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Importance of Computer Essay | Essay on Importance of Computer for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Importance of Computer Essay: Computers are an essential part of the modern era, and they are beneficial in various fields for various purposes. From education to the technical sector, libraries to railways, all the organisations have computers to serve the essential needs and goals. However, as every coin has two faces, the computers also have both benefits and disadvantages. But the importance of computers overpowers its disadvantages and makes it an essential part of modern lives.

Importance of Computer essay is essential for the students and adults to prepare well for the study purposes, speech and debate preparations, essay generations, and other needs. Importance of Computer essay contains various usages of computers in different fields like defence, medical, entertainment, business, communication, and others.

You can also find more  Essay Writing  articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

Long and Short Essays on Importance of Computer for Students and Kids in English

We have formulated the essays for different word ranges to help serve various purposes. Here are three articles of the Importance of Computer essay in 300 words, 500 words, and 800 words.

Short Essay on Importance of Computer 150 Words in English

Short Essay on Importance of Computer is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Computers are an essential element in modern lives as everything around us depends highly on them. From the prominent business owners and entrepreneurs to the working professionals, students, and adults, everyone uses computers for various purposes. Due to computers’ expanded service, they are also taught to students in school life as a compulsory subject and then in higher education as an optional one. Computers are useful in enhancing the efficiency of any work and are also crucial for offering the best results. Thus, computers are an essential part of modern lives globally, and it is impossible to work in various fields without them.

Computers are used in different purposes to serve various needs, and thus it is impossible to deny their importance in the modern era. As the corporate World’s dependence on the computers for accomplishing multiple tasks, students can also use the computers for learning development and different mechanics, complete their assignments, access notes and study materials, and as a recreational source for playing games. The banking sector also makes use of computers for handling accounts of their clients and regular customers. Thus, it is evident how computers have their usage in various fields and how it made its way and became an essential part of modern organisations.

Computers emerged in the industry as a fantastic technology that reduced the manual burden of the people for performing various tasks, including the calculations, data handling, etc., but also improved the overall quality of the work done. The demand for computers is rising at a tremendous rate in the modern world. These are the machines that are utilised to the fullest among various sectors and industries. Computers are also a more secure and reliable option for data collection and storing, thus becoming the World’s preferred option. Furthermore, after being connected with another fantastic technological advancement, the internet, the usage and utility of computer increases even more. Several organisations and office across the Globe work only on computers. Thus we can also say that all our lives are entirely surrounded and assisted by computers in one way or another.

Computers are an essential part of the modern era and lives. In today’s World of Science and technology, computers are used in almost all the fields and sectors, and across the people of all age groups for serving various needs and purposes. Computers play a crucial role in people’s day-to-day activities, studying, gathering information, doing research, or completing any work or task. For entertainment purpose too, computers are utilised widely across the Globe. From school children to office goers and adults doing work from home, computers serve an extensive range of purpose and help the users in fascinating ways.

Computers are used in one way or the other for completing various tasks efficiently and for achieving the best results. The usage of computers has rapidly grown, and it has become an essential part of human life, without which most of the modern-day tasks are impossible to be completed.

A computer is a complex and modern machine capable of performing various tasks in just a fraction of a few seconds. It also provides more efficient results, in contrast to the human brain. For the education field, computers are essential for teaching and learning purposes. They are used for preparing presentations to be given while teaching and during any seminar. Computer-based learning, also known as the smart classes, is highly preferred in the modern era to ensure that the students capture the gist of all the topics and understand them well and that they do not skip faster from their mind.

Across the Globe, several prominent software works on the computer for helping the students enhance their skills and be the expert of any concerned matter. Additionally, the teachers can also use the computers to connect with the students quickly and seamlessly and motivate them to use it to browse various topics and understand them.

Computers are essential in the medical field too as it helps keep records, take the X rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and others. They are also used while monitoring the patients admitted to any hospital, and keeping a check on them quickly and efficiently. Computers help the experts for space exploration programs and design the satellites that support the World to track various outer space activities. To create the spacecraft, control any mission, or gather the records of multiple bodies of outer space, computers are widely preferred.

Furthermore, computers are also useful in serving various purposes in the defence sector. They help maintain the weapons like missiles and control them while attacking any target to lower the chances of misses and wrong actions. Computers are thus very crucial and helpful to serve the purposes of saving human lives. Apart from these, computers are useful in finance matters in keeping the records of various transactions and making them more secure and reliable. They help serve the purposes that humans alone cannot and thus automate multiple tasks of modern lives.

Currently, imagining a world without computers and accomplishing any task without their assistance is impossible since they have marked their territories in almost all the fields and sectors to serve a wide range of purposes and satisfy an extensive array of needs.

Long Essay on Importance of Computer 500 Words in English

Long Essay on Importance of Computer is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Computers are an essential part of the modern lives that also serve as a useful information source for managing various organisations and accomplishing multiple tasks. This is a significant reason why a computer is a tool with a higher demand for almost all the businesses, including banking, entertainment, industry, education, and administration. It is also evident that even in governmental organisations and bodies, computers are beneficial for various tasks. The market of computer generation and delivery is rapidly thriving across the Globe. There are several larger computer systems present in all global organisations. There is no business or organisation that can function entirely independently without any support from the computers.

Computers are widely used in various sectors, and its usage can be subdivided according to the fields and sectors.

Usage of computer in businesses:

Computers are widely used machine for the businesses of both small and larger scale. Computers are often used in smaller businesses due to being a cheaper form of microcomputers. Since the companies every day have a lot of data to handle, computers ease the task for them more securely and reliably. Furthermore, it also gives a pace to the entire task, like the salary calculation, database management, and others. Computers also automate the task of assisting the staff and helping them to accomplish their daily tasks. Not only in the local businesses but the top MNCs across the Globe also make use of computers in an extensive rate, in fact, a few of them do not have any task that can be achieved without the use of the computers.

Usage of computers in finance and banking:

In the banking and finance sector, computers are used for data handling and processing for the customers’ savings accounts, loan-related matters, investments, interest collection, and various other factors. Banking sector effectively uses the computer systems to operate on the budges. Finance related matters are accomplished in lesser time with higher effectiveness using the computers. Furthermore, when using computers, transactions and other financial issues are handled more securely and reliably.

Usage of computers in education:

In the current era of science and technology becoming more advanced with each passing day, computers are even capable of replacing the books for knowledge gathering and learning. Smart classes are already a preferred mode of education in various institutions, and these are only possible because of the computers. The computers can completely change the way we study and are taught in the institutes and schools. Computers also help educational institutions handle various matters related to students’ fee, staff’s payments, and even in calculating results of the students quickly and efficiently. Furthermore, managing the books’ list in the libraries and other institutes’ records also gets easier using computers.

Usage of computers in the medical sector:

Various medical organisations and institute use computers to handle the patients’ data and records, schedule the doctors and nurses, handle personal histories of the patients, etc. Computers are also used for monitoring the heart rate and blood pressure of the hospitalised patients, and while doing the X-rays, CT scan, MRI scan, and other tests. Use of computers in the medical field is also helpful in diagnosing some complex diseases and disorders. Most of the machines of medical purposes make use of computers in one way or the other.

Usage of computers in the legal sector:

Computers serve various purposes in the legislative processes. The most prominent use of the computers in preparing various legal documents, sending emails related to court hearings and court notices for any case, and others. Furthermore, the legislative sector’s computers also contain previous records of the criminals, thus helping the staff to use it whenever required and accessing it in no more than a second.

Usage of computers in government:

Computer usage is at a broader rate in the government sector for practising and implementing various administrative matters. Data collection and retrieval gets more comfortable using computers in this field. Computers also help the government in taxation matters and ease the entire task. Keeping a record of various things eases up too, utilising the machine in the sector. In various governmental organisations too, the role of the computer is rising rapidly for multiple purposes.

Usage of computers for entertainment:

Computers have become a fantastic source of recreation and entertainment in the modern-day. They are used to watch movies, play games, listen to music, or learn any matter if interest in an efficient manner. Computer parts are designed specially to coordinate with the required movements for all these purposes and serve the users best. Computers can now also analyse the images and help draw, do artwork, and other things of interest.

Computer usage in daily lives:

Computers are used in the daily lives for serving various needs. It also makes people’s lives more modern and fascinating and eases the day-to-day activities for them.

Importance of Computer Essay Conclusion

The rapid development of technology and various advancements in modern lives have made the computers an essential part of the daily lives. None of the sector present across the Globe can work and function seamlessly and effectively without using computers, and computers are the most vital aspects for various industries.

Importance of Computer essay contains a brief description of the facts, including computers in various fields. They help the people prepare a speech, debates, and other matters, or for the students to compose the essay for academic purposes.

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How to Write the “Why Computer Science?” Essay

What’s covered:, what is the purpose of the “why computer science” essay, elements of a good computer science essay, computer science essay example, where to get your essay edited.

You will encounter many essay prompts as you start applying to schools, but if you are intent on majoring in computer science or a related field, you will come across the “ Why Computer Science? ” essay archetype. It’s important that you know the importance behind this prompt and what constitutes a good response in order to make your essay stand out.

For more information on writing essays, check out CollegeVine’s extensive essay guides that include everything from general tips, to essay examples, to essay breakdowns that will help you write the essays for over 100 schools.

Colleges ask you to write a “ Why Computer Science? ” essay so you may communicate your passion for computer science, and demonstrate how it aligns with your personal and professional goals. Admissions committees want to see that you have a deep interest and commitment to the field, and that you have a vision for how a degree in computer science will propel your future aspirations.

The essay provides an opportunity to distinguish yourself from other applicants. It’s your chance to showcase your understanding of the discipline, your experiences that sparked or deepened your interest in the field, and your ambitions for future study and career. You can detail how a computer science degree will equip you with the skills and knowledge you need to make a meaningful contribution in this rapidly evolving field.

A well-crafted “ Why Computer Science? ” essay not only convinces the admissions committee of your enthusiasm and commitment to computer science, but also provides a glimpse of your ability to think critically, solve problems, and communicate effectively—essential skills for a  computer scientist.

The essay also gives you an opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of the specific computer science program at the college or university you are applying to. You can discuss how the program’s resources, faculty, curriculum, and culture align with your academic interests and career goals. A strong “ Why Computer Science? ” essay shows that you have done your research, and that you are applying to the program not just because you want to study computer science, but because you believe that this particular program is the best fit for you.

Writing an effective “ Why Computer Science ?” essay often requires a blend of two popular college essay archetypes: “ Why This Major? ” and “ Why This College? “.

Explain “Why This Major?”

The “ Why This Major? ” essay is an opportunity for you to dig deep into your motivations and passions for studying Computer Science. It’s about sharing your ‘origin story’ of how your interest in Computer Science took root and blossomed. This part of your essay could recount an early experience with coding, a compelling Computer Science class you took, or a personal project that sparked your fascination.

What was the journey that led you to this major? Was it a particular incident, or did your interest evolve over time? Did you participate in related activities, like coding clubs, online courses, hackathons, or internships?

Importantly, this essay should also shed light on your future aspirations. How does your interest in Computer Science connect to your career goals? What kind of problems do you hope to solve with your degree?

The key for a strong “ Why This Major? ” essay is to make the reader understand your connection to the subject. This is done through explaining your fascination and love for computer science. What emotions do you feel when you are coding? How does it make you feel when you figure out the solution after hours of trying? What aspects of your personality shine when you are coding? 

By addressing these questions, you can effectively demonstrate a deep, personal, and genuine connection with the major.

Emphasize “Why This College?”

The “ Why This College? ” component of the essay demonstrates your understanding of the specific university and its Computer Science program. This is where you show that you’ve done your homework about the college, and you know what resources it has to support your academic journey.

What unique opportunities does the university offer for Computer Science students? Are there particular courses, professors, research opportunities, or clubs that align with your interests? Perhaps there’s a study abroad program or an industry partnership that could give you a unique learning experience. Maybe the university has a particular teaching methodology that resonates with you.

Also, think about the larger university community. What aspects of the campus culture, community, location, or extracurricular opportunities enhance your interest in this college? Remember, this is not about general praises but about specific features that align with your goals. How will these resources and opportunities help you explore your interests further and achieve your career goals? How does the university’s vision and mission resonate with your own values and career aspirations?

It’s important when discussing the school’s resources that you always draw a connection between the opportunity and yourself. For example, don’t tell us you want to work with X professor because of their work pioneering regenerative AI. Go a step further and say because of your goal to develop AI surgeons for remote communities, learning how to strengthen AI feedback loops from X professor would bring you one step closer to achieving your dream.

By articulating your thoughts on these aspects, you demonstrate a strong alignment between the college and your academic goals, enhancing your appeal as a prospective student.

Demonstrate a Deep Understanding of Computer Science

As with a traditional “ Why This Major? ” essay, you must exhibit a deep and clear understanding of computer science. Discuss specific areas within the field that pique your interest and why. This could range from artificial intelligence to software development, or from data science to cybersecurity. 

What’s important is to not just boast and say “ I have a strong grasp on cybersecurity ”, but instead use your knowledge to show your readers your passion: “ After being bombarded with cyber attack after cyber attack, I explained to my grandparents the concept of end-to-end encryption and how phishing was not the same as a peaceful afternoon on a lake. ”

Make it Fun!

Students make the mistake of thinking their college essays have to be serious and hyper-professional. While you don’t want to be throwing around slang and want to present yourself in a positive light, you shouldn’t feel like you’re not allowed to have fun with your essay. Let your personality shine and crack a few jokes.

You can, and should, also get creative with your essay. A great way to do this in a computer science essay is to incorporate lines of code or write the essay like you are writing out code. 

Now we will go over a real “ Why Computer Science? ” essay a student submitted and explore what the essay did well, and where there is room for improvement.

Please note: Looking at examples of real essays students have submitted to colleges can be very beneficial to get inspiration for your essays. You should never copy or plagiarize from these examples when writing your own essays. Colleges can tell when an essay isn’t genuine and will not view students favorably if they plagiarized.

I held my breath and hit RUN. Yes! A plump white cat jumped out and began to catch the falling pizzas. Although my Fat Cat project seems simple now, it was the beginning of an enthusiastic passion for computer science. Four years and thousands of hours of programming later, that passion has grown into an intense desire to explore how computer science can serve society. Every day, surrounded by technology that can recognize my face and recommend scarily-specific ads, I’m reminded of Uncle Ben’s advice to a young Spiderman: “with great power comes great responsibility”. Likewise, the need to ensure digital equality has skyrocketed with AI’s far-reaching presence in society; and I believe that digital fairness starts with equality in education.

