apa 7th edition sample literature review

APA Style Citation Guide 7th Edition

• APA 7th Style Manual
• Books and eBooks
• Films, YouTube & More
• Government Sources
• Open Educational Resources
• AI or ChatGPT
• Social Media
• Art, Clip Art or Photos
• Authors: Missing or Anonymous
• Missing Reference Information
• Direct Quotes
• Reference Page Format
• Abstract and Keywords
• Annotated Bibliography
• Style and Grammar Guidlines
• Paper Formatting Tips
• Sample Paper
• APA 7th Style Chart
• Abbreviations
• Bias Free Language
• Capitalization
• DOIs and URLs

Literature Review

• Paraphrasing
• Preferred Spelling
• Quotation Marks
• APA 7th Tutorials
• APA 7th for Business
• APA 7th for Nursing
• Journal Accounting Reporting Standards (JARS)
• Presentations
• Dissertation & Thesis Resources
• Research Methods & Analysis Resources
• Statistics & Analysis Resources
• Publishing Resources
• CRAAP Criteria and Video
• Peer Review
• Zotero Reference Manager
• Literature Review via APA Style.org

"a narrative summary and evaluation of the findings or theories within a literature base.  Also known as 'narrative literature review'. "

• Key takeaways from the Psi Chi webinar So You Need to Write a Literature Review via APA Style.org

Examples of Literature Reviews

• Financial socialization: A decade in review (2021)
• The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of anxiety disorders - a literature review (2021)
• << Previous: Italics
• Next: Paraphrasing >>
• Last Updated: Aug 13, 2024 3:04 PM
• URL: https://libguides.ggc.edu/apastyle_7th

•   LibGuides
•   A-Z List
•   Help

IND5937: Special Topics: Literature Review

• Find Background Info: Architecture
• Find Architecture Articles
• Searching Tips
• Interlibrary Loan
• Literature Review

APA 7th Edition

• In-Text Citations
• Books/Book Chapters
• Social Media/Apps/Websites
• Video/TV/Podcasts
• Presentations/Dissertations
• Data/Unpublished Works
• Visual Works
• Legal Materials
• Biz Databases

This guide will provide information on how to cite your sources in-text and in your reference list using APA style & formatting. Click the tabs for an example of each. 

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Examples of Reference Lists & In-text Citations

Additional resources:.

• Sample APA Papers from APA Style Download the Word Document and use the template for your APA papers.
• Sample Student Paper using APA from OWL Includes notes to explain the details. From APA Style. Use this sample paper as a guide for headings, in-text citations, references, & more.

The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Guide

• No Date : if there isn't a date, the reference starts with the author. 

Lucas, T. (n.d.). Mother nature revolts.  U.S. News & World

Report.   https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2020-04-17/why-you-still-havent-gotten-your-coronavirus-stimulus-check

The in-text citation will look like this:

According to Lucas,  ... (n.d.).

It is hypothesized that Coronavirus was the planet's way of making a point (Lucas, n.d.).

• No Author : if there isn't an author, the reference starts with the title. 

Mother nature revolts. (2020, March 29). U.S. News & World

"Mother nature revolts" ... (2020).

It is hypothesized that Coronavirus was the planet's way of making a point ("Mother nature revolts", 2020).

• Exact quotes:  page numbers (or paragraph numbers) must be included for exact quotes: 

It was hypothesized that, "Coronavirus was the planet's way of making a point" (Lucas, 2017, p. 5.).

It was  hypothesized that, "Coronavirus w as the planet's way of making a point" (Lucas, 2017,  para . 5.).

• ​ ​ DOI = Digital Object Identifier.   If an item has a DOI, it must be included in the reference.  Not all articles and e-books will have a DOI.
• The research ... (Gonzalez & Perez., 2020).
• According to Perez, .... (2020).

If there are 2 authors, include both of them every time in the in-text citations.

• The research ... (Gonzalez et al., 2020).
• According to Gonzalez et al. .... (2020).
• Up to 20 Authors : names and initials for all 20 authors must be provided in the reference list. It will look like this:

The in-text citation will look like this: 

According to Smith et al. ... (2020). 

The research .... (Smith, et al., 2020).

• 21+ Authors : for sources with more than 20 authors, the first 19 are included in the reference list followed by an ellipses and the final author. It looks like this:

• Citing Multiple Works :  when referring to multiple works in-text, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons.

(Edwards, 2012; Flygare et al., 2019; Steba, 2015).

• Citing Multiple Works by the same author(s) in the same year:  when multiple references have identical author (or authors) and publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year. The year–letter combination is used in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry. Use only the year with a letter in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more specific date.

Smith, J. & Ortiz, P. (2019a, February). Judge Judy and her impact on society.  Journal of Social Science, 15 (2), 16-25.

http://journsocscience.com

Smith, J. & Ortiz, P. (2019b, March). Judge Judy impacts social justice.  Journal of Social Science, 15 (2), 16-25.

Smith and Ortiz found ... (2019a).

...  (Smith & Ortiz, 2019b).

• Citing a Source within a Source :

Arpan, L. M., & Raney, A. A. (2003). An experimental investigation of news source and the hostile media effect. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80 (2), 265-281.

(Gunther, 1992, as cited in Arpan & Raney, 2003);

The in-text citation gives credit to the source used. This is the same one included in the reference list.

• Citing Personal Communication (for example via email or messenger):

Because readers cannot retrieve the communication, it is not included in the reference list.   The communication is cited in the text of the paper only.  

S. Fernandez (personal communication, April 15, 2020) ...

... (S. Fernandez, personal communication, April 15, 2020). 

• Organizational Authors with Common Acronyms

If an organization or government entity is commonly known by it's acronym, it can be used in-text but the full name should be spelled out in the reference list.  

The first in-text citation will look like this: 

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS, 2020), described ... 

... (The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [CMS], 2020).

In-text citations that follow can use the acronym:

According to CMS ... (2020).

... (CMS, 2020).

