critical thinking case analysis la cocina

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Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Assignments

• Annotated Bibliography
• Analyzing a Scholarly Journal Article
• Group Presentations
• Dealing with Nervousness
• Using Visual Aids
• Grading Someone Else's Paper
• Types of Structured Group Activities
• Group Project Survival Skills
• Leading a Class Discussion
• Multiple Book Review Essay
• Reviewing Collected Works
• Writing a Case Analysis Paper
• Writing a Case Study
• About Informed Consent
• Writing Field Notes
• Writing a Policy Memo
• Writing a Reflective Paper
• Writing a Research Proposal
• Generative AI and Writing
• Acknowledgments

Definition and Introduction

Case analysis is a problem-based teaching and learning method that involves critically analyzing complex scenarios within an organizational setting for the purpose of placing the student in a “real world” situation and applying reflection and critical thinking skills to contemplate appropriate solutions, decisions, or recommended courses of action. It is considered a more effective teaching technique than in-class role playing or simulation activities. The analytical process is often guided by questions provided by the instructor that ask students to contemplate relationships between the facts and critical incidents described in the case.

Cases generally include both descriptive and statistical elements and rely on students applying abductive reasoning to develop and argue for preferred or best outcomes [i.e., case scenarios rarely have a single correct or perfect answer based on the evidence provided]. Rather than emphasizing theories or concepts, case analysis assignments emphasize building a bridge of relevancy between abstract thinking and practical application and, by so doing, teaches the value of both within a specific area of professional practice.

Given this, the purpose of a case analysis paper is to present a structured and logically organized format for analyzing the case situation. It can be assigned to students individually or as a small group assignment and it may include an in-class presentation component. Case analysis is predominately taught in economics and business-related courses, but it is also a method of teaching and learning found in other applied social sciences disciplines, such as, social work, public relations, education, journalism, and public administration.

Ellet, William. The Case Study Handbook: A Student's Guide . Revised Edition. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2018; Christoph Rasche and Achim Seisreiner. Guidelines for Business Case Analysis . University of Potsdam; Writing a Case Analysis . Writing Center, Baruch College; Volpe, Guglielmo. "Case Teaching in Economics: History, Practice and Evidence." Cogent Economics and Finance 3 (December 2015). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2015.1120977.

How to Approach Writing a Case Analysis Paper

The organization and structure of a case analysis paper can vary depending on the organizational setting, the situation, and how your professor wants you to approach the assignment. Nevertheless, preparing to write a case analysis paper involves several important steps. As Hawes notes, a case analysis assignment “...is useful in developing the ability to get to the heart of a problem, analyze it thoroughly, and to indicate the appropriate solution as well as how it should be implemented” [p.48]. This statement encapsulates how you should approach preparing to write a case analysis paper.

Before you begin to write your paper, consider the following analytical procedures:

• Review the case to get an overview of the situation . A case can be only a few pages in length, however, it is most often very lengthy and contains a significant amount of detailed background information and statistics, with multilayered descriptions of the scenario, the roles and behaviors of various stakeholder groups, and situational events. Therefore, a quick reading of the case will help you gain an overall sense of the situation and illuminate the types of issues and problems that you will need to address in your paper. If your professor has provided questions intended to help frame your analysis, use them to guide your initial reading of the case.
• Read the case thoroughly . After gaining a general overview of the case, carefully read the content again with the purpose of understanding key circumstances, events, and behaviors among stakeholder groups. Look for information or data that appears contradictory, extraneous, or misleading. At this point, you should be taking notes as you read because this will help you develop a general outline of your paper. The aim is to obtain a complete understanding of the situation so that you can begin contemplating tentative answers to any questions your professor has provided or, if they have not provided, developing answers to your own questions about the case scenario and its connection to the course readings,lectures, and class discussions.
• Determine key stakeholder groups, issues, and events and the relationships they all have to each other . As you analyze the content, pay particular attention to identifying individuals, groups, or organizations described in the case and identify evidence of any problems or issues of concern that impact the situation in a negative way. Other things to look for include identifying any assumptions being made by or about each stakeholder, potential biased explanations or actions, explicit demands or ultimatums , and the underlying concerns that motivate these behaviors among stakeholders. The goal at this stage is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the situational and behavioral dynamics of the case and the explicit and implicit consequences of each of these actions.
• Identify the core problems . The next step in most case analysis assignments is to discern what the core [i.e., most damaging, detrimental, injurious] problems are within the organizational setting and to determine their implications. The purpose at this stage of preparing to write your analysis paper is to distinguish between the symptoms of core problems and the core problems themselves and to decide which of these must be addressed immediately and which problems do not appear critical but may escalate over time. Identify evidence from the case to support your decisions by determining what information or data is essential to addressing the core problems and what information is not relevant or is misleading.
• Explore alternative solutions . As noted, case analysis scenarios rarely have only one correct answer. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that the process of analyzing the case and diagnosing core problems, while based on evidence, is a subjective process open to various avenues of interpretation. This means that you must consider alternative solutions or courses of action by critically examining strengths and weaknesses, risk factors, and the differences between short and long-term solutions. For each possible solution or course of action, consider the consequences they may have related to their implementation and how these recommendations might lead to new problems. Also, consider thinking about your recommended solutions or courses of action in relation to issues of fairness, equity, and inclusion.
• Decide on a final set of recommendations . The last stage in preparing to write a case analysis paper is to assert an opinion or viewpoint about the recommendations needed to help resolve the core problems as you see them and to make a persuasive argument for supporting this point of view. Prepare a clear rationale for your recommendations based on examining each element of your analysis. Anticipate possible obstacles that could derail their implementation. Consider any counter-arguments that could be made concerning the validity of your recommended actions. Finally, describe a set of criteria and measurable indicators that could be applied to evaluating the effectiveness of your implementation plan.

Use these steps as the framework for writing your paper. Remember that the more detailed you are in taking notes as you critically examine each element of the case, the more information you will have to draw from when you begin to write. This will save you time.

NOTE : If the process of preparing to write a case analysis paper is assigned as a student group project, consider having each member of the group analyze a specific element of the case, including drafting answers to the corresponding questions used by your professor to frame the analysis. This will help make the analytical process more efficient and ensure that the distribution of work is equitable. This can also facilitate who is responsible for drafting each part of the final case analysis paper and, if applicable, the in-class presentation.

Framework for Case Analysis . College of Management. University of Massachusetts; Hawes, Jon M. "Teaching is Not Telling: The Case Method as a Form of Interactive Learning." Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education 5 (Winter 2004): 47-54; Rasche, Christoph and Achim Seisreiner. Guidelines for Business Case Analysis . University of Potsdam; Writing a Case Study Analysis . University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center; Van Ness, Raymond K. A Guide to Case Analysis . School of Business. State University of New York, Albany; Writing a Case Analysis . Business School, University of New South Wales.

Structure and Writing Style

A case analysis paper should be detailed, concise, persuasive, clearly written, and professional in tone and in the use of language . As with other forms of college-level academic writing, declarative statements that convey information, provide a fact, or offer an explanation or any recommended courses of action should be based on evidence. If allowed by your professor, any external sources used to support your analysis, such as course readings, should be properly cited under a list of references. The organization and structure of case analysis papers can vary depending on your professor’s preferred format, but its structure generally follows the steps used for analyzing the case.

Introduction

The introduction should provide a succinct but thorough descriptive overview of the main facts, issues, and core problems of the case . The introduction should also include a brief summary of the most relevant details about the situation and organizational setting. This includes defining the theoretical framework or conceptual model on which any questions were used to frame your analysis.

Following the rules of most college-level research papers, the introduction should then inform the reader how the paper will be organized. This includes describing the major sections of the paper and the order in which they will be presented. Unless you are told to do so by your professor, you do not need to preview your final recommendations in the introduction. U nlike most college-level research papers , the introduction does not include a statement about the significance of your findings because a case analysis assignment does not involve contributing new knowledge about a research problem.

Background Analysis

Background analysis can vary depending on any guiding questions provided by your professor and the underlying concept or theory that the case is based upon. In general, however, this section of your paper should focus on:

• Providing an overarching analysis of problems identified from the case scenario, including identifying events that stakeholders find challenging or troublesome,
• Identifying assumptions made by each stakeholder and any apparent biases they may exhibit,
• Describing any demands or claims made by or forced upon key stakeholders, and
• Highlighting any issues of concern or complaints expressed by stakeholders in response to those demands or claims.

These aspects of the case are often in the form of behavioral responses expressed by individuals or groups within the organizational setting. However, note that problems in a case situation can also be reflected in data [or the lack thereof] and in the decision-making, operational, cultural, or institutional structure of the organization. Additionally, demands or claims can be either internal and external to the organization [e.g., a case analysis involving a president considering arms sales to Saudi Arabia could include managing internal demands from White House advisors as well as demands from members of Congress].

Throughout this section, present all relevant evidence from the case that supports your analysis. Do not simply claim there is a problem, an assumption, a demand, or a concern; tell the reader what part of the case informed how you identified these background elements.

Identification of Problems

In most case analysis assignments, there are problems, and then there are problems . Each problem can reflect a multitude of underlying symptoms that are detrimental to the interests of the organization. The purpose of identifying problems is to teach students how to differentiate between problems that vary in severity, impact, and relative importance. Given this, problems can be described in three general forms: those that must be addressed immediately, those that should be addressed but the impact is not severe, and those that do not require immediate attention and can be set aside for the time being.

All of the problems you identify from the case should be identified in this section of your paper, with a description based on evidence explaining the problem variances. If the assignment asks you to conduct research to further support your assessment of the problems, include this in your explanation. Remember to cite those sources in a list of references. Use specific evidence from the case and apply appropriate concepts, theories, and models discussed in class or in relevant course readings to highlight and explain the key problems [or problem] that you believe must be solved immediately and describe the underlying symptoms and why they are so critical.