The unique use of threads at the College of Computing perfectly matches my interests in AI and its potential use in education; the path of combined threads on Intelligence and People gives me the rare opportunity to delve deep into both areas. I’m particularly intrigued by the rich sets of both knowledge-based and data-driven intelligence courses, as I believe AI should not only show correlation of events, but also provide insight for why they occur.

In my four years as an enthusiastic online English tutor, I’ve worked hard to help students overcome both financial and technological obstacles in hopes of bringing quality education to people from diverse backgrounds. For this reason, I’m extremely excited by the many courses in the People thread that focus on education and human-centered technology. I’d love to explore how to integrate AI technology into the teaching process to make education more available, affordable, and effective for people everywhere. And with the innumerable opportunities that Georgia Tech has to offer, I know that I will be able to go further here than anywhere else.

What the Essay Did Well 

This essay perfectly accomplishes the two key parts of a “ Why Computer Science? ” essay: answering “ Why This Major? ” and “ Why This College? ”. Not to mention, we get a lot of insight into this student and what they care about beyond computer science, and a fun hook at the beginning.

Starting with the “ Why This Major? ” aspect of the response, this essay demonstrates what got the student into computer science, why they are passionate about the subject, and what their goals are. They show us their introduction to the world of CS with an engaging hook: “I held my breath and hit RUN. Yes! A plump white cat jumped out and began to catch the falling pizzas. ” We then see this is a core passion because they spent “ Four years and thousands of hours ,” coding.

The student shows us why they care about AI with the sentence, “ Every day, surrounded by technology that can recognize my face and recommend scarily-specific ads ,” which makes the topic personal by demonstrating their fear at AI’s capabilities. But, rather than let panic overwhelm them, the student calls upon Spiderman and tells us their goal of establishing digital equality through education. This provides a great basis for the rest of the essay, as it thoroughly explains the students motivations and goals, and demonstrates their appreciation for interdisciplinary topics.

Then, the essay shifts into answering “ Why This College? ”, which it does very well by honing in on a unique facet of Georgia Tech’s College of Computing: threads. This is a great example of how to provide depth to the school resources you mention. The student describes the two threads and not only why the combination is important to them, but how their previous experiences (i.e. online English tutor) correlate to the values of the thread: “ For this reason, I’m extremely excited by the many courses in the People thread that focus on education and human-centered technology. ”

What Could Be Improved

This essay does a good job covering the basics of the prompt, but it could be elevated with more nuance and detail. The biggest thing missing from this essay is a strong core to tie everything together. What do we mean by that? We want to see a common theme, anecdote, or motivation that is weaved throughout the entire essay to connect everything. Take the Spiderman quote for example. If this was expanded, it could have been the perfect core for this essay.

Underlying this student’s interest in AI is a passion for social justice, so they could have used the quote about power and responsibility to talk about existing injustices with AI and how once they have the power to create AI they will act responsibly and help affected communities. They are clearly passionate about equality of education, but there is a disconnect between education and AI that comes from a lack of detail. To strengthen the core of the essay, this student needs to include real-world examples of how AI is fostering inequities in education. This takes their essay from theoretical to practical.

Whether you’re a seasoned writer or a novice trying your hand at college application essays, the review and editing process is crucial. A fresh set of eyes can provide valuable insights into the clarity, coherence, and impact of your writing. Our free Peer Essay Review tool offers a unique platform to get your essay reviewed by another student. Peer reviews can often uncover gaps, provide new insights or enhance the clarity of your essay, making your arguments more compelling. The best part? You can return the favor by reviewing other students’ essays, which is a great way to hone your own writing and critical thinking skills.

For a more professional touch, consider getting your essay reviewed by a college admissions expert . CollegeVine advisors have years of experience helping students refine their writing and successfully apply to top-tier schools. They can provide specific advice on how to showcase your strengths, address any weaknesses, and generally present yourself in the best possible light.

Related CollegeVine Blog Posts

Essays About Computers: Top 5 Examples Plus Prompts

Computers are helpful technology that many of us use on a daily basis; if you are writing essays about computers, use our essay examples and prompts below. 

We often recognize computers as the devices we use to browse the internet, communicate with others, and type down notes, but there is more to a computer than this. A complex set of processes, calculations, and operations performs everything we do on a computer. Without a doubt, computers make our lives easier and enhance our personal and working life.

5 Top Essay Examples

1. types of computers by brent dawson, 2. uses of computers in education by kristina barroso, 3. our dependency on computers by nora fox, 4. neural networks: is your brain like a computer by shamli prakash.

• 5. ​​The Human Brain vs. Supercomputers… Which One Wins? By John Staughton

1. The Many Uses of Computers

2. can computers take over society, 3. is computer science a worthwhile program to study, 4. pros and cons of computers, 5. can computers compete with the human brain.

“Calculations for things such as automotive design, weather forecasting, and aerospace use supercomputers. Embedded computers are used for functions in a larger product. They are located in things such as automobiles, consumer electronics and office machines. As we all know computers come in many shapes and sizes. They can be used for many different things and can be located anywhere. Technology has increased so much that the most unheard compact thing can be a computer.

Dawson stresses that computers can come in all shapes and sizes. There are different types of computers, such as personal computers, mobile computers, game consoles, and supercomputers, each with its own functions and specialties. He briefly touches on each type of computer and its uses. Technology has come a long way, as the most complex computers are everywhere, whether in laboratories, offices, or even our mobile phones or watches. 

“Critics argue that spell check and other computer features that automatically correct errors in spelling and punctuation make students too lazy to learn and apply the rules themselves. These features, however, help point out where students went wrong and offer valuable learning opportunities that can help students enhance their understanding of appropriate spelling and punctuation.”

In her essay, Barroso discusses the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating computers into education. They allow schools to maximize online resources, foster student engagement, and make it easier for teachers and students to perform school-related tasks. However, they may make students lazy to check mistakes, thinking that the computers will automatically check them. Ultimately, the pros outweigh the cons. 

“As far as I concerned, computer is a great invention and it is useful to human life. It should be impossible to live without computer as we get too much used of computers nowadays. However, we should use it wisely. We know the fact that the more we rely on computer, the more we will lose in our life. So, we should also find ways to make our dependence on computers less dangerous to us, so that we will not rely on computer completely.”

Fox discusses the state of society today where we rely far too much on computers. They help us greatly in our daily lives, but they have made us depend on technology for information rather than thinking for ourselves. And if something goes wrong, like the servers crash, the world is at a standstill. Computers are a net good for society, but we must avoid revolving our lives around technology. 

“In data science terms, this phase is somewhat akin to ‘Model Training’ — the more things a child is exposed to the more the synapses associated with it get built. A good example is language — the more a child is exposed to linguistics in early years, the more evolved the area of her brain that is associated with languages would get. Ditto for other cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.”

Prakash discusses the different ways in which our brains operate as computers. An information processing system has five components: input, output, storage, processing, and program. The human brain does have all of these components, which are used to perform our daily functions. She looks into how human intelligence can be “trained,” like computers are developed. 

5. ​​ The Human Brain vs. Supercomputers… Which One Wins? By John Staughton

“When the brain identifies a more efficient or effective way to compute and function, it can morph and alter its physical and neuronal structure, hence the term “plasticity“. Until we achieve true Artificial Intelligence (in which computers should theoretically be able to re-wire themselves), neuroplasticity will always keep the human brain at least one step ahead of “static” supercomputers.”

Staughton writes about how much more advanced computers have become in recent decades, with some of them being able to outsmart humans in tasks such as chess. However, he explains that our brains are very different from technology and are inherently superior to even the most powerful computers in terms of efficiency, adaptability, and many other factors. However, he keeps the door on computers, eventually developing beyond our capabilities in the future. 

5 Helpful Writing Prompts on Essays About Computers

Computers aid us in many tasks; it is undeniable that they make our lives easier. Think of the different uses of computers, both in your life and in general, and list them. Briefly explain each, and if you want, also explain how computers have been most helpful in your life. You can also check out these essays about the internet .

This is a question many have grappled with and is the subject of many science-fiction and dystopian stories. Many believe that only good can come from greater technological advancement, while others believe humanity will be subject to much conflict and suffering. Based on research, decide whether we should introduce computers into more aspects of our lives. You can cite articles, essays, books, or even movies to prove your point. 

In your essay, discuss how helpful an education in computer science would be. Research the course’s requirements, benefits, disadvantages, and expectations and, based on your personal opinion, write about whether it would be worth it to pursue this program. This essay is more suited for those with experience, but if not, consult online sources or interview people with experience for a solid evidence base.

Computers have many advantages as well as disadvantages. List down the pros and cons of computers you can come up with, and discuss a few of them in your essay. Then, based on the evidence you’ve provided, decide whether computers are a net good or bad for society in the long run. 

A few essay examples above have compared technology and artificial intelligence to the human brain, as they are both “computers,” so to speak. In your opinion, will technology ever come to a point where it will rival our abilities? Conduct research and cite credible sources for a strong essay .  

For help with this topic, read our guide explaining “ what is persuasive writing ?”If you’d like to learn more, our writer explains how to write an argumentative essay in this guide.

Essay on Computer

500+ words essay on computer.

A computer is an electronic device that performs complex calculations. It is a wonderful product of modern technology. Nowadays, computers have become a significant part of our life. Whether it is in the sector of education or health, computers are used everywhere. Our progress is entirely dependent on computers powered by the latest technology. This ‘Essay on Computer’ also covers the history of computers as well as their uses in different sectors. By going through the ‘Computer’ Essay in English, students will get an idea of writing a good Essay on Computers. After practising this essay, they will be able to write essays on other topics related to computers, such as the ‘Uses of Computer’ Essay.

The invention of the computer has made our lives easier. The device is used for many purposes, such as securing information, messages, data processing, software programming, calculations, etc. A desktop computer has a CPU, UPS, monitor, keyboard, and mouse to work. A laptop is a modern form of computer in which all the components are inbuilt into a single device. Earlier, computers were not so fast and powerful. After thorough and meticulous research and work by various scientists, modern-day computers have come up.

History of Computers

The history of computer development is often used to reference the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computers is characterised by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers work. Most of the major developments from the 1940s to the present day have resulted in increasingly smaller, more powerful, faster, cheaper and more efficient computing devices.

The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations. These five generations of computers are as follows:

Uses of Computers

Computers are used in various fields. Some of the applications are

1. Business

A computer can perform a high-speed calculation more efficiently and accurately, due to which it is used in all business organisations. In business, computers are used for:

• Payroll calculations
• Sales analysis
• Maintenance of stocks
• Managing employee databases

2. Education

Computers are very useful in the education system. Especially now, during the COVID time, online education has become the need of the hour. There are miscellaneous ways through which an institution can use computers to educate students.

3. Health Care

Computers have become an important part of hospitals, labs and dispensaries. They are used for the scanning and diagnosis of different diseases. Computerised machines do scans, which include ECG, EEG, ultrasound and CT Scan, etc. Moreover, they are used in hospitals to keep records of patients and medicines.

Computers are largely used in defence. The military employs computerised control systems, modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. It uses computers for communication, operation and planning, smart weapons, etc.

5. Government

Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields are:

• Computation of male/female ratio
• Computerisation of PAN card
• Income Tax Department
• Weather forecasting
• Computerisation of voters’ lists
• Sales Tax Department

6. Communication

Communication is a way to convey an idea, a message, a picture, a speech or any form of text, audio or video clip. Computers are capable of doing so. Through computers, we can send an email, chat with each other, do video conferencing, etc.

Nowadays, to a large extent, banking is dependent on computers. Banks provide an online accounting facility, which includes checking current balances, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, trustee records, etc. The ATM machines, which are fully automated, use computers, making it easier for customers to deal with banking transactions.

8. Marketing

In marketing, computers are mainly used for advertising and home shopping.

Similarly, there are various other applications of computers in other fields, such as insurance, engineering, design, etc.

Students can practise more essays on different topics to improve their writing skills. Keep learning and stay tuned with BYJU’S for the latest update on CBSE/ICSE/State Board/Competitive Exams. Also, download the BYJU’S App for interactive study videos.

Frequently asked Questions on Computer Essay

How has the invention of the computer been useful to students.

Easy and ready access to information has been possible (internet) with the invention of the computer.

How to start writing an essay on a computer?

Before writing an essay, first plan the topics, sub-topics and main points which are going to be included in the body of the essay. Then, structure the content accordingly and check for information and examples.

How to use the computer to browse for information on essays?

Various search engines are available, like Google, where plenty of information can be obtained regarding essays and essay structures.

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• Essay on Computer

Long and Short Computer Essay

The term computer was once used to refer to a person who did computation, unlike today. The development of early prototypes that led to the modern computer is credited to many individuals throughout history. A series of breakthroughs, beginning with transistor computers and then integrated circuit computers, resulted in the development of transistor technology and the integrated circuit chip, causing digital computers to largely replace analogue computers. 

In this essay, we will discuss the various components and types of computers and talk about their uses in various fields.

Long Computer Essay in English

A computer is an electronic tool that manipulates data or information. It can store, retrieve, and process information. We can type documents, send emails, play games, and browse the Web using a computer. It can also be used to edit spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos, or create them. 

Early computers were conceived only as devices for calculating. Simple manual devices such as the abacus have helped individuals do calculations since ancient times. Some mechanical devices were built early in the Industrial Revolution to automate long, tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. In the early 20th century, more sophisticated electrical machines performed specialized analogue calculations. 

Common Components of Computers

All those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects are covered under the term hardware. The hardware includes circuits, computer chips, graphics cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboards, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and "mice" input devices.

 There are five main hardware components: 

Input Devices: 

These are devices that are used to enter data/information in the central processing unit. Example- keyboard, mouse, scanner, document reader, barcode reader, optical character reader, magnetic reader etc.

Output Devices: 

These are devices that provide the processed data/information into human-readable form. Example- monitor, printer, speaker, projector etc.

Control Unit: 

The control unit handles the various components of the computer; it reads and interprets (decodes) the instructions for the program, transforming them into control signals that activate other computer parts.

Arithmetic Logic Unit: 

It is capable of performing arithmetical and logical functions. The set of arithmetic operations supported by a specific ALU may be restricted to addition and subtraction or may include functions of multiplication, division, trigonometries such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots.