The reference list will always include the spelled out organization (and not the acronym):

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Servic e s. (2020).  ...

If you use Artificial Intelligence generated text such as ChatGPT, it needs to be cited.

However, before you get help from ai, check your syllabus and/or ask your professor whether it is allowed , example to model:.

When prompted “Why is toxic positivity a problem in the workplace,” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “toxic positivity can be harmful as it can lead to a dismissive attitude towards the concerns or struggles of employees” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023).  ChatGPT  (Mar 23 version). [Large language model].  https://chat.openai.com/chat

• APA Style: How to cite ChatGPT We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test, and we know our roles in a Turing test. And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT. We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In-Text Citation Basics:

• APA uses author-date citation system
• Informs the reader where the information came from
• Refers the reader to the source information

• Use sparingly
• Page numbers (or paragraph numbers) must be included for exact quotes
• Only include relevant material
• Block quotes = 40+ words, no quotation marks, indented

Neu (2015) stated that “healthcare is a right” (p. 6).

In 2017, Smith argued that “healthcare is a privilege” (para. 3) and therefore should not be free.

The notion that healthcare is a right has been debated by many authors (Neu, 2105, p. 6; Smith, 2017, para. 3).

Blockquote:

Avoid Plagiarism

Indicate info. from various sources

Easily identify sources

Adds credibility to your writing

Expands breadth/depth of your writing

Acknowledge the sources that you have borrowed from

• The reference list starts on a new page with the word References , centered and bold

Double-spaced

Your reference list must match your in-text citations and vice versa

Alphabetical list by author’s last name

Use a hanging indent for every line after the first

For titles of books, articles, & websites in reference lists, capitalize only:

• the first word
• the first word after a colon
• proper nouns

In-Text Citation Examples:

General Reference Form :

Author Last Name(s), First Initial, Middle Initial. (Date). Title of article. Title of Source, volume number (issue number), page

numbers. DOI or URL.  

Reference Examples: 

Articles with a doi (digital object identifier):.

McConkey, S.M., & Christiansen, S.J. (2020). Language learning in Miami: A cross-linguistic model of diverse Spanish

dialects. Psychological Review , 128 (8), 25-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126

Articles without a DOI:

Andersen, J. (2020, March 30). Miami and Coronavirus. New York Times . C1

Pearsong, S., Padron, M., & Ortiz, J. (2020, January 1). What the New Year has in store for the U.S. The New

Yorker.  https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-homemade-insight-of-fetch-the-bolt-cutters

Article with an article number or eLocator

​ Smith, T. C., Castillo, M. J., Jackson, G. L., Simpson, B. B., Lantry, R. S., O'Reilly, S. T., Rosenberg, F., Lee, L. H., Cox,

G.,  Harris, H. L., Kass, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., 

Green, G., ... Nelson, T. P. (2020).  Miami and Coronavirus. PLOS ONE, 14 (1), Article

e0209899.  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0209899  

Reference Examples:

TIP: In the 7th edition, publisher location is no longer required when citing books.

Authored book with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Example:

Nadler, J.T. & Voyles, E. C. (2020).  Stereotypes: The incidence and impacts of bias.  ABC-CLIO.

http://dx.doi.org/10.3389 /fpsyg.2015.0004

Authored book without a DOI (print or ebook) Example:

Johnson, D.W. (2020). The customer revolution in healthcare: Delivering kinder, smarter, affordable care for all. McGraw-Hill.

Edited book without a DOI Example:

Hacker Hughes, J. (Ed). (2017). Military veteran psychological health and social care: Contemporary approaches. Routledge.

Chapter in an edited book with a DOI Example:

Stone, C. (2020). Stereotypes of veterans. In J. T. Nadler & Voyles, E. C. (Eds.), Stereotypes: The incidence and impacts of

bias . (pp. 213-225). ABC-CLIO. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389 /fpsyg.2015.0004.

Chapter in an edited book without a DOI Example:

Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B., & Silva, J. A. (2003). Defining forensic psychiatry: Roles and responsibilities. In R. Rosner (Ed.),

Principles and practice of forensic psychiatr y (2nd ed., pp. 7-13). CRC Press.

Website Examples:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, January 23). People at high risk of developing flu-related complications.

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/high_risk.htm

Martin Lillie, C. M. (2016, December 29). Be kind to yourself: How self-compassion can improve your resiliency. Mayo Clinic.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/health-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/self-compassion-can-improve-your-resiliency/art-20267193

Boddy, J., Neumann, T., Jennings, S., Morron, V., Alderson, P., Rees, R., & Gibson, W. (n.d.). Ethics principles. The

Research Ethics Guidebook: A Resource for Social Scientists. http://www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk/EthicsPrinciples

.... (Boddy, et al., n.d.).

... ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018).

Body et al. ...  (n.d.) ...

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ... (2018).

Tweet Example:

Obama, M. [@MichelleObama] (2020, April 18). Thank you to all the essential workers who are getting up every day and

risking their lives on our behalf. @LauraWBush and I were honored to show our support for their heroic efforts during

tonight's @GlblCtzn’s One World: #TogetherAtHome Special. [video attached] Tweet. Twitter

https://twitter.com/MichelleObama/status/1251695525017137159

.... (Obama, 2020).

Obama (2020) ...

Twitter Profile Example:

Bush, Laura. [@laurawbush]. (n.d.). Tweets . [Twitter profile] Twitter. Retrieved from April 18, 2020 from

https://twitter.com/laurawbush.

.... (Bush, n.d.).

Bush (n.d.) ...  

Facebook Page Example:

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Information Center. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved April 18, 2020, from

https://www.facebook.com/coronavirus_info/

.... ( Coronavirus  ( Covid-19 ) Information Center, n.d. ).

Coronavirus  ( Covid-19 ) Information Center (n.d.) ...

Facebook Post Example:

National institute of mental health. (2018, november 28). suicide affects all ages, genders, races, and ethnicities. check out, these 5 action steps for helping someone in emotional pain [infographic]. facebook. http://bit.ly/321qstq.