Alternative Solutions

This section is where you provide specific, realistic, and evidence-based solutions to the problems you have identified and make recommendations about how to alleviate the underlying symptomatic conditions impacting the organizational setting. For each solution, you must explain why it was chosen and provide clear evidence to support your reasoning. This can include, for example, course readings and class discussions as well as research resources, such as, books, journal articles, research reports, or government documents. In some cases, your professor may encourage you to include personal, anecdotal experiences as evidence to support why you chose a particular solution or set of solutions. Using anecdotal evidence helps promote reflective thinking about the process of determining what qualifies as a core problem and relevant solution .

Throughout this part of the paper, keep in mind the entire array of problems that must be addressed and describe in detail the solutions that might be implemented to resolve these problems.

Recommended Courses of Action

In some case analysis assignments, your professor may ask you to combine the alternative solutions section with your recommended courses of action. However, it is important to know the difference between the two. A solution refers to the answer to a problem. A course of action refers to a procedure or deliberate sequence of activities adopted to proactively confront a situation, often in the context of accomplishing a goal. In this context, proposed courses of action are based on your analysis of alternative solutions. Your description and justification for pursuing each course of action should represent the overall plan for implementing your recommendations.

For each course of action, you need to explain the rationale for your recommendation in a way that confronts challenges, explains risks, and anticipates any counter-arguments from stakeholders. Do this by considering the strengths and weaknesses of each course of action framed in relation to how the action is expected to resolve the core problems presented, the possible ways the action may affect remaining problems, and how the recommended action will be perceived by each stakeholder.

In addition, you should describe the criteria needed to measure how well the implementation of these actions is working and explain which individuals or groups are responsible for ensuring your recommendations are successful. In addition, always consider the law of unintended consequences. Outline difficulties that may arise in implementing each course of action and describe how implementing the proposed courses of action [either individually or collectively] may lead to new problems [both large and small].

Throughout this section, you must consider the costs and benefits of recommending your courses of action in relation to uncertainties or missing information and the negative consequences of success.

The conclusion should be brief and introspective. Unlike a research paper, the conclusion in a case analysis paper does not include a summary of key findings and their significance, a statement about how the study contributed to existing knowledge, or indicate opportunities for future research.

Begin by synthesizing the core problems presented in the case and the relevance of your recommended solutions. This can include an explanation of what you have learned about the case in the context of your answers to the questions provided by your professor. The conclusion is also where you link what you learned from analyzing the case with the course readings or class discussions. This can further demonstrate your understanding of the relationships between the practical case situation and the theoretical and abstract content of assigned readings and other course content.

Problems to Avoid

The literature on case analysis assignments often includes examples of difficulties students have with applying methods of critical analysis and effectively reporting the results of their assessment of the situation. A common reason cited by scholars is that the application of this type of teaching and learning method is limited to applied fields of social and behavioral sciences and, as a result, writing a case analysis paper can be unfamiliar to most students entering college.

After you have drafted your paper, proofread the narrative flow and revise any of these common errors:

• Unnecessary detail in the background section . The background section should highlight the essential elements of the case based on your analysis. Focus on summarizing the facts and highlighting the key factors that become relevant in the other sections of the paper by eliminating any unnecessary information.
• Analysis relies too much on opinion . Your analysis is interpretive, but the narrative must be connected clearly to evidence from the case and any models and theories discussed in class or in course readings. Any positions or arguments you make should be supported by evidence.
• Analysis does not focus on the most important elements of the case . Your paper should provide a thorough overview of the case. However, the analysis should focus on providing evidence about what you identify are the key events, stakeholders, issues, and problems. Emphasize what you identify as the most critical aspects of the case to be developed throughout your analysis. Be thorough but succinct.
• Writing is too descriptive . A paper with too much descriptive information detracts from your analysis of the complexities of the case situation. Questions about what happened, where, when, and by whom should only be included as essential information leading to your examination of questions related to why, how, and for what purpose.
• Inadequate definition of a core problem and associated symptoms . A common error found in case analysis papers is recommending a solution or course of action without adequately defining or demonstrating that you understand the problem. Make sure you have clearly described the problem and its impact and scope within the organizational setting. Ensure that you have adequately described the root causes w hen describing the symptoms of the problem.
• Recommendations lack specificity . Identify any use of vague statements and indeterminate terminology, such as, “A particular experience” or “a large increase to the budget.” These statements cannot be measured and, as a result, there is no way to evaluate their successful implementation. Provide specific data and use direct language in describing recommended actions.
• Unrealistic, exaggerated, or unattainable recommendations . Review your recommendations to ensure that they are based on the situational facts of the case. Your recommended solutions and courses of action must be based on realistic assumptions and fit within the constraints of the situation. Also note that the case scenario has already happened, therefore, any speculation or arguments about what could have occurred if the circumstances were different should be revised or eliminated.

Bee, Lian Song et al. "Business Students' Perspectives on Case Method Coaching for Problem-Based Learning: Impacts on Student Engagement and Learning Performance in Higher Education." Education & Training 64 (2022): 416-432; The Case Analysis . Fred Meijer Center for Writing and Michigan Authors. Grand Valley State University; Georgallis, Panikos and Kayleigh Bruijn. "Sustainability Teaching using Case-Based Debates." Journal of International Education in Business 15 (2022): 147-163; Hawes, Jon M. "Teaching is Not Telling: The Case Method as a Form of Interactive Learning." Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education 5 (Winter 2004): 47-54; Georgallis, Panikos, and Kayleigh Bruijn. "Sustainability Teaching Using Case-based Debates." Journal of International Education in Business 15 (2022): 147-163; .Dean,  Kathy Lund and Charles J. Fornaciari. "How to Create and Use Experiential Case-Based Exercises in a Management Classroom." Journal of Management Education 26 (October 2002): 586-603; Klebba, Joanne M. and Janet G. Hamilton. "Structured Case Analysis: Developing Critical Thinking Skills in a Marketing Case Course." Journal of Marketing Education 29 (August 2007): 132-137, 139; Klein, Norman. "The Case Discussion Method Revisited: Some Questions about Student Skills." Exchange: The Organizational Behavior Teaching Journal 6 (November 1981): 30-32; Mukherjee, Arup. "Effective Use of In-Class Mini Case Analysis for Discovery Learning in an Undergraduate MIS Course." The Journal of Computer Information Systems 40 (Spring 2000): 15-23; Pessoa, Silviaet al. "Scaffolding the Case Analysis in an Organizational Behavior Course: Making Analytical Language Explicit." Journal of Management Education 46 (2022): 226-251: Ramsey, V. J. and L. D. Dodge. "Case Analysis: A Structured Approach." Exchange: The Organizational Behavior Teaching Journal 6 (November 1981): 27-29; Schweitzer, Karen. "How to Write and Format a Business Case Study." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-write-and-format-a-business-case-study-466324 (accessed December 5, 2022); Reddy, C. D. "Teaching Research Methodology: Everything's a Case." Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods 18 (December 2020): 178-188; Volpe, Guglielmo. "Case Teaching in Economics: History, Practice and Evidence." Cogent Economics and Finance 3 (December 2015). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2015.1120977.

Writing Tip

Ca se Study and Case Analysis Are Not the Same!

Confusion often exists between what it means to write a paper that uses a case study research design and writing a paper that analyzes a case; they are two different types of approaches to learning in the social and behavioral sciences. Professors as well as educational researchers contribute to this confusion because they often use the term "case study" when describing the subject of analysis for a case analysis paper. But you are not studying a case for the purpose of generating a comprehensive, multi-faceted understanding of a research problem. R ather, you are critically analyzing a specific scenario to argue logically for recommended solutions and courses of action that lead to optimal outcomes applicable to professional practice.

To avoid any confusion, here are twelve characteristics that delineate the differences between writing a paper using the case study research method and writing a case analysis paper:

• Case study is a method of in-depth research and rigorous inquiry ; case analysis is a reliable method of teaching and learning . A case study is a modality of research that investigates a phenomenon for the purpose of creating new knowledge, solving a problem, or testing a hypothesis using empirical evidence derived from the case being studied. Often, the results are used to generalize about a larger population or within a wider context. The writing adheres to the traditional standards of a scholarly research study. A case analysis is a pedagogical tool used to teach students how to reflect and think critically about a practical, real-life problem in an organizational setting.
• The researcher is responsible for identifying the case to study; a case analysis is assigned by your professor . As the researcher, you choose the case study to investigate in support of obtaining new knowledge and understanding about the research problem. The case in a case analysis assignment is almost always provided, and sometimes written, by your professor and either given to every student in class to analyze individually or to a small group of students, or students select a case to analyze from a predetermined list.
• A case study is indeterminate and boundless; a case analysis is predetermined and confined . A case study can be almost anything [see item 9 below] as long as it relates directly to examining the research problem. This relationship is the only limit to what a researcher can choose as the subject of their case study. The content of a case analysis is determined by your professor and its parameters are well-defined and limited to elucidating insights of practical value applied to practice.
• Case study is fact-based and describes actual events or situations; case analysis can be entirely fictional or adapted from an actual situation . The entire content of a case study must be grounded in reality to be a valid subject of investigation in an empirical research study. A case analysis only needs to set the stage for critically examining a situation in practice and, therefore, can be entirely fictional or adapted, all or in-part, from an actual situation.
• Research using a case study method must adhere to principles of intellectual honesty and academic integrity; a case analysis scenario can include misleading or false information . A case study paper must report research objectively and factually to ensure that any findings are understood to be logically correct and trustworthy. A case analysis scenario may include misleading or false information intended to deliberately distract from the central issues of the case. The purpose is to teach students how to sort through conflicting or useless information in order to come up with the preferred solution. Any use of misleading or false information in academic research is considered unethical.
• Case study is linked to a research problem; case analysis is linked to a practical situation or scenario . In the social sciences, the subject of an investigation is most often framed as a problem that must be researched in order to generate new knowledge leading to a solution. Case analysis narratives are grounded in real life scenarios for the purpose of examining the realities of decision-making behavior and processes within organizational settings. A case analysis assignments include a problem or set of problems to be analyzed. However, the goal is centered around the act of identifying and evaluating courses of action leading to best possible outcomes.
• The purpose of a case study is to create new knowledge through research; the purpose of a case analysis is to teach new understanding . Case studies are a choice of methodological design intended to create new knowledge about resolving a research problem. A case analysis is a mode of teaching and learning intended to create new understanding and an awareness of uncertainty applied to practice through acts of critical thinking and reflection.
• A case study seeks to identify the best possible solution to a research problem; case analysis can have an indeterminate set of solutions or outcomes . Your role in studying a case is to discover the most logical, evidence-based ways to address a research problem. A case analysis assignment rarely has a single correct answer because one of the goals is to force students to confront the real life dynamics of uncertainly, ambiguity, and missing or conflicting information within professional practice. Under these conditions, a perfect outcome or solution almost never exists.
• Case study is unbounded and relies on gathering external information; case analysis is a self-contained subject of analysis . The scope of a case study chosen as a method of research is bounded. However, the researcher is free to gather whatever information and data is necessary to investigate its relevance to understanding the research problem. For a case analysis assignment, your professor will often ask you to examine solutions or recommended courses of action based solely on facts and information from the case.
• Case study can be a person, place, object, issue, event, condition, or phenomenon; a case analysis is a carefully constructed synopsis of events, situations, and behaviors . The research problem dictates the type of case being studied and, therefore, the design can encompass almost anything tangible as long as it fulfills the objective of generating new knowledge and understanding. A case analysis is in the form of a narrative containing descriptions of facts, situations, processes, rules, and behaviors within a particular setting and under a specific set of circumstances.
• Case study can represent an open-ended subject of inquiry; a case analysis is a narrative about something that has happened in the past . A case study is not restricted by time and can encompass an event or issue with no temporal limit or end. For example, the current war in Ukraine can be used as a case study of how medical personnel help civilians during a large military conflict, even though circumstances around this event are still evolving. A case analysis can be used to elicit critical thinking about current or future situations in practice, but the case itself is a narrative about something finite and that has taken place in the past.
• Multiple case studies can be used in a research study; case analysis involves examining a single scenario . Case study research can use two or more cases to examine a problem, often for the purpose of conducting a comparative investigation intended to discover hidden relationships, document emerging trends, or determine variations among different examples. A case analysis assignment typically describes a stand-alone, self-contained situation and any comparisons among cases are conducted during in-class discussions and/or student presentations.

The Case Analysis . Fred Meijer Center for Writing and Michigan Authors. Grand Valley State University; Mills, Albert J. , Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Ramsey, V. J. and L. D. Dodge. "Case Analysis: A Structured Approach." Exchange: The Organizational Behavior Teaching Journal 6 (November 1981): 27-29; Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods . 6th edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2017; Crowe, Sarah et al. “The Case Study Approach.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 11 (2011):  doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-100; Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods . 4th edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing; 1994.

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Journey Into Cinema

Exploring the Outer Edge of Film

• Competition

Too Many Cooks Spoil La Cocina

Kitchens are such ripe settings for dramatic fiction because everything is heightened to the nth degree. And the natural progression of a lunch or dinner rush lends itself naturally to a three-act structure: nerves, chaos, poetic aftermath. Kitchens are also places where societal dynamics are laid bare; from the entitled wealthy patrons out front to the low-paid cooks and kitchen cleaners in the back.  

But it can be more than that. Much more. Too much more.

La Cocina (Alonso Ruizpalacios, 2024), loosely based on Arnold Wesker’s 1957 play The Kitchen, explodes the traditional behind-the-scenes cooking drama, using the genre to provide a warts-and-all analysis of the State of America itself. Overblown, overcooked and overwrought, its ambition is both its greatest asset and its biggest curse.  

It starts in Phone Booth (Joel Schumacher, 2002) mode, with blurry, almost buffering images of the Big Apple metro, some time in the early 00s. Mexican immigrant Estela (Anna Diaz) attempts to navigate her way to The Grill, a famous chophouse located just off Times Square. In a portent of the Very Meaningful Conversations to come, a Black homeless man waxes lyrically and incoherently about the most famous place in the most famous city in the most famous country in the world. This is all lost on Estela. She doesn’t speak any English.  

But English isn’t necessary in The Grill, which specialises in hamburgers, pizzas, curried chicken and the occasional lobster, food fit for the “fat Iowans” who just want a nice and easy place to eat after sightseeing on Broadway. (This makes a nice change from the Michelin-style cooking most kitchen dramas concern themselves with.) Legal workers make up the minority of their staff; undocumented workers from Mexico, Colombia and the Dominican Republic.  

She arrives on recommendation from the mother of line cook Pedro (Raúl Briones Carmona, looking uncannily similar to Adrien Brody). Pedro is loveable and passionate, but also prone to mean outbursts and a lack of sensitivity. He’s in love with the güera (white girl) Julia (Rooney Mara), who works front of house.  

Rounding out the TV-show-esque cast are the philosophical pastry chef Monz (Motell Foster), the second-generation American-Mexican manager Luis (Eduardo Olmos), the manipulative boss Rashid (Oded Fehr) and the very angry (and very bald) head chef (Lee Sellars), alongside a whole other assortment of Moroccans, African-Americans, racist white dudes, and even more members of the Hispanic diaspora.  

Shot in black-and-white, mixing aspect ratios and intense profiles of its characters as if they were posing for their stamp portrait, Ruizpalacios uses a surfeit of style to weave us between characters over the course of a very long day. This all culminates in a bravura (although kind of expected post- Boiling Point [Philip Barantini, 2021]) long take that is filled with all the emotions and stress and chaos that comes with making everything work at peak time.  

But the 140-minute film also has to work in Pedro and Julia’s complex relationship, an abortion drama, the case of a missing 800 dollars from the till, and a grand statement on being a migrant in America. A deft touch was required. A bit of pepper here, a bit of salt there. This is far too overseasoned, losing sight of a well-executed main in favour of a scattershot, overstuffed buffet.  

Complemented by monologues so long they would make Mike Flanagan call an editor, a foul swearing sequence that tries and fails to imitate Spike Lee, dramatic sequences that eke every climax out to its very last drop, more than one moment where every single character gets a close-up in an eternally long pan (you only get one), a sex scene, a doctor scene, a fight scene, another fight scene, endless shouting matches, comic scenes, tragic scenes, everything-in-between scenes, and La Cocina rapidly sets fire to its initial goodwill with its exhaustive overreach.  

Ruizpalacios, coming off of the enjoyable-but-also-flawed A Cop Movie (2021), is obviously a talented director, but this talent has been left untamed, actively harming the play-like origins of the source material and the raw energy of his leads — especially Carmona, Mara and Diaz.  

I felt like this film really wanted to be the Hispanic version of The Bear (Christopher Storer, 2022). Being the Hispanic version of Dinner Rush (Bob Giraldi, 2000) would’ve more than sufficed.  

Redmond Bacon

Redmond is the editor-in-chief of Journey Into Cinema.

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Critical thinking definition

Critical thinking, as described by Oxford Languages, is the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgement.

Active and skillful approach, evaluation, assessment, synthesis, and/or evaluation of information obtained from, or made by, observation, knowledge, reflection, acumen or conversation, as a guide to belief and action, requires the critical thinking process, which is why it's often used in education and academics.

Some even may view it as a backbone of modern thought.

However, it's a skill, and skills must be trained and encouraged to be used at its full potential.

People turn up to various approaches in improving their critical thinking, like:

• Developing technical and problem-solving skills
• Engaging in more active listening
• Actively questioning their assumptions and beliefs
• Seeking out more diversity of thought
• Opening up their curiosity in an intellectual way etc.

Is critical thinking useful in writing?

Critical thinking can help in planning your paper and making it more concise, but it's not obvious at first. We carefully pinpointed some the questions you should ask yourself when boosting critical thinking in writing:

• What information should be included?
• Which information resources should the author look to?
• What degree of technical knowledge should the report assume its audience has?
• What is the most effective way to show information?
• How should the report be organized?
• How should it be designed?
• What tone and level of language difficulty should the document have?

Usage of critical thinking comes down not only to the outline of your paper, it also begs the question: How can we use critical thinking solving problems in our writing's topic?

Let's say, you have a Powerpoint on how critical thinking can reduce poverty in the United States. You'll primarily have to define critical thinking for the viewers, as well as use a lot of critical thinking questions and synonyms to get them to be familiar with your methods and start the thinking process behind it.

Are there any services that can help me use more critical thinking?

We understand that it's difficult to learn how to use critical thinking more effectively in just one article, but our service is here to help.

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Compare and Contrast Essays:  Such essays focus on drawing similarities or differences between two or more pieces of literature, concepts, or ideas. Successful essays of this kind rely on the identification of feature that will draw some commonality then identifying the differences in an alternating pattern.

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Reflective Essay: Reflection essays are common in various courses where students are allowed to show what they have learned or how they have developed over a specified period.

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Evaluation Essay:  A critical evaluation essay is a reasoned and unbiased piece of writing that gauges the quality (or absence) of a place, item, or a service. With their investigative nature, aspects of evidence, judgments, and merits used in the evaluation must be identified.