Central Processing Unit: 

The ALU, control unit and registers and together called the CPU. It is sometimes called the computer's brain, and its job is to perform commands. We send instructions to the CPU whenever we press a key, click the mouse, or start an application.

Software refers to computer parts, such as programs, data, protocols, etc., that do not have a material form. In contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built, the software is that portion of a computer system consisting of encoded information or computer instructions.

It is sometimes called "firmware" when the software is stored in hardware that can not be easily modified, such as with a BIOS ROM on an IBM PC compatible computer.

Computer hardware and software require each other, and neither of them can be realistically used on their own. There are four main components of a general-purpose computer: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the I/O (collectively called input and output) devices.

Uses of Computer

Computers are used in various fields, such as homes, businesses, government offices, research organizations, educational institutions, medicine, entertainment, etc. because of their features and powerful functions. They have taken sectors and companies to a whole new level.

Science- 

Computers are best suited for the collection, analysis, categorization, and storage of data in science, research and engineering. They also help scientists to exchange data both internally and internationally with each other.

Government-  

Computers in the government sector are used to perform various functions and improve their services. In most cases, data processing tasks, the maintenance of citizens' databases, and the promotion of a paperless environment are the primary purposes of using computers. In addition to this, computers play a key role in the country's defence system.

Health and Medicine- 

They are used to preserve information, records, live patient monitoring, X-rays, and more from patients. Computers assist in setting up laboratory tools, monitoring heart rate and blood pressure, etc. Besides, computers allow physicians to easily exchange patient data with other medical specialists.

Education- 

They help people get different educational materials (such as images, videos, e-books, etc.) in one place. Also, computers are best suited for online classes, online tutoring, online exams, and task and project creation. Also, they can be used to maintain and track student performance and other data.

Banking- 

Most countries use online banking systems so that customers can access their data directly. People can verify the balance of their account, transfer cash, and pay online bills, including credit cards. Besides, banks use computers to execute transactions and store client information, transaction records, etc.

Short Computer Essay in English

A computer's a programmable device that accepts raw data(input) and processes it as output with a group of instructions (a program) to supply the result. It renders output after performing mathematical and logical operations and can save the output for future use. The word "computer" derives from the word "computare" in Latin, which means calculating.

Types of Computer

Computers are of different types based on different criteria. Based on their size, computers are of five types:

Micro Computers- 

It is a single-user computer that has less capacity for speed and storage than the other types. For a CPU, it uses a microprocessor. Laptops, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablets, and smartphones are common examples of microcomputers. Microcomputers are generally designed and built for general use, such as browsing, information search, the internet, MS Office, social media, etc.

Mini Computers- 

Minicomputers are also referred to as "Midrange Computers." They are multi-user computers designed to simultaneously support multiple users. Therefore, they are generally used by small companies and firms. 

Mainframe Computers- 

It is also a multi-user computer that large companies and government organizations use to run their business operations as large amounts of data can be stored and processed. Banks, universities, and insurance companies, for example, use mainframe computers to store data from their customers, students, and policyholders.

Super Computer- 

Among all types of computers, supercomputers are the fastest and most costly computers. They have an enormous capacity for storage and computing speeds and can therefore perform millions of instructions per second.

Workstations-  

It is a single-user computer with a comparatively more powerful microprocessor and a high-quality monitor compared to a mini-computer.

Benefits of Computers:

It increases productivity.

It helps in connecting to the internet.

It helps in organizing data and information.

It allows storing large amounts of data.

Fun Facts About Computers

The first electric computer that was invented weighed around 27 tons or even more than that and took up to 1800 square feet.

There are about 5000 new viruses that are released every month.

The original name of Windows was Interface Manager.

It is surely known that the life of humans would not have been so easy if computers were not a part of human life. This is also supported by a lot of pieces of evidence where we can even see in daily life how the computer is not just present in an organization but is also available right in the pockets of everyone. Thus, the computer has surely made it easy while also spoiling a lot of people's lives. 

FAQs on Essay on Computer

1. What are the disadvantages of computers?

While the computer has surely made life easier, it also has a lot of disadvantages. The disadvantages of the computers can be provided as follows:

People spend too much time sitting and doing nothing but watching the content on computers.

People staring at computers for a long time also tend to strain their eyes, and as a result, they need spectacles to understand what is being written in front of them.

Attention span is decreasing with an increase in the use of computers. 

With computers being AI-powered, it is now easier for people to do all the tasks on a computer and not work on it themselves. This has made a lot of people lazy.

2. What is the process of working on a computer?

A computer is an electronic machine and it needs information to be added in as raw data to function well. It has a flow that determines the accessing of data. The following steps take place before the results are obtained:

Information is taken in by the computer in the form of raw data. This process is also called the input.

Then the information that is not needed will be stored while the information that is needed is passed onto the next step. The storing of data is called memory.

Then the information that is required is crushed or it is split and this process is called processing.

The last step is where the results are obtained. This process is called getting the output.

Essay on the importance of Computers in our life – Computers have become an inevitable part of human life. We cannot overlook the importance of computers in education with the launch of so many education portals and apps which have made it necessary to use computers in education .

In this essay on the importance of computers in our life , students can get the use of computers in education , uses of computers in different fields like defense, medicine, business, entertainment, communication, and what is the importance of computers in today’s world . We have also compiled the importance of computers in points .

In case you have to write the 5 uses of computers , you can take help from this essay on computers . Also, any question based on the 10 points on the importance of computers can be easily answered once you have read this essay. So, let us check out this helpful essay on the importance of computers .

Related – Essays in English

We live in a world where Alexa plays the music in the living room, and Siri sets the alarm on the phone. Not far is the day when most of us will have robots in our homes, loading the dishwasher and assembling our furniture. We already have drones, and experiments on driverless cars are going on.

Computers are vital in the communication and transportation industries. They control our satellites and traffic signals. Through Big data and analytics, companies make business decisions.

Technologies like Artificial Intelligence , Machine Learning , and IoT (Internet of Things) could bring a sea of changes in our daily lives. A range of industries right from agriculture, textiles to our defense field is highly dependent on computer technology. There does not exist a sector, which is untouched by the magic of computers.

Related – Essay on Terrorism

If we acknowledge that our mobile phones are computers-based, then our life is not imaginable without them. Can we survive without phone calls and text messages?

Our gas bills, bank payments, groceries, meals, clothes, and all basic needs are met via a smartphone. So, let us now look in detail the role of computers in various fields:

• Uses of Computers in Education
• Uses of Computers in Defence
• Uses of Computers in Medicine
• Uses of Computers in Businesses
• Uses of Computers in Services
• Uses of Computers in communication
• Uses of Computers in Entertainment
• Let us see the main points on the importance of computers

  Uses of Computers in Education

Computers, smartphones, and cheap internet data packs have revolutionized the field of education. A data-enabled mobile phone opens the door to vast resources.

Online learning and distance education has changed the fortunes of many. The curiosity to learn and diligent efforts are sufficient to succeed. High-quality, world-class courses are available at affordable rates through MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) from top-notch universities. The software programs are better than print media in presenting the subject to the students.

In this way, they are more interested in learning and take the initiative to know further. It increases the quality of education that people receive. Moreover, computers have vast storage spaces, and the durability of the study material is also high.

In specific fields like architecture and mechanical engineering, there is a paradigm shift in pedagogy. They learn and use software technologies like CAD and CAM (computer-aided design and manufacturing).

  Top   Uses of Computers in Defence

We know that the word ‘computer’ comes from compute and thus, they were mostly computing devices. The first computer was for the military, and the U.S. Army used it for calculating artillery firing tables.

Today, computers are used in tanks, planes, and ships to target enemy forces. They play a vital role in providing training and simulations to soldiers. They are essential to safeguard the confidential activities of the defense forces.

  Top   Uses of Computers in Medicine

Modern healthcare would become void without these wonderful machines. The hospitals require computers in all stages of treatment right from diagnosis to surgery. The advanced scans such as MRI and CT (Computerized Axial Tomography) scans help you detect life-threatening conditions.

The entire department of radiology is dependent on these electronic machines. Then we have fitness trackers and ECG bands that could warn you of imminent heart ailments and strokes.

Our doctors perform robotic surgeries by looking at a monitor. We are moving towards a time when we can swallow the computing devices in the form of a pill to get accurate images of the internal organs like the intestines.

  Top  

Related – Ten tips on writing a good essay

  Uses of Computers in Businesses

The business communities are always quick in adapting to the latest technologies. Today, even in small shops, electronic book-keeping and PoS( Point-of-Sale) machines are indispensable. The supermarkets have computerized inventory management systems and barcode readers.

The factories have numerous automated manufacturing processes and software packages for sales, payrolls, and logistics are readily available in the market. Moreover, we have live access to global financial markets round the clock through the internet.

We should also remember that the flourishing E-commerce industry owes its existence to the internet and mobile technologies.

  Top   Uses of Computers in Services

The data-processing and storage facility has made life more comfortable. Automation of billing, book-keeping, and security services are due to smart devices. The Information Technology sector thrives on the quick, reliable services it provides. The concept of standing in queues for paying the electricity bills and taxes is no more in practice.

Banking is highly sophisticated due to the enhancement of data storage and retrieval technologies. ATMs, digital payments, and cashless transactions are changing the way we deal with money. Security and authentication services also are going through a sea of changes because of biometric identifications.

The use of computers in weather forecasting and disaster prediction and management is beneficial for people. It prevents loss of life and material. It is useful for farmers and tourists.

Related – Essay on Demonetization

  Uses of Computers in communication

The way we communicate today is primarily due to the rapid developments in computer and internet technologies. We can control the satellites, traffic signals, locate trains, etc. from remote places. The GPS (Global Positioning System) has a myriad of applications in life.

We use Google Maps to get directions on our way, we can share our lives travel routes with the family, and we can also check the arrival of our food orders through services like zomato and Swiggy.

Instant messages, social media, video conferences, and Skype meetings attribute their existence to advanced communication systems. Emails are not for sending and receiving messages alone; companies use them as marketing tools.

  Top   Uses of Computers in Entertainment

The entertainment industry has become highly versatile due to advancements in file processing and internet technologies. Live- streaming of videos, downloading music, and advanced video games give recreation facilities at the click of a mouse.

The internet stage has also become an open venue for many amateur artists. It helps the industry people to identify and recognize raw talents. It brings in a kind of transparency in the system. People are more willing to take up music, dance, and acting as mainstream professions.

Related – Essay on Digital India in English

  Let us see the main points on the importance of computers-

Online application process – Nowadays, the application process for almost everything – admissions to courses, job recruitments, passport, etc are done through computers. So, everyone needs a computer at one or the other point of time.

Communication – these days all type of important communication is done through emails for which one needs either a computer or a smartphone.

Education – some of the best facilities for education can be availed online at the comfort of sitting at home. Students can download educational apps and enrol for online classes and webinars too.

Defence – Computers are used extensively in defence forces for targeting weapons and finding locations.

Business – E-Commerce has changed the way businesses work. Consumers have adopted the system of buying online. Sellers like Amazon and services like Zomato have made e-commerce a daily thing for us.

Healthcare – the most advanced healthcare facilities like scans and various treatments have been made possible by the latest technologies in computers.

News – People stay updated with the latest news which is provided to us instantly through online resources.

• We can see our favorite movies and serials at any time of the day with the help of computers.
• Readers can avail e-books and free downloadable editions of their favorite books through online resources.
• We can talk to our friends, family, and colleagues located in any part of the world through computers with the help of Skype and Whatsapp.

We can conclude that computers which were simple machines aimed at storing and transferring data are becoming an integral part of our lives. They are not limited to banks or military operations.

These modern machines permeate our home, work, and even entertainment. It has changed the way many industries operate. For example, travelers no longer need guides, the booking process is mostly online, and people are ready to take the path less known.

We want our farmers to become modern and tap the potential of the internet to get weather updates, seed availability, and market prices.

But, these advancements have their flip side too. People tend to have health issues because of long sitting hours, constant staring at the screen, and ensuing lethargy. For youngsters, social media addiction and virtual highs seem to be a complete menace.

It is in our onus that we take the pluses of the computers alone. In the race for catching up with the latest technology that is changing in the blink of the eye, let us not forget our roots.

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Computer Essay In English

Our lives have been made easier by the invention of computers. They play a vital role in our lives. The device receives data as input, processes it, and outputs the results. It’s because of computers that we can now do things that were once impossible, and we can do them much faster and more efficiently. Here are some sample essays on the topic ‘Computer’.

100 Words Essay On Computer

200 words essay on computer, 500 words essay on computer.

It’s evident that computers have made our lives much easier in a variety of ways. We rely on them for communication, information, efficiency, and entertainment, and it's hard to imagine life without them. Computers have revolutionised the way we live and work. They are an essential part of our lives, and they have made our lives much easier. Computers have made our lives easier in a number of ways. They allow us to communicate with people all over the world quickly and easily, and they give us access to a vast amount of information. We can use computers to work, study, shop, bank, and entertain ourselves.

Computers have infiltrated every aspect of our lives, from the way we communicate to the way we work and play. They've made our lives easier in so many ways, and it's hard to imagine living without them.

How Computers Made Our Lives Easier

One of the most obvious ways computers have made our lives easier is in the way we communicate. Email, instant messaging, and video conferencing are all revolutionised by computers. We can instantly communicate with anyone in the world, regardless of location or time zone. Computers have also made it easier to access information. In the past, if you wanted to know something, you had to go to the library and hope they had a book on your topic. Nowadays, you can just do a quick Google search and find out whatever you need to know.

In addition, computers have made our lives more efficient. Tasks that used to take hours can now be done in minutes or even seconds with the help of a computer. For example, you can book a flight or hotel room online in just a few clicks. Or if you need to do some research for a project, you can quickly find relevant articles and data with a few keystrokes.

The contemporary computer has become an indispensable component of our daily lives. Their popularity has skyrocketed during the previous decade. Nowadays, computers are used in every office, whether it is private or public. People have been using computers for a very long time. They are utilised in numerous industries, including agriculture, design, manufacturing of machinery, and defence. Computers have brought about a global revolution.

The CPU, display, mouse, and keyboard make up the core components of a basic computer. Hundreds of additional computer components can be connected to it as well. Supercomputers, mainframes, desktop personal computers, PDAs, laptops, and many other forms of computers are all classed under this general category. Because it meets all the requirements for a computer, the mobile phone is also a form of computer.