.... ( National Institute of Mental Health, 2018 ).

The National Institute of Mental Health ...   (2018) ...

Instagram Video or Photo Example: APA Style [@officialapastyle]. (2018, December 5). Welcome to the official Instagram for #APAStyle! We’re here to help you

With your apa style questions [instagram photograph]. retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/bq-a-dvblih/.

.... (APA Style, 2018).

APA Style ...  (2018) ...

Instagram Profile: Star Wars [@starwars]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Retrieved December 10, 2018, from

Https://www.instagram.com/starwars/.

.... (Star Wars, n.d.).

Star Wars ...  (n.d.) ...

Instagram Highlight: APA Style [@officialapastyle]. (n.d.). FAQs [Instagram highlight]. Retrieved December 10, 2018, from

Https://www.instagram.com/s/aglnagxpz2h0oje3otc2odkwntk5mtc5mty1/.

.... (APA Style, n.d.).

APA Style ...  (n.d.) ...

Blog Post Example:

APA Style. (2020, March 19). What’s new in the seventh edition  Publication  Manual.  APA Style.

https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/ whats-new-7e

.... (APA Style, 2020).

The APA Style (2020) ...

Mobile App Examples:

Actual app:.

https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epocrates/id281935788?mt=8  

Entry in the App:

Epocrates. (2019). Interaction check: Aspirin + sertraline. In Epocrates medical references (version 18.12) [Mobile app]. App

Store. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epocrates/id281935788?mt=8

.... (Epocrates, 2019).

Epocrates ... (2019). 

YouTube Example:

Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. YouTube. ​ https:youtube.com/24455202929

.... (Cutts, 2017).

Cutts (2017) ...

Ted Talk Example:

Kowalski, C. (2017, November). The critical role librarians play in the

opioid  crisis  https ://www.ted.com/talks/chera_kowalski_the_critical_role_librarians_play_in_the_opioid_crisis

.... (Kowalski, 2017).

Kowalski (2017) ...

Film or Video Example:

Forman, M. (Director). (1975). One flew over the cuckoo’s nest [Film]. United Artists.

.... (Forman, 1975).

Forman (1975) ...

TV Example:

Wolf, D. (1999-present). Law & Order: Special Victims Unit  [TV Series].  Wolf Entertainment Productions; NBC.

.... (Wolf , 1999-present ).

Wolf (1999-present) ...

Podcast Example:

Poor, N., Woods, E. & Williams, A. (2016-present). Ear Hustle [Audio podcast]. PRX.   https://www.earhustlesq.com/

.... (Poor et al., 2016-present).

Poor et al. (2016-present) ...

Report Examples:

National Cancer Institute. (2018). Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment (NIH Publication No. 18-2424). U.S. Department

of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/life-after-treatment.pdf

Blackwell, D. L., Lucas, J. W., & Clarke, T. C. (2014). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview

Survey, 2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_260.pdf

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2017). Agency financial report: Fiscal year 2017.

https://www.sec.gov/files/sec-2017-agency-financial-report.pdf

.... ( National Cancer Institute , 2018).

... (Blackwell, et al., 2014).

... ( U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2017).

National Cancer Institute (2018) ...

Blackwell, et al. (2014) ...

According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2017), ...

Presentation Example:

O'Reilly, P., Edwards, C., & Hamil, S. K. (2020, April 1-3).  How to cite properly in APA.  [Paper presentation]. Florida Library Association 100th Annual Conference, Orlando, FL, United States.

*Replace [Paper presentation] with [Conference presentation] or [Poster presentation] as needed. 

.... (O'Reilly, et al., 2020).

O'Reilly et al. (2020) ...

Dissertation Examples:

Unpublished:

Hodges, L. (2018). Instructional design perceptions and practices of faculty [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida

International University.

Sanderson, K. R. (2012). Time orientation in organizations: Polychronicity and multitasking (Publication No. 3554209)

[Doctoral dissertation Florida International University]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses.

.... (Hodges, 2018).

Sanderson (2012) ...

Unpublished Manuscript Example:

Yen, J., Chen, Y., Rigotti, A., & Deckard C. (2016). Linking good customer services to increased sales: An observational study

[Unpublished manuscript]. College of Business, Florida International University.

Include the department and institution where the work was published if possible. 

....  (Yen et al., 2016).

Yen, et al. (2016) ...

Data Set Examples:

Published Data:

Pew Research Center (2018).  Core Trend Survey  [Data set]. 

https ://www.pewresearch.org/internet/dataset/core-trends - survey/

Unpublished Unnamed Raw Data Set :

Baer,  R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the

Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of Kentucky.

.... (Pew Research Center, 2018).

Baer (2015) ...

Infographic Example:

Florida Library Association. (2020, February). Federal funds in Florida  [Infographic]. https://www.flalib.org/advocacy ​

.... (Florida Library Association [FLA], 2020).

Florida Library Association [FLA] (2020) ...

Map Example:

Florida International University GIS Center. (2015). BIKE – Bicycle Knowledge Explorer (Palm Beach)  [Map].

https://maps.fiu.edu/gis/research/projects/255/bike-%E2%80%93-bicycle-knowledge-explorer-palm-beach

.... ( Florida International  University  GIS Center , 2015).

Florida International  University  GIS Center  (2015) ...

Photograph Example:

McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg

.... (McCurry, 1985).

McCurry (1985) ...

PowerPoint or Lecture Notes Example:

Cana, E., & Vasilev, J. (2019, May 22). [Lecture notes on resource allocation]. Department of Management Control and

Information Systems, University of Chile. https://uchilefau.academia.edu/ElseZCanan

.... (Mack & Spake, 2018).

Cana and Vasiley (2019) ...

Museum Example:

Wood, G. (1930). American gothic [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States. https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565

.... (Wood, 1930).

Wood (1930) ...