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An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device that contains a large number of tiny transistors fabricated into a semiconducting material, typically silicon. It is commonly referred to as a chip and is a fundamental building block of modern electronic devices . The IC technology revolutionized the electronics industry by allowing the integration of multiple electronic components onto a single chip, leading to the development of compact, powerful, and efficient electronic devices.

The fabrication process of an IC involves creating intricate patterns of transistors, resistors, capacitors, and interconnecting wires on a semiconductor wafer, usually made of silicon. These components are etched onto the wafer using techniques such as photolithography . Once the fabrication is complete, the wafer is cut into individual ICs, each containing a specific circuit or functionality.

ICs come in various forms, such as microprocessors, memory chips, and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and they are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, televisions, and medical equipment. The compact size, high reliability , and low power consumption of ICs have made them essential components in modern electronics .

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75.which is true of push communication? this method ensures that the information is received by the recipients.

Push communication ensures that the information is successfully delivered to the recipients , enabling effective and timely communication.

Push communication is a method of transmitting information to recipients. It involves actively delivering messages to individuals or groups. In push communication, the sender has control over the delivery process and ensures that the information reaches the intended recipients. This method is characterized by its proactive approach and guarantees that the message is received by the audience. The sender takes the initiative to push the information to the receivers, typically through channels like emails, notifications, or direct messages. Push communication is effective in situations where immediate dissemination of information is crucial , such as in emergency alerts or time-sensitive announcements.

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a developer has developed a 3-tier web application that will be deployed directly on amazon ec2. the developer is considering deploying the application to more than one availability zone. what advantages does this deployment approach offer?

Deploying a 3-tier web application on multiple availability zones in Amazon EC2 offers several advantages, including improved availability, fault tolerance, and scalability.

Deploying the application to multiple availability zones provides improved availability because if one availability zone becomes unavailable, the application can continue running in another zone without interruption . This ensures that users can access the application even if there are issues with a specific zone.

Furthermore, deploying in multiple availability zones enhances fault tolerance. In case of hardware failures or network disruptions in one zone, the application can automatically failover to another zone, minimizing downtime and ensuring the application remains operational .

Additionally, this deployment approach enables scalability. By distributing the application across multiple availability zones, it becomes easier to handle increased traffic and accommodate growing user demand. The load can be balanced across the zones, allowing for efficient resource utilization and better performance .

Overall, deploying a 3-tier web application on multiple availability zones in Amazon EC2 provides higher availability, fault tolerance , and scalability, resulting in an improved user experience and increased resilience for the application.

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Can anyone help me get started with round 1 of CAPSIM? What is the best decision in production

In round 1 of CAPSIM, the best decision in production would be to carefully analyze market demand and set production levels accordingly to meet customer requirements while minimizing costs .

In round 1 of CAPSIM, it is crucial to make informed decisions regarding production to effectively meet market demand and optimize costs. To determine the best production decision, several factors should be considered.

First, analyzing market demand is essential. Evaluate the forecasted demand for each product and segment to understand the expected sales volume. This information will guide production decisions, ensuring that enough units are produced to meet customer requirements without excessive inventory buildup.

Secondly, it is crucial to consider production costs. Assess the production capacity of each plant and evaluate the associated costs such as labor, material, and overhead expenses. Strive to maximize plant utilization while minimizing costs to achieve optimal production efficiency.

Additionally, keep an eye on inventory levels and production lead times. Striking the right balance is crucial to avoid stockouts or excess inventory, both of which can have negative impacts on financial performance.

By carefully analyzing market demand, managing production capacity effectively, and minimizing costs, you can make the best decision in production during round 1 of CAPSIM. Regularly monitor market conditions, adjust production levels as needed, and strive for efficient operations to achieve success in the simulation.

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Say you have a long string and you want to collect all of the letters within it without storing duplicates. what would be the most appropriate type to store the letters in?

The most appropriate type to store the letters without duplicates from a long string would be a set data structure . A set is an unordered collection of unique elements, which means it automatically removes duplicate values .

By using a set, we can efficiently collect all the letters from the string without the need for additional logic to handle duplicates.

In more detail, a set in programming is typically implemented as a hash table or a balanced tree. When we add elements to a set, it hashes the elements and checks if they already exist in the set. If an element is already present, it is not added again.

This makes set operations such as insertion and membership tests highly efficient, especially when dealing with large amounts of data. Therefore, using a set to store the letters allows us to easily collect them without worrying about duplicates and provides efficient lookup capabilities .

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unlike pull-through ads that appear based on the user’s keyword searches, push-through ads use data about the person to determine whether the ad should appear.

Unlike pull-through ads that appear based on the user's keyword searches, push-through ads utilize personalized data about the individual to determine whether the ad should be displayed.

This data can include information such as the user's demographics , browsing history , purchase behavior, and preferences.

In push-through ads, advertisers rely on user data to make informed decisions about when and where to display their advertisements . By leveraging this information, advertisers can tailor their ads to specific individuals or groups who are more likely to be interested in their products or services.

This approach allows for more precise targeting and potentially higher conversion rates, as the ads are presented to users who have a higher likelihood of engagement or purchase based on their personal characteristics and preferences. However, it's important to note that the use of personal data in advertising raises privacy concerns , and it is crucial for companies to handle user information responsibly and transparently.

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1.Analyze some basic performance indicators of BIDVMETLIFE 2. Analyze bidvmetlife's swot 3. Some recommendations and asolutions to improve the current situation of bidvmetlife

1. Basic performance indicators: Premium growth, loss ratio, combined ratio, ROE, persistency ratio. 2. SWOT analysis : Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats of BIDVMETLIFE. 3. Recommendations: Enhance digital capabilities, diversify products, improve customer retention, and talent development .

1. Analyzing basic performance indicators: Key performance indicators for BIDVMETLIFE would typically include premium growth rate , loss ratio, combined ratio, return on equity (ROE), and persistency ratio. These indicators provide insights into the company's growth, underwriting efficiency, profitability, and customer retention.

2. Analyzing BIDVMETLIFE's SWOT: Conducting a SWOT analysis for BIDVMETLIFE involves evaluating its strengths (such as brand reputation and distribution network), weaknesses (such as outdated technology or limited product offerings), opportunities (such as emerging markets or technological advancements), and threats (such as regulatory changes or intense competition).

3. Recommendations and solutions: To improve BIDVMETLIFE's current situation, potential recommendations could include enhancing digital capabilities to improve customer experience, diversifying the product portfolio to meet evolving customer needs, implementing customer retention strategies, and investing in talent development to attract and retain skilled professionals in the industry.

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Find the memory locations which are assigned by the hashing furiction h(k)=kmod101 to the records of students with the following Social Security numbers: (Note enter the canonical representative for the answer modulo 101, thus your answer should be an integer between 0 and 100 inclusive for each part.) 491890564 989411697 476501783 101718040

The memory locations assigned by the hashing function h(k) = k mod 101 for the given Social Security numbers are: 65, 19, 83, and 7.

To determine the memory locations assigned to the records of students using the hashing function h(k) = k mod 101, we apply the function to each Social Security number provided.

For the Social Security number 491890564, we calculate 491890564 mod 101, which gives us a remainder of 65. Therefore, the memory location assigned to this record is 65.

Similarly, for the Social Security number 989411697, we calculate 989411697 mod 101, resulting in a remainder of 19. Hence, the memory location assigned to this record is 19.

For the Social Security number 476501783, we calculate 476501783 mod 101, yielding a remainder of 83. Thus, the memory location assigned to this record is 83.

Lastly, for the Social Security number 101718040, we calculate 101718040 mod 101, which gives us a remainder of 7. Therefore, the memory location assigned to this record is 7.

In summary, the memory locations assigned by the hashing function h(k) = k mod 101 to the records of students with the provided Social Security numbers are: 65, 19, 83, and 7.

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security analyst must enforce policies to harden a mdm infrastructure. ensure mobile device can be traded and wiped confirm mobile devices are encryption

To harden a Mobile Device Management ( MDM ) infrastructure and ensure the security of mobile devices , a security analyst can enforce the following policies: 1. Implement strong authentication: Require users to use complex passwords, multi-factor authentication, or biometric authentication to access their devices. 2. Enable device encryption: Ensure that mobile devices have encryption enabled to protect sensitive data stored on them. This can be achieved through encryption settings provided by the MDM solution or by using device - level encryption options. 3. Enforce remote wipe capability: Enable the ability to remotely wipe data from lost or stolen devices. This ensures that sensitive information does not fall into the wrong hands. 4. Regularly update software and firmware : Promptly install software updates and patches to address any security vulnerabilities and ensure devices are protected against the latest threats. 5. Implement device compliance checks: Regularly assess devices for compliance with security policies, such as detecting jailbroken or rooted devices, outdated operating systems , or unauthorized applications. 6. Employ mobile threat defense solutions: Utilize mobile threat defense solutions that provide real-time threat detection and protection against mobile malware, phishing attacks, and other security risks. 7. Educate users on security best practices: Conduct regular security awareness training to educate users on the importance of following security policies and guidelines when using mobile devices. To harden an MDM infrastructure and ensure the security of mobile devices, a security analyst should enforce strong authentication, enable device encryption, enforce remote wipe capability, update software and firmware, implement device compliance checks, employ mobile threat defense solutions, and educate users on security best practices. This will help protect sensitive data and ensure the overall security of the MDM environment.

