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In 2019 UCLA and MIT received a $453,000 Science, Technology, and Society program grant to support a collaborative research project entitled, Network Sovereignty: A Comparative Study of Local Network Initiatives in Rural, Low-income Communities. Using community-based research, the project investigated local telecom network initiatives in the Blackfeet Nation in Montana, Oaxaca, Mexico, and Bunda, Tanzania with the aim of assessing whether and how rural, low-income communities are empowered by network infrastructures. The project delivered four main insights and outcomes described below.
First, our comparative research revealed that communities which assert ownership over local infrastructure, embed network initiatives within local cultures, and prioritize digital education are much more likely to build and sustain local networks that support economic, political, and cultural lives. To support future network development in local communities, we formulated a Local Network Sovereignty Assessment Matrix to help evaluate local network initiatives across several categories, including community engagement, local cultures/ontologies economic ownership, digital education/technological knowledge, economic ownership, and community empowerment. This matrix, available below and in one of our published peer-reviewed articles, can be used in the future by community organizations, advocacy groups, and/or researchers to assess local network initiatives.
Second, our project expands understandings of network sovereignty--a term that refers to varying degrees of ownership, knowledge, and empowerment that local organizations and users experience in relation to Internet services and information and communication technologies (ICTs) in their communities. Our research revealed that pactices and perceptions of local governance are crucial to mounting and sustaining meaningful and empowering network sovereignty initiatives. Historical experiences and variable understandings of sovereignty also determine whether people engage with, trust in, and support local network sovereignty initiatives.
Third, our research emphasizes the technological knowledge, resourcefulness, and creativity that can emerge in rural, low-income communities that are far removed from centers of technological capital and power. It reveals how diverse peoples make sense of, appropriate, subvert, and design network technologies in efforts to imagine and shape their own sovereignty practices.
Finally, our research emerged from collaborations with Indigenous peoples (Blackfeet/Pikuni, Mije, Mixtec, Zapotec, Ikizu) and students from underrepresented minority backgrounds whose perspectives deepened and diversified understandings of network infrastructure and its relation to community empowerment. We published articles in four peer-reviewed journals and two chapters in scholarly books and wrote a series of press articles and policy recommendations. We also created and maintain the publicly available Network Sovereignty Blog , which features 24 short essays by researchers, graduate students, and community IT specialists. The blog interlinks early career researchers who are studying network infrastructures and raises awareness about their research projects.
Last Modified: 11/30/2023 Modified by: Lisa Parks
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Introduction: In recent years, the development of drug-eluting embolization beads that can be imaged has become a hot research topic in regard to meeting clinical needs. In our previous study, we successfully developed nano-assembled microspheres (NAMs) for multimodal imaging purposes. NAMs can not only be visualized under CT/MR/Raman imaging but can also load clinically required doses of doxorubicin. It is important to systematically compare the pharmacokinetics of NAMs with those of commercially available DC Beads and CalliSpheres to evaluate the clinical application potential of NAMs. Methods: In our study, we compared NAMs with two types of drug-eluting beads (DEBs) in terms of irinotecan, drug-loading capacity, release profiles, microsphere diameter variation, and morphological characteristics. Results: Our results indicate that NAMs had an irinotecan loading capacity similar to those of DC Beads and CalliSpheres but exhibited better sustained release in vitro. Conclusion: NAMs have great potential for application in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases.
Keywords: comparative study; drug loading; drug release; drug-eluting beads; irinotecan.
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KENNESAW, Ga. | Aug 19, 2024
The rising junior from Smyrna said classes in astronomy and physics taught her how physical forces effect everything around her, and she wanted to immerse herself in them. So, she came to Kennesaw State University for the opportunity to conduct research right away as a freshman.
“ Honestly, the research opportunities drew me to KSU,” said Manqueros, who is pursuing a bachelor’s degree in physics in Kennesaw State’s College of Science and Mathematics . “Other colleges mainly take graduate students for their research, and I knew that at KSU I could do meaningful research even if I was an undergraduate student.”
That desire for meaningful research drew her to the lab of associate professor Kisa Ranasinghe, who creates bioactive glass that can transport nanoparticles that treat various ailments. Manqueros approached Ranasinghe at an early-semester meeting for physics majors after hearing the professor discuss her work; Manqueros was hooked, and Ranasinghe was impressed.
