you use to locate print resources can also help you find electronic resources efficiently. Libraries usually include CD-ROMs, audio books, and audio and video recordings among their holdings. You can locate these materials in the catalog using a keyword search. The same Boolean operators used to refine database searches can help you filter your results in popular search engines.

Using Internet Search Engines Efficiently

When faced with the challenge of writing a research paper, some students rely on popular search engines as their first source of information. Typing a keyword or phrase into a search engine instantly pulls up links to dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of related websites—what could be easier? Unfortunately, despite its apparent convenience, this research strategy has the following drawbacks to consider:

• Results do not always appear in order of reliability. The first few hits that appear in search results may include sites whose content is not always reliable, such as online encyclopedias that can be edited by any user. Because websites are created by third parties, the search engine cannot tell you which sites have accurate information.
• Results may be too numerous for you to use. The amount of information available on the web is far greater than the amount of information housed within a particular library or database. Realistically, if your web search pulls up thousands of hits, you will not be able to visit every site—and the most useful sites may be buried deep within your search results.
• Search engines are not connected to the results of the search. Search engines find websites that people visit often and list the results in order of popularity. The search engine, then, is not connected to any of the results. When you cite a source found through a search engine, you do not need to cite the search engine. Only cite the source.

A general web search can provide a helpful overview of a topic and may pull up genuinely useful resources. To get the most out of a search engine, however, use strategies to make your search more efficient. Use multiple keywords and Boolean operators to limit your results. Click on the Advanced Search link on the homepage to find additional options for streamlining your search. Depending on the specific search engine you use, the following options may be available:

• Limit results to websites that have been updated within a particular time frame.
• Limit results by language or country.
• Limit results to scholarly works available online.
• Limit results by file type.
• Limit results to a particular domain type, such as .edu (school and university sites) or .gov (government sites). This is a quick way to filter out commercial sites, which can often lead to more objective results.

Use the Bookmarks or Favorites feature of your web browser to save and organize sites that look promising.

Using Other Information Sources: Interviews

With so many print and electronic media readily available, it is easy to overlook another valuable information resource: other people. Consider whether you could use a person or group as a primary source. For instance, you might interview a professor who has expertise in a particular subject, a worker within a particular industry, or a representative from a political organization. Interviews can be a great way to get firsthand information.

To get the most out of an interview, you will need to plan ahead. Contact your subject early in the research process and explain your purpose for requesting an interview. Prepare detailed questions. Open-ended questions, rather than questions with simple yes-or-no answers, are more likely to lead to an in-depth discussion. Schedule a time to meet, and be sure to obtain your subject’s permission to record the interview. Take careful notes and be ready to ask follow-up questions based on what you learn.

If scheduling an in-person meeting is difficult, consider arranging a telephone interview or asking your subject to respond to your questions via e-mail. Recognize that any of these formats takes time and effort. Be prompt and courteous, avoid going over the allotted interview time, and be flexible if your subject needs to reschedule.

Evaluating Research Resources

As you gather sources, you will need to examine them with a critical eye. Smart researchers continually ask themselves two questions: “Is this source relevant to my purpose?” and “Is this source reliable?” The first question will help you avoid wasting valuable time reading sources that stray too far from your specific topic and research questions. The second question will help you find accurate, trustworthy sources.

Determining Whether a Source Is Relevant

At this point in your research process, you may have identified dozens of potential sources. It is easy for writers to get so caught up in checking out books and printing out articles that they forget to ask themselves how they will use these resources in their research. Now is a good time to get a little ruthless. Reading and taking notes takes time and energy, so you will want to focus on the most relevant sources.

To weed through your stack of books and articles, skim their contents. Read quickly with your research questions and subtopics in mind. Table 11.3 “Tips for Skimming Books and Articles” explains how to skim to get a quick sense of what topics are covered. If a book or article is not especially relevant, put it aside. You can always come back to it later if you need to.

Table 11.3 Tips for Skimming Books and Articles

Determining Whether a Source Is Reliable

All information sources are not created equal. Sources can vary greatly in terms of how carefully they are researched, written, edited, and reviewed for accuracy. Common sense will help you identify obviously questionable sources, such as tabloids that feature tales of alien abductions, or personal websites with glaring typos. Sometimes, however, a source’s reliability—or lack of it—is not so obvious. For more information about source reliability, see Chapter 12 “Writing a Research Paper” .

To evaluate your research sources, you will use critical thinking skills consciously and deliberately. You will consider criteria such as the type of source, its intended purpose and audience, the author’s (or authors’) qualifications, the publication’s reputation, any indications of bias or hidden agendas, how current the source is, and the overall quality of the writing, thinking, and design.

Evaluating Types of Sources

The different types of sources you will consult are written for distinct purposes and with different audiences in mind. This accounts for other differences, such as the following:

• How thoroughly the writers cover a given topic
• How carefully the writers research and document facts
• How editors review the work
• What biases or agendas affect the content

A journal article written for an academic audience for the purpose of expanding scholarship in a given field will take an approach quite different from a magazine feature written to inform a general audience. Textbooks, hard news articles, and websites approach a subject from different angles as well. To some extent, the type of source provides clues about its overall depth and reliability. Table 11.4 “Source Rankings” ranks different source types.

Table 11.4 Source Rankings

Free online encyclopedias and wikis may seem like a great source of information. They usually appear among the first few results of a web search. They cover thousands of topics, and many articles use an informal, straightforward writing style. Unfortunately, these sites have no control system for researching, writing, and reviewing articles. Instead, they rely on a community of users to police themselves. At best, these sites can be a starting point for finding other, more trustworthy sources. Never use them as final sources.

Evaluating Credibility and Reputability

Even when you are using a type of source that is generally reliable, you will still need to evaluate the author’s credibility and the publication itself on an individual basis. To examine the author’s credibility —that is, how much you can believe of what the author has to say—examine his or her credentials. What career experience or academic study shows that the author has the expertise to write about this topic?

Keep in mind that expertise in one field is no guarantee of expertise in another, unrelated area. For instance, an author may have an advanced degree in physiology, but this credential is not a valid qualification for writing about psychology. Check credentials carefully.

Just as important as the author’s credibility is the publication’s overall reputability. Reputability refers to a source’s standing and reputation as a respectable, reliable source of information. An established and well-known newspaper, such as the New York Times or the Wall Street Journal , is more reputable than a college newspaper put out by comparatively inexperienced students. A website that is maintained by a well-known, respected organization and regularly updated is more reputable than one created by an unknown author or group.

If you are using articles from scholarly journals, you can check databases that keep count of how many times each article has been cited in other articles. This can be a rough indication of the article’s quality or, at the very least, of its influence and reputation among other scholars.

Checking for Biases and Hidden Agendas

Whenever you consult a source, always think carefully about the author’s or authors’ purpose in presenting the information. Few sources present facts completely objectively. In some cases, the source’s content and tone are significantly influenced by biases or hidden agendas.

Bias refers to favoritism or prejudice toward a particular person or group. For instance, an author may be biased against a certain political party and present information in a way that subtly—or not so subtly—makes that organization look bad. Bias can lead an author to present facts selectively, edit quotations to misrepresent someone’s words, and distort information.

Hidden agendas are goals that are not immediately obvious but influence how an author presents the facts. For instance, an article about the role of beef in a healthy diet would be questionable if it were written by a representative of the beef industry—or by the president of an animal-rights organization. In both cases, the author would likely have a hidden agenda.

As Jorge conducted his research, he read several research studies in which scientists found significant benefits to following a low-carbohydrate diet. He also noticed that many studies were sponsored by a foundation associated with the author of a popular series of low-carbohydrate diet books. Jorge read these studies with a critical eye, knowing that a hidden agenda might be shaping the researchers’ conclusions.

Using Current Sources

Be sure to seek out sources that are current, or up to date. Depending on the topic, sources may become outdated relatively soon after publication, or they may remain useful for years. For instance, online social networking sites have evolved rapidly over the past few years. An article published in 2002 about this topic will not provide current information. On the other hand, a research paper on elementary education practices might refer to studies published decades ago by influential child psychologists.

When using websites for research, check to see when the site was last updated. Many sites publish this information on the homepage, and some, such as news sites, are updated daily or weekly. Many nonfunctioning links are a sign that a website is not regularly updated. Do not be afraid to ask your professor for suggestions if you find that many of your most relevant sources are not especially reliable—or that the most reliable sources are not relevant.

Evaluating Overall Quality by Asking Questions

When you evaluate a source, you will consider the criteria previously discussed as well as your overall impressions of its quality. Read carefully, and notice how well the author presents and supports his or her statements. Stay actively engaged—do not simply accept an author’s words as truth. Ask questions to determine each source’s value. Checklist 11.1 lists ten questions to ask yourself as a critical reader.

Checklist 11.1

Source Evaluation

• Is the type of source appropriate for my purpose? Is it a high-quality source or one that needs to be looked at more critically?
• Can I establish that the author is credible and the publication is reputable?
• Does the author support ideas with specific facts and details that are carefully documented? Is the source of the author’s information clear? (When you use secondary sources, look for sources that are not too removed from primary research.)
• Does the source include any factual errors or instances of faulty logic?
• Does the author leave out any information that I would expect to see in a discussion of this topic?
• Do the author’s conclusions logically follow from the evidence that is presented? Can I see how the author got from one point to another?
• Is the writing clear and organized, and is it free from errors, clichés, and empty buzzwords? Is the tone objective, balanced, and reasonable? (Be on the lookout for extreme, emotionally charged language.)
• Are there any obvious biases or agendas? Based on what I know about the author, are there likely to be any hidden agendas?
• Are graphics informative, useful, and easy to understand? Are websites organized, easy to navigate, and free of clutter like flashing ads and unnecessary sound effects?
• Is the source contradicted by information found in other sources? (If so, it is possible that your sources are presenting similar information but taking different perspectives, which requires you to think carefully about which sources you find more convincing and why. Be suspicious, however, of any source that presents facts that you cannot confirm elsewhere.)