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please show work in excel! Let's assume that you're thinking about buying stock in West Coast Electronics. So far in your analysis,you've uncovered the following information:The stock pays annual dividends of $4.94 a share indefinitely.It trades at a P/E of 10.1 times earnings and has a beta of 1.12.In addition,you plan on using a risk-free rate of 4.00% in the CAPM,along with a market return of 9%.You would like to hold the stock for 3 years,at the end of which time you think EPS will be $6.34 a share.Given that the stock currently trades at $47.59,use the IRR approach to find this security's expected return. Now use the dividend valuation model (with constant dividends) to put a price on this stock.Does this look like a good investment to you? Explain. This security's expected returnIRR)is%.Round to two decimal places. The value of the stock is $(Round to the nearest cent.) Using the dividend valuation model(with constant dividends),the value of the stock is $Round to the nearest cent. Does this look like a good investment to you? Explain. (Select the best choice below.) O A. No,the stock looks like it would not make a good investment. It has a justified price that is below its current market price,and its expected return is lower than the required return. O B. No,the stock looks like it would not make a good investment. It has a justified price that is above its current market price,and its expected return is higher than the required return. O c. Yes, the stock looks like it would make a good investment. It has a justified price that is below its current market price, and its expected return is lower than the required return. O D. Yes, the stock looks like it would make a good investment. It has a justified price that is above its current market price, and its expected return is higher than the required return.

Given the financial parameters of West Coast Electronics, using the IRR approach and dividend valuation model, we can estimate the expected return and stock value to determine if it's a good investment .

To make an informed investment decision, it is crucial to compare the justified price with the current market price, as well as the expected and required returns.

For the expected return, using the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model), the formula is Risk-free rate + Beta*(Market return - Risk-free rate). Plugging in the given values, we have 4% + 1.12*(9%-4%), which equals approximately 9.60%.

The Gordon Growth Model (a type of dividend valuation model) assumes constant dividends and uses the formula P0 = D / (r - g). Since the growth rate (g) is 0 in case of constant dividends, the model simplifies to P0 = D / r. Substituting the known values, we get $4.94 / 0.096 = $51.46.

Comparing this with the current market price of $47.59, it appears the stock is undervalued, and thus it would make a good investment.

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a prime number is a number that is only evenly divisible by itself and 1. for example, the number 5 is prime because it can only be evenly divided by 1 and 5. the number 6, however, is not prime because it can be divided evenly by 1, 2, 3, and 6. write a function name isprime, which takes an integer as an argument and returns true if the argument is a prime number, or false otherwise. use the isprime function in a program that stores a list of all the prime numbers within a range of two numbers (e.g., from 1 through 100, inclusively) provided by the user\ c

The "isprime" function takes an integer as input and returns true if it's a prime number, false otherwise. It checks for divisibility by numbers from 2 up to the square root of the input. The program uses this function to generate a list of prime numbers within a user-defined range.

The "isprime" function is implemented by iterating from 2 to the square root of the given integer. For each number in this range, it checks if the input is divisible evenly by that number. If it is, the function immediately returns false, as it implies the number has factors other than 1 and itself, making it non-prime. If no divisors are found within the range, the function returns true, indicating the number is prime.

To find all prime numbers within a specified range, the program prompts the user to input two integers representing the lower and upper bounds of the range. It then iterates through the numbers in that range and calls the "isprime" function for each one. If the function returns true for a particular number, it means the number is prime, and it is added to the list of prime numbers. Finally, the program displays the generated list of prime numbers to the user.

By using the "isprime" function, the program efficiently determines whether a number is prime or not, and by applying it to a range of numbers , it can identify all prime numbers within that range. This approach saves computational time by avoiding unnecessary checks for numbers that have already been confirmed as non-prime, making it an effective way to find prime numbers within a given interval.

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What is the purpose of self-directed teams? Give one advantage and one disadvantage of this type of team.

The purpose of self-directed teams is to empower employees to take ownership of their work and make decisions collectively. One advantage is increased employee motivation. The disadvantage is the challenge of maintaining accountability .

The purpose of self-directed teams is to shift the responsibility and decision-making authority from traditional managers to the team members themselves. These teams are designed to foster a sense of ownership, autonomy, and collaboration among team members. By empowering employees to make decisions, self-directed teams can lead to increased motivation, job satisfaction , and engagement.

Team members have a higher sense of responsibility for their work and are more likely to be invested in achieving the team's goals. This can result in greater creativity, innovation, and productivity.

However, one potential disadvantage of self-directed teams is the challenge of maintaining accountability and ensuring effective coordination within the team. Without clear hierarchical structures and designated leaders, it can be more difficult to track individual performance and hold team members accountable for their actions. In some cases, conflicts may arise regarding decision-making, priorities, or division of responsibilities.

Without proper guidance and support, self-directed teams may struggle with coordination, communication, and decision-making processes, leading to potential inefficiencies or conflicts.

Effective team dynamics, communication channels, and mechanisms for feedback and conflict resolution are essential to overcome these challenges and ensure the success of self-directed teams.

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Goff LM, Moore A, Harding S, et al: Providing culturally sensitive diabetes self-management education and support for black African and Caribbean communities: a qualitative exploration of the challenges experienced by healthcare practitioners in inner London, UK.

Explanation:

Using the chart to answer the following question. In a THREE-server model, what's the probability that a customer that is just arriving will be served immediately?

In a THREE-server model, the probability that a customer that is just arriving will be served immediately can be determined using the chart provided.

To calculate this probability, we need to identify the number of servers available at any given time and compare it to the number of customers arriving. In this case, we have three servers, so if all three servers are available and no customers are waiting, the customer that just arrived will be served immediately. To express this probability mathematically, we can use the ratio of the number of desirable outcomes (customer served immediately) to the number of possible outcomes (all possible states of the servers and waiting customers). Please provide more information from the chart to determine the exact probability.

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You work for a major consulting firm, and you just completed a team training on data backup strategies. Your manager has prepared a post-training assignment to test your team's knowledge after the training session. Label each of the following with the correct backup strategy: A. Full backup B. Differential backup C. Incremental backup 1. The backup strategy that copies all existing data every time: 2. A backup strategy used in the son backup cycle: 3. The cheapest data backup strategy, which uses the least amount of storage space: 4. The middle ground of backup strategies: 5. The data strategy used in the father backup cycle:

1. A. Full backup

2. C. Incremental backup

3. B. Differential backup

4. B. Differential backup

5. A. Full backup

1. A. Full backup: This backup strategy involves copying all existing data every time a backup is performed. It ensures a complete and exact replica of the data, providing a comprehensive backup solution. However, it requires more time and storage space compared to other backup strategies.

2. C. Incremental backup : This backup strategy is used in the son backup cycle. It involves backing up only the data that has changed since the last backup, whether it is a full or incremental backup. It reduces the backup time and storage requirements as it only copies the modified or new data.

3. B. Differential backup: This is the cheapest data backup strategy that uses the least amount of storage space. It copies all the data that has changed since the last full backup. Unlike incremental backups, differential backups do not consider the previous incremental backups but only focus on the changes since the last full backup.

4. B. Differential backup: This answer is repeated to indicate that the differential backup strategy can be considered as the middle ground between full backups and incremental backups. It captures all changes since the last full backup, making it faster than a full backup while requiring more storage space than incremental backups.

5. A. Full backup: This backup strategy is used in the father backup cycle . Similar to the explanation for the first question, it involves copying all existing data to create a complete backup.

These backup strategies offer different trade-offs in terms of time, storage space, and complexity . Choosing the most appropriate strategy depends on factors such as the importance of data, backup frequency, and available resources.

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Imports and Trade LL. GRAPH 0 SETTINGS Reset Supply Price of Computers ($) domestic Demand Tariff Amount 1,000 New Domestic Equilibrium E CALCULATIONS 800 World Price Domestic Quantity Supplied 110 Imports Domestic Quantity Demanded 190 Ddomestic Level of Imports 80 190 110 Tariff Amount $0 Quantity of Computers Tariff Revenue Instructions: Manipulate the settings in the interactive tool as indicated, and observe the resulting changes in the tool to answer the following questions: a) Using the initial settings in the above tool, how many units are supplied by domestic producers? D b) With the initial settings, how many units are demanded by domestic buyers? D c) With the initial settings, how many units are imported from other countries? O Represent an increase in demand by adjusting the demand slider all the way to the right. d) After this shift, how many units are supplied by domestic producers? D e) After this shift, how many units are demanded by domestic buyers? f) After this shift, how many units are imported from other countries? D

a) Using the initial settings in the tool, the number of units supplied by domestic producers is 110. This is determined by the intersection of the domestic supply curve and the initial price of computers. At the given price level, domestic producers are willing and able to supply 110 units.

b) With the initial settings, the number of units demanded by domestic buyers is 190. This is determined by the intersection of the domestic demand curve and the initial price of computers. At the given price level, domestic buyers are willing and able to purchase 190 units.

c) With the initial settings, the number of units imported from other countries is 80. This is calculated by subtracting the domestic quantity supplied (110 units) from the domestic quantity demanded (190 units). The difference represents the quantity of computers that needs to be imported to satisfy the domestic demand.

d) After representing an increase in demand by adjusting the demand slider all the way to the right, the quantity supplied by domestic producers may change. The exact value cannot be determined without knowing the specific magnitude of the demand shift. However, an increase in demand typically leads to an increase in the quantity supplied by domestic producers as they respond to the higher demand by producing more.

e) Similarly, after the increase in demand, the quantity demanded by domestic buyers will change. Again, without knowing the magnitude of the demand shift, we cannot provide an exact value. However, an increase in demand generally leads to a higher quantity demanded by domestic buyers.

f) After the shift in demand, the quantity of imports from other countries will also change. The new quantity of imports cannot be determined without additional information on the specific magnitude of the demand shift. Generally, an increase in domestic demand might lead to a decrease in imports if domestic producers are able to supply more units to meet the higher demand.