• APA 7th Edition Citation Guide for Business Resources This guide provides examples for citing business databases such as IBISWorld, Mergent Online, S&P, and other non-traditional article databases.

APA 7th Edition Videos & Tutorials

• References Part 1
• References Part 2

APA 7th Edition: Set up an APA Format Paper in 6 Minutes | Scribbr

• << Previous: RefWorks
• Next: Need Help >>
• Last Updated: Aug 16, 2024 5:59 PM
• URL: https://library.fiu.edu/IND5937

Information

Fiu libraries floorplans, green library, modesto a. maidique campus.

Hubert Library, Biscayne Bay Campus

Directions: Green Library, MMC

Directions: Hubert Library, BBC

How to Write a Literature Review: Writing a Literature Review in APA Format

• Writing a Literature Review in APA Format
• Chicago/Turabian Citation Style
• Primary and Secondary Sources
• Basic Research Strategies
• Evaluating Sources
• Using the Library's Ebooks
• Using the Library's Catalog
• Copyright Information
• Contact Information & Feedback

Writing a Literature Review in APA

• << Previous: Videos
• Next: APA/Chicago/Turabian/MLA Citation Style >>
• Last Updated: Sep 25, 2023 2:24 PM
• URL: https://tuskegee.libguides.com/c.php?g=692585

APA Style 7th Edition

• Advertisements
• Books & eBooks
• Book Reviews
• Class Notes, Class Lectures and Presentations
• Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
• Government Documents
• Images, Charts, Graphs, Maps & Tables
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Personal Communication (Interviews & Emails)
• Social Media
• Videos & DVDs
• What is a DOI?
• When Creating Digital Assignments
• When Information is Missing
• Works Cited in Another Source
• In-Text Citation Components
• Paraphrasing
• Paper Formatting
• Citation Basics
• Reference List and Sample Papers
• Annotated Bibliography
• Academic Writer
• Plagiarism & Citations

Sample Paper & Reference List

• APA Sample Paper Template This sample paper includes a title page, sample assignment page and references list in APA format. It can be used as a template to set up your assignment.
• APA 7th Edition Student Sample Paper This example from Idaho State University presents guidelines for student papers following the American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual 7th edition.
• Student APA 7th Edition Sample Paper Example of student APA 7th edition paper with notations from Antioch University Writing Center.
• APA Headings If your instructor requires you to use APA style headings and sub-headings, this document will show you how they work. This sample demonstrates and describes how to use different levels of headings in APA format.
• APA Sample Paper Template - with Appendix If you are adding an appendix to your paper there are a few rules to follow that comply with APA guidelines: The Appendix appears after the References list If you have more than one appendix you would name the first appendix Appendix A, the second Appendix B, etc. The appendices should appear in the order that the information is mentioned in your essay Each appendix begins on a new page

APA End of Paper Checklist

• End of Paper Checklist Finished your assignment? Use this checklist to be sure you haven't missed any information needed for APA style.

Quick Rules for an APA Reference List

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. Here are nine quick rules for this Reference list.

• Start a new page for your Reference list. Centre the title, References, at the top of the page.
• Double-space the list.
• Start the first line of each reference at the left margin; indent each subsequent line five spaces (a hanging indent).
• Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the reference. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
• For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first (and middle, if listed) initials followed by periods.
• Italicize the titles of these works: books, audiovisual material, internet documents and newspapers, and the title and volume number of journals and magazines.
• Do not italicize titles of most parts of works, such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document.
• In titles of non-periodicals (books, videotapes, websites, reports, poems, essays, chapters, etc), capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and all proper nouns (names of people, places, organizations, nationalities).
• If a web source (not from the library) is not a stable archived version, or you are unsure whether it is stable, include a statement of the accessed date before the link.
• << Previous: Citation Basics
• Next: Tutorials >>
• Last Updated: Mar 4, 2024 1:55 PM
• URL: https://guides.fscj.edu/APAStyle7

• UWF Libraries

Literature Review: Conducting & Writing

• Sample Literature Reviews
• Steps for Conducting a Lit Review
• Finding "The Literature"
• Organizing/Writing
• APA Style This link opens in a new window
• Chicago: Notes Bibliography This link opens in a new window
• MLA Style This link opens in a new window

Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts

Have an exemplary literature review.

• Literature Review Sample 1
• Literature Review Sample 2
• Literature Review Sample 3

Have you written a stellar literature review you care to share for teaching purposes?

Are you an instructor who has received an exemplary literature review and have permission from the student to post?

Please contact Britt McGowan at [email protected] for inclusion in this guide. All disciplines welcome and encouraged.

• << Previous: MLA Style
• Next: Get Help! >>
• Last Updated: Aug 8, 2024 11:00 AM
• URL: https://libguides.uwf.edu/litreview

Science Education: More about APA 7th Ed.

• Books & the Catalog
• Journal Search
• Web Resources
• Professional Organizations
• Juvenile Books by Topic
• Juvenile Books by Grade
• Life Sciences
• Earth Science
• Physical Science
• APA 7th Style Examples
• More about APA 7th Ed.
• Public Library Books

APA 7th Ed. Links

• APA 7th ed. Style and Grammar Guidelines - Paper Format This web page highlights portions of Chapter 2 of APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition and will help you with setting up the order, structure, and format of your paper.
• APA 7th ed. Style and Grammar Guidelines In-Text Citations This web page highlights portions of chapter 8 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition and should help you with properly adding In-Text Citations to your paper.
• EasyBib Guide to APA Format Papers In this guide, students and researchers can learn the basics of creating a properly formatted research paper according to APA guidelines. It includes information on how to conceptualize, outline, and format the basic structure of your paper, as well as practical tips on spelling, abbreviation, punctuation, and more. The guide concludes with a complete sample paper as well as a final checklist that writers can use to prepare their work for submission.
• What’s New in the Publication Manual, Seventh Edition This PDF document from the publishers of APA highlight the changes in the 7th ed.
• Six Steps to Proper Citation This PDF from APA 7th ed. is a visual reminder of what to include when citing in APA.
• Quick Reference Guide, APA Style 7th Edition This PDF illustrates how to cite an Article, a Book, and a Chapter in an Edited Book.
• Sample Annotated Student Paper in APA 7th ed. Style

APA 7th Edition Changes Cheat Sheet

Bias-free language

• Guidelines are being added to use bias-free language when referring to people or entities. This means using the word “they” or “their” instead of gender pronouns like “he”, “she”, “his” and “her”.