The critical thinking skills you use to evaluate research sources as a student are equally valuable when you conduct research on the job. If you follow certain periodicals or websites, you have probably identified publications that consistently provide reliable information. Reading blogs and online discussion groups is a great way to identify new trends and hot topics in a particular field, but these sources should not be used for substantial research.

Use a search engine to conduct a web search on your topic. Refer to the tips provided earlier to help you streamline your search. Evaluate your search results critically based on the criteria you have learned. Identify and bookmark one or more websites that are reliable, reputable, and likely to be useful in your research.

Managing Source Information

As you determine which sources you will rely on most, it is important to establish a system for keeping track of your sources and taking notes. There are several ways to go about it, and no one system is necessarily superior. What matters is that you keep materials in order; record bibliographical information you will need later; and take detailed, organized notes.

Keeping Track of Your Sources

Think ahead to a moment a few weeks from now, when you’ve written your research paper and are almost ready to submit it for a grade. There is just one task left—writing your list of sources.

As you begin typing your list, you realize you need to include the publication information for a book you cited frequently. Unfortunately, you already returned it to the library several days ago. You do not remember the URLs for some of the websites you used or the dates you accessed them—information that also must be included in your bibliography. With a sinking feeling, you realize that finding this information and preparing your bibliography will require hours of work.

This stressful scenario can be avoided. Taking time to organize source information now will ensure that you are not scrambling to find it at the last minute. Throughout your research, record bibliographical information for each source as soon as you begin using it. You may use pen-and-paper methods, such as a notebook or note cards, or maintain an electronic list. (If you prefer the latter option, many office software packages include separate programs for recording bibliographic information.)

Table 11.5 “Details for Commonly Used Source Types” shows the specific details you should record for commonly used source types. Use these details to develop a working bibliography —a preliminary list of sources that you will later use to develop the references section of your paper. You may wish to record information using the formatting system of the American Psychological Association (APA) or the Modern Language Association (MLA), which will save a step later on. (For more information on APA and MLA formatting, see Chapter 13 “APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting” .)

Table 11.5 Details for Commonly Used Source Types

Your research may involve less common types of sources not listed in Table 11.5 “Details for Commonly Used Source Types” . For additional information on citing different sources, see Chapter 13 “APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting” .

Create a working bibliography using the format that is most convenient for you. List at least five sources you plan to use. Continue to add sources to your working bibliography throughout the research process.

To make your working bibliography even more complete, you may wish to record additional details, such as a book’s call number or contact information for a person you interviewed. That way, if you need to locate a source again, you have all the information you need right at your fingertips. You may also wish to assign each source a code number to use when taking notes (1, 2, 3, or a similar system).

Taking Notes Efficiently

Good researchers stay focused and organized as they gather information from sources. Before you begin taking notes, take a moment to step back and think about your goal as a researcher—to find information that will help you answer your research question. When you write your paper, you will present your conclusions about the topic supported by research. That goal will determine what information you record and how you organize it.

Writers sometimes get caught up in taking extensive notes, so much so that they lose sight of how their notes relate to the questions and ideas they started out with. Remember that you do not need to write down every detail from your reading. Focus on finding and recording details that will help you answer your research questions. The following strategies will help you take notes efficiently.

Use Headings to Organize Ideas

Whether you use old-fashioned index cards or organize your notes using word-processing software, record just one major point from each source at a time, and use a heading to summarize the information covered. Keep all your notes in one file, digital or otherwise. Doing so will help you identify connections among different pieces of information. It will also help you make connections between your notes and the research questions and subtopics you identified earlier.

Know When to Summarize, Paraphrase, or Directly Quote a Source

Your notes will fall under three categories—summary notes, paraphrased information, and direct quotations from your sources. Effective researchers make choices about which type of notes is most appropriate for their purpose.

• Summary notes sum up the main ideas in a source in a few sentences or a short paragraph. A summary is considerably shorter than the original text and captures only the major ideas. Use summary notes when you do not need to record specific details but you intend to refer to broad concepts the author discusses.
• Paraphrased notes restate a fact or idea from a source using your own words and sentence structure.
• Direct quotations use the exact wording used by the original source and enclose the quoted material in quotation marks. It is a good strategy to copy direct quotations when an author expresses an idea in an especially lively or memorable way. However, do not rely exclusively on direct quotations in your note taking.

Most of your notes should be paraphrased from the original source. Paraphrasing as you take notes is usually a better strategy than copying direct quotations, because it forces you to think through the information in your source and understand it well enough to restate it. In short, it helps you stay engaged with the material instead of simply copying and pasting. Synthesizing will help you later when you begin planning and drafting your paper. (For detailed guidelines on summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting, see Chapter 11 “Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?” , Section 11.6 “Writing from Research: End-of-Chapter Exercises” .)

Maintain Complete, Accurate Notes

Regardless of the format used, any notes you take should include enough information to help you organize ideas and locate them instantly in the original text if you need to review them. Make sure your notes include the following elements:

• Heading summing up the main topic covered
• Author’s name, a source code, or an abbreviated source title
• Page number
• Full URL of any pages buried deep in a website

Throughout the process of taking notes, be scrupulous about making sure you have correctly attributed each idea to its source. Always include source information so you know exactly which ideas came from which sources. Use quotation marks to set off any words for phrases taken directly from the original text. If you add your own responses and ideas, make sure they are distinct from ideas you quoted or paraphrased.

Finally, make sure your notes accurately reflect the content of the original text. Make sure quoted material is copied verbatim. If you omit words from a quotation, use ellipses to show the omission and make sure the omission does not change the author’s meaning. Paraphrase ideas carefully, and check your paraphrased notes against the original text to make sure that you have restated the author’s ideas accurately in your own words.

Use a System That Works for You

There are several formats you can use to take notes. No technique is necessarily better than the others—it is more important to choose a format you are comfortable using. Choosing the format that works best for you will ensure your notes are organized, complete, and accurate. Consider implementing one of these formats when you begin taking notes:

• Use index cards. This traditional format involves writing each note on a separate index card. It takes more time than copying and pasting into an electronic document, which encourages you to be selective in choosing which ideas to record. Recording notes on separate cards makes it easy to later organize your notes according to major topics. Some writers color-code their cards to make them still more organized.
• Use note-taking software. Word-processing and office software packages often include different types of note-taking software. Although you may need to set aside some time to learn the software, this method combines the speed of typing with the same degree of organization associated with handwritten note cards.
• Maintain a research notebook. Instead of using index cards or electronic note cards, you may wish to keep a notebook or electronic folder, allotting a few pages (or one file) for each of your sources. This method makes it easy to create a separate column or section of the document where you add your responses to the information you encounter in your research.
• Annotate your sources. This method involves making handwritten notes in the margins of sources that you have printed or photocopied. If using electronic sources, you can make comments within the source document. For example, you might add comment boxes to a PDF version of an article. This method works best for experienced researchers who have already thought a great deal about the topic because it can be difficult to organize your notes later when starting your draft.

Choose one of the methods from the list to use for taking notes. Continue gathering sources and taking notes. In the next section, you will learn strategies for organizing and synthesizing the information you have found.

Key Takeaways

• A writer’s use of primary and secondary sources is determined by the topic and purpose of the research. Sources used may include print sources, such as books and journals; electronic sources, such as websites and articles retrieved from databases; and human sources of information, such as interviews.
• Strategies that help writers locate sources efficiently include conducting effective keyword searches, understanding how to use online catalogs and databases, using strategies to narrow web search results, and consulting reference librarians.
• Writers evaluate sources based on how relevant they are to the research question and how reliable their content is.
• Skimming sources can help writers determine their relevance efficiently.
• Writers evaluate a source’s reliability by asking questions about the type of source (including its audience and purpose); the author’s credibility, the publication’s reputability, the source’s currency, and the overall quality of the writing, research, logic, and design in the source.
• In their notes, effective writers record organized, complete, accurate information. This includes bibliographic information about each source as well as summarized, paraphrased, or quoted information from the source.

Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Informative Essay Topics to Suit Every Preference

Hey there! Let's chat about informative essays - they're pretty cool when you think about it.

You know how sometimes you just want to learn about something without someone trying to convince you one way or another? That's where informative essays come in. They're like your friendly neighborhood knowledge-spreader, covering everything from the wild ride of internet history to why meditation might be your new best friend.

Discover the essence of informative writing as our paper writing experts delve into what is an informative essay and unravel the art of selecting a compelling topic.

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A List of Good Informative Essay Topics

The key to a compelling, informative essay lies in selecting the right topic, a choice that significantly influences the quality and engagement of your piece. With numerous options available, the challenge often lies in where to begin. In the following paragraphs, we'll delve into various informational topics to write about, spanning current events, social issues, science, and technology, offering a diverse array of subjects for students. These topics not only provide ample opportunities for research but also cater to different purposes—whether your goal is to educate, persuade, or simply inform. So, let's explore some great informative essay examples , sparking inspiration and setting you on a path for a successful academic writing journey!

Easy Informative Essay Topics

These easy informative essay topics are great starting points for those who want to write a straightforward and informative essay without getting too complicated.

• The impact of artificial intelligence on daily life
• How renewable energy sources work
• The life cycle of plastic in our oceans
• What causes climate change?
• Types of electric vehicles and their environmental impact
• Why do coral reefs bleach?
• How do lab-grown meats work?
• The importance of digital privacy
• Why is sleep crucial for mental health?
• What causes wildfires and how to prevent them
• The journey of an e-waste item
• How do mRNA vaccines work?
• Why do some animals face extinction?
• The role of social media in modern society
• The process of vertical farming
• What causes ocean acidification?
• How do wearable health devices work?
• Why do some stars become black holes?
• The importance of mental health awareness
• How do electric car batteries work?

Informative Essay Topics for Middle School Students

The following informative paper topics are tailored specifically for middle school students and cover a wide range of subjects that are both interesting and relevant to their age group.