It's important to note that the prompt does not provide specific information about the magnitude of the demand shift or any other relevant changes, making it difficult to provide precise answers to questions d, e, and f.

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which privacy-enhancing technology performs a reversible substitution of pii, storing the private data elsewhere, reducing the likelihood that a breach of the records containing the non-private substituted information will lead to legal jeopardy for the organization entrusted with the pii?

The privacy-enhancing technology that performs a reversible substitution of PII and stores the private data elsewhere is called tokenization .

Tokenization is a privacy-enhancing technique used to protect sensitive data , such as personally identifiable information (PII). It involves replacing the original PII with a randomly generated token while storing the actual private data in a secure location. This process ensures that sensitive information is not directly exposed or stored within systems where breaches may occur. Even if there is a breach of the records containing the substituted non-private information (tokens), the organization is not at legal jeopardy because the tokens cannot be reversed or linked back to the original PII without access to the secure location where the private data is stored. Tokenization provides an additional layer of security and helps mitigate the risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access to sensitive information.

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This problem continues Problem 8. Use the Access_Practice.accdb database that you have been working on to complete the following tasks. a. Go to the Relationships screen and connect the five tables, enforcing referential integrity. b. Calculate the total sales for each customer. Include CustomerID and CompanyName from the Customer table and the calculated sale amount from the Sale_Amount_Calculation query. Name the query Total_Customer_Sales. c. Generate an e-mail user name for each employee using the first letter of the employee’s first name and the first five letters of the employee’s last name, e.g., Rod Smith = > rsmith. Include EmployeeID, EmployeeFirstName, and EmployeeLastName in the query. Name the query Employee_Email_Generator. d. Calculate the total sales for each month. e. Determine which customer had the highest average sales amount. f. Assume the employees earn a 5 percent commission on sales. Calculate the total commission due to each employee. Use two queries to do these calculations. Please provide Screenshots Thank You

To complete the tasks in the given problem, using the Access_Practice.accdb database, the following steps need to be taken: a) Connect the five tables in the Relationships screen and enforce referential integrity . b) Calculate the total sales for each customer by creating a query named Total_Customer_Sales, including CustomerID, CompanyName, and the calculated sale amount from the Sale_Amount_Calculation query .

To accomplish the tasks, open the Access_Practice.accdb database and navigate to the Relationships screen. Connect the five tables (Customer, Employee, Product, Sale, and Sale_Item) by establishing the appropriate relationships and enforcing referential integrity to maintain data consistency.

Next, create a query named Total_Customer_Sales to calculate the total sales for each customer. Include CustomerID and CompanyName from the Customer table and the calculated sale amount from the Sale_Amount_Calculation query. Run the query to display the results.

To generate an email username for each employee, create a query named Employee_Email_Generator. Use the first letter of the employee's first name and the first five letters of their last name to create the email username. Include EmployeeID, EmployeeFirstName, and EmployeeLastName in the query and run it to see the results.

To calculate the total sales for each month, create a query that groups the sales data by month and calculates the sum of sales for each month.

To determine which customer had the highest average sales amount, create a query that calculates the average sales amount for each customer and identifies the customer with the highest average.

Finally, create two queries to calculate the total commission due to each employee. Assume a 5 percent commission on sales and calculate the commission amount based on the employee's sales.

Take screenshots of the Relationships screen , the Total_Customer_Sales query, the Employee_Email_Generator query, and any other relevant queries to provide visual representation of the completed tasks.

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Imagine that Michelle and Eric are managers at one of the wireless companies that we discussed in class. They have different opinions about how to approach the dangers of a cell tower technician's job. Michelle imagines what a person who is financially responsible would do. She considers that a financially ruthless person would do whatever it takes to maximize profit. On the other hand, a financially reckless person would hardly consider profit. She imagines what a person with the golden mean trait of financial responsibility would do and decides to continue offering health insurance to technicians. Eric imagines what a brave person would do. He first considers what a coward would do and concludes that a coward would not make difficult business decisions. He then considers what a reckless person would do and concludes that a reckless person would make decisions that compromise the financial health of the organization. He imagines what a person with the golden mean trait of bravery would do and decides to mandate overtime for the cell tower technicians so that the company can offer better cell service to its customers more quickly. Which of the following statements can be applied to this scenario? This scenario illustrates that reasonable people can disagree on which virtuous traits are appropriate for the situation. Michelle reasoned through this scenario using the Virtuous Traits approach. Eric reasoned through this scenario using the Virtuous Traits approach. A and B only A. B, and C Which of the following gender differences in human capital are supported by research? Women have fess education than men. Women choose "mommy track" jobs. Women have more career interruptions. A and B only A. B, and C Question 23 Which of the following gender differences in leadership styles are supported by research? Women use participatory styles. Women are more interpersonal leaders. Women are more effective leaders in all settings: A and B only. A. B, and C Which of the following is a weakness in the literature on gender and leadership? There is very little research on gender disparities in leadership. Leadership studies are influenced by gender stereotypes. It is difficult to separate the effect of gender from the effects of other social characteristics. Most of the research on gender disparities features Western contexts. There are too few women in leadership positions to make meaningful comparisons between men's and women's leadership.

The scenario illustrates the Virtuous Traits approach . Research supports women having more career interruptions and "mommy track" jobs. Women typically show participatory and interpersonal leadership styles.

In the first scenario, both Michelle and Eric are using the Virtuous Traits approach to make decisions, considering extremes before identifying a moderate, "golden mean" approach. However, their chosen virtues— financial responsibility and bravery —lead them to different conclusions , illustrating that reasonable people can disagree on which virtues are most applicable to a given situation. Research on gender differences in human capital shows that women often have more career interruptions due to factors such as childcare, and tend to choose "mommy track" jobs that allow for better work-life balance but may offer fewer advancement opportunities.

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first-tier distributions allowed by the will or trust document are made at the discretion of the executor or trustee.

Yes, first-tier distributions allowed by the will or trust document are made at the discretion of the executor or trustee.

This means that the executor or trustee has the authority to decide when and how much to distribute to the beneficiaries of the will or trust.

They have the responsibility to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries and follow the instructions outlined in the document. The executor or trustee will review the terms of the will or trust, consider the assets and liabilities of the estate or trust, and then make informed decisions regarding distributions.

They may also need to consult with legal professionals or seek court approval for certain distributions.

The executor or trustee plays a crucial role in managing and distributing the assets of the estate or trust according to the wishes of the deceased or the terms of the trust.

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What is the issue of lean operations? and whats the possible solution to it? Give me a good example.

One possible solution is to implement lean manufacturing principles, such as the 5S system and JIT production. The example of Toyota demonstrates how implementing lean principles can lead to improved efficiency and cost reduction.

Waste can occur in various forms, including overproduction , excess inventory, unnecessary transportation, waiting times, and defects.One possible solution to the issue of lean operations is to implement the principles of lean manufacturing, such as the 5S system and Just-in-Time (JIT) production.

Toyota successfully implemented lean principles to streamline their production process. By identifying and eliminating waste, such as excess inventory and unnecessary movements , Toyota improved efficiency and reduced costs. This allowed them to deliver high-quality vehicles to customers at competitive prices.

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HOW TO DETERMINE THE DATA COLLECTION PLAN FOR PRECISION DELIVERY INC WHEN YOUR "Y" IS TO REDUCE NUMBER OF REBATES?

To reduce rebates, Precision Delivery Inc. needs a structured approach including defining metrics, identifying data sources, implementing tracking, analyzing data , and taking corrective actions .

To develop a data collection plan for Precision Delivery Inc. aimed at reducing the number of rebates, several steps need to be followed.

Firstly, it is crucial to define the key metrics that will be used to measure the effectiveness of the rebate reduction efforts. These metrics may include the total number of rebates processed, the frequency of rebate requests, the average rebate amount, and any other relevant indicators.

Next, identify the data sources that will provide the necessary information to measure these metrics. This may involve analyzing internal systems, such as customer relationship management (CRM) software, sales records, or customer feedback. External data sources, such as market research reports or industry benchmarks, can also be valuable.

Once the data sources are identified, implement mechanisms to track and collect the required data. This could involve setting up automated systems, integrating data collection tools, or establishing manual processes for data entry.

After collecting the data, conduct a thorough analysis to identify patterns, trends, or potential causes of high rebate numbers. This analysis can help pinpoint specific areas or factors that contribute to rebate requests.

Based on the analysis, develop and implement appropriate corrective actions to reduce the number of rebates. These actions may involve process improvements, product/service enhancements, customer education initiatives, or targeted marketing campaigns.

Regularly monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented corrective actions by continuing data collection and analysis. Adjustments may be necessary based on the insights gained from ongoing monitoring.

In conclusion, determining the data collection plan for Precision Delivery Inc. to reduce the number of rebates requires defining key metrics, identifying relevant data sources, implementing tracking mechanisms, conducting data analysis, and implementing appropriate corrective actions. By following this structured approach, Precision Delivery Inc. can gather meaningful insights and make data-driven decisions to address the rebate-related challenges effectively.

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this week you will to select a piece of ancient music to listen to, explore, and research in depth. use the internet or your local library to find a piece of ancient music to listen to

One example of ancient music to explore is the " Seikilos Epitaph ," a Greek song dating back to the 1st century CE.

The "Seikilos Epitaph" is one of the oldest surviving musical compositions with both lyrics and musical notation . It was discovered engraved on a tombstone in Turkey and is believed to be from the Hellenistic period . The song is a short composition accompanied by a melody and lyrics that convey a poignant message about the ephemeral nature of life. By selecting the "Seikilos Epitaph," one can listen to recordings of the song, delve into its historical and cultural context, analyze the musical notation, and research its significance in ancient Greek music and society. Exploring and researching this ancient piece of music provides an opportunity to connect with the musical heritage of the past and gain insights into the musical traditions and expressions of ancient civilizations.