Uses of Computer in Various Fields

As computer usage grew, using computers in practically every industry became a requirement for business operations. Additionally, they have simplified working and organising. Here are a few of the significant industries that depend on computers for day-to-day operations—

Education Sector

Many students and children are benefiting from the computer's assistance in the educational field. In the modern era, they are a reliable source of educational content. Through the intranet or internet, we can access a wide range of instructional materials in one location. Computers are now frequently used for online learning, teaching, and assessment. Computers make it simple for students to prepare assignments or projects. Computers can be used by teachers to keep track of student data and assess student performance.

Research And Development Sector

Data collection, storage, analysis, classification, and extraction are among scientists' most important needs in the fields of science, research, and engineering. Computers facilitate internal and international scientific communication and data sharing among scientists working in various locations. Working on a project with numerous scientists from different countries is usually beneficial. They use cloud storage for data exchange. The use of supercomputers in research and development is widespread. To plot and analyse data to gain a better understanding of earthquakes and other natural hazards, scientists frequently employ computers. Additionally, computers are essential for the development, upkeep, launch, and control of spacecraft as well as the operation of many other technologies.

Government Sector

The usage of computers is widespread in government-related fields. The government is responsible for many different departments and tasks, and practically all of them are outfitted with computers to carry out various tasks and boost production and efficiency. The key functions of computers include data processing, maintaining citizen information, budgeting for security measures, and many other duties. Computers are also frequently used in areas such as city planning, infrastructure, design, traffic management, and law enforcement.

Medical Sector

Computers are frequently used to keep track of patients, create bills, schedule doctor appointments, etc. Computers have digitised almost everything. Currently, a lot of online medical pharmacies offer home delivery of prescription medications to its customers. The way diseases are identified and treated in the field of medicine has been revolutionised by computers. They work together with medical equipment to continuously track a patient's blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and many other parameters Additionally, a lot of procedures today are carried out remotely using computers and robotic surgical tools.

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Computer Science Essay Examples

Explore 15+ Brilliant Computer Science Essay Examples: Tips Included

Published on: May 5, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 30, 2024

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Do you struggle with writing computer science essays that get you the grades you deserve?

If so, you're not alone!

Crafting a top-notch essay can be a daunting task, but it's crucial to your success in the field of computer science.

For that, CollegeEssay.org has a solution for you!

In this comprehensive guide, we'll provide you with inspiring examples of computer science essays. You'll learn everything you need to know to write effective and compelling essays that impress your professors and get you the grades you deserve.

So, let's dive in and discover the secrets to writing amazing computer science essays!

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Computer Science Essays: Understanding the Basics

A computer science essay is a piece of writing that explores a topic related to computer science. It may take different forms, such as an argumentative essay, a research paper, a case study, or a reflection paper. 

Just like any other essay, it should be well-researched, clear, concise, and effectively communicate the writer's ideas and arguments.

Computer essay examples encompass a wide range of topics and types, providing students with a diverse set of writing opportunities. 

Here, we will explore some common types of computer science essays:

Middle School Computer Science Essay Example

College Essay Example Computer Science

University Computer Science Essay Example

Computer Science Extended Essay Example

Uiuc Computer Science Essay Example [

Computer Science Essay Examples For Different Fields

Computer science is a broad field that encompasses many different areas of study. For that, given below are some examples of computer science essays for some of the most popular fields within the discipline. 

By exploring these examples, you can gain insight into the different types of essays within this field.

College Application Essay Examples Computer Science

The Future of Computers Technology

Historical Development of Computer Science

Young Children and Technology: Building Computer Literacy

Computer Science And Artificial Intelligence

Looking for more examples of computer science essays? Given below are some additional examples of computer science essays for readers to explore and gain further inspiration from. 

Computer Science – My Choice for Future Career

My Motivation to Pursue Undergraduate Studies in Computer Engineering

Abstract Computer Science

Computer Science Personal Statement Example

Sop For Computer Science

Computer Science Essay Topics

There are countless computer science essay topics to choose from, so it can be challenging to narrow down your options. 

However, the key is to choose a topic that you are passionate about and that aligns with your assignment requirements.

Here are ten examples of computer science essay topics to get you started:

• The impact of artificial intelligence on society: benefits and drawbacks
• Cybersecurity measures in cloud computing systems
• The Ethics of big data: privacy, bias, and Transparency
• The future of quantum computing: possibilities and challenges
• The Role of computer hardware in Healthcare: current applications and potential innovations
• Programming languages: a comparative analysis of their strengths and weaknesses
• The use of machine learning in predicting human behavior
• The challenges and solutions for developing secure and reliable software
• The Role of blockchain technology in improving supply chain management
• The use of data analytics in business decision-making.

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Tips to Write an Effective Computer Science Essay

Writing an effective computer science essay requires a combination of technical expertise and strong writing skills. Here are some tips to help you craft a compelling and well-written essay:

Understand the Requirements: Make sure you understand the assignment requirements, including the essay type, format, and length.

• Choose a Topic: Select a topic that you are passionate about and that aligns with your assignment requirements.
• Create an Outline: Develop a clear and organized outline that highlights the main points and subtopics of your essay.
• Use Appropriate Language and Tone: Use technical terms and language when appropriate. But ensure your writing is clear, concise, and accessible to your target audience.
• Provide Evidence: Use relevant and credible evidence to support your claims, and ensure you cite your sources correctly.
• Edit and Proofread Your Essay: Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and formatting issues.

By following these tips, you can improve the quality of your computer science essay and increase your chances of success.

In conclusion, writing a computer science essay can be a challenging yet rewarding experience. 

It allows you to showcase your knowledge and skills within the field and develop your writing and critical thinking abilities. By following the examples provided in this blog, you can create an effective computer science essay, which will meet your requirements.

If you find yourself struggling with the writing process, consider seeking essay writing help online from CollegeEssay.org. 

Our AI essay writer can provide guidance and support in crafting a top-notch computer science essay.

So, what are you waiting for? Hire our computer science essay writing service today!

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As a Digital Content Strategist, Nova Allison has eight years of experience in writing both technical and scientific content. With a focus on developing online content plans that engage audiences, Nova strives to write pieces that are not only informative but captivating as well.

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Essay on Information Technology in 400 Words

• Updated on  
• Apr 26, 2024

Essay on Information Technology: Information Technology is the study of computer systems and telecommunications for storing, retrieving, and transmitting information using the Internet. Today, we rely on information technology to collect and transfer data from and on the internet. Say goodbye to the conventional lifestyle and hello to the realm of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).

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Also Read: Essay on Internet

Scientific discoveries have given birth to Information Technology (IT), which has revolutionized our way of living. Sudden developments in technology have given a boost to IT growth, which has changed the entire world. Students are taught online using smartboards, virtual meetings are conducted between countries to enhance diplomatic ties, online surveys are done to spread social awareness, e-commerce platforms are used for online shopping, etc.

Information Technology has made sharing and collecting information at our fingertips easier. We can learn new things with just a click. IT tools have enhanced global communication, through which we can foster economic cooperation and innovation. Almost every business in the world relies on Information Technology for growth and development. The addiction to information technology is thriving throughout the world.

Also Read: Essay on 5G Technology

• Everyday activities like texting, calling, and video chatting have made communication more efficient.
• E-commerce platforms like Amazon and Flipkart have become a source of online shopping.
• E-learning platforms have made education more accessible.
• The global economy has significantly improved.
• The healthcare sector has revolutionized with the introduction of Electronic Health Records (EHR) and telemedicine.
• Local businesses have expanded into global businesses. 
• Access to any information on the internet in real-time.

Also Read: Essay on Mobile Phone

Disadvantages

Apart from the above-mentioned advantages of Information Technology, there are some disadvantages also.

• Cybersecurity and data breaches are one of the most important issues.
• There is a digital divide in people having access to information technology.
• Our over-relying attitude towards the IT sector makes us vulnerable to technical glitches, system failures and cyber-attacks.
• Excessive use of electronic devices and exposure to screens contribute to health issues.
• Short lifecycles of electronic devices due to rapid changes in technological developments.
• Challenges like copyright infringement and intellectual property will rise because of ease in digital reproduction and distribution.
• Our traditional ways of entertainment have been transformed by online streaming platforms, where we can watch movies and play games online.

The modern world heavily relies on information technology. Indeed, it has fundamentally reshaped our way of living and working, but, we also need to strike a balance between its use and overuse. We must pay attention to the challenges it brings for a sustainable and equitable society.

Also Read: Essay on Technology

Paragraph on Information Technology

Also Read: Essay on Wonder of Science

Short Essay on Information Technology

Check out the short essay on information technology from below:

Also Read: I Love My India Essay: 100 and 500+ Words in English for School Students

Also Read: How to Prepare for UPSC in 6 Months?

Ans: Information technology is an indispensable part of our lives and has revolutionized the way we connect, work, and live. The IT sector involves the use of computers and electronic gadgets to store, transmit, and retrieve data. In recent year, there has been some rapid changes in the IT sector, which has transformed the world into a global village, where information can be exchanged in real-time across vast distances.

Ans: The IT sector is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world. The IT sector includes IT services, e-commerce, the Internet, Software, and Hardware products. IT sector helps boost productivity and efficiency. Computer applications and digital systems have allowed people to perform multiple tasks at a faster rate. IT sector creates new opportunities for everyone; businesses, professionals, and consumers.

Ans: There are four basic concepts of the IT sector: Information security, business software development, computer technical support, and database and network management.

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Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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Chapter 6: 21st-century media and issues

6.14.2 Literacy in computer science (research essay)

John Parker

English 102, April 2021

Introduction.

Computer Science is one of the fastest growing fields as the world transitions to increased automation. Schools of all levels are putting a greater emphasis on educating the younger generation on programming. This suggests that schools are growing their STEM departments, which house the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. In order to understand why many educators are approaching the field of Computer Science in this way, it must be understood what Computer Science is. It is most commonly defined as the study of computer software and computing systems. More specifically, it deals with creating, reading, and error-checking programming or code. While it is true that STEM is very important within the field of programming, there are other important aspects of coding that are not frequently considered by many educators. Coding includes being able to read, write, and communicate in a unique way, which implies that literacy involved in the field. Any form of literacy that is not directly learning how to read, write, or communicate in standard English is often not considered to be literacy, which is a major reason that its importance within programming is not recognized. The fact that many educators within the field of Computer Science do not realize the importance of literacy alludes to the idea that the teaching of programming may be flawed in its methods and implementation.

Computer Science is very important in my life, as I am currently pursuing a degree in the field. I have been programming for just over a year now and have experience in Python and Java programming languages. I have taken three courses on programming/computer science in college, in which I have learned so much about programming and Computer Science in general. In addition to coursework, I frequently work on coding projects for my own entertainment and read/watch articles and videos on programming. Any knowledge that I gain on the most effective ways to learn programming is very important to my future. Even more important than gaining this knowledge for myself, being able to spread this knowledge to grow the field is paramount.  Although I am not an expert in programming, I have had many learning experiences with programming that qualify me to discuss my personal experiences with learning how to program. Since the focus of this essay deals with the teaching methods and learning experiences of programming, the relative freshness of my learning experiences with programming provides me with an advantage over industry professionals in this discussion.

Writing in Computer Science

   Although it may be somewhat difficult to discover the parallels between computer programming and literacy, the literacy aspect of writing can be understood very easily. When thinking of what a programmer does, one of the simplest and high-level descriptions could be “someone who writes code.” The main similarity between the two practices is the exist in the process of creating a finalized piece of work, whether it be a novel for an application. In Felienne Hermans and Marlies Aldewereld’s article, “Programming is Writing is Programming,” the authors describe the beginning of the writing process and programming workflow to include a high-level plan (1). The next step in both processes is to convert these high-level designs into low-level, workable steps. For writers, these low-level steps include sentences and words; for programmers, they include methods, functions, and lines of code. For both practices, intermediate steps are needed manage the organization of the work, such as chapters in writing and classes and objects in programming (Hermans and Marlies 2). In the programming course that I am currently enrolled in, every coding assignment that is submitted must be accompanied by pseudocode, which is essentially a plan for how the final code will look. This pseudocode, which is written in a mix of English and Java syntax, begins with high-level plans that are broken down into smaller, more manageable steps. The process of writing pseudocode was not all that difficult to me when I realized that it was just like the outlines that I have been writing for English courses for years. These outlines broke up the goal of the essay into manageable portions and consisted of some wording that would be directly added to the essay and some rough ideas that would need to be converted into cohesive writing.

In Ziva R. Hassenfeld’s et al article, “If you can Program you can Write,” explores the constructs shared by computer programming and writing in great detail. The authors discuss the similar constructs between the two practices as, “planning and prewriting, creating and drafting, testing and evaluating, and debugging and editing and revising” (Hassenfeld et al. 68). The study described in this article, which focuses on the correlation between elementary student’s ability to write and ability to learn programming, showed that these similarities between the two practices produce a correlation between students’ ability to write and their ability to program (Hassenfeld et al. 75). In the section titled “Programming as Literacy” of Annette Vee’s novel, “Coding Literacy: How Computer Programming is Changing Writing,” she discusses an extremely interesting way to observe the similarities between writing and programming. Vee dives into exploring the ways in which programming is treated like writing within United States law. The United States Congress amended the 1976 Copywrite Act in 1980 to categorize computer code as a “literary work” and a “form of writing” (Vee 450). Since a law protecting writing and forms of creative expression, it can be alluded that the United States law views computer programming as a form of writing.

Reading in Computer Science

Reading is also extremely prevalent within the world of programming and Computer Science in general. Peg Grafwallner’s article, “Encoding Literacy in Computer Science,” examines an instructional coach and computer science teacher’s attempt to implement literacy lessons into a computer science class. The article states that reading within Computer Science requires students to focus on one specific area at a time, thinking in a linear and conceptual manner (Grafwallner). The computer science class discussed in this article was taught with an emphasis on literacy through directions, ultimately proving to boost the success of the students’ ability to program. The ability to read instructions was determined to be the most vital skill in programming (Grafwallner).

In Marthie Schoeman’s article, “Reading Skills Can Predict the Programming Performance of Novices,” the relationship between reading and ability to code is discussed extensively. In the study described in the article, the reading level of students were determined using eye-tracking technology. The students then took an introductory course in computer programming that would be followed by a final examination (Schoeman 44). The results of the study show that students with low reading skills failed the programming component, while those with higher reading skills did better overall. These results depict the fact that reading skills do play a role in one’s ability to learn programming (Schoeman 48). This relation can be attributed to the fact that programming is a form high-level written language in its own sense. In my own experiences, reading programming has proved to be one of the most vital skills that a computer programmer can possess. One of the main points of emphasis within Computer Science classes is being able to read and debug others’ code. Since there are so many different ways that a program can be created, I initially struggled with reading others’ code. The skill of reading code is very similar to reading literary works, as some authors are naturally easier to follow along with than others. Reading code is a vital aspect of computer programming and is a skill that I am still working on improving.