• How smartphones work: Inside the device
• Amazing animal adaptations to climate change
• Exploring Mars: Recent discoveries and future missions
• The life cycle of plastic: From production to recycling
• All about renewable energy: Solar, wind, and beyond
• Discovering new species: Recent finds in biodiversity
• The water cycle in a changing climate
• Volcanoes and earthquakes: Earth's dynamic processes
• Understanding the human immune system
• Unraveling the mystery of gene editing
• The power of artificial intelligence in everyday life
• The wonders of coral reefs: Ecosystems at risk
• Incredible inventions: From 3D printing to nanotechnology
• The importance of pollinator conservation
• Exploring ancient civilizations through modern technology
• Ocean pollution: Causes, effects, and solutions
• Climate phenomena: El Niño, La Niña, and global impacts
• The magic of modern materials science
• Famous scientists: Pioneers in STEM fields
• The importance of digital literacy in the modern world

Informative Essay Topics for High School Students

Here are some great essay topics for high school students. Our college essay writing service recommends conducting thorough research, providing evidence to support your claims, and presenting your findings in a clear and organized manner.

• The evolution of social media and its impact on society
• Blockchain technology: Beyond cryptocurrency
• CRISPR gene editing: Potential and ethical concerns
• The science of renewable energy storage
• Mental health in the digital age: Challenges and solutions
• The future of transportation: Autonomous vehicles and beyond
• From farm to table: Sustainable food systems
• Cybersecurity in the age of IoT (Internet of Things)5G technology: Benefits and potential risks
• Neuroplasticity: How our brains adapt and learn
• The impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems
• The evolution of virtual reality: Applications beyond gaming
• Biomimicry: Nature-inspired technological innovations
• The science of climate change: Causes and potential solutions
• Understanding artificial intelligence and machine learning
• The gig economy: Reshaping work in the 21st century
• Space exploration: Recent achievements and future missions
• The science of sleep: Its importance for health and performance
• Quantum computing: Potential applications and challenges
• Biodiversity loss: Causes, consequences, and conservation efforts

Informative Essay Topics for College Students

Here are some informative essay topics for college students that span a wide range of subjects that will help you in your academic and professional endeavors.

• Cryptocurrency and the future of global finance
• The psychology of misinformation in the digital age
• Sustainable urban planning for growing populations
• The ethics of AI in healthcare decision-making
• Global food security in the face of climate change
• The impact of social media on political discourse
• Renewable energy integration into existing power grids
• The role of gut microbiome in mental health
• Space law: Regulating the final frontier
• The future of work: Remote, hybrid, and AI-assisted models
• Genetic privacy in the era of direct-to-consumer DNA testing
• Sustainable fashion: Addressing the environmental impact of clothing
• The psychology of conspiracy theories in the internet age
• Neurotechnology: Advancements in brain-computer interfaces
• The impact of streaming services on the film industry
• Ocean acidification: Causes, effects, and potential solutions
• The ethics of gene editing in human embryos
• The role of social entrepreneurship in addressing global issues
• Cybersecurity in critical infrastructure: Challenges and solutions
• The impact of automation on the job market and economy

Controversial Informative Essay Topics

• The debate over universal basic income
• Ethical considerations of human genetic enhancement
• The impact of social media on democratic processes
• The pros and cons of nuclear energy in combating climate change
• The ethics of AI in criminal justice systems
• The debate over data privacy vs. national security
• The controversy surrounding lab-grown meat
• The impact of cancel culture on free speech
• The ethics of mandatory vaccinations
• The debate over regulating Big Tech companies
• The controversy surrounding geoengineering as a climate solution
• The ethics of facial recognition technology in public spaces
• The impact of cryptocurrency on traditional banking systems
• The debate over the right to be forgotten online
• The ethics of using AI in warfare and defense
• The controversy surrounding gene-edited babies
• The impact of automation on employment and inequality
• The debate over internet censorship and freedom of information
• The ethics of animal testing for medical research
• The controversy surrounding the use of algorithms in hiring processes

Informative Essay Topics About Education

• The impact of AI and machine learning on personalized learning
• The effectiveness of project-based learning in STEM education
• Digital literacy: Preparing students for an interconnected world
• The role of emotional intelligence in modern curriculum design
• The impact of remote learning on educational equity
• Gamification in education: Enhancing engagement and retention
• The importance of financial literacy in school curricula
• Addressing mental health in educational institutions
• The role of arts education in developing critical thinking skills
• Multicultural education in increasingly diverse classrooms
• The impact of standardized testing on learning outcomes
• Integrating sustainability and environmental awareness in education
• The role of soft skills in preparing students for future careers
• Addressing the digital divide in global education
• The impact of social media on student learning and socialization
• Inclusive education practices for students with diverse needs
• The role of mindfulness and meditation in educational settings
• STEAM education: Integrating arts into STEM curricula
• The impact of school nutrition programs on academic performance
• Lifelong learning in the age of rapid technological change

Fun Informative Speech Topics

These fun, informative speech topics are designed to engage and entertain audiences while still providing informative and educational content.

• The science behind viral dance trends
• Unusual Olympic sports you've never heard of
• The psychology of meme culture
• How AI is creating art and music
• The fascinating world of competitive eating
• Strange but true animal superpowers
• The science of laughter: Why we find things funny
• Bizarre world records and the people who set them
• The psychology of procrastination and how to beat it
• Unusual holidays celebrated around the world
• The science behind optical illusions
• Weird and wonderful food combinations that actually work
• The psychology of color in marketing and everyday life
• Unusual jobs of the future
• The science of déjà vu
• Strange sleep habits of famous historical figures
• The psychology of conspiracy theories
• Unusual and creative uses for common household items
• The science behind "earworm" songs
• Bizarre beauty treatments throughout history

Compare and Contrast Informative Essay Topics

• Traditional classrooms vs. virtual learning environments
• Renewable energy sources: Solar power vs. wind power
• Artificial intelligence vs. human intelligence in problem-solving
• Plant-based meat alternatives vs. traditional meat production
• Social media influencers vs. traditional celebrities
• Cryptocurrency vs. traditional banking systems
• Remote work vs. office-based work: Productivity and well-being
• Electric vehicles vs. hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
• Virtual reality vs. augmented reality in education and training
• Traditional journalism vs. citizen journalism in the digital age
• Gene therapy vs. traditional medical treatments
• 5G networks vs. previous generation networks
• Vertical farming vs. traditional agriculture
• Streaming services vs. traditional television broadcasting
• Digital books vs. print books: Reading experiences and environmental impact
• Artificial sweeteners vs. natural sugars: Health effects and taste
• Traditional art forms vs. digital art: Creativity and preservation
• Fast fashion vs. sustainable fashion: Environmental and social impacts
• Human translators vs. AI translation tools: Accuracy and nuance
• Traditional vs. alternative medicine approaches in modern healthcare

Pop Culture Informative Essay Topics

• The rise of TikTok and its impact on social media trends
• The evolution of superhero movies in the streaming era
• The influence of K-pop on global music and fashion
• The impact of true crime podcasts on public interest in cold cases
• The role of social media influencers in shaping consumer behavior
• The resurgence of vinyl records in the digital music age
• The impact of streaming services on TV show production and consumption
• The evolution of esports and its recognition as a legitimate sport
• The influence of drag culture on mainstream entertainment
• The impact of cancel culture on celebrity behavior and public discourse
• The rise of virtual influencers and digital avatars in marketing
• The evolution of fan conventions in the post-pandemic world
• The impact of streaming on the music industry and artist revenues
• The influence of reality TV on social norms and expectations
• The role of social media in modern political movements
• The impact of binge-watching culture on TV show narratives
• The evolution of meme culture and its reflection of societal issues
• The influence of YouTube creators on traditional media
• The impact of nostalgia marketing on consumer trends
• The role of virtual concerts and digital performances in the music industry

Creative Informative Speech Topics

These creative essay topics are designed to spark curiosity and interest in unique and unconventional subjects.

• The hidden language of emojis in digital communication
• The psychology behind the appeal of tiny homes
• The art and science of coffee roasting
• The unexpected benefits of forest bathing
• The fascinating world of urban foraging
• The psychology of color in interior design
• The art of origami in mathematics and engineering
• The science behind ASMR and its rising popularity
• The unexpected uses of mushrooms in technology and design
• The psychology of minimalism and its impact on well-being
• The art and science of perfume creation
• The unexpected applications of blockchain beyond cryptocurrency
• The psychology of comfort foods across cultures
• The art of creative problem-solving: Design thinking explained
• The unexpected benefits of learning a musical instrument as an adult
• The psychology of nostalgia and its influence on consumer behavior
• The art and science of fermentation in food and beverages
• The unexpected applications of 3D printing in various industries
• The psychology of color in branding and marketing
• The science behind the perfect cup of tea

Extra Ideas for Informative Essay

These unique ideas cover various informative writing topics that can appeal to various interests and tastes.

• The impact of digital nomadism on local economies
• The role of vertical forests in urban air quality improvement
• The psychology of decision-making in the age of information overload
• The impact of microplastics on human health
• The role of citizen science in modern research
• The psychology of conspiracy theories in the digital age
• The impact of light pollution on wildlife and human health
• The role of gut bacteria in mental health
• The psychology of hoarding and minimalism
• The impact of noise pollution on urban wildlife
• The role of virtual reality in treating phobias and PTSD
• The psychology of procrastination and productivity
• The impact of fast fashion on global water resources
• The role of biomimicry in sustainable design
• The psychology of brand loyalty in the digital age
• The impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems
• The role of green roofs in urban heat island mitigation
• The psychology of online dating and relationship formation
• The impact of space debris on future space exploration
• The role of circadian rhythms in productivity and health

Informative Essay Topics About Animals

• The impact of climate change on migratory patterns of birds
• The role of elephants in maintaining forest ecosystems
• The intelligence of octopuses: Recent discoveries and implications
• The impact of light pollution on nocturnal animals
• The social structures of wolf packs in changing environments
• The role of bees in global food security
• The impact of ocean noise pollution on marine mammals
• The adaptations of animals to urban environments
• The role of keystone species in ecosystem balance
• The impact of microplastics on marine life
• The social intelligence of dolphins: Latest research findings
• The role of animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatment
• The impact of invasive species on local ecosystems
• The adaptations of animals to extreme environments
• The role of zoos in conservation efforts
• The impact of deforestation on primate populations
• The intelligence and problem-solving abilities of corvids
• The role of animal communication in ecosystem health
• The impact of domestic cats on wildlife populations
• The adaptations of animals to climate change

Informational Paper Topics about Sports

These informative essay topic ideas cover a broad range of sports-related subjects that can be explored in an informative paper.