References and citations

• Website URLs no longer need to be preceded with “Retrieved from” unless there is also a retrieval date.
• EBooks no longer require the type of eBook to be listed (e.g. PDF, Kindle etc)
• Journal DOIs are now displayed as a doi.org URL instead of with the “DOI:” prefix.
• The publisher location is no longer required for books or similar mediums.
• Up to 20 authors can now be included in a reference list entry before needing to omit others with an ellipsis.
• With in-text citations, any reference with more than three authors can now be shortened to the first author and et al.

Punctuation and layout

• Titles are no longer needed in the header. This include the Running Head on the title page.  Page numbers are still needed in the upper right corner of every page. 
• Headings are simplified. See this page of the APA website for details:  https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/headings
• The 7th edition adds additional fonts: Calibri size 11pt, Arial 11pt, Lucida Sans Unicode 10pt, and Georgia 11pt in addition to Times New Roman 12pt.
• Use one space after a period.

Where in the Book do I find?

Textual Works

Data Sets, Software, and Tests

Audiovisual Media

Online Media

• << Previous: APA 7th Style Examples
• Next: Public Library Books >>
• Last Updated: Aug 14, 2024 2:25 PM
• URL: https://uscupstate.libguides.com/ScienceEducation

Research Strategies

• Reference Resources
• News Articles
• Scholarly Sources
• Search Strategy
• OneSearch Tips
• Evaluating Information
• Revising & Polishing
• Presentations & Media
• MLA 9th Citation Style
• APA 7th Citation Style
• Other Citation Styles
• Citation Managers
• Annotated Bibliography
• Literature Review How to

APA Style Guides, 7th edition

• Style Guide, citing in APA 7th edition This guide includes citation examples for a variety of sources, information on in-text citations, and a sample reference list.
• APA 7 for Business This is a continuously updated document created by business librarians across the US to give citation examples for common business databases (Mintel, Business Source Premier, IBIS, etc.) and documents (reports, analysis, etc.).
• Sample Student Paper 7th edition From APA Style Blog

View the   APA Style website  for additional style and grammar guidelines.

Basic APA Formatting Guidelines 

• Reference list entries are alphabetized by author’s last name or equivalent.
• Reference lists are doubled spaced with a hanging indent after the first line of each entry
• References (in bold) should appear at the top center of the page.
• When referring to books, chapters, articles, or webpage titles , capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns
• Example: Last, F. M., Last, F. M., & Last, F. M.
• Parenthetical citation: “Direct quote” (Furlong, 2015, p.25).
• Narrative citation, if the author is mentioned in the sentence, place the year after the last name and the page number after the quote. Example: Furlong (2015) found that “direct quote” (p. 25)
• More guidelines can be found in the PDF Style Guide, citing in APA 7th edition . 

APA 7th Annotated Bibliography Examples

Journal article.

Alvarez, N. & Mearns, J. (2014). The benefits of writing and performing in the spoken word poetry community.  The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41 (3), 263-268.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2014.03.004 Prior research has shown narrative writing to help with making meaning out of trauma. This article uses grounded theory to analyze semi-structured interviews with ten spoken word poets.  Because spoken word poetry is performed live, it creates personal and community connections that enhance the emotional development and resolution offered by the practice of writing. The findings are limited by the small, nonrandom sample (all the participants were from the same community).

• APA 7th Sample Annotated Bibliography
• << Previous: MLA 9th Citation Style
• Next: Other Citation Styles >>
• Last Updated: Jul 11, 2024 1:24 PM
• URL: https://libguides.csun.edu/research-strategies

Report ADA Problems with Library Services and Resources

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

Service Alert

WILLIS N. HACKNEY LIBRARY

Social work.

• Streaming Videos
• Other Resources
• Interlibrary Loan
• Specific Examples/Applications of APA Style, 7th edition

Sample APA-Style Papers (7th edition)

The following links provide samples of student-paper formatting in APA's 7th edition style.  The first is from APA's web site; the second is from Purdue OWL's web site.

• Sample APA Student Paper This document from the APA web site illustrates the 7th edition formatting of a student paper. This format is a simplified version of the professional paper format (excluding things like running heads, etc.).
• Purdue OWL Sample Student Paper This sample student paper in APA 7th edition comes from PurdueOWL. It can be used to supplement the example from the APA web site, or stand on its own.

The following links provide samples of professional-paper formatting in APA's 7th edition style.  The first is from APA's web site; the second is from Purdue OWL's web site.  The formatting of these professional papers is a bit more involved than that of the student sample papers.

• Sample APA Professional Paper This sample professional paper from the APA web site illustrates the 7th edition formatting for a paper submitted for publication to a professional journal.
• Purdue OWL Sample Professional Paper This sample paper from Purdue OWL illustrates in 7th edition formatting a professional paper. It can be used to supplement the APA sample paper or it can stand alone.

Quotations and Paraphrases in APA Style (7th edition)

• Quotations (APA 7th Edition) This link takes you to a page on the official APAstyle.org web site with information that includes how to cite both direct and indirect quotations (short and long), how to cite material for direct quotations that do not contain page numbers, and more.
• Quotations--PurdueOWL (APA 7th edition) On this "Basics: In-Text Citations" page from PurdueOWL, scroll down to see explanations and example for quotations both short (under 40 words) and long (40+ words). In addition, it gives guidance about paraphrases/summaries and how to use in-text citations to document their original source(s).