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Bit-level striping and byte-level striping are special cases of block-level striping with the block sizes of 1 bit and 8 bits respectively. true false

Bit-level striping and byte-level striping are specialized forms of block-level striping , with block sizes of 1 bit and 8 bits respectively. They are used in RAID systems to enhance performance and fault tolerance.

True. Bit-level striping and byte-level striping are indeed special cases of block-level striping. In bit-level striping, the data is divided into blocks of 1 bit each, while in byte -level striping, the data is divided into blocks of 8 bits (1 byte) each. Both types of striping are used in RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) systems to improve performance and provide fault tolerance. In bit-level striping, each bit is stored on a different disk within the RAID array, allowing for parallel access and faster data transfer. In byte-level striping, each byte is stored on a different disk . The use of block-level striping, with different block sizes, allows for flexibility in configuring RAID arrays to meet specific performance and storage requirements.

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bob’s public key pkb is concatenated with the string ‘bob, inc.’ and the date string ‘2022-08-19’. the resulting string is hashed, and the result is encrypted with the certificate authority’s secret key skca to produce signature s."

Bob's public key (pkb) is combined with the string 'bob, inc.' and the date string '2022-08-19'. This concatenation forms a new string. This process ensures the security and trustworthiness of the original string by utilizing public-key cryptography and the use of a trusted certificate authority. This resulting string is hashed. Hashing is a process that takes an input and produces a fixed-size string of characters, which is unique to that input. After the hashing , the resulting hash value is encrypted using the certificate authority's secret key (skca). Encryption is the process of converting data into a form that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized individuals. The encrypted hash value is referred to as the signature (s). The signature provides a way to verify the authenticity and integrity of the original string. To verify the signature, the same process is followed by decrypting the signature using the certificate authority's public key (pkca) to obtain the hashed value. Then, the obtained hash is compared to the hash of the original string. If they match, it indicates that the signature is valid and the string has not been tampered.

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2) identify a software tool or smart phone app that can analyze wireless network. include the name of the tool, operating environment and its basic features

Wireshark and NetSpot, are widely recognized in the industry and offer robust features for wireless network analysis .

One software tool for analyzing wireless networks is "Wireshark."

Wireshark is available for Windows, macOS, and Linux. Wireshark is a widely-used network protocol analyzer that allows you to capture and analyze network traffic. It supports various protocols and provides detailed information about network packets, allowing you to examine the behavior and performance of wireless networks. Wireshark offers real-time monitoring and analysis, packet filtering, protocol decoding, and the ability to export captured data for further analysis. It can help identify network issues, troubleshoot network problems, and analyze network security.

Another option is the "NetSpot" app for smartphones.

NetSpot is available for Android and iOS devices. NetSpot is a mobile app designed for wireless network analysis and troubleshooting. It provides a range of features to analyze Wi-Fi networks. NetSpot allows you to scan and visualize Wi-Fi coverage , signal strength, and interference levels in different areas. It can generate detailed heatmaps that display signal strength and network coverage, helping you identify dead zones or areas with poor connectivity. NetSpot also offers network speed testing, channel analysis, and the ability to detect and resolve Wi-Fi issues, making it a useful tool for optimizing wireless network performance.

These tools, Wireshark and NetSpot, are widely recognized in the industry and offer robust features for wireless network analysis. However, it's worth noting that there are other software tools and mobile apps available with similar functionalities. The choice of tool or app may depend on specific requirements, the operating environment, and the level of analysis needed for the wireless network.

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gurvinder wants to select a mobile device deployment method that provides employees with devices that they can use as though they’re personally owned to maximize flexibility and ease of use. which deployment model should he select? quizlet

Gurvinder should select the BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) deployment model to provide employees with devices that they can use as though they're personally owned, maximizing flexibility and ease of use.

The BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) deployment model allows employees to use their personal devices for work purposes. This model provides employees with the flexibility to use devices they are comfortable with, as if they are their own, which maximizes ease of use. With BYOD, employees have the freedom to choose their preferred mobile devices and customize them according to their needs and preferences. This model eliminates the need for the organization to provide and manage company-owned devices, reducing costs and administrative overhead.

However, it is important to establish proper security measures and policies to protect sensitive data and ensure compliance with data privacy regulations when implementing BYOD.

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Post a full paragraph consisting of 3 full sentences describing how to post CJE to GL. Please provide the following information for the step: - Describe what is involve in completing the step. For Clarity reason, state whether you are posting to the ledger using the T account format or 4column ledger format. Please be as specific and detail as possible as if you were teaching a friend on how to post. - Compare and contrast the difference you observe between posting JE vs AJE vs CJE to the GL. An example of what may be similar is that all JE, AJE, and CJE is posted to the same collection of ledger accounts. - If you understand the step well, please share what helps you get there or If you have difficulty understanding the step, please share what you use to overcome your initial difficulties. An example of what may help is that you read under the heading of "Closing Entries" in book and study Exhibit 4 in Chapter 4. - Comment on what happens to "Temporary" accounts once posting has been completed. The paragraph should contain at least 75 words.

Posting a Correcting Journal Entry ( CJE ) to the General Ledger (GL) involves carefully identifying the error in the initial entry, and then creating a new journal entry that corrects it.

For this description , we'll use the T-account format which is more visual and intuitive. The key difference between a regular JE (Journal Entry), an AJE (Adjusting Journal Entry), and a CJE is the purpose. A JE records daily transactions, an AJE updates account balances at the end of a period, and a CJE corrects an error in a previously recorded JE or AJE. To understand the process well, I often refer back to the "Correcting Entries" section in my textbook, paying close attention to examples. The most crucial part is identifying the error and understanding how to correct it. After posting a CJE, balances in temporary (or nominal) accounts like revenue, expense, and dividends accounts will reflect the corrected amounts. The balances in these accounts are then zeroed out (closed) at the end of the accounting period.

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can you please explain how you get your answer. I can also use excel if it makes it easier to solve. thank you! Nowadays it is very important to reduce one's carbon "footprint"(how much carbon we produce in our daily lifestyles).Minimizing the use of fossil fuels and instead resorting to renewable sources of energye.g.solar energy are vital to a "sustainable"lifestyle and a lower carbon footprint. Let's consider solar panels that prewarm the water fed to a conventional home water heater The solar panels have an installed cost of $3,200,and they reduce the homeowner's energy bill by $387 per year.The residual value of the solar panels is $576 at the end of their 10-year life.What is the annual IRR of this investment? Use the trial-and-error method starting with an initial guess of 7%. (a) The annual IRR of this investment is %.(Round to two decimal places.) (b)If the homeowner's MARR is 4%,is the investment economical? OA.Yes OB.No

The solar panel investment's annual IRR is determined through a trial-and-error approach , beginning with a 7% estimate. If the resulting IRR exceeds the homeowner's MARR of 4%, the investment is deemed cost-effective .

To calculate the annual Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for the investment, we can use a trial-and-error method . We start with an initial guess of 7% and calculate the net present value (NPV) of the investment over its 10-year life. The NPV is the sum of the present values of cash inflows and outflows, where the cash inflows are the annual savings on the homeowner's energy bill ($387 per year) and the cash outflows are the initial cost of the solar panels ($3,200) and the residual value at the end of their life ($576).

Using Excel or any other financial calculator, we can calculate the NPV for the initial guess of 7% and check if it is equal to zero. If it is not zero, we adjust the guess and repeat the process until we find the IRR that results in an NPV of zero. The calculated annual IRR for this investment is X% (round to two decimal places).

Now, to determine if the investment is economical based on the homeowner's Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) of 4%, we compare the IRR (X%) with the MARR. If the IRR is higher than the MARR, the investment is considered economical. In this case, since the IRR is higher than the MARR, the investment in solar panels is considered economical.

Therefore, the answers are as follows:

(a) The annual IRR of this investment is X%.

(b) If the homeowner's MARR is 4%, the investment is considered economical (answer choice OB: No).

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c write a function call to convert volume() to store the number of pints, cups, and ounces within the integer variables num pints, num cups, and numounces, respectively.

Here's the modified code with the function call to `ConvertVolume()` and the necessary adjustments to store the values of pints, cups, and ounces in the respective variables `numPints`, `numCups`, and `numOunces`:

#include <stdio.h>

void ConvertVolume(int totalOunces, int* numPints, int* numCups, int* numOunces) {

   *numPints = totalOunces / 16;

   totalOunces = totalOunces % 16;

   *numCups = totalOunces / 8;

   totalOunces = totalOunces % 8;

   *numOunces = totalOunces;

int main(void) {

   int totalOunces;

   int numPints;

   int numCups;    int numOunces;

   scanf("%d", &totalOunces);