• The impact of data analytics on professional sports strategies
• The role of mental health support in athlete performance
• The evolution of e-sports and its recognition as a legitimate sport
• The impact of climate change on outdoor sports and events
• The role of technology in improving sports equipment and safety
• The impact of social media on athlete branding and sponsorships
• The evolution of sports medicine in injury prevention and recovery
• The role of diversity and inclusion initiatives in professional sports
• The impact of streaming services on sports broadcasting
• The evolution of nutrition science in athletic performance
• The role of virtual reality in sports training and fan experiences
• The impact of doping scandals on sports integrity and public trust
• The evolution of women's sports and gender equality in athletics
• The role of sports in diplomacy and international relations
• The impact of COVID-19 on the structure of sports seasons and events
• The evolution of sports betting in the digital age
• The role of youth sports in child development and social skills
• The impact of extreme sports on adventure tourism
• The evolution of adaptive sports for athletes with disabilities
• The role of sports psychology in improving athletic performance

Informative Essay Topics About Politics

• The impact of social media on political campaigns and voter behavior
• The role of fact-checking organizations in combating misinformation
• The evolution of digital diplomacy in international relations
• The impact of climate change on global migration patterns and policies
• The role of grassroots movements in shaping national politics
• The impact of AI and big data on election predictions and strategies
• The evolution of privacy laws in the digital age
• The role of corporate lobbying in policy-making
• The impact of term limits on political leadership and governance
• The evolution of voting systems and electoral reform
• The role of political satire in shaping public opinion
• The impact of demographic shifts on political party strategies
• The evolution of campaign finance laws and their effects
• The role of think tanks in shaping public policy
• The impact of populism on traditional political party structures
• The evolution of environmental policy in the face of climate change
• The role of youth activism in political discourse
• The impact of trade policies on global economic relations
• The evolution of cybersecurity as a national security priority
• The role of political polling in shaping public opinion and policy

Informative Essay Topics About Stress

• The impact of chronic stress on the immune system
• The role of mindfulness practices in stress management
• The impact of workplace stress on productivity and employee health
• The role of exercise in reducing stress and improving mental health
• The impact of financial stress on personal relationships and well-being
• The role of sleep quality in stress resilience
• The impact of social media use on stress levels and mental health
• The role of nature exposure in stress reduction
• The impact of pandemic-related stress on global mental health
• The role of nutrition in stress management and mental well-being
• The impact of academic stress on student performance and health
• The role of social support systems in stress resilience
• The impact of chronic stress on cardiovascular health
• The role of time management techniques in reducing stress
• The impact of noise pollution on stress levels in urban environments
• The role of art and creative expression in stress relief
• The impact of parenting stress on child development
• The role of cognitive behavioral therapy in managing stress
• The impact of tech-related stress in the digital age
• The role of workplace design in reducing occupational stress

What Is an Informative Essay

Informative Essay stands as a unique form of writing with the primary objective of imparting knowledge rather than steering opinions. This genre encapsulates a diverse array of subjects, ranging from the historical trajectory of the Internet to the tangible advantages associated with meditation practices. What distinguishes these essays is their adaptability, accommodating various writing styles such as descriptive, comparative, cause and effect, and even narrative approaches.

Contrary to being exclusive to academia, this type of essay writing offers a pathway for inquisitive minds to expand their knowledge horizons.

Hey there, future info-wizards! Let's chat about these awesome informative essays. They're like the Swiss Army knife of writing - super versatile! You can describe cool stuff, compare things, dive into cause and effect, or even spin a yarn - all while dropping knowledge bombs left and right. It's like being the coolest teacher ever, but with a pen (or keyboard) as your magic wand!

Now, here comes the fun part - research! I know what you're thinking: "Research? Boooring!" But hold up a sec! It's actually like going on a treasure hunt for mind-blowing facts. You're basically an information detective, digging up golden nuggets of knowledge. Before you know it, you're the go-to expert on your topic. How cool is that?

And guess what? These essays aren't just for school - they're for anyone with a curious mind (that's you, right?). It's like having an all-access pass to learn about whatever makes your brain tingle with excitement.

The best part? When you're crafting one of these bad boys, you get to be a fact superhero. Your mission, should you choose to accept it: Deliver the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. No bias, no opinions - just pure, unadulterated info-goodness.

So, ready to pick a topic that'll make your informative essay sparkle like a diamond? Stick around, and we'll explore how to choose something that'll not only hook your readers but also teach them something awesome. Trust me, it's going to be way more fun than binge-watching cat videos (well, almost)!

How to Choose Informative Essay Topics

Choosing the right informative essay topic is essential for crafting an engaging and insightful piece. The topic should be interesting, relevant, and informative. So, what is the first step to creating an informative essay? Here are five tips from our custom essay writing service for selecting a great topic for an informative essay:

The Final Thoughts

In conclusion, selecting a topic for an informative essay can be challenging, but choosing a subject that is engaging, informative, and relevant to the target audience is crucial. Whether you are writing for high school, college, or professional audiences, there are endless possibilities for good topics for informative essays. Now that you understand what is the purpose of an informative essay, you must know that the key is to identify a topic you are passionate about, conduct thorough research, and present your findings in a clear and organized manner.

Meanwhile, you can always get top-notch papers from our team of experienced writers. You can even do math homework of any degree of complexity using our paper writing platform!

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What Are Some Informative Essay Topics?

What are good informative essay topics.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

Updated topics

How To Write An Informative Research Paper

Published by gudwriter on February 1, 2021 February 1, 2021

Informative research papers are meant to shed light on a specific subject for an audience interested in knowing more about it. Informative writing presents facts as they are about the subject without seeking to form an opinion in the audience, but instead provoke curiosity on the subject. Informative research papers are incredibly prolific in sciences and technology.

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Types of Informative Research Papers

An informative essay can take on different forms. You could write it to explain a term or concept. You can also write an analysis type of essay to explore a specific subject. Some informative essays are in the form of ‘how-to’ essays, while others compare and contrast different subjects.

The writer must present factual evidence on what is or what happens. In sciences, this details experiments, while in humanities, it involves a rigorous literature review. The writer must use credible sources of information and cite them in a reference section. A mix of primary and secondary sources makes the facts presented more credible. The research paper’s main body links different facts to explain the current or future state of the subject. A conclusion is needed to show how this research applies or how it will impact future events.

An Informative essay is structured pretty much like other academic essays except for a few slight differences which every student should be aware of. To avoid making any mistakes or making any assumptions which might later affect your final grade, relieve yourself from all this stress and get an online research writer who will help you out.

Main Elements of an Informative Essay

1. the introduction.

This is where you tell the reader what the subject of the essay is about. What will the reader be informed about? This section has an overview of the subject e.g., Cryptocurrencies . This also includes defining the different terms that relate to the subject of discussion. This touches on the background information on the subject, such as how cryptocurrencies have grown since 2009.

 A brief on what is to be covered by the essay should also be included to avoid wasting the reader’s time. Including a thesis statement is essential in defining the essay; for example, Cryptocurrencies will form the bulk of online money by 2030. The introduction section is the only chance the writer gets to catch and maintain the reader’s attention.

2. The body

This middle section of an informative essay forms the bulk of it. This is where you support the thesis statement with facts, statements, statistics, and supporting evidence. Many informative research papers have 3-4 body paragraphs. This may vary on the higher side for a complicated subject or one with a broad scope. Use the words to pages converter to calculate how many pages a certain number of words is.

The body fills out all the terms, concepts, and ideas in the introduction. If you are writing on the role of cryptocurrencies in online transactions, for example, body paragraphs would include;

• Defining cryptocurrencies and an explanation of how they come about (mining)
• How cryptocurrencies are exchanged and verification of transactions
• Differences between cryptocurrencies and Fiat money
• Advantages of using cryptocurrencies
• Common transactions involving cryptocurrencies
• The future of cryptocurrencies

3. The conclusion

This part of an informative research paper wraps up the evidence presented in the body and makes deductions or inferences that support the thesis statement. This is where you restate the thesis statement by linking it to what the research paper has presented as factual. You also reiterate the importance of discussing the subject. An excellent informative research paper should also seek to offer foresight into the subject e.g., the role of cryptocurrencies in e-commerce in the next ten years.

Read on how to tame a wild tongue sample essay that may help you understand on how to write quality essays.

A conclusion is usually done in one or two paragraphs. The closing statements of a good conclusion should provoke the reader to delve deeper into the research subject.

4. The references

Informative research papers depend on citations to prove their credibility when presenting secondary research i.e., facts uncovered in other sources. It is also an academic requirement lest the writer gets penalized for plagiarism and copyright violations. The citations should be done according to the demanded format e.g., MLA format. Be sure to provide a reference for each citation.

How to Pick a Topic for an Informative Research Paper

• Exposé on an original topic – This is where you research a relatively new topic or sub-topic e.g., A new type of cryptocurrency
• Further investigation into a popular topic – This is research that is meant to shed better light on a specific subject e.g., mining of cryptocurrencies

It is essential to bear in mind that a research paper consumes resources in time and money. It is prudent to keep the scope of the research manageable.