“When someone stops me to say they’re interested in my research and want to learn more, that’s an indicator, right?” Ranasinghe said. “For a freshman to take that initiative and show that amount of enthusiasm is truly impressive. Very quickly I found out she has great potential.”
From that day forward, Manqueros poured herself into the life-changing research into bioglass, which isn’t really glass but a conduit that acts like glass to bring therapeutic nanoparticles into the body. Manqueros said cerium oxide nanoparticles within the bioglass can interact to treat Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, diabetes, and other physical and neurological conditions. The first part of her explanation, though, involves demystifying the idea of glass in the body.
“A lot of times when we say we're doing research on glass that we can put into your body, people freak out because they imagine the glass breaking—it’s not like that,” she explained. “The simple fact that we work with glass to better people's health—that's something that I really want to get across to people. What we do from the physics point of view is study those nanoparticles and how they interact within the glass.”
Manqueros will investigate these problems as a Birla Carbon Scholar this summer. She has also been the lead author on an abstract for a poster presentation that published earlier this year in the Georgia Journal of Science, and she presented findings at the Georgia Academy of Science conference in March, where she won first prize for undergraduate oral presentations in the division that covers physics, mathematics, computer science, and engineering.
Ranasinghe said Manqueros’ future is wide-open, though Manqueros said the future will involve more physics, either a master’s degree or a doctorate while continuing the research into bioglass. Life-changing research with societal impact will keep her engaged for a long time to come, she said.
“I actually enjoy what I do,” she said. “Oftentimes when you're doing work as a physicist, people don't see the meaning in what you do because they wonder why we need to study this. This research is impacting anyone who has some sort of disease or wants to improve their health or their body. I like that I have a direct impact on people's lives through the research that I do here at KSU.”
– Story by Dave Shelles
Photos by Matt Yung
Kennesaw State maps path to growth, increased national prominence
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Grant will help Kennesaw State math professor analyze electromagnetic waves
A leader in innovative teaching and learning, Kennesaw State University offers undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degrees to its more than 45,000 students. Kennesaw State is a member of the University System of Georgia with 11 academic colleges. The university’s vibrant campus culture, diverse population, strong global ties and entrepreneurial spirit draw students from throughout the country and the world. Kennesaw State is a Carnegie-designated doctoral research institution (R2), placing it among an elite group of only 7 percent of U.S. colleges and universities with an R1 or R2 status. For more information, visit kennesaw.edu .
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Time marches on predictably, but biological aging is anything but constant, according to a new Stanford Medicine study.
August 14, 2024 - By Rachel Tompa
We undergo two periods of rapid change, averaging around age 44 and age 60, according to a Stanford Medicine study. Ratana21 /Shutterstock.com
If it’s ever felt like everything in your body is breaking down at once, that might not be your imagination. A new Stanford Medicine study shows that many of our molecules and microorganisms dramatically rise or fall in number during our 40s and 60s.
Researchers assessed many thousands of different molecules in people from age 25 to 75, as well as their microbiomes — the bacteria, viruses and fungi that live inside us and on our skin — and found that the abundance of most molecules and microbes do not shift in a gradual, chronological fashion. Rather, we undergo two periods of rapid change during our life span, averaging around age 44 and age 60. A paper describing these findings was published in the journal Nature Aging Aug. 14.
“We’re not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes,” said Michael Snyder , PhD, professor of genetics and the study’s senior author. “It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that’s true no matter what class of molecules you look at.”
Xiaotao Shen, PhD, a former Stanford Medicine postdoctoral scholar, was the first author of the study. Shen is now an assistant professor at Nanyang Technological University Singapore.
These big changes likely impact our health — the number of molecules related to cardiovascular disease showed significant changes at both time points, and those related to immune function changed in people in their early 60s.
Snyder, the Stanford W. Ascherman, MD, FACS Professor in Genetics, and his colleagues were inspired to look at the rate of molecular and microbial shifts by the observation that the risk of developing many age-linked diseases does not rise incrementally along with years. For example, risks for Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular disease rise sharply in older age, compared with a gradual increase in risk for those under 60.
The researchers used data from 108 people they’ve been following to better understand the biology of aging. Past insights from this same group of study volunteers include the discovery of four distinct “ ageotypes ,” showing that people’s kidneys, livers, metabolism and immune system age at different rates in different people.
Michael Snyder
The new study analyzed participants who donated blood and other biological samples every few months over the span of several years; the scientists tracked many different kinds of molecules in these samples, including RNA, proteins and metabolites, as well as shifts in the participants’ microbiomes. The researchers tracked age-related changes in more than 135,000 different molecules and microbes, for a total of nearly 250 billion distinct data points.