Formatting an Annotated Bibliography in APA Style (7th edition)

• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL): Annotated Bibliographies This helpful page from PurdueOWL explains the purpose of annotated bibliographies, what they often contain, and why they're helpful.
• Guidelines for Formatting Annotated Bibliographies (APA, 7th ed.) This document provides guidance for formatting annotated bibliographies, including a sample annotated bib.

Formatting a Literature Review in APA Style (7th edition)

While APA doesn't itself provide an example of how to format a literature review, it does provide some guidance in its Publication Manual * about the content of a lit review:

Literature Reviews:

• provide summaries and evaluations of findings/theories in the research literature of a particular discipline or field;
• may include qualitative, quantitative, or a variety of other types of research;
• should define and clarify the problem being reviewed;
• summarize previous research to inform readers of where research stands currently in regard to the problem;
• identify relationships, contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the current literature;
• suggest next steps or further research needed to move toward solving the problem.  (APA, 2020, Section 1.6, p. 8)

* American Psychological Association. (2020).  Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.

• << Previous: APA Style Resources, 7th Edition
• Last Updated: Feb 9, 2024 11:30 AM
• URL: https://barton.libguides.com/social_work

Generate accurate APA citations for free

• Knowledge Base
• APA Style 7th edition
• APA headings and subheadings

APA Headings and Subheadings | With Sample Paper

Published on November 7, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on October 24, 2022.

Headings and subheadings provide structure to a document. They signal what each section is about and allow for easy navigation of the document.

APA headings have five possible levels. Each heading level is formatted differently.

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Table of contents

Additional guidelines for apa headings, how many heading levels should you use, when to use which apa heading level, section labels vs headings, sample paper with apa headings, using heading styles in word or google docs.

As well as the heading styles, there are some other guidelines to keep in mind:

• Double-space all text, including the headings.
• Use the same font for headings and body text (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt.).
• Don’t label headings with numbers or letters.
• Don’t add extra “enters” above or below headings.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Depending on the length and complexity of your paper, you may not use all five heading levels. In fact, shorter student papers may have no headings at all.

It’s also perfectly fine for some sections in your paper to go as deep as five levels, where others use only heading level 1.

Heading level 1 is used for main sections like “ Methods ”, “ Results ”, and “ Discussion ”. There is no “ Introduction ” heading at the beginning of your paper because the first paragraphs are understood to be introductory.

Heading level 2 is used for subsections under level 1. For example, under “Methods” (level 1) you may have subsections for “Sampling Method” and “Data Analysis” (level 2). This continues all the way down to heading level 5.

Always use at least two subheadings or none at all. If there is just one subheading, the top-level heading is sufficient.

In addition to regular headings, APA works with “section labels” for specific parts of the paper. They’re similar to headings but are formatted differently. Section labels are placed on a separate line at the top of a new page in bold and centered.

Use section labels for the following sections in an APA formatted paper :

• Author note
• Paper title
• Reference page

Instead of formatting every heading individually, you can use the “Styles” feature in Word or Google Docs. This allows you to save the styling and apply it with just a click.

The first time you use APA Style, you need to update the default heading styles to reflect the APA heading guidelines. Click here for the instructions for Microsoft Word and Google Docs .

An added benefit of using the “Styles” feature is that you can automatically generate a table of contents .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2022, October 24). APA Headings and Subheadings | With Sample Paper. Scribbr. Retrieved August 17, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-headings/

Is this article helpful?

Raimo Streefkerk

Other students also liked, apa title page (7th edition) | template for students & professionals, creating an apa style table of contents, apa format for academic papers and essays, get unlimited documents corrected.

✔ Free APA citation check included ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts

• Avoiding Common Math Mistakes-Expanding
• Avoiding Common Math Mistakes-Trigonometry
• Avoiding Common Math Mistakes-Simplifiying
• Avoiding Common Math Mistakes-Square Roots
• Avoiding Common Math Mistakes-Working with negatives
• Complex Numbers
• Decimal and Percent
• Dosage Calculations
• Adding and Subtracting Fractions
• BEDMAS with Fractions
• Multiplying and Dividing Fractions
• Long Division
• Long Multiplication
• Order of Operations
• Calculating Slope Examples
• Graphs of Functions
• Least Squares Trendline and Correlation
• Semi-Log and Log-Log Graphs
• Pythagorean Theorem
• Ratio and Proportion
• Rounding and Significant Figures
• Scientific Notation
• Square Root
• Unit Conversion for the Sciences
• Unit Conversion Examples
• Application of Derivatives: Examples
• Chain Rule: Examples
• Higher Order Derivatives: Examples
• Power Rule: Example
• Product Rule: Examples
• Quotient Rule: Examples
• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• Net Change Theorem: Example
• Newton's Method
• Completing the Square
• Simplifying Expressions
• Absolute Value Equations
• The Quadratic Formula
• Rational Equations
• Solving Equations: Application
• Solving Linear Equations
• Solving Linear Inequalities
• Solving Linear Systems
• Word Problems
• Domain and Range of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• Transformation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
• Logarithmic Models
• Composition of Functions
• Domain and Range Examples
• Domain and Range Exponential and Logarithmic Fuctions
• Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions
• Evaluating Functions
• One-to-One and Onto Functions
• Inverse Functions
• Equations of Lines
• Setting Up Linear Models
• Piecewise-Defined Functions
• Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• Transformations of Trigonometric Functions
• Bar Graph and Pie Chart
• Linear Regression and Correlation
• Normal Distribution
• Standard Deviation
• Avoiding Common Math Mistakes in Trigonometry
• Solving Trigonometric Equations
• Trigonometry on the Unit Circle
• Introduction to Trigonometric Functions
• Inverse Trigonometric Functions
• Setting Up Trigonometric Models
• Vector Magnitude, Direction, and Components
• Angle Between Vectors
• Vector Addition, Subtraction, and Scalar Multiplication
• Vector Dot Product and Cross Product
• Matrix Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication by a Scalar
• Matrix Multiplication
• Special Matrices and Definitions
• How do I use my scientific calculator?
• How do I approach word problems?
• I got the right answer, so why didn't I get full marks?
• Open Educational Resources
• Balancing equations
• Chemical bonding
• Lewis Structures
• Periodic table
• Significant figures
• Stoichiometry
• The Clausius-Clapeyron equation
• Yield calculations
• Assignment Planning Calculator
• Grammar Resources
• Misused Modifiers
• Overview of future times
• Overview of past tenses
• Overview of present tenses
• Overview of verb tenses and APA recommendations for tense usage in academic writing
• Parallel Structure
• Pronoun Usage
• Run-on Sentences
• Sentence Fragments
• Sentence Structure: Prepositional Phrases
• Slang and Colloquial Language
• The Important Joining Words
• Word Classes, Prefixes and Suffixes
• Wordiness: Using more words than is necessary
• Words Frequently Misused
• Apostrophe Usage
• Capitalization
• Comma Splice
• How to use a semi-colon
• Pronunciation Resources
• Words that sound similar
• Vocabulary Resources
• Research proposals
• Writing a review of literature
• Accessing Citation Guides at the Ontario Tech University Library
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• What is Turnitin.com?
• About Documenting Your Work
• American Chemical Society (ACS) Citations
• American Institute of Physics (AIP) Citations
• APA 7th Edition: Formatting