Examples of informative research paper topics

• Is it easier for multilingual students to learn new languages?
• Is there any significant suicide rate among students in public colleges?
• How to develop mental health with proper counseling?
• How to learn sign language for communicating with the deaf and dumb?
• What causes some people who grow up in dire circumstances to overcome them?
• Who is responsible for high school hate crimes?
• Explain the consequences of having alcohol on the school campus.
• What does “living below the poverty line” mean?
• How has the internet boosted communication?
• How does fast food affect our health?
• What affects a couple’s decision on how many children to have?
• What is homelessness? What causes people to be homeless?
• Why Obama’s care does more harm than good?
• Which is the most similar to our Earth planet?
• Why does Nicki Minaj dress as she dresses? Is it a simple media stunt, or is there a deeper reason?
• How to reduce the influence of social media on our lives?
• Causes and effects of frictional unemployment
• How does acrophobia affect people?
• What are the four explanations for why we forget things?
• What is the rule of reciprocity?
• What is schizophrenia? What are the different types of this disease? Is there a cure?
• The effects of online and mobile banking on employment in the financial sector
• Top reasons that lead to the high level of obesity among the US population
• What is a nanobot, and what problems can be solved with the help of nanobots?
• What are the effects on a family when a parent becomes a meth addict?

Common Mistakes Made When Writing Informative Essays

To write the perfect informative essay, you must avoid the following common mistakes.

1. A poor structure

As indicated above, the structure of an informative essay includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. This structure must be adhered to lest your work will be confusing for the reader.

2. Having no thesis statement or a weak one

The importance of a thesis statement in an informative essay cannot be overstated. Most of the time, students proceed with their essays and forget all about the thesis statement. The thesis statement helps draw the readers’ attention and makes the essay catchy. It also gives the reader an overview of what you are going to talk about. You can also use our thesis statement generator tool for an outstanding thesis statement.

3. Not having an outline

After coming up with a topic for the informative essay, the next thing you should do is to create an outline. How does an outline help? Well, it helps you stick to the subject as most students find themselves wandering away from the point. More so, it will help your writing flow and prevent you from getting stuck in the middle of the essay.

When writing an informative essay, it is essential to stay enthusiastic throughout, even if you don’t like the topic you are discussing. Also, do not forget the objective of writing this essay, which is informing and educating the audience on a given topic. Proofread your work and  check for plagiarism  before submitting your work to get an A Grade.

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Top 200 Informative Process Analysis Essay Topics For Students

All informative essay topics provide an opportunity to write papers on your favorite themes. Specifically, you can choose science, religion, health, politics, or even flights to Mars. All informative essay topics are about creating expert material in any niche. It also means that you need to find reliable and reputable sources for training.

By choosing informative paper topics, you will dive into fact-learning. This is very important to fully disclose a problem or a specific issue. You should be aware that informational essay topics are not intended to impose a personal opinion or create discussion. The main aspect is facts. Your research paper should provide neutral information based on hard data without emotional overtones.

The main advantage of informative research paper topics is their variety and the ability to select the least complex information section. But paperwork like this still requires adherence to general structure, formatting, and writing style. You need to prepare an outline and strong introductory paragraph. When you select topics for an informative essay, you will need to find reputable sources to prepare exclusively verified information.

Informative Presentation Topics For College Students

When you choose informative topic ideas it requires analyzing the information to provide facts in your paperwork. You should avoid being emotional and write only to the point. Then such a research work or presentation will be expert. Try to fully disclose the topic to get the highest marks.

• Plant growth acceleration technique.
• How to overcome your fear of flying?
• Methods of dealing with insomnia.
• How to get rid of bad habits in 30 days?
• Ways to properly plan your birthday.
• The main stages of fat burning in the gym.
• The method of creating the right intense workouts in the gym.
• The methodology for studying the composition of the diet.
• How to learn to write a good essay?
• Best ways to save money.
• The argumentation in debates.
• The most effective methods of dealing with depression.
• The best option for mortgage lending.
• The advice on employment.
• How to make money?
• How to make cosmetic repairs without the help of third-party companies?
• The best way to win a controversy is the right approach to college education
• The nuances of US insurance.
• How to buy a car on credit?
• Ways to overcome depression.

Interesting Informative Essay Topics

Interesting informative speech topics for college are the key to a successful assessment if you do good research work. Try to find out as much information as possible and create such a concentrate of facts that will be highly appreciated. You can choose whichever topic you are most familiar with so that you don't waste a lot of time searching for data.

• The political system of the United States.
• President Trump's policies point to the consequences of World War II for the United States.
• The nuances of legislation, peculiarities of interaction of different nations.
• The reasons for the fall of the Pakistani economy.
• 5 ways to combat cybercrime.
• The link between unemployment and economic decline.
• The best times to create creative masterpieces.
• The causes of teenage violence in school.
• The stage for education in human life.
• The main stages of the modern economy formation.
• The analysis of the prospects of each student.
• 5 ways to realize personal growth.
• Modern Europe and extremism.
• The impact of video games on adolescent development.
• The ways to detect superbugs.
• The main methods of combating drug addiction.
• Methodology for creating a business plan.
• How to get rid of depression after birth?
• The analysis of the modern economic model of China.
• The interaction of society layers.

Informative Essay Topics For College Students

By choosing good informative speech topics for college students, you can focus on the current curriculum in your area. For example, there are many topics that allow you to touch on the process of data analysis, sports, politics, culture or science. The main thing is to find authoritative sources for collecting information.

• The nuances of global warming.
• Should you become a vegetarian?
• How presidents of different countries change the world for the better.
• The chemical emissions and acid rain.
• The impact of cybercrime on the modern economy.
• The carbon emissions and the main causes of environmental pollution.
• The way to get the best job in the world.
• The effectiveness of online universities.
• Should we ban animal testing?
• Parliamentary system of Great Britain and its influence on the whole world.
• Should the United States care about environmental pollution?
• The analysis of the Milky Way.
• When can you see a solar eclipse?
• The principle of college education.
• Do I need to sort the trash?
• The renewable energy in the USA.
• The nuances of recycling paper waste.
• Stages of personality formation.
• How to learn how to make your dreams come true?
• Lending methods in the USA.

Informative Essay Topics For High School

When choosing informative essay topics for high school, you should pay attention to the specifics of the subject that you have. You should only choose what is relevant to your educational program and not intended for college or university students. In this case, you are not limited to any particular topic and can experiment.

• The nuances of going to college.
• How bullying affects personality development.
• The classification system for animal species.
• How civil wars affect the formation of the state.
• The reason for the failure of Hitler's policies.
• The consequences of the war in Iraq.
• The nuances of the US legal system.
• The richest cities in the USA.
• How does vandalism affect the development of a nation?
• Preconditions for the outbreak of World War II.
• How do indifferent political views change the state system?
• The richest people in the world.
• How does Islamic culture affect the United States?
• Native American folklore.
• The impact of music on student performance.
• The reasons for the collapse of Yugoslavia
• The nuances of military conflicts in the 21st century.
• Analysis of the economy of developed countries.
• What professions are most in demand in this decade?
• The nuances of studying the political system of the United States.

Informative Essay Topics For Middle School

By choosing informational essay topics for middle school, you shouldn't overcomplicate your task. You can choose any educational aspect or free niche for paperwork. For example, there are many topics related to education, psychological development of a person or sports culture. These are good options for essays.

• The features of school uniforms in the United States of America.
• The influence of parks and squares on national culture.
• The nuances of the domestication of wild animals.
• The exploration of North America.
• The best vitamins to restore the immune system.
• The influence of violence on the formation of psychological dysfunctions.
• The best ways to cut and sew.
• Methodology and practical training to improve school performance.
• The secret and successful recovery after a hard day.
• The nuances of self-tanning. the influence of music on human intelligence
• Is it worth using a progressive teaching method?
• All basic methods of dog training.
• When will Elon Musk fly to Mars?
• Does humanity need to find alien civilizations?
• The nuances of the US educational system.
• How to achieve the highest results in a hobby?
• The impact of video games on improving student perception.
• How does physical exercise affect the cardiovascular system?
• The diet and proper nutrition.
• The analysis of sports training of world celebrities.

Informative And Surprising Essay Topics

There are quite a few informative speech topics for teens that you can choose from. You can be original and prepare a surprising topic like comparing hair growth on the heads of famous politicians or the nuances of gravity on Mars. If your topic is not only original, but also expert, then you can get high marks.

• The comparison of the textbooks in different countries.
• Why is a thesis outline so important for an essay?
• Why is the introduction of any essay critical to perception?
• The problems of modern censorship on television.
• The methods of distributing music albums in the sixties of the last century.
• Why is imprisonment not a method of correcting a person?
• The childhood obesity and the main consequences.
• The famous fast food restaurants.
• Why people give gifts to each other.
• How to analyze periods of feline meow before eating?
• Can you count all the songs on the beach?
• How to create a car with your own hands?
• The nuances of the political system and methods for improving them.
• The modern school uniform. How are military body armor made?
• The main features of the structure of motorcycles.
• The nuance of buying a car in the USA.
• Why is credit history important to every American?
• How to improve your college rankings?
• Why do teenagers like to make surprises?
• The faith features the pygmies.

Easy Informative Essay Topics

There are many easy informative speech topics for college students that do not require in-depth study of statistical data. Any general topic like global warming or garbage disposal does not require many days of study of specialized literature.

• Method of testing cucumbers.
• How are hamburgers made?
• The nuances of mechanical engineering in the 19th century.
• How is the US economy developing in our time?
• The method of studying ski jumping
• How to learn to ride a bike?
• Can you fly to the sun?
• How do astronomers study the universe?
• The methodology for studying new information.
• How to learn to whistle?
• Is it possible for humanity to colonize Mars?
• How does space travel work?
• The methodology for studying the exact sciences.
• Is it possible for humanity to achieve digital immortality?
• The breeding methods for dogs.
• Can fish live out of water?
• The methodology for studying animal behavior
• The political system of the USA and its difference from Canada
• How the US legislative base is formed.
• Can wild animals be domesticated?