They found that thousands of molecules and microbes undergo shifts in their abundance, either increasing or decreasing — around 81% of all the molecules they studied showed non-linear fluctuations in number, meaning that they changed more at certain ages than other times. When they looked for clusters of molecules with the largest changes in amount, they found these transformations occurred the most in two time periods: when people were in their mid-40s, and when they were in their early 60s.
Although much research has focused on how different molecules increase or decrease as we age and how biological age may differ from chronological age, very few have looked at the rate of biological aging. That so many dramatic changes happen in the early 60s is perhaps not surprising, Snyder said, as many age-related disease risks and other age-related phenomena are known to increase at that point in life.
The large cluster of changes in the mid-40s was somewhat surprising to the scientists. At first, they assumed that menopause or perimenopause was driving large changes in the women in their study, skewing the whole group. But when they broke out the study group by sex, they found the shift was happening in men in their mid-40s, too.
“This suggests that while menopause or perimenopause may contribute to the changes observed in women in their mid-40s, there are likely other, more significant factors influencing these changes in both men and women. Identifying and studying these factors should be a priority for future research,” Shen said.
In people in their 40s, significant changes were seen in the number of molecules related to alcohol, caffeine and lipid metabolism; cardiovascular disease; and skin and muscle. In those in their 60s, changes were related to carbohydrate and caffeine metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, cardiovascular disease, and skin and muscle.
It’s possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors, Snyder said. For example, dysfunction in alcohol metabolism could result from an uptick in alcohol consumption in people’s mid-40s, often a stressful period of life.
The team plans to explore the drivers of these clusters of change. But whatever their causes, the existence of these clusters points to the need for people to pay attention to their health, especially in their 40s and 60s, the researchers said. That could look like increasing exercise to protect your heart and maintain muscle mass at both ages or decreasing alcohol consumption in your 40s as your ability to metabolize alcohol slows.
“I’m a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we’re still healthy,” Snyder said.
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (grants U54DK102556, R01 DK110186-03, R01HG008164, NIH S10OD020141, UL1 TR001085 and P30DK116074) and the Stanford Data Science Initiative.
About Stanford Medicine
Stanford Medicine is an integrated academic health system comprising the Stanford School of Medicine and adult and pediatric health care delivery systems. Together, they harness the full potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education and clinical care for patients. For more information, please visit med.stanford.edu .
Psychiatry’s new frontiers
We may not age in a linear fashion, but instead in bursts, including in our mid-40s and early 60s, suggests new research analyzing molecules in the body from stanford university..
So much for the idea of aging gracefully – or gradually. New research suggests the body ages in bursts, in particular, rapid changes about age 44 and another when we hit 60.
We consider aging as a constant process, but our bodies may actually age in a non-linear fashion, with certain types of molecules in our body increasing or decreasing dramatically when people hit the mid-40s, and again in the early 60s, according to research published Aug. 14 in the journal Nature Aging .
“We’re not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes,” said the study's senior author Michael Snyder, a professor of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine, in a description of the research on the university site . “It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that’s true no matter what class of molecules you look at.”
Rocket fuel: Are you consuming it? Consumer Reports study finds chemical in food, water
Researchers studied data from 108 study participants who donated blood and other samples every few months over several years. They analyzed age-related changes in more than 135,000 different molecules, proteins and microbes.
The findings: thousands of these molecules and microorganisms – about 81% of those analyzed – increased or decreased more at certain ages. Researchers found molecules with the largest changes happened the most when people were in their mid-40s and their early 60s.
Finding the changes in the early 60s was not that surprising, because increased risks of diseases occur at that time, Snyder said. But the changes in the mid-40s happening equally in women and men was surprising.
“This suggests that while menopause or perimenopause may contribute to the changes observed in women in their mid-40s, there are likely other, more significant factors influencing these changes in both men and women," said Xiaotao Shen, first author on the study and a former Stanford Medicine postdoctoral scholar, now an assistant professor at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, in the research summation.
"Identifying and studying these factors should be a priority for future research,” Shen said.
Specific findings by age group:
For those reaching the age when the aging "bursts" occur, those in their mid-40s and early 60s should "keep your exercise up to improve your muscle," Snyder told USA TODAY in an email conversation.
"In the 40s, watch and control your lipids to prevent atherosclerosis and maybe improve your fat deposition," he said.