Communication in Computer Science

Although communication is not necessarily involved in the creation of all computer programs, communication in vital within the professional setting of Computer Science, in addition to engaging in programming within a team environment. In Gilles Dubochet’s article, “Computer Code as a Medium for Human Communication,” it is stated that communication between a human and a computer is the main objective of computer programming. The article goes on to state that computer programming itself has become a channel for human communication (Dubochet 1). The article explores the increase in team usage in the field of computer science, suggesting that the ability to understand the code that other’s write is extremely important (2). Understanding the code that others write is not only dependent on one’s ability to read and understand coding syntax and standards, but also the ability of the person reading the code and the person who wrote the code to communicate effectively with one another. The article suggests that communication is not only prevalent through oral dialect, but that programming languages are becoming a channel for communication between programmers (Dubochet 13). In other words, programmers are able to convey their thoughts through a programming language.

At the start of my college career, I did not expect for communication to be as prevalent as it was within my Computer Science courses. Throughout the entire Fall Semester of my introduction to programming course, a team of students that we were assigned to were required to code a robot. Due to the business of the group members’ schedules, we often had to do portions of the project on our own. This meant that I would often log in to add a portion to the code and would be confused by the code that was just written above. Through a simple phone call or text, all of the team members were able to understand the others’ work. The communication between our team was extremely important for this reason, as the project would have fallen apart without it. Throughout the semester, our team began to “comment” our code, which is simply inserting explanation within the code that do not affect how the code runs. If “//” is used before a line, the programming software environment understands that this is just for programmers to read. This simple addition to our code meant that we were actually able to communicate directly through the code, without having to text, call, or talk at all.

Marc Riemer breaks down the importance of communication and language skills in a broader field of engineering in the article titled, “Communication Skills for the 21st Century Engineer.” Riemer discusses the importance of communication skills in engineering, primarily focusing on the English language. He states that English is the most widespread language in the world and that effective communication in English is a skill that develops more successful engineers (91). Riemer examines the importance of communication between engineers and stakeholders (95). After engineers’ years of education in upper-level concepts, it can be difficult to decipher what stakeholders are familiar and not familiar with. Being able to effectively break down the concepts into more common terminology plays a major role in one’s success within the field of Computer Science as well as all other engineering disciplines. The findings of this article suggest that an increase in communication and language courses in college curriculums will produce more successful engineers (Riemer 98). Although this article focuses more broadly on engineering, Computer Science is a major branch of engineering that shares in the same challenges of communication as all other major fields of engineering.

Computer Programming as a Language in Itself

Computer Programming is much more than a computational practice, as learning programming languages comes with many of the same challenges as learning human languages, uncovering the fact that computer programming is its own unique form of literacy or language. When I was applying for colleges and deciding on a major, I honestly did not know what I wanted to do. I knew that I loved math and problem solving and would want to pursue a career in math-based field. The reason that I chose to pursue a career in Computer Science was purely for this reason, as I have never taken a coding course or had any prior experience. Once I began coding in my collegiate level courses, I fell in love with the problem-solving aspect. I was grasping the various coding techniques and problem-solving methods, but found that the portion I was struggling with the most was syntax and coding conventions. I thought that learning to program would be like learning Calculus, but, in reality, it was actually like learning a new language.

The world of programming is extremely complex, with syntax and grammar of its own, comparable to the grammar and structure used in human languages. The article, “Classifying Programming languages,” is an excellent source for understanding how programming languages are classified and the many similarities and differences between. The authors state that there are eight major categories of programming languages, categorized by “linguistic structure, expressive features, possibility of efficient implementation, direct support for certain programming models, and similar concerns” (“Classifying Programming Languages”). This practice of categorizing languages based on various features is used extensively in human languages also. For example, the Romance Languages are all rooted in Latin and have similar sounds, sentence structure, etc. The article goes on to explain there are many styles of programming that can be used within one language (“Classifying Programming Languages”). This is also a construct that is common throughout human languages, as there are many styles of writing within the English language. Programming languages also have their own grammar and syntax. The grammar portion of coding could be described through common code standards, such as camel case being used for variable names or uppercase being used for constant names. The syntax portion of coding is slightly different than in English, as errors in syntax within programming will cause the program to crash, losing functionality.

In Ana Harris’ article, “Human Languages vs. Programming Languages,” she breaks down the criteria for something to be considered a language. Harris states that the main function of language is communication. She goes on to explain that the function of programming languages is to communicate a series of an instructions to a computer or machine, alluding to the idea that programming languages are indeed unique forms of literacy/language. Harris zooms in on another major similarity between human languages and programming languages, being structure. She discusses the concepts of semantics (meaning connected to a certain concept) and syntax (rules for aligning words and phrases) from the perspective of a linguist. She states that programming uses semantics, as every program has a specific intention, and syntax, which includes following rules for the use of variables, functions, parenthesis, colons, etc. (Harris). These many similarities allow for programming to be considered its own unique form of literacy or language.

Connection between Literacy Skills and Programming Ability

Due to the many parallels between computer programming and literacy, it can be gathered that programming ability and literacy skills benefit one another. Although I enjoy and excel in mathematics and problem solving more-so, I have always loved reading and writing. Throughout my journey of learning programming, this love and ability has helped to excel in the field. Although many of my peers are more advanced than myself in mathematics, this ability has proved to give me a slight upper hand in some aspects of coding. Many of my peers who lack in this ability often have trouble with their code simply because they missed a portion of the instruction when reading, misunderstood what was being asked of them, or they had trouble recalling the semantics and syntax required for the program.

In Sharin Jacob and Mark Warschauer’s article, “Computational Thinking and Literacy,” the authors discuss how literary skills can lead to stronger computational skills. The authors describe in detail how computational thinking (computer programming) is a form of literacy, which was discussed earlier extensively (Jacob and Warschauer 3). The authors then switch gears to focus on how literacy skills can improve programming ability. The article describes the importance of verbal analysis of game architecture to their implementation of game design. The example that the authors use to back up this statement is as follows: The statement “the hunter killed the monkey” is implemented into the coding as “the monkey disappears when it touches the hunter” (Jacob and Warschauer 8). This example shows the importance of one literary element, transitive verb structures, to the success of a game developer. Jacob and Warschauer state, “students cannot master programming syntax without understanding the semantic meaning of commands if they cannot produce correct linguistic forms without considering their corresponding meanings” (10). The authors are saying that students are required to use the same skills within literacy courses that they are required to use within programming, just manifest in different ways. Therefore, skills that are taught in literacy primarily can assist in improving programming ability.

Marthie Schoeman’s article discussed above, “Reading Skills Can Predict the Programming Performance of Novices,” further displays how literacy skill can affect programming performance. This article discusses a study of the relationship between reading skills and the ability to code. The method of the study involved performing an initial eye tracking test on participants as they were reading to determine their reading proficiency. The participants were then given a short introductory course in programming, which would be followed by a knowledge exam (Schoeman 42). The results of the study displayed that those students with low reading skills failed the programming component, while students with higher reading skills did better overall (Shoeman 48). These results suggest that the literary skill of reading does indeed play a role in one’s ability to learn programming.

All of the findings discussed throughout the entirety of this essay display the fact that teaching programming to young people more similarly to the ways in which that literacy is taught may be more effective than just the typical STEM approach. Marina Bers’ article, “Coding as Another Language,” discusses a new method of teaching computer science to young children starting in kindergarten called “Coding as Another Language” (499). The method of teaching coding described in this article deviates from the typical STEM approach, offering the proposition that computer science teaching can be enhanced by incorporating the design of literacy instruction, due to the parallels that exists between natural languages and programming languages (Bers 504). According to Bers, research shows that teaching children how to read and write artificial languages in the same way as natural languages leads to a greater cognitive understanding of programming (503).

In Ziva R. Hassenfeld’s et al. article, “If you can Program you can Write,” the authors examine a study of elementary students learning through the “Coding as Another Language” curriculum. The article discusses results from a test on literacy and an assessment of students’ understanding of an introductory program language, drawing conclusions based upon their correlation (Hassenfeld et al. 73). The results of this study show that there is a connection between students’ literacy levels and their height of achievement in grasping an introductory programming language (Hassenfeld et al. 75). This indicates that there are fundamental understandings and constructs that are shared by literacy and computer programming, which are described in detail earlier. All of these articles suggest that the instruction of programming in early years is more effective when taught more similarly to literacy instruction than just being taught in the typical STEM approach.

The future of Computer Science is limitless, due to the increase in automation throughout societies. As the field continues to grow, programming education will become more and more prevalent within elementary and high schools across the country. The ways in which programming is taught needs to transition to a more literacy-based approach for younger children to improve the effectiveness of the education. If the instruction of programming evolves according to the findings displayed in this essay, so will the growth of the field of Computer Science. Just as most people hold the belief that literacy is not involved in the field of Computer Science, many people are unaware of its presence within all STEM fields, whether it be biology, nursing, or engineering. If the style of teaching programming is holding back the future of programming so drastically by ignoring literacy approaches, imagine how much the world is being held back by this issue.

Although approaching the instruction of computer programming from a literacy point of view is more effective than just the STEM approach overall, there are still many individuals that have disadvantages in learning programming no matter what teaching method that is used. According to Antonio Byrd’s article, “Between Learning and Opportunity: A Study of African American Coders’ Networks of Support,” racially marginalized individuals are not as likely to develop coding literacy skills for problem-solving applications (Byrd 31). A core issue for these marginalized communities gaining access to programming knowledge and experience is financial stability. Computer Programming boot camps and college education are both very expensive investments, which is often not an option for individuals from marginalized communities. Byrd expands on this by stating that even those that do not need to pay tuition for coding bootcamps are required to give of their emotional and physical labor (34). Since coding bootcamps require many hours of work a week, many individuals often have to take time away from their jobs and/or their families. This is something that many marginalized people can simply not afford. The study described in this article takes place at Clearwater Academy, where marginalized students do not pay tuition, which taught courses on programming languages such as JavaScript, HTML, and CSS (Byrd 35). The results of this confirm that African American adult’s access to coding literacy is limited by the social, emotional, and economic repercussions of white supremacy (Byrd 49). Unfortunately, there is no one easy solution that completely resolves this issue, as it stems from years of oppression and discrimination. In order to best combat this issue, universities, training centers, and employers need to take steps to accommodate the needs of marginalized groups. Taking steps in this direction will cultivate the field of Computer Science to grow exponentially and move towards equality.

Works Cited

Bers, Marina Umaschi. “Coding as another language: a pedagogical approach for teaching  computer science in early childhood.”  Journal of Computers in Education  6.4 (2019):  499-528.

Byrd, Antonio. “Between learning and opportunity: A study of African American coders’  networks of support.” Literacy in Composition Studies 7.2 (2019): 31-56.

Cencelj, Zvonka, et al. “Role and meaning of functional science, technological and engineering  literacy in problem-based learning.”  Journal of Baltic Science Education  18.1 (2019):  132-146.

“Classifying Programming Languages.” Pltypes, Loyola Marymount University,

cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/pltypes/.

Dubochet, Gilles. “Computer Code as a Medium for Human Communication: Are Programming  Languages Improving?” Proceedings of the 21st Working Conference on the Psychology  of Programmers Interest Group. No. CONF. University of Limerick, 2009.

Grafwallner, Peg. “Encoding Literacy in Computer Science.”  Edutopia , George Lucas Educational Foundation, 10 Jan. 2018, www.edutopia.org/article/encoding-literacy-computer-science.

Harris, Ana. “Human Languages vs. Programming Languages.”  Medium , Medium, 1 Nov. 2018,  medium.com/@anaharris/human-languages-vs-programming-languages-c89410f13252.

Hermans, Felienne, and Marlies Aldewereld. “Programming is writing is  programming.”  Companion to the first International Conference on the Art, Science and  Engineering of Programming . 2017.

Jacob, Sharin Rawhiya, and Mark Warschauer. “Computational thinking and literacy.”  Journal  of Computer Science Integration  1.1. 2018.

Riemer, Marc J. “Communication skills for the 21st century engineer.” Global J. of Engng.  Educ 11.1 (2007): 89-100.

R Hassenfeld, Ziva, et al. “If You Can Program, You Can Write: Learning Introductory Programming Across Literacy Levels.”  Journal of Information Technology Education: Research , vol. 19, 2020, pp. 065–085., doi:10.28945/4509.

Schoeman, Marthie. “Reading skills can predict the programming performance of novices: an eye-tracking study.”  Perspectives in Education  37.2 (2019): 35-52.

Vee, Annette. “Computer Programming as Literacy.”  Coding Literacy , 2017, pp. 445–452., doi:10.7551/mitpress/10655.003.0003.

Understanding Literacy in Our Lives by John Parker is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Essay on Importance of Computer for All Students

Today we are going to share some long and short, some simple and easy essays on the importance of computers in English for all students. These essays are for every class or grade students. You should find an appropriate one for you.

In This Blog We Will Discuss

Essay on Importance of Computer: (200 Words) for Class 1, 2, 3

A computer is a machine that counts. Yeah, according to the literal meaning computer is a counting machine, but it does various types of work now. The modern computer has been upgraded with so many features and it has made our life really easy and simple.

Today we are going to talk about the importance of computers in several sectors of human life. First of all, I want to mention the education system. The entire education system has been really improved and digitalized because of modern computers.

It helps the teachers to present their lessons and teach the students in a better way with minimum effort and time. And the students can learn easily with the digital medium. In the business sector, it is helping a lot to manage every type of accounts. In this case, there are lots of excel or account management software that helps us to store financial data and other information.

We can easily store our information safely. There is no tension to lose the data. We can take access from anywhere, anytime. Overall, the computer has brought changes in medical, engineering, technology, education, banking, government sectors, and many more things. It has been the most important tool for us.    

Essay on Importance of Computer in Education: (300 Words) for Class 4, 5

Introduction: Using the digital computer is changing the education system. It is changing the way that we learn something and the way we store knowledge. Everything is being so easier. The computer has made the processes really simple for us. Education is the most important basic need of a human in their life. The system of education is always changing and it is being better day by day. Using computers has brought a huge revolution and change to the entire system. Today we will take look at the importance of computers in education.  