   ConvertVolume(totalOunces, &numPints, &numCups, &numOunces);

   printf("Pints: %d\n", numPints);

   printf("Cups: %d\n", numCups);

   printf("Ounces: %d\n", numOunces);

   return 0;

```In this code, the `ConvertVolume()` function takes the total number of ounces as input and calculates the corresponding number of pints , cups, and ounces based on the conversions provided.

It uses pointers to update the values of `numPints`, `numCups`, and `numOunces` within the function .

In the `main()` function, `totalOunces` is read from the user as input. Then, the `ConvertVolume()` function is called with the appropriate arguments , passing the addresses of `numPints`, `numCups`, and `numOunces`. Finally, the calculated values are printed using `printf()`.

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The probable question may be:

Write a function call to ConvertVolume() to store the number of pints, cups, and ounces within the integer variables numPints, numCups, and numOunces, respectively.

Ex: If the input is 43, then the output is:

Pints: 2 Cups: 1 Ounces: 3

*numPints = totalOunces / 16;

totalOunces = totalOunces % 16;

*numCups = totalOunces / 8;

totalOunces = totalOunces % 8;

*numOunces = totalOunces;

int totalOunces;

int numPints;

int numCups;

int numOunces;

scanf("%d", &totalOunces);

/* Your code goes here */

printf("Pints: %d\n", numPints);

printf("Cups: %d\n", numCups);

printf("Ounces: %d\n", numOunces);

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Tiffin University Leadership Actions and Decision Making Paper

User Generated

Business Finance

Tiffin University

Description

Leading Actions and Decisions Assignment

Section 1: Leadership Canvas

“It's not uncommon to find that 20% to 40% of the acts and activities of leaders at all three levels provide only questionable value to those above and below them. It's also not uncommon to find that leaders are underinvesting in 20% to 40% of the acts and activities that interviewees at their level cite as important.” – Blue Ocean Leadership

The purpose of this is not to do a full audit, but to help you learn the process. If you don’t have work experience on which to reflect to complete these assignments, interview another person such as family member or friend. If you prefer to draw the diagrams below on paper and paste a picture into this document, that is fine!

• Pick either Front Line, Middle, or Top Managers in a company with which you are familiar.
• Think of the top 10 activities, good or bad, on which managers spend most of their time as well as the top 3-5 activities managers don’t currently do, but should.
• Categorize these actions under “Leadership Activities” in the Leadership Canvas on the next page based on whether each action should be eliminated, reduced, raised, or new actions created.
• Plot points based on how much time and effort managers are spending on these activities and connect those points with a red line . This represents the “actual line.”
• Plot points based on how much time and effort managers should be spending on these activities and connect those points with a green line . This represents the “ideal line.”

Leadership Canvas

Section 2: Feasible Idea Test – Jobs to Be Done Analysis

Instructions: Please read Finding the Right Job For Your Product attached in blackboard and watch the module presentation before completing this section of the analysis. Use the 611_Abbreviated JTBD Feasibility excel file in blackboard to assess market and product strategy and develop a feasible idea. An example is also available in blackboard for your review.

Please paste the 5 items below from your abbreviated jobs to be done analysis. Use your snipping tool to paste them as a picture.

• Jobs To Be Done Relative Importance Pie Chart (not the table):
• Market Strategy Chart (not the table):
• Product Strategy Chart (not the table):
• The name and description of a product or service you recommend creating based on your analysis. If the results of your analysis indicate that there is not sufficient opportunity to justify a new innovation, please indicate that instead.
• Interview Feedback from Interviewees:

Section 3: Critical Thinking Case Analysis: La Cocina

Instructions: Please read the following case and answer the case analysis beginning on the next page.

Miguel is a 35 year-old chef in a local Mexican restaurant and has recently noticed how many people buy their food to-go, rather than coming into the restaurant to eat. He thinks that around 25% of the restaurant’s sales come from to-go orders which would equate to approximately $75,000 in revenue. While Miguel can make $35,000 per year as a chef, he knows he won’t be making much more than that in 30 years if he stays in that position. As the sole provider for his wife and 4 children, Miguel is starting to see that he will practically never be able to retire so he is considering opening his own restaurant.

Approximately 14,000 people live in Miguel’s town (See demographics in table 1) and there is one traditional Mexican restaurant and a Taco Bell. However, the town does not have a quick-casual Mexican restaurant such as Chipotle, Qdoba, or Moe’s Burritos, which have become very popular in the past decade. Miguel didn’t personally know anyone who had started a quick-casual Mexican restaurant before, so he gathered some information from his friends at Mexican restaurants (casual dining) and Taco Bells (fast food) in nearby towns (see table 2). Miguel had little training with regard to business creation, or even accounting, but he did know the 30/30/30 rule of thumb in the restaurant business (30% of every sale goes to food cost, 30% to employees (he would be alone starting out), and 30% profit). He was also able to get a breakdown of the dishes sold at a Mexican restaurant in Trenton (see table 3).

Miguel recently heard that the secret behind a successful quick-casual Mexican restaurant was having a limited menu and quality food. Miguel was an excellent chef so he designed his entire menu around unique burritos and various nacho platters. This would also allow him to offer items such as a burrito bowl or nacho-less nachos, which includes all of the ingredients of the main items except the tortilla or chips, at the same cost and preparation time. Miguel planned to rent a space in a local strip mall and he estimated all of the fixed costs and start-up costs (see tables 4 and 5). He was aware the restaurants have one of the highest failure rates of any business so he wants to be prepared for any questions the loan officer might ask, but he isn’t sure if or when he would break-even in the business. Miguel also wants to use the data he collected from other restaurants to show that his business was viable, but he isn’t quite sure how to use the date to make a persuasive case for his business. In preparation for his meeting with the loan officer, Miguel found the following formulas online to help him calculate his break-even points:

• Contribution Margin = Price – Variable Cost
• Weighted Average Contribution Margin = (Product A Contribution Margin X Percent of total sales for product A) + (Product B Contribution Margin X Percent of total sales for product B)
• Weighted Average Price = (Product A Price X Product A Percent of Sales) + (Product B Price X Product B Percent of Sales)
• Break-Even Quantity = Fixed Costs / Weighted Average Contribution Margin
• Break-Even Sales = Break Even Quantity X Weighted Average Price

Miguel sat down and stared blankly at the formulas. He thought, “People love the food I prepare, but should I start my own restaurant?”

Instructions: Please use the case above and the “ La Cocina data ” excel file in blackboard to answer the following questions from Miguel’s point of view. Please list responses to questions 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 in “a,b,c” format.

• Purpose: What is the primary objective in analyzing this case?
• Question at Issue: List the primary problem in the case.
• Information: What evidence (quantitative and/or qualitative) have you accumulated to help make a decision? Notice: Please show all work for credit.
• Interpretations & Inference: Describe a solution to solve the problem you identified in the case. Hint: “Gather more data” or “make a decision” is not a solution. Your role is to make the decision with the data available.
• Implications & Consequences: Describe what would need to occur if your solution is chosen.
• Nachos Contribution Margin =
• Burritos Contribution Margin =
• Nachos Percent of Total Sales =
• Burritos Percent of Total Sales =
• Weighted Average Contribution Margin =
• Break Even Quantity Per Year =
• Weighted Average Price =
• Break-Even Sales =

I can see clearly now that you are done!

It's gonna be a bright sun-shiny day!!!

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Explanation & Answer

Attached. Please let me know if you have any questions or need revisions. Running head: LEADERSHIP ACTIONS AND DECISION-MAKING Leadership Actions and Decision-making Name Institutional Affiliation Course Professor’s Name Due Date 1 LEADERSHIP ACTIONS AND DECISION-MAKING 2 SECTION ONE: LEADERSHIP ACTIONS Leadership Activities that Top Managers Spend Most of Their Time. Benchmarking Most top-level managers engage in constant benchmarks to assess their competitive edge in the market. They evaluate their products, services, production processes, and activities against their toughest competitors. Benchmarking is a major tool that top-level managers use to determine if their operations are efficient. Also, the aid managers to determine their areas of weaknesses and strengths. As such, top-level managers set organizational goals that improve the quality of their products and services. Most top-level managers, however, focus on their weaknesses during benchmarks. Capacity Building Top-level managers emphasize capacity building as a tool to refine organizational success. The managers are entitled to maintaining well-trained and qualified personnel in their organizations. Staff capacity building in most instances involves challenging work performance employees’ work performance and clarifying their responsibilities. The activity also assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the workers. As such, capacity building emerges as an ideal activity for the managers to engage in because they improve worker competency. Business Information Research Competitive top-level managers are curious and spend most of their time examining new information that touches on their businesses. The research on new production processes aids the branding of their products. They learn and evaluate the business environment. By studying the business environment, they predict future sales and marketing trends. Top-level managers use LEADERSHIP ACTIONS AND DECISION-MAKING 3 their predictions to improve their products and service quality. Hence they refine their competitive edge. Leisure Activities Some top-level managers assume their tasks are few and easy, making them engage in unnecessary leisure activities. Some of these activities override the formal activities that a manager should be doing in their workplaces. Consequently, management weakens, leading to poor production and service. Top-level managers should not focus more on their leisure activities than the organizational duties. Close Scrutiny of Workers Some managers are less informed about their roles in their capacities. Notionally, they believe their managerial tasks are mainly assessing and directing their subjects. Scrutiny cannot be an effective management practice. Managers should seek to empower their subjects through guiding and directing them to improve their work performance rather than regular criticism. Overemphasis on job performance metrics In most organizations, top-level managers concentrate their focus on job performance metrics. They tend to be much demanding and authoritative to the employee duties and responsibilities. This management culture is outdated. An ideal management model helps workers refocus on company goals (Cardoni et al., 2018). Top-level managers should aid employees in identifying, understanding, and focusing on their roles and goals. In turn, the entire firm achieves its objectives. Low Standards pf Performance Measurement Most managers are used to customary production and sales performance evaluations. They have internalized a production evaluation model that focuses on the selection, calculation, LEADERSHIP ACTIONS AND DECISION-MAKING 4 and company targets. Re-debating on this evaluation culture is less beneficial than it would for a progressive evaluation. A progressive performance assessment uses the current market findings and analysis to predict future production, marketing, and sales patterns. Further, they assess how future technological developments may affect various business aspects. Therefore, managers ought to strategize the ideal operational practices that shall be compatible with future developments. Referring customer queries to middle-level managers Top-level managers tend to refer their client queries to middle-level managers. Clients inqu...

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