Informative Essay Ideas on Sports & Health

Any informative essay topics for middle school or college may include sports and health topics. You can do research on the relationship between athletic performance and mental health, or describe the negative aspects of a particular discipline. Also, any student can describe the problems of recovery from injuries or the nuances of popularizing a sport in the United States.

• The impact of sports on the physical development of athletes.
• Is it possible to improve the digestive system by becoming a vegetarian?
• The analysis of bicycle racing in the USA.
• The best ideas for creating sports centers.
• The systematic development of sports culture in the United States.
• How do sports stress affects muscle mass?
• The preventive fasting as a method of getting rid of toxins.
• How can a person's immune system be improved?
• The sports system in the USA.
• The impact of education on football discipline.
• How can you analyze the performance of athletes in colleges and universities?
• The modern wellness programs in the USA.
• The methodology for the development of discipline and sports health.
• Does doping affect athletes' performance?
• How to achieve significant results in sports without injuring your own body?
• Is it possible to become a professional athlete after college?
• How does the US medical system work?
• analysis of students' physical activity
• Is it possible to achieve significant sports results in college?
• The body structure of athletes and the main differences between sports.

Informative Paper Topics on History & Political Science

These interesting informative essay topics can cover the topic of international politics and certain historical stages of state formation. This is a good opportunity to prepare an expert paper on trade, wars, or political intrigue. The main task of any student is to adhere to information content and operate with facts.

• The modern political situation.
• How does history show cyclical moments in politics?
• The impact of historical continuity on political movements.
• The modern political system of the United States of America.
• What is a parliamentary system?
• The key aspects of the parliamentary system in developed countries.
• Is it possible to amend the Constitution?
• Greatest in US politics.
• Donald Trump and his foreign economic policy.
• The nuances of the US economic war with China.
• How is a competitive political environment formed?
• Can elections be fair?
• The history of the American Civil War.
• How is the political stratum formed in modern society?
• The influence of politics on the lives of modern Americans.
• The main prerequisites for political wars.
• Can elections be held online?
• The main ways to modernize the political system.
• The impact of historical aspects on modern politics.
• The analysis of the modern political model in Sweden.

Informative Essay Topic Ideas on Religion

Such informative topics for college students can be interesting regardless of religion. You can concentrate on the historical spread of beliefs or the nuances of a particular denomination. The only nuance is neutrality. You should not use emotional coloring or speak negatively about beliefs. Remember that these are information essay topics that are purely factual.

• The islamization of European states.
• Is there a single faith for all nationalities?
• The modern religions and beliefs.
• How does religion drive technology?
• Can religion slow down economic growth?
• The major religious movements in the United States.
• Cults and their influence on mentally ill people.
• Can religion replace states?
• The basic prerequisites for the creation of Christian confessions.
• Can a secular state profess many religions?
• The history of religious offshoots in the United States.
• Can Islam be a peaceful religion?
• How does monotheism differ from modern religious trends?
• The religious habits of the ancient Vikings.
• Is religion possible in modern society?
• The causes of religious revolts in the Middle Ages.
• The analysis of religious statistics in the context of society.
• The comparison of different versions of the Bible.
• The main tenets of all religious books.
• Can religion replace the law?

How To Write An Informative And Surprising Essay

The choice of informative essay topics for middle school or college is wide enough that you are not forced into a rigid framework. The only thing you need to adhere to is a consistent statement of facts. Create a good outline and your informative essay topics for college students will be properly structured.

You also need to stick to formatting and rely solely on authoritative sources. Then all topics for an informative essay can be used to get a high score. If you are not ready to do it yourself, then we will help you. Our company specializes in the preparation of informative research essay topics and can implement any nuances to create expert paperwork.

An Inspiration List:

• Informative Newspaper
• informative: Latest News
• The World's Most Interesting News Articles
• The Most Interesting Science News Articles of the Week
• 103 Best Crazy, Interesting, & Informative News
• Latest News – ScienceDaily

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• How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

• Start with a question
• Write your initial answer
• Develop your answer
• Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

• Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
• Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
• Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

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Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

• Why you hold this position
• What they’ll learn from your essay
• The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

• In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
• In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

• Ask a question about your topic .
• Write your initial answer.
• Develop your answer by including reasons.
• Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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A Plan to Promote Defense Research at Minority-Serving Institutions

Engaging the full breadth of talent in the United States is an important component of growing and sustaining dominance in research and development (R&D) and supporting national security into the future. By 2030, one-fifth of Americans will be above age 65 and at or nearing retirement from the workforce. Estimates of race and ethnic demographic changes between 2016 and 2030 show a decrease in the non-Hispanic white population and an increase in terms of both number and share of all other demographic groups, and this trend will continue to increase. These population shifts signal a citizenry and workforce that will be increasingly diverse. For the United States to maintain its global competitiveness and protect its security interests, targeted support is needed to cultivate talent from communities throughout the nation.

The nation's more than 800 Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) provide an impactful and cost-effective opportunity to focus on cultivating the current and future U.S. population for careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), including in fields critical to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). At the request of DOD, this report identifies tangible frameworks for increasing the participation of MSIs in defense-related research and development and identifies the necessary mechanisms for elevating minority serving institutions to R1 status (doctoral universities with very high research activity) on the Carnegie Classifications of Institutions of Higher Education scale.

RESOURCES AT A GLANCE

• Building Research Capacity at Minority Institutions: Figures of Research Expenditure and Facility Space by Field
• Building Research Capacity at Minority Institutions: Tables of Research Expenditure and Facility Space by Field

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. A Plan to Promote Defense Research at Minority-Serving Institutions . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27838. Import this citation to: Bibtex EndNote Reference Manager

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How China Built Tech Prowess: Chemistry Classes and Research Labs

Stressing science education, China is outpacing other countries in research fields like battery chemistry, crucial to its lead in electric vehicles.

By Keith Bradsher

Reporting from Changsha, Beijing and Fuzhou, China

China’s domination of electric cars, which is threatening to start a trade war, was born decades ago in university laboratories in Texas, when researchers discovered how to make batteries with minerals that were abundant and cheap.

Companies from China have recently built on those early discoveries, figuring out how to make the batteries hold a powerful charge and endure more than a decade of daily recharges. They are inexpensively and reliably manufacturing vast numbers of these batteries, producing most of the world’s electric cars and many other clean energy systems.

Batteries are just one example of how China is catching up with — or passing — advanced industrial democracies in its technological and manufacturing sophistication. It is achieving many breakthroughs in a long list of sectors, from pharmaceuticals to drones to high-efficiency solar panels.

Beijing’s challenge to the technological leadership that the United States has held since World War II is evidenced in China’s classrooms and corporate budgets, as well as in directives from the highest levels of the Communist Party.

A considerably larger share of Chinese students major in science, math and engineering than students in other big countries do. That share is rising further, even as overall higher education enrollment has increased more than tenfold since 2000.

Spending on research and development has surged, tripling in the past decade and moving China into second place after the United States. Researchers in China lead the world in publishing widely cited papers in 52 of 64 critical technologies, recent calculations by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute reveal.

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Peer Reviewed

How spammers and scammers leverage AI-generated images on Facebook for audience growth

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Much of the research and discourse on risks from artificial intelligence (AI) image generators, such as DALL-E and Midjourney, has centered around whether they could be used to inject false information into political discourse. We show that spammers and scammers—seemingly motivated by profit or clout, not ideology—are already using AI-generated images to gain significant traction on Facebook. At times, the Facebook Feed is recommending unlabeled AI-generated images to users who neither follow the Pages posting the images nor realize that the images are AI-generated, highlighting the need for improved transparency and provenance standards as AI models proliferate.

Stanford Internet Observatory, Stanford University, USA

Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Georgetown University, USA

Research Questions

• How are profit and clout-motivated Page owners using AI-generated images on Facebook?
• When users see AI-generated images on Facebook, are they aware of the synthetic origins?

Essay Summary

• We studied 125 Facebook Pages that posted at least 50 AI-generated images each, classifying them into spam, scam, and other creator categories. Some were coordinated clusters run by the same administrators. As of April 2024, these Pages had a mean follower count of 146,681 and a median of 81,000.
• These images collectively received hundreds of millions of exposures. In Q3 2023, a post with an AI-generated image was among Facebook’s top 20 most viewed posts, with 40 million views and more than 1.9 million interactions.
• Spam Pages adopted clickbait tactics, directing users to off-platform content farms and low-quality domains. Scam Pages attempted to sell non-existent products or obtain users’ personal details.
• The Facebook Feed (formerly “News Feed”) shows users AI-generated images even when they do not follow the Pages posting those images. We suspect this is because the algorithmic Feed promotes content that is likely to generate engagement. Facebook has increased the percentage of “unconnected posts” (posts that did not come from friends, Pages people followed, or Groups they were a part of) in users’ Feeds over the last three years. 
• Comments on the images suggest that many users are unaware of their synthetic origin, though a subset of comments include text or infographics alerting others and warning of scams. Viewer misperceptions highlight the importance of labeling and transparency measures moving forward.
• Some of the Pages in our sample used known deceptive practices, such as Page theft or takeover, and exhibited suspicious follower growth.

Implications

With the diffusion of new generative AI tools, policymakers, researchers, and the public have expressed concerns about impacts on different facets of society. Existing work has developed taxonomies of misuses and harm (Ferrara, 2024; Weidinger et al., 2022) and tested the potential of AI tools for generating instructions for biological weapons (Mouton et al., 2024), propaganda (Goldstein et al., 2024; Spitale et al., 2023), and phishing content (Grbic & Dujlovic, 2023). A significant portion of this literature is theoretical or lab-based and focused on political speech, such as impacts on elections, threats to democracy, and shared capacity for sensemaking (Seger et al., 2020). 