APA 7th Edition: Sample Student Paper

• APA 7th Edition: Paper Checklist
• American Psychological Association (APA) 7th Edition: Tables and Figures
• APA 7th Edition: In-text Citations
• APA 7th Edition: Referencing
• APA 7th Edition: Common Errors in Citation
• The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS): Notes
• The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS): Bibliography
• CMOS Quick Reference Guide
• Council of Science Editors
• McGill Guide: Footnotes
• MLA: Quick Reference Guide 8th Edition
• Vancouver Style
• Example IEEE References
• Assignment Comprehension
• Developing a Thesis Statement
• Essay Outline
• Primary Data Collection
• Wikipedia and Google Scholar
• Finding Sources
• How to Find Articles Using Google Scholar
• How to Find Books on the Library Website
• OMNI Searches
• Types of Source
• Body Paragraph Structure
• Introductions and Conclusions
• Patterns of Organization
• When Researching, Keep Track of the Following
• Incorporating Sources into your Writing
• Paraphrasing
• Summarizing
• Integrating Technical Writing
• Helpful Resources
• Why Revise?
• How Do I Revise?
• Switching from Writer to Reader
• Incorrect Prefixes and Suffixes
• Missing Words
• Pronoun Errors
• Subject-Verb Agreement
• Frequently Misused Words
• Proofreading
• Descriptive abstracts
• Informative abstracts
• American National Standard for writing abstracts
• APA 7th abstracts
• Conference abstracts
• Engineering abstracts
• Five-part abstracts
• What Causes Writer's Block?
• Strategies to Overcome Writer's Block
• Annotated Bibliography
• Article/Journal Reviews
• Business and Professional Communication
• Business Plans
• Case Studies
• Laboratory Reports
• Literature Review
• Presentations
• Primary/Field Research
• Progress Reports
• Project Proposals
• Reflective Progress Notes
• Research Paper
• Scientific Manuscript By Dr. Chris Garside
• Scientific Manuscript By Sylvie Bardin
• Standards of Practice Project
• Thesis and Capstone Projects
• Business Financial Database Tutorial
• Business Terms
• A Short Guide to Annotated Bibliographies
• Writing about Indigenous Peoples
• Quick exam tips
• Exam preparation self-assessment
• Regular review
• Planning tools
• Figuring out what to study
• Staying calm before the test
• Essay questions
• Multiple-choice questions
• Problem-solving and math questions
• Short and long answer questions
• Exam preparation resources
• Calculate your course grade
• How Do We Divide Tasks?
• How to Get Started
• Self-Assessment
• Optimize Your Study Session
• Active Study Strategies
• Recall Techniques
• Problem Solving, Experiential Learning, and Critical Thinking
• Online Learning
• Organizational Tools
• Procrastination, Burnout, and Motivation
• Concept Maps
• Studying for Math
• Evernote Tutorials: Note-taking and Organization tool
• Study Blue Tutorial: Note-taking and Flashcard Tool
• References and Citations
• American Psychological Association (APA)

A sample APA 7th Edition paper can be found on Purdue OWL:

From the APA Style Blog  sample student papers with annotations and without annotations are available.

The APA Style Blog also provides examples for student discussion posts, literature reviews, and quantitative studies. For examples visit the APA Style Blog page .

• FlashLine Login
• Phone Directory
• Maps & Directions
• Give to Kent State
• Administration
• Advisory Board
• Alumni Relations
• Campus Advisories
• Campus History
• Facts & Figures
• Faculty Resources
• Media & News
• Offices & Departments
• Staff Resources
• Support the Campus
• Academic Departments
• Academic Support Services
• Advising Services
• Class Schedules & Final Exams
• Degrees, Majors & Minors
• Global Education Initiatives
• Graduation & Commencement
• Honors Program
• Summer Sessions
• Writing Center
• Admission Types & Tips
• Transfer Students
• Campus Tours
• Admissions Events
• Admissions Staff
• Admissions Appointments
• Newly Admitted Students
• First Step: First-Year Advising & Registration
• Campus Ambassadors
• For School Counselors
• Senior Guest Program
• College Credit Plus
• Rising Scholars
• Financial Aid
• Scholarships
• Tuition & Fees
• Ohio College Comeback
• Annual Security Report
• Campus Events
• Computer Services
• First Year Experience
• Flash Bistro
• Mental Health Resources & Support
• Parking Services
• Recreation & Wellness
• Student Involvement & Organizations
• Student Support Services
• Veterans Services
• Corporate University
• Conference Center
• Directions & Maps
• East Liverpool
• Regional Campuses
• Other U.S. Academic Locations
• Kent State Worldwide
• ALICE Training Sessions
• Fingerprinting & Background Checks