As for increased alcohol metabolism, researchers haven't identified a cause and effect link to the changes and health implications, but an uptick in alcohol consumption in people’s mid-40s could be the culprit, Snyder said.
As folks approach their 60s, exercise remains important for muscle improvement and "is likely to improve the cardiovascular disease markers that we see change at both times." he said.
Also those hitting their 60s should watch carbohydrate intake and drink lots of water "to keep your kidney function up," Snyder said.
The research team plans to continue its work on the biology of aging, with hopes of improving guidance for people. “I’m a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we’re still healthy,” Snyder said.
Follow Mike Snider on X and Threads: @mikesnider & mikegsnider .
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Virtually any amount increased the risk for cancer, and there were no heart benefits, the researchers reported.
By Roni Caryn Rabin
Even light drinking was associated with an increase in cancer deaths among older adults in Britain, researchers reported on Monday in a large study. But the risk was accentuated primarily in those who had existing health problems or who lived in low-income areas.
The study, which tracked 135,103 adults aged 60 and older for 12 years, also punctures the long-held belief that light or moderate alcohol consumption is good for the heart.
The researchers found no reduction in heart disease deaths among light or moderate drinkers, regardless of this health or socioeconomic status, when compared with occasional drinkers.
The study defined light drinking as a mean alcohol intake of up to 20 grams a day for men and up to 10 grams daily for women. (In the United States, a standard drink is 14 grams of alcohol .)
“We did not find evidence of a beneficial association between low drinking and mortality,” said Dr. Rosario Ortolá, an assistant professor of preventive medicine and public health at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and the lead author of the paper, which was published in JAMA Network Open.
On the other hand, she added, alcohol probably raises the risk of cancer “from the first drop.”
The findings add to a mounting body of evidence that is shifting the paradigm in alcohol research. Scientists are turning to new methodologies to analyze the risks and benefits of alcohol consumption in an attempt to correct what some believe were serious flaws in earlier research, which appeared to show that there were benefits to drinking.
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For many people, reaching their mid-40s may bring unpleasant signs the body isn’t working as well as it once did. Injuries seem to happen more frequently. Muscles may feel weaker.
A new study, published Wednesday in Nature Aging , shows what may be causing the physical decline. Researchers have found that molecules and microorganisms both inside and outside our bodies are going through dramatic changes, first at about age 44 and then again when we hit 60. Those alterations may be causing significant differences in cardiovascular health and immune function.
The findings come from Stanford scientists who analyzed blood and other biological samples of 108 volunteers ages 25 to 75, who continued to donate samples for several years.
“While it’s obvious that you’re aging throughout your entire life, there are two big periods where things really shift,” said the study’s senior author, Michael Snyder, a professor of genetics and director of the Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine at Stanford Medicine. For example, “there’s a big shift in the metabolism of lipids when people are in their 40s and in the metabolism of carbohydrates when people are in their 60s.”
Lipids are fatty substances, including LDL, HDL and triglycerides, that perform a host of functions in the body, but they can be harmful if they build up in the blood.
The scientists tracked many kinds of molecules in the samples, including RNA and proteins, as well as the participants’ microbiomes.
The metabolic changes the researchers discovered indicate not that people in their 40s are burning calories more slowly but rather that the body is breaking food down differently. The scientists aren’t sure exactly what impact those changes have on health.
Previous research showed that resting energy use, or metabolic rate , didn’t change from ages 20 to 60. The new study’s findings don't contradict that.
The changes in metabolism affect how the body reacts to alcohol or caffeine, although the health consequences aren’t yet clear. In the case of caffeine, it may result in higher sensitivity.
It’s also not known yet whether the shifts could be linked to lifestyle or behavioral factors. For example, the changes in alcohol metabolism might be because people are drinking more in their mid-40s, Snyder said.
For now, Snyder suggests people in their 40s keep a close eye on their lipids, especially LDL cholesterol.
“If they start going up, people might want to think about taking statins if that’s what their doctor recommends,” he said. Moreover, “knowing there’s a shift in the molecules that affect muscles and skin, you might want to warm up more before exercising so you don’t hurt yourself.”
Until we know better what those changes mean, the best way to deal with them would be to eat healthy foods and to exercise regularly, Snyder said.Dr. Josef Coresh, founding director of the Optimal Aging Institute at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine, compared the new findings to the invention of the microscope.