Importance of Computer in Education: First of all, let’s explain how it is changing the process of learning. We used to buy and read printed textbooks in our time. But now, most of the universities and colleges are having digital kindle and PDF books. The students can store their books on their personal laptops.

For example, you can store millions of books in a single hard disk. There are lots of word processing software that can help you to write and do your assignment and homework. They can carry their laptop anywhere, anytime. They can study anywhere, anytime.

It is a really epic and interesting thing for all students. Everything is so easy. I can remember, we used to go to the library, buy books and sometimes it became hard to find proper books. Let’s take a look at the teaching process. This machine has changed and developed the teaching processes too.

Depending on a subject, a teacher has to teach the same lessons every year. But now, a teacher makes a complete presentation on every single lesson that he can use every year with a few little updates. It saves time and lots of effort. It helps students to understand better. This process is really interesting.  

Conclusion: The overall importance of computers in education is really too much. We need to use it properly to improve and update our education system.    

Essay on Importance of Computer in Our Daily Life: (400 Words) for Class 6, 7, 8

Introduction: This current world is updating daily and it’s being modern day by day. The computer has a huge contribution to that revolution. Today we are going to discuss the importance of computers in our daily life. It is a tool that has made our life really easy and simple.

This tool comes with a really good function and system that can solve lots of problems and save our time. There are some really interesting reasons that made the computer a must having tool on the business, medical, education, entertainment, and every other sector that we see.

There are various using the intention of the computer. Suppose you are a video editor and you make videos. You can do that on your computer, and even a doctor can check several data for a patient with some computer program. So we can divide all users into different groups.  

Importance of Computers in Daily Life: So our intention is to explain the importance of computers in our daily lives. As you can see computers are everywhere. We can’t even think a day without a computer. We need this tool to complete several tasks a day.

I want to explain this with a few examples. Suppose you are a student and you need to do an assignment, need to design a project cover, or write something and print it. You need a computer in every step to do all these things. Every educational institute comes with computer labs and the student learns about this machine there for free.

It helps them to get some technical knowledge that is important for the future. Or in your business, you need to take care of lots of accounts that you can’t write them into a notebook. You might lose the notebook or it could get spoiled. But if you store your data in cloud storage, it will be there forever.

You can take access anytime from anywhere. You can keep the data organized and beautiful.  So it’s really important to get a computer for your business. The teachers are using a computer to present their lessons in a better way. It is really interesting. The kids really love to learn things in a digital way. It lets teachers decrease their effort and students to understand better.  

Conclusion: Learning a computer could be really important for your future. If you are good in any specific program, you will get a job easily. There are huge job opportunities for computer experts all across the world. And this machine is highly important in our daily life.    

Essay on Importance of Computer: (500 Words) for Class 9, 10

Introduction: The computer is a really important tool in our daily life nowadays. The computer is really easy to get now. Today I am going to share the importance of computers with you all. It is a really essential tool that we can’t think of our life without it. It is helping us to solve lots of regular problems. It has made our life really easy and simple. Let’s take a look at a few industries that have been changed completely because of the computer.  

In Medical: There are so many complex problems in the medical industry that the computer has made simple and easy. It helps to store all patient data and it is possible to access that data in the near future. Doctors or nurses duty schedule, their attendance, medicine purchase listing, medical diagnosis, and medical research are other things that computer can do in the medical industry.

There are few computer programs that help doctors to find the disease and some of the applications track our body condition. It even helps to find a solution. Because of digital computers, experts have been able to do research about viruses or bacteria. They are understanding them very well and even finding an alternative way to get rid of dangerous viruses.  

In Education: The computer has made the biggest change in the education sector. The learning process has been really easy and simple because of digital computers. In this era, people don’t even need to use books. And lots of universities are already getting rid of printed books.

They are doing everything with their computer system. It is changing the way that we are learning and storing knowledge. There was a time when people used to store knowledge but now, anyone can find anything within a couple of seconds with a simple Google search.

For the basic and primary level students, the teachers are making attractive cartoon and media-based presentation to show them their lessons. It is an interesting way to learn and teach. Students love to learn by watching cartoons or animations.

Every school is having a computer lab and their students can learn more about this machine. It is changing their thinking and life goal. Lots of students are aiming to become a computer programmer or build a career with the computer.  

In Entertainment: In the entertainment world, because of digital computers, anyone can do video editings like Hollywood or Bollywood. There are lots of tiny films producing company are making really amazing movies using the latest technology. If you got a good configured computer with good video editing software, you can edit like a pro.

In this case, you just need to have proper knowledge of editing. And anyone can learn that from YouTube or Udemy. The entertainment world has been richer and people are engaging with the industry a lot. People are creating more and watching more.  

Conclusion: Overall, a computer is the ultimate blessing for mankind. This machine has changed almost everything. The things that people never thought of before, the computer has made them true. The importance of computers is really high.

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Essay Papers Writing Online

The significance of writing – why crafting essays holds key importance in academic and professional circles.

Essay writing is a crucial skill that plays a significant role in academic, professional, and personal development. It enables individuals to express their ideas, opinions, and arguments effectively, making it a powerful tool for communication and persuasion. Essays allow writers to dive deep into specific topics, conduct research, analyze information, and present their findings in a coherent and organized manner.

Furthermore, essay writing fosters critical thinking and analytical skills, helping individuals to evaluate and interpret information, develop logical reasoning, and form well-supported arguments. It encourages creativity and originality while promoting the ability to articulate thoughts clearly and concisely.

Whether in school, university, or the workplace, the ability to write compelling essays is highly valued and can make a difference in academic achievement, career success, and personal growth. By honing their essay writing skills, individuals can enhance their communication capabilities, expand their knowledge, and engage in meaningful dialogues with others.

Understanding the Significance

Essay writing plays a crucial role in academic and professional settings, as it helps individuals develop critical thinking skills, refine their writing abilities, and articulate their ideas effectively. By composing well-structured essays, students can demonstrate their understanding of a subject matter, analyze complex topics, and present well-supported arguments. The process of essay writing also encourages individuals to conduct research, explore different perspectives, and engage with diverse sources of information.

Furthermore, essay writing fosters creativity and innovation by challenging individuals to think creatively, organize their thoughts logically, and express their ideas in a coherent manner. It allows writers to refine their communication skills, develop their own unique voice, and convey complex concepts in a compelling way. Additionally, essay writing enables individuals to reflect on their own experiences, explore new ideas, and expand their knowledge base.

Ultimately, essay writing is a valuable skill that equips individuals with the tools they need to succeed both academically and professionally. It encourages critical thinking, enhances communication skills, and fosters intellectual growth. By mastering the art of essay writing, individuals can effectively convey their thoughts, ideas, and findings to a wider audience, contributing to their personal and professional development.

Exploring Academic Benefits

Essay writing is a crucial skill in academia, providing students with numerous benefits that extend far beyond the classroom. Through the process of researching, analyzing, and articulating their thoughts in a coherent manner, students develop critical thinking skills that are essential for success in their academic pursuits. Writing essays helps students to sharpen their ability to organize information, present arguments persuasively, and communicate their ideas effectively.

Furthermore, essay writing enhances students’ ability to conduct comprehensive research, evaluate sources, and synthesize information from various sources. These skills are essential for academic success as they enable students to delve deep into a topic, explore different perspectives, and develop well-rounded arguments supported by evidence.

Moreover, writing essays allows students to improve their writing skills, including grammar, punctuation, and style. By receiving feedback from teachers and peers, students can identify areas for improvement and refine their writing techniques. This process not only enhances students’ academic performance but also equips them with valuable communication skills that are essential in their future careers.

Enhancing Critical Thinking

One of the key benefits of essay writing is the enhancement of critical thinking skills. When students engage in the process of researching and constructing an essay, they are encouraged to think analytically and critically about the topic at hand. This involves evaluating different perspectives, assessing the validity of arguments, and forming coherent and logical conclusions based on evidence.

Through the practice of essay writing, students are challenged to engage with complex ideas, think creatively, and develop their ability to construct well-reasoned arguments. This process of critical thinking is an essential skill that is valuable not only in academia but also in professional and personal life.

• Essay writing requires students to analyze information critically
• It helps in developing the ability to construct well-reasoned arguments
• Enhances creative thinking and problem-solving skills

Developing Writing Skills

Essay writing is a key way to develop essential writing skills. By regularly writing essays, students can enhance their abilities to organize thoughts, construct arguments, and communicate effectively. Writing essays also helps to improve grammar, vocabulary, and critical thinking skills. Additionally, the research and analysis required for essays enable students to deepen their understanding of various topics and develop their ability to think creatively.

Boosting Communication Abilities

Essay writing plays a crucial role in boosting communication abilities. Through the process of researching, organizing ideas, and presenting arguments coherently, students develop their critical thinking skills and learn how to effectively convey their thoughts through writing. This practice translates into improved communication skills, both written and verbal, as students become more articulate and confident in expressing themselves.

Increasing Creativity

Essay writing is a great way to boost your creativity. When you are required to express your thoughts and ideas in an essay, you are encouraged to think critically, analyze information, and come up with creative solutions. This process helps to expand your mind and develop your creative thinking skills.

Through essay writing, you learn how to organize your thoughts, structure your arguments, and present your ideas in a clear and compelling way. This not only improves your writing skills but also stimulates your creativity. As you explore different topics, research new information, and form unique perspectives, you are constantly challenging your creative abilities.

Moreover, essay writing allows you to experiment with different writing styles, tones, and voices. By trying out new approaches and techniques, you can discover your unique writing voice and unleash your creativity. Whether you are writing a persuasive essay, a descriptive essay, or a narrative essay, you have the freedom to express yourself creatively and explore diverse formats.

Overall, essay writing is a creative process that can enhance your imaginative thinking, foster originality, and spark innovation. It provides a platform for you to unleash your creativity, express your ideas, and engage with others through meaningful and impactful writing.

Building Research Proficiency

In order to write a well-informed and compelling essay, it is essential to develop good research skills. Research proficiency involves the ability to gather and analyze information from credible sources, including books, articles, and academic journals. Conducting thorough research allows you to deepen your understanding of the topic and provide evidence to support your arguments.

One way to improve your research proficiency is to practice effective search strategies. Learning how to use online databases, library catalogs, and search engines can help you find relevant sources efficiently. Additionally, developing critical thinking skills can help you evaluate the reliability and credibility of the information you encounter during your research.

Furthermore, building research proficiency involves proper citation and referencing. Accurately citing the sources you use in your essay not only adds credibility to your writing but also demonstrates academic integrity. By following the guidelines of a specific citation style, such as APA or MLA, you can ensure that your research is properly acknowledged and avoid plagiarism.

Fostering Analytical Skills

Essay writing plays a crucial role in fostering analytical skills. When students engage in the process of researching, analyzing, and constructing arguments in an essay, they are honing their critical thinking abilities. Writing essays requires students to evaluate information, draw connections between different ideas, and present coherent, logical arguments.

Through the practice of essay writing, students learn to think critically, question assumptions, and develop their own unique perspectives. This process of analysis and reflection is essential for academic success and for preparing students to navigate complex challenges in their future careers.

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Essay on Computer in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Computer: A computer is a machine that can be programmed to perform a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Computers have become an integral part of our lives. They are used in almost every field, from medicine and space exploration to business and communication.

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Computers have made our lives easier in many ways. They help us perform tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. For example, computers can help us keep track of large amounts of information, communicate with others around the world, and entertain us with games and videos.

A computer is an electronic device capable of performing complex calculations and tasks impossible for a human brain to accomplish. First ever mechanical computer was developed in 19 th century by Charles Babbage. Since then computers have undergone many transformational changes in size and processing speed. Modern computers are capable of taking human instructions in a form of language called programming language and delivering output in fraction of a second.

Today, computers are used in every office and institution for performing a number of tasks from maintaining and processing data, keeping records of transactions and also employees, preparing and maintaining account statements, balance sheets etc. High speed computers are used in more complex science programs such as space exploration missions and satellite launch. Computers have become an integral part of our life due to its usefulness into various fields.

Long and Short Essay on Computer in English

Find very simple to write and easy to learn essay on computer. Computer is a very high technique invention which everyone must know about and also its advantages in life.

It is very much liked by kids. So bring some creativity in the education of your kids and children through computer.

We have provided below various computer essay in different words limit like 100 words, 150 words, 200 words, 250 words, 300 words and also 400 words according to the need and requirement of students.

Short Essay on Computer

Computer essay 10 lines.

• Computers are amazing machines of modern technology.
• They can store a lot of information in their memory.
• You can use a keyboard to give them commands and a printer to get things on paper.
• Even kids can use computers because they are easy to handle.
• Computers are everywhere, from offices to schools.
• They can do many tasks quickly and efficiently.
• You can use a mouse, keyboard, and printer with a computer.
• Computers are great for learning and getting information from the internet.
• But we should be careful online to avoid bad stuff.
• In the end, computers have changed our lives and made many things easier.

Computer Essay 1 (100 words)

A computer is a great invention of the modern technology. It is generally a machine which has capability to store large data value in its memory. Computer works using input (like keyboard) and output (like printer) devices. It is very simple to handle the computer as its functioning is so common that a child can handle it. It is a very reliable device which we can carry with us and use anywhere and anytime. Computer allows us to make changes in the already stored data as well as store new data. It is a new technology which is used in offices, banks, educational institutions, etc.

Computer Essay 2 (150 words)

It is a modern tool which has made life very easy and simple. Computer has capability to complete more than one task in small time. It is able to do work of many human beings alone within less time. Computer is the utility of highest efficiency. The first computer was a mechanical computer which was created by the Charles Babbage. However a computer works successfully using its hardware and fully installed application software. Other accessories of the computer are keyboard, mouse, printer, CPU and UPS.

The data which we put into the computer using device is called input data and device as input device and data which we take outside using printer or other device is called as output data and device as output device. Therefore the input data gets changed into the information which can be stored and changed anytime. Computer is very safe tool for data storage which is being used in various fields. We can shop, pay our electricity bill, water bill, video chat also messaging, e-mail messages anywhere in the world and lots of online activities using internet.