Citation Guides: APA: Citation & Formatting

• APA: Citation & Formatting
• MLA: Citation & Formatting
• Chicago: Citation & Formatting

eBook -The concise APA handbook

APA Sample Paper from Purdue Owl

• APA Sample Paper (Purdue OWL)

APA Style Resources

• APA Tip Sheet - 7th edition Created specifically for students at Kent State, this tip sheet provides information on how to format in-text citations and references according to the 7th edition of APA (released October 2019).
• APA LibGuide- 7th edition Created for students at Kent State, this LibGuide provides information on how to create citations in APA format using the 7th edition. Explanations are provided along with examples
• APA Style Blog This resource, directly from APA, provides information on APA Style.
• APA Paraphrasing Activity This is an activity from APA to help students learn how to paraphrase.
• APA Instructional Materials This page contains instructional materials (handouts and links to webinars) on APA 7th edition.
• Purdue OWL - APA This page is created and maintained by the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University.

APA Video Tutorials

• APA 1: Introduction to APA Citation Style This tutorial provides a brief introduction to the 7th edition of APA.
• APA 2: Formatting Basics This tutorial provides information on the basic formatting rules of APA 7th edition.
• APA 3: Citing Books This tutorial provides information on how to cite books using APA 7th edition.
• APA 4: Citing Articles This tutorial provides information on how to cite articles using APA 7th edition.
• APA 5: Citing Media Sources This tutorial provides information on how to cite media sources using APA 7th edition.
• APA 6: Citing Internet Sources This tutorial provides information on how to cite internet sources using APA 7th edition.
• APA 7: In-Text Citations This tutorial provides information on how to write in-text citations using APA 7th edition.
• APA 8: Reference List Basics This tutorial provides information on how to create a reference list using APA 7th edition.
• Next: MLA: Citation & Formatting >>
• Last Updated: Aug 7, 2024 3:17 PM
• URL: https://libguides.library.kent.edu/c.php?g=1415813

Mailing Address

Street address.

• 330-499-9600
• [email protected]
• --> Kent State Kent Campus - flickr
• --> Kent State Kent Campus - linkedin
• --> Kent State Kent Campus - facebook
• --> Kent State Kent Campus - twitter
• --> Kent State Kent Campus - youtube
• --> Kent State Kent Campus - instagram
• Campus Safety
• Class Cancellations & Advisories
• Offices & Departments
• Jobs & Employment
• For Faculty
• For Our Alumni
• Media & News
• Privacy Statement
• University DACA Response
• Website Feedback Form

Sample Tables

These sample tables illustrate how to set up tables in APA Style . When possible, use a canonical, or standard, format for a table rather than inventing your own format. The use of standard formats helps readers know where to look for information.

There are many ways to make a table, and the samples shown on this page represent only some of the possibilities. The samples show the following options:

• The sample factor analysis table shows how to include a copyright attribution in a table note when you have reprinted or adapted a copyrighted table from a scholarly work such as a journal article (the format of the copyright attribution will vary depending on the source of the table).
• The sample regression table shows how to include confidence intervals in separate columns; it is also possible to place confidence intervals in square brackets in a single column (an example of this is provided in the Publication Manual ).
• The sample qualitative table and the sample mixed methods table demonstrate how to use left alignment within the table body to improve readability when the table contains lots of text.

Use these links to go directly to the sample tables:

Sample demographic characteristics table

Sample results of several t tests table, sample correlation table, sample analysis of variance (anova) table, sample factor analysis table, sample regression table, sample qualitative table with variable descriptions, sample mixed methods table.

These sample tables are also available as a downloadable Word file (DOCX, 37KB) . For more sample tables, see the Publication Manual (7th ed.) as well as published articles in your field.

Sample tables are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 7.21 and the Concise Guide Section 7.21

Related handout

• Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3MB)

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants at Baseline

Note. N = 150 ( n = 50 for each condition). Participants were on average 39.5 years old ( SD = 10.1), and participant age did not differ by condition.

a Reflects the number and percentage of participants answering “yes” to this question.

Results of Curve-Fitting Analysis Examining the Time Course of Fixations to the Target

Note. For each subject, the logistic function was fit to target fixations separately. The maximum asymptote is the asymptotic degree of looking at the end of the time course of fixations. The crossover point is the point in time the function crosses the midway point between peak and baseline. The slope represents the rate of change in the function measured at the crossover. Mean parameter values for each of the analyses are shown for the 9-year-olds ( n = 24) and 16-year-olds ( n = 18), as well as the results of t tests (assuming unequal variance) comparing the parameter estimates between the two ages.

Descriptive Statistics and Correlations for Study Variables

Means, Standard Deviations, and One-Way Analyses of Variance in Psychological and Social Resources and Cognitive Appraisals

*** p < .001.

Results From a Factor Analysis of the Parental Care and Tenderness (PCAT) Questionnaire

Note. N = 307. The extraction method was principal axis factoring with an oblique (Promax with Kaiser Normalization) rotation. Factor loadings above .30 are in bold. Reverse-scored items are denoted with an (R). Adapted from “Individual Differences in Activation of the Parental Care Motivational System: Assessment, Prediction, and Implications,” by E. E. Buckels, A. T. Beall, M. K. Hofer, E. Y. Lin, Z. Zhou, and M. Schaller, 2015, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 108 (3), p. 501 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000023 ). Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association.

Moderator Analysis: Types of Measurement and Study Year

Note . Number of studies = 120, number of effects = 782, total N = 52,578. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit.

Master Narrative Voices: Struggle and Success and Emancipation

Integrated Results Matrix for the Effect of Topic Familiarity on Reliance on Author Expertise

Note . We integrated quantitative data (whether students selected a card about nuclear power or about climate change) and qualitative data (interviews with students) to provide a more comprehensive description of students’ card selections between the two topics.