And yet, even in the realm of the political, the tactics of manipulators have long been previewed by those with a different motivation: making money. Spammers and scammers are often early adopters of new technologies because they stand to profit during the time gap between when technology makes novel, attention-capturing tactics possible and when defenders recognize the dynamics and come up with new policies or interventions to minimize their impact (e.g., Goldstein & DiResta, 2022; Metaxas & DeStefano, 2005). Recall the Macedonian teenagers behind the high-profile “fake news” debacles of 2016: Investigative reports found they used eye-catching content—promoted by Facebook’s recommendation and trending algorithms—to drive users to off-platform websites where they would collect advertising revenue via Google Adsense (e.g., Hughes & Waismel-Manor, 2021; Subramanian 2017).

While the misuse of text-to-image and image-to-image models in politics is worthy of study, so are deceptive, non-political applications. Understanding misuse can shape risk analysis and mitigations. In this article, we show that images from AI models are already being used by spammers, scammers, and other creators running Facebook Pages and are, at times, achieving viral engagement. For the purposes of this study, we describe Pages as “spam” if they post low-effort (e.g., AI-generated or stolen) content at high frequencies and (a) use clickbait tactics to drive people to an outside domain or (b) have inauthentic follower growth (e.g., from fake accounts). We categorized Pages as “scam” if they (a) deceive followers by stealing, buying, or exchanging Page control, (b) falsely claim a name, address, or other identifying feature, and/or (c) sell fake products. Our “other creator” category includes Pages that post AI-generated images at high frequency and are not transparent about the synthetic origin of content, but we do not have clear evidence of manipulative behavior.

We studied 125 spam, scam, and other creator Facebook Pages that shared 50+ AI-generated images to capture the attention of Facebook users. Many of these Pages formed clusters, such as six Pages with more than 400,000 collective followers that declared themselves affiliated with the “Pil&Pet Corporation” in the Intro section of their Pages. The Pil&Pet Pages posted AI-generated images with similar captions and all had Page operators from Armenia, the United States, and Georgia. Some Pages we studied did not declare a mutual affiliation, but posted on highly similar topics, recycled posts, and co-moderated Facebook Groups or shared links to the same domains . Other Pages were not clearly connected to others in the list but used highly similar captions, identical generated images, or images on similar themes. A number of Pages, for example, posted AI-generated images of log cabins. At times, these AI-generated images were recommended to users via Facebook’s Feed (including in our own Feeds). The posts are not transparent about the use of AI and many users do not seem to realize that they are of synthetic origin (Koebler, 2023). Facebook confirmed in a statement to us by email that they have “taken action against those engaged in inauthentic behavior, and demoted the clickbait websites under [their] Content Distribution Guidelines.” 1 The full statement by Meta via email to the authors on April 10, 2024: “We welcome more research into AI and cross-platform inauthentic behavior since deceptive efforts rarely target only one platform. We’ve reviewed the pages in this report and have taken action against those engaged in inauthentic behavior, and demoted the clickbait sites under our Content Distribution Guidelines . We’re also continuing to work with industry partners on common technical standards for identifying and labeling AI-generated content.”The full statement by Meta via email to the authors on April 10, 2024: “We welcome more research into AI and cross-platform inauthentic behavior since deceptive efforts rarely target only one platform. We’ve reviewed the pages in this report and have taken action against those engaged in inauthentic behavior, and demoted the clickbait sites under our Content Distribution Guidelines . We’re also continuing to work with industry partners on common technical standards for identifying and labeling AI-generated content.”

Consequences and recommendations

The Pages we studied may produce direct and indirect negative impact. In terms of direct consequences, we observed unambiguously manipulative behaviors from some of the Page operators, such as Page/account theft and leveraging batches of inauthentic followers to enhance their legitimacy or engage in discourse with content viewers. AI-generated content appears to be a boon for spam and scam actors because the images are easy to generate, often visually sensational, and attract engagement. In terms of indirect consequences, most of the AI-generated images did not include an indication of their synthetic origin. Comments by Facebook users often suggested that they did not recognize the images were fake—congratulating, for example, an AI-generated child for an AI-generated painting. Scam accounts occasionally engaged with credulous commenters on the posts, both in Pages and Groups, at times seeking personal information about them or offering to sell them products that do not exist. The increasing complexity of distinguishing between real and synthetic content online will likely further exacerbate issues with trust in media and information.

To grapple with deceptive AI-generated content, interventions could target at least three different stages: (1) reducing the likelihood that deceptive content reaches end users without notice, (2) decreasing the impact of deceptive content that does reach end users, and (3) measuring real-world use and impact of deceptive AI-generated content on social media platforms. We describe several specific mitigations—improved detection methods, education, and impact assessments—that fall under these three stages, respectively, while recognizing that other approaches can also contribute.

First, social media companies should invest resources in improving detection of scams as well as AI-generated content. For the latter, collaborations between AI developers, social media platforms, and external researchers may be useful for ensuring that the most robust detection mechanisms are deployed in practice. Platforms should test the effect of different interventions for indicating that content is AI-generated (including labeling images they detect, requiring users to proactively label, and rolling out watermarking techniques) (Bickert, 2024) and researchers should investigate whether tech companies are true to the voluntary commitments announced at the 2024 Munich Security Conference (e.g., “attaching provenance signals to identify the origin of content where appropriate and technically feasible”) (Munich Security Conference, 2024). Labeling AI-generated content can decrease deception of social media users, but it could come at a cost if there are high false-positive or false-negative rates.

Second, the media, and AI generation tool creators themselves, should help the public understand AI image generation tools in a manner that is digestible and not sensational. This could include Public Service Announcements that teach that AI-generated images can look photorealistic. Such announcements should learn from recent work on inoculation theory (e.g., Roozenbeek, 2022) and teach proactive user strategies (e.g., lateral reading). This may improve social media users’ discernment of AI-generated images that are implausible and increase the likelihood that they fact-check images against other sources (as it will often not be obvious when seemingly photorealistic images are AI-generated). This should be complemented by teaching people general digital literacy best practices, such as Mike Caufield’s “SIFT” method: Stop, Identify the source, Find better coverage, and Trace claims, quotes, and media to the original context (Caufield, 2019).

Third, researchers should contribute to understanding the effects of AI-generated content on broader information landscapes. Although our study focuses specifically on Facebook, other platforms also face challenges related to AI-generated content. Research has investigated the use of deceptive AI-generated profile pictures on Twitter (Yang et al., 2024) and LinkedIn (Goldstein & DiResta, 2022), and journalists have documented the use of new generative AI tools for spam on TikTok (Koebler, 2024b), scam books on Amazon (Limbong, 2024), and other applications. Accumulation of additional studies through incident databases (e.g., Dixon & Frase, 2024; Walker et al., 2024) can contribute to cross-platform, comparative analysis—such as whether and how the execution of AI-enabled harms varies by affordances of platforms. Studies of real-world use can inform which specific applications require prioritization for detection and educational efforts described above. Another line of research can examine how labeling content as AI-generated affects perceptions of unlabeled content (Jakesch et al., 2019) or interview individuals behind the deceptive use of AI-generated content on social media to better understand their motivations and perceptions of ethics.

Finding 1: Spammers, scammers, and other creators are posting unlabeled AI-generated images that are gaining high volumes of engagement on Facebook. Many users do not seem to recognize that the images are synthetic.

Unlabeled AI-generated images from the Pages we studied amassed a significant number of views and engagements. One way that we discovered Pages deceptively using AI-generated images was by observing repeated caption text across Pages—even Pages that were seemingly unconnected. For example, AI-generated content of old people, amputees, and infants often contained the phrase “No one ever blessed me” in the caption. AI-generated images of people alongside their supposed woodworking or drawings were captioned with variants on “Made it with my own hands”; neither the person depicted nor the art is real. Phrases such as “This is my first cake! I will be glad for your marks” explicitly solicit comment feedback (see Figure 1). Oftentimes these posts received comments of praise. Sometimes the post text made little sense in context; an AI-generated image of Jesus rendered as a crab worshiped by other crabs also proudly declared “Made it with my own hands!” and received 209,000 reactions and more than 4,000 comments (see Figure 2).

Common themes for content across the Pages we studied included AI-generated houses or cabins (43 Pages), AI-generated images of children (28 Pages), AI-generated wood carvings (19 Pages), and AI-generated images of Jesus (13 Pages). We provide examples of other AI-generated images posted by Pages in the dataset with high levels of engagement in Figure 3.

While researchers typically can see the number of engagements a post has (the sum of reactions, comments, and reshares), they do not have access to the number of views. However, view counts do appear for the 20 most viewed pieces of content in a given quarter, available via Facebook Transparency’s Center. One of the 10 most viewed posts in Q3 2023 was an unlabeled AI-generated image from a Page that transitioned from a cooking Page to one showing AI-generated images of kitchens (Figure 4).

Finding 2: The Facebook Feed at times recommends unlabeled AI-generated images to users who do not explicitly follow the Page posting the content.

We suspect these high levels of engagement are partially driven by the Facebook recommendation algorithm. 2 In 2022, Alex Heath reported on an internal memo by Facebook President Tom Allison about planned changes to the algorithm that would “help people find and enjoy interesting content regardless of whether it was produced by someone you’re connected to or not.” According to Heath, it was clear to Meta that to compete with TikTok, it had to compete with the experience of TikTok’s main “For You” Page, which shows people content based on their past viewing habits and anticipated preferences (independent of whether the user follows the creator’s account). Meta’s quarterly “Widely Viewed Content Report: What People See on Facebook” includes a section that breaks out where posts in Feed come from (e.g., from Groups people joined; content their friends shared; sources they aren’t connected to, but Facebook thinks they might be interested in, etc.). 3 We pulled the portion of Feed views from different sources, reported each quarter from Q2 2021 (when Facebook began publishing it) through article drafting in Q3 2023. As shown in Figure 5, the portion of content views from “unconnected posts” (posts from sources users are not connected to) from Facebook algorithm recommendations rose dramatically from 8% in Q2 2021 to 24% in Q3 2023.