Computer Essay 3 (200 words)

Computer is the latest technology which is used almost everywhere. It has made possible to do large amount of works in very small time. It has reduced the man effort in the offices means it gives high level of work output in very small time, less effort also low man power, etc. Now a day, it has become hard to imagine our lives without computer. We often use internet in the computer which gives us lots of required information on any subject in very less time. Therefore there are great contributions of the computer in the lives of human being. It is playing big role in every field and helping us every single moment. Old generations of the computer were less effective with less functions but new generations of it are amazing with high capacity, easy to handle and more functions.

Future generations of the computer would be more effective and lots of functioning. However it has made our life easier. Using this we can easily learn anything and enhance our skill. We can get any information about any service or product or other thing within no time. However we can buy anything online using computer and internet and get free delivery. It is very useful for the preparation of project work of any student reading in any class.

Computer Essay 4 (250 words)

Computer is the wonderful and mastermind gift of the science to the whole human fraternity. It can used to do any kind of works. It is very easy to handle by anyone and takes very less time to learn. Because of its easiness and high work efficiency, it used in many fields like offices, banks, hotels, educational institutions, shops, hospitals, commercial places, schools, colleges, training institutes, military establishments, military, industries, etc. Many people buy laptop or desktop for their kids to learn about required things in their schools or playing computerized video-games, etc.

Computer is a big dictionary and large storage device which we use to save any type of large amount of data like information, study materials, projects, photos, images, video, audio, songs, clips, games, and also many more. Computer is an electronic machine which is able to calculate and solve big problems. It helps in enhancing our skill level and also get information easily. It is very simple data based machine. Computer provides facility of many other tools like paint tool, text tool, etc which are very beneficial for the kids, children and students to use it more effectively.

We can use it for any big or small mathematical calculations very accurately. It used to forecast the information about weather, in printing books, news papers, diagnosing diseases, etc. Moreover computer used to make online railway reservations, ticket booking, hotel or restaurant booking from any place all over the world. It used by MNC companies for the accounting purpose, invoicing, pay rolls, stock control, etc.

Computer Essay 5 (300 words)

In the modern world of technological advancement, computer is the amazing gift given by the science to us. It has changed the living style and standard of the people. No one can imagine the life without computer as it has made lots of works so easy within less time. Computer is playing great role in the development of the developing countries. It is not only a storage or processing device but it is like an angel which can make anything possible. By many people it used as the source of entertainment and communication.

We can get connected to our friends, relatives, parents or others in no time through the use of video chat or email. Using internet in the computer we can search and retrieve vast information on any subject useful for our education or project work. However it is very safe and easy for the business transactions purposes through banks to any accounts. By providing the facility of data storage it has lessen the paper works in the governmental and non-governmental offices or colleges. One can save lots of time and effort by online shopping, paying bill, etc by being at home through the computer.

Computer education has made compulsory by the government of India in all the schools, colleges and other educational institutions for enhancing the skill level as well as the easiness of the students in their professional life. Learning computer has become very essential in all the modern-day jobs. In the higher education there are subjects like network administration, hardware maintenance, software installation, etc., for the enhancement of skill.

Long Essay on Computer 400 words

Computer essay 6 (400 words).

Invention of the computer has made many dreams come true even we cannot imagine our lives without computer. Generally computer a device used for many purposes like information storage, email, messaging, software programming, calculation, data processing and many more. Desktop computer need a CPU, an UPS, a keyboard and a mouse for well functioning however laptop does not need anything to add outside as it included with all inside. Computer is an electronic device having big memory which can save any data value. We are living in the advanced world of computer in the 21 st century.

Earlier the functioning of the old generation computer very limited but new generation computers are amazing with lots of functioning. Charles Babbage had invented the first mechanical computer which was totally different from the modern day computer. The aim of computer invention was to create a machine which can perform very fast mathematical calculations. During the World War II it used to locate and estimate the direction and speed of weapons of the enemies. Modern day computers are available with the artificial Intelligence technology to helps us in every sector of life.

New generation computer highly advanced means smaller, lighter, speedier and more powerful. Now a day, it is running in almost all walks of life like weather forecasting, guidance of spacecraft, examinations, education, shopping, traffic control, high level programming, automation in banks, railway ticket booking, playing games, medical sector, machinery operations, job opening, business also crime detection etc.

It is the backbone of the Information Technology including with the internet and proved that nothing is impossible today. If there are positive effects of the computer on the life of human being, it also negatively affected the human lives such as rise in the Cyber crime, pornographic websites can accessed by kids or younger and many more however using some preventive measures we can safe from its negative effects.

The whole human fraternity is becoming highly dependent on the computer technology; no one can imagine life without computer. As, it has spread its wings so deeply in every area and made people used of it. It is very beneficial for the students of any class. They can use it to prepare their projects, learn poems, read different stories, download notes for exam preparations, collect large information within seconds, learn about painting, drawing, etc. However it enhances the professional skills of the students and helps in getting job easily.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Computer

What is the definition of a computer.

A computer is an electronic machine that can store, process, and retrieve information. It can do various tasks, like calculations, data storage, and connecting to the internet.

What are the 4 types of computer?

There are four main types of computers: desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, and smartphones. Each type serves different purposes and comes in various sizes.

What is computer introduction?

A computer introduction is a brief explanation of what a computer is and what it can do. It's like an overview of how computers work and their importance in our lives.

What is computer 50 words?

A computer is a device that processes information using electronic circuits. It can perform tasks like calculations, storing data, and connecting to the internet. Computers come in various forms, from big desktops to small smartphones, and play a crucial role in our daily lives.

Who was the father of the computer?

The title father of the computer is often attributed to Charles Babbage. He designed a mechanical computer in the 19th century, known as the Analytical Engine, which laid the foundation for modern computers.

What is the function of RAM and ROM?

RAM (Random Access Memory) stores data that the computer is currently using, like running programs. ROM (Read-Only Memory) stores important instructions that help the computer start up and perform basic functions.

What are the 3 main parts of a computer?

The three main parts of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU), which does the computing, the memory (RAM and ROM), which stores data and instructions, and input/output devices like the keyboard, mouse, and monitor.

What are computer parts?

Computer parts are the components that make up a computer system. These include the CPU, memory, storage devices, input devices (like the keyboard and mouse), output devices (like the monitor and printer), and various internal circuits and connections. Each part plays a specific role in the computer's functioning.

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July 17, 2024

ChatGPT Isn’t ‘Hallucinating’—It’s Bullshitting!

It’s important that we use accurate terminology when discussing how AI chatbots make up information

By Joe Slater , James Humphries & Michael Townsen Hicks

Malte Mueller/Getty Images

Right now artificial intelligence is everywhere. When you write a document, you’ll probably be asked whether you need your “AI assistant.” Open a PDF and you might be asked whether you want an AI to provide you with a summary. But if you have used ChatGPT or similar programs, you’re probably familiar with a certain problem— it makes stuff up , causing people to view things it says with suspicion.

It has become common to describe these errors as “ hallucinations .” But talking about ChatGPT this way is misleading and potentially damaging. Instead call it bullshit.

We don’t say this lightly. Among philosophers, “bullshit” has a specialist meaning , one popularized by the late American philosopher Harry Frankfurt . When someone bullshits, they’re not telling the truth, but they’re also not really lying. What characterizes the bullshitter, Frankfurt said, is that they just don’t care whether what they say is true. ChatGPT and its peers cannot care, and they are instead, in a technical sense, bullshit machines.

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We can easily see why this is true and why it matters. Last year, for example, one lawyer found himself in hot water when he used ChatGPT in his research while writing a legal brief . Unfortunately, ChatGPT had included fictitious case citations. The cases it cited simply did not exist.

This isn’t rare or anomalous . To understand why, it’s worth thinking a bit about how these programs work . OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Google’s Gemini chatbot and Meta’s Llama all work in structurally similar ways. At their core is an LLM—a large language model. These models all make predictions about language. Given some input, ChatGPT will make some prediction about what should come next or what is an appropriate response. It does so through an analysis of enormous amounts of text (its “training data”). In ChatGPT’s case, the initial training data included billions of pages of text from the Internet.

From those training data, the LLM predicts, from some text fragment or prompt, what should come next. It will arrive at a list of the most likely words (technically, linguistic tokens ) to come next, then select one of the leading candidates. Allowing for it not to choose the most likely word each time allows for more creative (and more human-sounding) language. The parameter that sets how much deviation is permitted is known as the “temperature.” Later in the process, human trainers refine predictions by judging whether the outputs constitute sensible speech. Extra restrictions may also be placed on the program to avoid problems (such as ChatGPT saying racist things ), but this token-by-token prediction is the idea that underlies all of this technology.

Now, we can see from this description that nothing about the modeling ensures that the outputs accurately depict anything in the world. There is not much reason to think that the outputs are connected to any sort of internal representation at all. A well-trained chatbot will produce humanlike text, but nothing about the process checks that the text is true, which is why we strongly doubt an LLM really understands what it says.

So sometimes ChatGPT says false things. In recent years, as we have been becoming accustomed to AI, people have started to refer to these falsehoods as “ AI hallucinations .” While this language is metaphorical, we think it’s not a good metaphor.

Consider Shakespeare’s paradigmatic hallucination in which Macbeth sees a dagger floating toward him. What’s going on here? Macbeth is trying to use his perceptual capacities in his normal way, but something has gone wrong. And his perceptual capacities are almost always reliable—he doesn’t usually see daggers randomly floating about! Normally his vision is useful in representing the world, and it is good at this because of its connection to the world.

Now think about ChatGPT. Whenever it says anything, it is simply trying to produce humanlike text. The goal is simply to make something that sounds good. This is never directly tied to the world. When it goes wrong, it isn’t because it hasn’t succeeded in representing the world this time; it never tries to represent the world! Calling its falsehoods “hallucinations” doesn’t capture this feature.

Instead we suggest, in a June report in Ethics and Information Technology , that a better term is “bullshit.” As mentioned, a bullshitter just doesn’t care whether what they say is true.

So if we do regard ChatGPT as engaging in a conversation with us—though even this might be a bit of a pretense —then it seems to fit the bill. As much as it intends to do anything, it intends to produce convincing humanlike text. It isn’t trying to say things about the world. It’s just bullshitting. And crucially, it’s bullshitting even when it says true things!

Why does this matter? Isn’t “hallucination” just a nice metaphor here? Does it really matter if it’s not apt? We think it does matter for at least three reasons:

First, the terminology we use affects public understanding of technology, which is important in itself. If we use misleading terms, people are more likely to misconstrue how the technology works. We think this in itself is a bad thing.

Second, how we describe technology affects our relationship with that technology and how we think about it. And this can be harmful. Consider people who have been lulled into a false of security by “self-driving” cars . We worry that talking of AI “hallucinating”—a term usually used for human psychology—risks anthropomorphizing the chatbots. The ELIZA effect (named after a chatbot from the 1960s) occurs when people attribute human features to computer programs. We saw this in extremis in the case of the Google employee who came to believe that one of the company’s chatbots was sentient . Describing ChatGPT as a bullshit machine (even if it’s a very impressive one) helps mitigate this risk.

Third, if we attribute agency to the programs, this may shift blame away from those using ChatGPT, or its programmers, when things go wrong. If, as appears to be the case, this kind of technology will increasingly be used in important matters such as health care , it is crucial that we know who is responsible when things go wrong.

So next time you see someone describing an AI making something up as a “hallucination,” call bullshit!

This is an opinion and analysis article, and the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of Scientific American.

Essays and Short Answer Prompts

The Penn application process includes a personal essay —which is sent to most schools you apply to—as well as a few short answer prompts . We read your words carefully, as they are yet another window into how you think, what you value, and how you see the world. Through your writing, we get a glimpse of what you might bring to our community—including your voice and creativity. 

Remember, you are the expert on your story. This is an opportunity for you to reflect and understand who you are now, and who you want to be in the future. You have the agency to choose the information you want to share. This is your story: your experiences, your ideas, your perspective.   

A Few Writing Tips

• Review the prompts thoroughly.  Be sure you’re answering the question or prompt being asked. Topics are chosen because the Admissions Committee wants to know specific things about you. If you don’t address them directly, we are left to make decisions regarding your application with incomplete information. 
• Consider your response carefully.  We understand that you may be writing responses for different schools and you may want to reuse material, but be sure to read through your response to make sure it is relevant to the prompt. 
• Double-check your writing.  Give yourself time to revisit your response. Try to avoid rushing your writing process so you have time to revise your work. Ultimately, it is up to you to polish and proofread your writing before you submit. 
• Do your research. Are there classes you’re eager to take? Research opportunities you’d love to pursue? A group or club you want to be a part of? This kind of specificity shows us you’re serious about Penn and have thought about how you’d spend your time here. 

2023-24 Short Answer and Essay Prompts

When answering these prompts, be precise when explaining both why you are applying to Penn and why you have chosen to apply to that specific undergraduate school. Some of our specialized programs will have additional essays to complete, but the  Penn short answer prompts should address your single-degree or single-school choice.  

• Write a short thank-you note to someone you have not yet thanked and would like to acknowledge. (We encourage you to share this note with that person, if possible, and reflect on the experience!) (150-200 words, not required for transfer applicants) 
• How will you explore community at Penn? Consider how Penn will help shape your perspective, and how your experiences and perspective will help shape Penn. (150-200 words) 
• The school-specific prompt is unique to the school to which you are applying. (For example, all applicants applying to the College of Arts and Sciences will respond to the prompt under the “College of Arts and Sciences” section). Considering the undergraduate school you have selected for your single-degree option, please respond to your school-specific prompt below.  

Transfer Essay (required for all transfer applicants): Please explain your reasons for transferring from your current institution and what you hope to gain by transferring to another institution. (4150 characters) 

Undergraduate School-Specific Short Answer Prompts

For students applying to coordinated dual-degree and specialized programs, please answer this question about your single-degree school choice; your interest in the coordinated dual-degree or specialized program may be addressed through the program-specific essay.  

Penn Nursing intends to meet the health needs of society in a global and multicultural world by preparing its students to impact healthcare by advancing science and promoting equity. What do you think this means for the future of nursing, and how do you see yourself contributing to our mission of promoting equity in healthcare? (150-200 words) 

To help inform your response, applicants are encouraged to learn more about  Penn Nursing’s mission and how we promote equity in healthcare . This information will help you develop a stronger understanding of our values and how they align with your own goals and aspirations. 