“The beauty of this type of paper is the level of detail we can see in molecular changes,” said Coresh, a professor of medicine at the school. “But it will take time to sort out what individual changes mean and how we can tailor medications to those changes. We do know that the origins of many diseases happen in midlife when people are in their 40s, though the disease may occur decades later.”
The new study “is an important step forward,” said Dr. Lori Zeltser, a professor of pathology and cell biology at the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. While we don’t know what the consequences of those metabolic changes are yet, “right now, we have to acknowledge that we metabolize food differently in our 40s, and that is something really new.”
The shifts the researchers found might help explain numerous age-related health changes, such as muscle loss, because “your body is breaking down food differently,” Zeltser said.
Linda Carroll is a regular health contributor to NBC News. She is coauthor of "The Concussion Crisis: Anatomy of a Silent Epidemic" and "Out of the Clouds: The Unlikely Horseman and the Unwanted Colt Who Conquered the Sport of Kings."
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Definition. Comparative research, simply put, is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared. This technique often utilizes multiple disciplines in one study. When it comes to method, the majority agreement is that there is no methodology peculiar to comparative ...
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In eHealth evaluation, comparative studies aim to find out whether group differences in eHealth system adoption make a difference in important outcomes. These groups may differ in their composition, the type of system in use, and the setting where they work over a given time duration. The comparisons are to determine whether significant differences exist for some predefined measures between ...
A comparative analysis is a side-by-side comparison that systematically compares two or more things to pinpoint their similarities and differences. The focus of the investigation might be conceptual—a particular problem, idea, or theory—or perhaps something more tangible, like two different data sets. For instance, you could use comparative ...
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This module presents the macro-quantitative (statistical) methods by giving examples of recent research employing them. It analyzes the regression analysis and the various ways of analyzing data. Moreover, it concludes the course and opens to further perspectives on comparative research designs and methods. What's included.
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Determine the focus of your piece. Determine if you will focus on the similarities, the differences, or both. Be sure you treat each individual the same; each person deserves the same amount of focus-meaning, do not place most of the emphasis on you or the other person. Find a balance.
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Comparative Case Studies have been suggested as providing effective tools to understanding policy and practice along three different axes of social scientific research, namely horizontal (spaces), vertical (scales), and transversal (time). The chapter, first, sketches the methodological basis of case-based research in comparative studies as a ...
Comparative Studies is committed to interdisciplinary and cross-cultural inquiry and exchange. Their research and teaching focus on the rigorous comparative study of human experiences and ground our engagement with issues of social justice. Comparative Studies students are encouraged to develop their critical and analytical skills and to become
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Case studies include Rhizomatica in Oaxaca, Mexico, Oki Communications in the Blackfeet Indian community of Browning, Montana, and the Serengeti Broadband Network in the Mara region of Tanzania. ... First, our comparative research revealed that communities which assert ownership over local infrastructure, embed network initiatives within local ...
Introduction: In recent years, the development of drug-eluting embolization beads that can be imaged has become a hot research topic in regard to meeting clinical needs. In our previous study, we successfully developed nano-assembled microspheres (NAMs) for multimodal imaging purposes. NAMs can not only be visualized under CT/MR/Raman imaging but can also load clinically required doses of ...
From her time at Osborne High School, Emily Manqueros knew she wanted to do research in physics, not just study it. The rising junior from Smyrna said classes in astronomy and physics taught her how physical forces effect everything around her, and she wanted to immerse herself in them. So, she came to Kennesaw State University for the opportunity to conduct research right away as a freshman.
The large cluster of changes in the mid-40s was somewhat surprising to the scientists. At first, they assumed that menopause or perimenopause was driving large changes in the women in their study, skewing the whole group. But when they broke out the study group by sex, they found the shift was happening in men in their mid-40s, too.
While the U.S. spends more on health care than other countries do, surveys regularly find that Americans avoid seeking care because of costs at the highest rates, even as the U.S. continues to lead in the prevalence of chronic disease. 2 At the same time, limited access to primary care and inadequate coordination of health services are likely ...
A new Stanford University study finds our body grows older in bursts in mid-40s and early 60s. The findings could be used to suggest behavior shifts. ... New research suggests the body ages in ...
Even light drinking was associated with an increase in cancer deaths among older adults in Britain, researchers reported on Monday in a large study. But the risk was accentuated primarily in those ...
Previous research showed that resting energy use, or metabolic rate, didn't change from ages 20 to 60. The new study's findings don't contradict that. The new study's findings don't ...