After we conducted preliminary research, we began to see an increasing percentage of AI-generated images in our own Feeds, despite not following or liking any of the Pages posting AI-generated images. The algorithm likely expected us to view or engage with AI-generated images because we had clicked on others in the past. Two colleagues who reviewed our work reported that they were shown AI-generated images in their Feed before they even began investigating, and we observed a number of social media users claiming large influxes of AI-generated images in their Facebook Feeds (Koebler, 2024c). For example, Reddit users are discussing their Facebook Feeds with comments such as “Facebook has turned into an endless scroll of Midjourney AI photos and virtually no one appears to have noticed.”

Finding 3: Scam and spam Pages leveraging large numbers of AI-generated images are using well-known deceptive practices, such as Page theft or repurposing, and exhibit suspicious follower growth.

Research into social media influence dynamics has observed that Page growth is a common strategic goal. Obtaining a Page with an existing following provides a ready-made audience that can be monetized. A large follower count increases the perceived credibility of a Page (Phua & Ahn, 2016), so fake engagement is also used to create this perception. Some of the Facebook Pages we analyzed used tried-and-true tactics along these lines: 50 had changed their names, often from an entirely different subject, and some displayed a massive jump in followers after the name change (but prior to new activity that would organically have produced that follower spike).

Take, for example, the Page “Life Nature.” The Page was first created on December 9, 2011, with the name “Rock the Nation USA,” and it appears to be the Page of a real band posting fliers for the traveling band with information about upcoming concerts. On December 29, 2023, the Page changed its name to “Life Nature” and began posting AI-generated images (among photos taken from other parts of the Internet). Whereas the touring band had ~9,400 followers, a number which had remained consistent from July 2023 to December of that year, following the name change the Page acquired 300,000 followers (December 31 to January 6). The second post after the name change received more than 32,000 likes and 17,000 comments. Figure 6 shows changes in content from band posters to AI-generated content. A booking agent for the band told 404 Media’s Jason Koebler, who found the Page as part of his own investigation, “we found out about the page being hacked towards the end of December. No idea how it happened, unfortunately, as I was the only admin and my personal profile is still intact. Appreciate you trying to support the cause” (Koebler, 2024a). Figure 6 shows the increase in follower growth. Since our analysis, the Page is no longer live on Facebook.

Other examples of Facebook Pages that posted a large number of AI-generated images but were either stolen or repurposed include “Olivia Lily” (formerly a church in Georgia), “Interesting stories” (formerly a windmill seller), and “Amazing Nature” (formerly equine services). One such Page was stolen from a high school band in North Carolina, per NBC reporting (Yang, 2024).

Spam Pages largely leveraged the attention they obtained from viewers to drive them to off-Facebook domains, likely in an effort to garner ad revenue. They would post the AI-generated image often using overlapping captions as described in Finding 1, then leave the URL of the domain they wished users to visit in the first comment. For example, a cluster of Pages that posted images of cabins or tiny homes pointed users to a website that purportedly offered instructions on how to build them. Other clusters used AI-generated or enhanced images of celebrities, babies, animals, and other topics to grab attention and then directed users to heavily ad-laden content​ farm domains—some of which themselves appeared to consist of primarily AI-composed text. An examination of the posting dynamics of several Pages in our data set—those created prior to easily-available generative AI tools—suggested that they both increased their posting volume and also transitioned from posting primarily clickbait links to their domains to posting attention-grabbing AI-generated images (see Figure 7). This is potentially due to the perception that the recommendation engine was likely to privilege one content type over another.

Scam Pages used images of animals, homes, and captivating designs as well, but often implied that they sold the product. Users that appeared to be fake (new accounts, stolen and reversed profile photos) engaged with commenters about the potential to purchase the product or obtain more information.

These spam and scam behaviors were distinct from other high-posting-frequency Pages that appeared to be capitalizing on AI-generated image content for audience growth, including some that ran political ads which were not demonstrably manipulative.

Finding 4: A subset of Facebook users realized that the images were AI-generated and took steps to warn other users.

While most comments on the AI-generated images were unrelated to the artificial nature of the images, some users who encountered the images criticized them for manipulative content or suspicious behavior. For example, take the Page “Love Baby.” From November 2019 through June 2021, the majority of Reviews on the Page described positive experiences visiting a store in Maryland. They talked about the holidays and supporting local businesses. However, recent reviews mentioned the AI-generated content: “mostly Fake/AI” (November 20, 2023) or “all contents are AI GENERATED, so fake” (January 17, 2024). The change in reviews corresponds to a likely change in Page control, as the Page—which included profile pictures of Catonsville Mercantile—transitioned to posting AI-generated content in May 2023.  

In addition to alerting others through reviews, users posted comments on photorealistic images from several Pages in our data set highlighting that the content is AI-generated. These comments occasionally included alert infographics explaining bad behavior on AI Pages writ large, including engaging in nefarious activities like identifying targets for scams.

During the time of our investigation, Meta announced its plan to roll out labeling of AI-generated images that it could detect (Clegg, 2024). A subsequent announcement put the target date for this effort at May 2024 (Bickert, 2024). However, as shown in Figure 9, we did find at least one image labeled as “False information” during our investigation. The label linked to an article from Congo Check highlighting that the image was AI-generated and engaging in comment-bait, or encouraging interaction to artificially increase engagement and reach (Watukalusu, 2024). The article cited the high number of engagements with the post; it was likely fact-checked because it went viral. Dozens of similar images from other Pages are not labeled, showing the difficulty of scaling fact-checking of AI-generated images if treated individually.

We surfaced Facebook Pages producing large volumes of unlabeled AI-generated images by 1) searching for ‘copypasta’ captions (captions that are copy-and-pasted across posts), 2) identifying signs of coordination of those Pages with others, 3) looking at Pages that Facebook Users had called out for posting unlabeled AI-generated images, and 4) surfacing new leads from our own Facebook Feed recommendations. We made determinations about whether Pages were using AI-generated images by finding errors in images and periods of highly similar image creation that bore the aesthetic hallmarks of popular image generators. We describe our specific processes below.

First, we noticed Pages posting unlabeled AI-generated images often used overlapping themes with heavy repetition in captions. Searching phrases from the captions in CrowdTangle surfaced other Pages that had posted the same content or highly similar captions.

Once we surfaced a Page, we had to make a determination about whether content was AI-generated. To make this assessment, we relied on obvious mistakes or unrealistic images as well as on analyzing trends in posts. In Figure 11, we show images posted by the Page “Amazing Statues” with three hands (left), hands melded together (middle), and gloves with more than five fingers (right).

We also analyzed patterns in posts: If a Page used a single AI-generated image it did not qualify, but if it posted a large number of photos (50+) that shared a house style (e.g., of Midjourney) we included it in our analysis. Just as Picasso had his Blue Period, the Pages would often go through periods: a few dozen snow carvings, a few dozen watermelon carvings, a few dozen wood carvings, a few dozen plates of artistically arranged sushi—each with a highly similar style. In Figure 12, we provide a screenshot of one such Page moving through different periods.

Second, once we had identified a Page for inclusion, we investigated adjacent Pages. For example, we looked at Pages sharing each other’s content, co-owners of Groups, and Pages suggested by Facebook when viewing another. Third, we noticed Facebook groups of users interested in finding AI-generated images on the platform. These groups often rely on common open-source intelligence techniques, and they provided several leads for our investigation. Fourth, after several days of engaging with material obtained through these searches, we began to observe unlabeled AI-generated images recommended to us on our own Feeds. Searches that returned a high volume of AI-generated images across many different themes—AI-generated homes, rooms, furniture, clothing, animals, babies, people, food, and artwork—resulted in the subsequent algorithmic suggestion of other AI-generated images across additional random themes.

Limitations

Although manual detection methods were sufficient for identifying Pages described above, our identification method has clear limitations regarding representativeness and exhaustiveness. We discovered Pages that formed clusters, relied on copypasta captions, or were recommended in our Feeds. We only included Pages that posted more than 50 AI-generated images. Since we used manual detection methods for identification, our study over-includes Pages that did not take great precautions to weed out erroneous AI-generated images or intersperse them sufficiently with real images. It under-includes Pages that used AI-generated images sparingly (< 50) or did a better job curating for AI output that appears photorealistic.

Our methods also create a lack of representativeness vis-à-vis language and social media platforms. The images we discovered overwhelmingly included English-language captions. This is likely a product of the researchers’ language and region. Additional research should examine (rather than assume) whether and how these findings generalize to non-English speaking audiences on Facebook. Our methods are sufficient for documenting an understudied type of misuse (and is characteristic of online investigations), but the Pages we studied are not necessarily reflective of how unlabeled AI-generated images are used on Facebook as a whole. Additional academic studies should continue to investigate AI-generated content in different modalities (e.g., text, images, and video) on Facebook as well as on other social media platforms where usage may differ.

Finally, our methods provide limited insight into Page operator motivations. Since we do not operate the Pages ourselves nor did we interview Page operators, we cannot be sure of their aims. In some cases, their aims seemed obvious (e.g., when they posted links to the same off-platform website on many posts). At other times, the posting pattern seemed designed with the proximate goal of audience growth but an unknown ultimate goal. We encourage future research on the motivations of Page operators sharing AI-generated content, user expectations around synthetic media, and longitudinal investigations examining how those evolve.

• Artificial Intelligence
• / Social Media

Cite this Essay

DiResta, R., & Goldstein, J. A. (2024). How spammers and scammers leverage AI-generated images on Facebook for audience growth. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review . https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-151

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No funding has been received to conduct this research.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

We relied exclusively on publicly available data and did not seek IRB approval.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original author and source are properly credited.

Data Availability

CrowdTangle prohibits users from publishing datasets of posts in full. We, therefore, included screenshots in the paper but cannot provide a full dataset of posts and engagements from the Pages.

Acknowledgements

We thank Abhiram Reddy for excellent research assistance. For feedback on our investigation or an earlier draft of this paper, we thank Elena Cryst, Shelby Grossman, Jeff Hancock, Justin Hileman, Ronald Robertson, David Thiel, and two anonymous reviewers.

Authors contributed equally to this research.