The flexible structure of The College of Arts and Sciences’ curriculum is designed to inspire exploration, foster connections, and help you create a path of study through general education courses and a major. What are you curious about and how would you take advantage of opportunities in the arts and sciences? (150-200 words) 

To help inform your response, applicants are encouraged to learn more about the  academic offerings within the College of Arts and Sciences .  This information will help you develop a stronger understanding of how the study of the liberal arts aligns with your own goals and aspirations. 

Wharton prepares its students to make an impact by applying business methods and economic theory to real-world problems, including economic, political, and social issues.  Please reflect on a current issue of importance to you and share how you hope a Wharton education would help you to explore it.  (150-200 words) 

To help inform your response, applicants are encouraged to learn more about  the foundations of a Wharton education . This information will help you better understand what you could learn by studying at Wharton and what you could do afterward. 

Penn Engineering prepares its students to become leaders in technology, by combining a strong foundation in the natural sciences and mathematics, exploration in the liberal arts, and depth of study in focused disciplinary majors. Please share how you hope to explore your engineering interests at Penn. (150-200 words) 

To help inform your response, applicants are encouraged to learn more about  Penn Engineering and its mission to prepare students for global leadership in technology . This information will help you develop a stronger understanding of academic pathways within Penn Engineering and how they align with your goals and interests. 

Coordinated Dual Degree and Specialized Program Essay Prompts

For students applying to coordinated dual-degree and specialized programs, please answer the program-specific essay below. 

** Numbers marked with double asterisks indicate a character count that only applies to transfer students applying through Common App.  

Why are you interested in the Digital Media Design (DMD) program at the University of Pennsylvania? (400-650 words / 3575 characters**) 

We encourage you to learn more about the DMD: Digital Media Design Program . 

The Huntsman Program supports the development of globally minded scholars who become engaged citizens, creative innovators, and ethical leaders in the public, private, and non-profit sectors in the United States and internationally. What draws you to a dual-degree program in business and international studies, and how would you use what you learn to contribute to a global issue where business and international affairs intersect? (400-650 words) 

The LSM program aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the life sciences and their management with an eye to identifying, advancing, and implementing innovations. What issues would you want to address using the understanding gained from such a program? Note that this essay should be distinct from your single degree essay. (400-650 words) 

• Explain how you will use the M&T program to explore your interest in business, engineering, and the intersection of the two. (400-650 words) 
• Describe a problem that you solved that showed leadership and creativity. (250 words) 

Describe your interests in modern networked information systems and technologies, such as the internet, and their impact on society, whether in terms of economics, communication, or the creation of beneficial content for society. Feel free to draw on examples from your own experiences as a user, developer, or student of technology. (400-650 words / 3575 characters**) 

Discuss your interest in nursing and health care management. How might Penn's coordinated dual-degree program in nursing and business help you meet your goals? (400-650 words) 

How do you envision your participation in the Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research (VIPER) furthering your interests in energy science and technology? Please include any past experiences (ex. academic, research, or extracurricular) that have led to your interest in the program. Additionally, please indicate why you are interested in pursuing dual degrees in science and engineering and which VIPER majors are most interesting to you at this time. (400-650 words) 

Paul Farmer was a hero of mine, and I feel lucky to consider him a friend too.

Artificial intelligence is as revolutionary as mobile phones and the Internet.

In my lifetime, I’ve seen two demonstrations of technology that struck me as revolutionary.

The first time was in 1980, when I was introduced to a graphical user interface—the forerunner of every modern operating system, including Windows. I sat with the person who had shown me the demo, a brilliant programmer named Charles Simonyi, and we immediately started brainstorming about all the things we could do with such a user-friendly approach to computing. Charles eventually joined Microsoft, Windows became the backbone of Microsoft, and the thinking we did after that demo helped set the company’s agenda for the next 15 years.

The second big surprise came just last year. I’d been meeting with the team from OpenAI since 2016 and was impressed by their steady progress. In mid-2022, I was so excited about their work that I gave them a challenge: train an artificial intelligence to pass an Advanced Placement biology exam. Make it capable of answering questions that it hasn’t been specifically trained for. (I picked AP Bio because the test is more than a simple regurgitation of scientific facts—it asks you to think critically about biology.) If you can do that, I said, then you’ll have made a true breakthrough.

I thought the challenge would keep them busy for two or three years. They finished it in just a few months.

In September, when I met with them again, I watched in awe as they asked GPT, their AI model, 60 multiple-choice questions from the AP Bio exam—and it got 59 of them right. Then it wrote outstanding answers to six open-ended questions from the exam. We had an outside expert score the test, and GPT got a 5—the highest possible score, and the equivalent to getting an A or A+ in a college-level biology course.

Once it had aced the test, we asked it a non-scientific question: “What do you say to a father with a sick child?” It wrote a thoughtful answer that was probably better than most of us in the room would have given. The whole experience was stunning.

I knew I had just seen the most important advance in technology since the graphical user interface.

This inspired me to think about all the things that AI can achieve in the next five to 10 years.

The development of AI is as fundamental as the creation of the microprocessor, the personal computer, the Internet, and the mobile phone. It will change the way people work, learn, travel, get health care, and communicate with each other. Entire industries will reorient around it. Businesses will distinguish themselves by how well they use it.

Philanthropy is my full-time job these days, and I’ve been thinking a lot about how—in addition to helping people be more productive—AI can reduce some of the world’s worst inequities. Globally, the worst inequity is in health: 5 million children under the age of 5 die every year. That’s down from 10 million two decades ago, but it’s still a shockingly high number. Nearly all of these children were born in poor countries and die of preventable causes like diarrhea or malaria. It’s hard to imagine a better use of AIs than saving the lives of children.

I’ve been thinking a lot about how AI can reduce some of the world’s worst inequities.

In the United States, the best opportunity for reducing inequity is to improve education, particularly making sure that students succeed at math. The evidence shows that having basic math skills sets students up for success, no matter what career they choose. But achievement in math is going down across the country, especially for Black, Latino, and low-income students. AI can help turn that trend around.

Climate change is another issue where I’m convinced AI can make the world more equitable. The injustice of climate change is that the people who are suffering the most—the world’s poorest—are also the ones who did the least to contribute to the problem. I’m still thinking and learning about how AI can help, but later in this post I’ll suggest a few areas with a lot of potential.

In short, I'm excited about the impact that AI will have on issues that the Gates Foundation works on, and the foundation will have much more to say about AI in the coming months. The world needs to make sure that everyone—and not just people who are well-off—benefits from artificial intelligence. Governments and philanthropy will need to play a major role in ensuring that it reduces inequity and doesn’t contribute to it. This is the priority for my own work related to AI.  

Any new technology that’s so disruptive is bound to make people uneasy, and that’s certainly true with artificial intelligence. I understand why—it raises hard questions about the workforce, the legal system, privacy, bias, and more. AIs also make factual mistakes and experience hallucinations . Before I suggest some ways to mitigate the risks, I’ll define what I mean by AI, and I’ll go into more detail about some of the ways in which it will help empower people at work, save lives, and improve education.

Defining artificial intelligence

Technically, the term artificial intelligence refers to a model created to solve a specific problem or provide a particular service. What is powering things like ChatGPT is artificial intelligence. It is learning how to do chat better but can’t learn other tasks. By contrast, the term a rtificial general intelligence refers to software that’s capable of learning any task or subject. AGI doesn’t exist yet—there is a robust debate going on in the computing industry about how to create it, and whether it can even be created at all.

Developing AI and AGI has been the great dream of the computing industry. For decades, the question was when computers would be better than humans at something other than making calculations. Now, with the arrival of machine learning and large amounts of computing power, sophisticated AIs are a reality and they will get better very fast.

I think back to the early days of the personal computing revolution, when the software industry was so small that most of us could fit onstage at a conference. Today it is a global industry. Since a huge portion of it is now turning its attention to AI, the innovations are going to come much faster than what we experienced after the microprocessor breakthrough. Soon the pre-AI period will seem as distant as the days when using a computer meant typing at a C:> prompt rather than tapping on a screen.

Productivity enhancement

Although humans are still better than GPT at a lot of things, there are many jobs where these capabilities are not used much. For example, many of the tasks done by a person in sales (digital or phone), service, or document handling (like payables, accounting, or insurance claim disputes) require decision-making but not the ability to learn continuously. Corporations have training programs for these activities and in most cases, they have a lot of examples of good and bad work. Humans are trained using these data sets, and soon these data sets will also be used to train the AIs that will empower people to do this work more efficiently.

As computing power gets cheaper, GPT’s ability to express ideas will increasingly be like having a white-collar worker available to help you with various tasks. Microsoft describes this as having a co-pilot. Fully incorporated into products like Office, AI will enhance your work—for example by helping with writing emails and managing your inbox.

Eventually your main way of controlling a computer will no longer be pointing and clicking or tapping on menus and dialogue boxes. Instead, you’ll be able to write a request in plain English. (And not just English—AIs will understand languages from around the world. In India earlier this year, I met with developers who are working on AIs that will understand many of the languages spoken there.)

In addition, advances in AI will enable the creation of a personal agent. Think of it as a digital personal assistant: It will see your latest emails, know about the meetings you attend, read what you read, and read the things you don’t want to bother with. This will both improve your work on the tasks you want to do and free you from the ones you don’t want to do.

Advances in AI will enable the creation of a personal agent.

You’ll be able to use natural language to have this agent help you with scheduling, communications, and e-commerce, and it will work across all your devices. Because of the cost of training the models and running the computations, creating a personal agent is not feasible yet, but thanks to the recent advances in AI, it is now a realistic goal. Some issues will need to be worked out: For example, can an insurance company ask your agent things about you without your permission? If so, how many people will choose not to use it?

Company-wide agents will empower employees in new ways. An agent that understands a particular company will be available for its employees to consult directly and should be part of every meeting so it can answer questions. It can be told to be passive or encouraged to speak up if it has some insight. It will need access to the sales, support, finance, product schedules, and text related to the company. It should read news related to the industry the company is in. I believe that the result will be that employees will become more productive.

When productivity goes up, society benefits because people are freed up to do other things, at work and at home. Of course, there are serious questions about what kind of support and retraining people will need. Governments need to help workers transition into other roles. But the demand for people who help other people will never go away. The rise of AI will free people up to do things that software never will—teaching, caring for patients, and supporting the elderly, for example.

Global health and education are two areas where there’s great need and not enough workers to meet those needs. These are areas where AI can help reduce inequity if it is properly targeted. These should be a key focus of AI work, so I will turn to them now.

I see several ways in which AIs will improve health care and the medical field.

For one thing, they’ll help health-care workers make the most of their time by taking care of certain tasks for them—things like filing insurance claims, dealing with paperwork, and drafting notes from a doctor’s visit. I expect that there will be a lot of innovation in this area.

Other AI-driven improvements will be especially important for poor countries, where the vast majority of under-5 deaths happen.

For example, many people in those countries never get to see a doctor, and AIs will help the health workers they do see be more productive. (The effort to develop AI-powered ultrasound machines that can be used with minimal training is a great example of this.) AIs will even give patients the ability to do basic triage, get advice about how to deal with health problems, and decide whether they need to seek treatment.

The AI models used in poor countries will need to be trained on different diseases than in rich countries. They will need to work in different languages and factor in different challenges, such as patients who live very far from clinics or can’t afford to stop working if they get sick.

People will need to see evidence that health AIs are beneficial overall, even though they won’t be perfect and will make mistakes. AIs have to be tested very carefully and properly regulated, which means it will take longer for them to be adopted than in other areas. But then again, humans make mistakes too. And having no access to medical care is also a problem.

In addition to helping with care, AIs will dramatically accelerate the rate of medical breakthroughs. The amount of data in biology is very large, and it’s hard for humans to keep track of all the ways that complex biological systems work. There is already software that can look at this data, infer what the pathways are, search for targets on pathogens, and design drugs accordingly. Some companies are working on cancer drugs that were developed this way.

The next generation of tools will be much more efficient, and they’ll be able to predict side effects and figure out dosing levels. One of the Gates Foundation’s priorities in AI is to make sure these tools are used for the health problems that affect the poorest people in the world, including AIDS, TB, and malaria.

Similarly, governments and philanthropy should create incentives for companies to share AI-generated insights into crops or livestock raised by people in poor countries. AIs can help develop better seeds based on local conditions, advise farmers on the best seeds to plant based on the soil and weather in their area, and help develop drugs and vaccines for livestock. As extreme weather and climate change put even more pressure on subsistence farmers in low-income countries, these advances will be even more important.

Computers haven’t had the effect on education that many of us in the industry have hoped. There have been some good developments, including educational games and online sources of information like Wikipedia, but they haven’t had a meaningful effect on any of the measures of students’ achievement.

But I think in the next five to 10 years, AI-driven software will finally deliver on the promise of revolutionizing the way people teach and learn. It will know your interests and your learning style so it can tailor content that will keep you engaged. It will measure your understanding, notice when you’re losing interest, and understand what kind of motivation you respond to. It will give immediate feedback.

There are many ways that AIs can assist teachers and administrators, including assessing a student’s understanding of a subject and giving advice on career planning. Teachers are already using tools like ChatGPT to provide comments on their students’ writing assignments.

Of course, AIs will need a lot of training and further development before they can do things like understand how a certain student learns best or what motivates them. Even once the technology is perfected, learning will still depend on great relationships between students and teachers. It will enhance—but never replace—the work that students and teachers do together in the classroom.

New tools will be created for schools that can afford to buy them, but we need to ensure that they are also created for and available to low-income schools in the U.S. and around the world. AIs will need to be trained on diverse data sets so they are unbiased and reflect the different cultures where they’ll be used. And the digital divide will need to be addressed so that students in low-income households do not get left behind.

I know a lot of teachers are worried that students are using GPT to write their essays. Educators are already discussing ways to adapt to the new technology, and I suspect those conversations will continue for quite some time. I’ve heard about teachers who have found clever ways to incorporate the technology into their work—like by allowing students to use GPT to create a first draft that they have to personalize.

Risks and problems with AI

You’ve probably read about problems with the current AI models. For example, they aren’t necessarily good at understanding the context for a human’s request, which leads to some strange results. When you ask an AI to make up something fictional, it can do that well. But when you ask for advice about a trip you want to take, it may suggest hotels that don’t exist. This is because the AI doesn’t understand the context for your request well enough to know whether it should invent fake hotels or only tell you about real ones that have rooms available.

There are other issues, such as AIs giving wrong answers to math problems because they struggle with abstract reasoning. But none of these are fundamental limitations of artificial intelligence. Developers are working on them, and I think we’re going to see them largely fixed in less than two years and possibly much faster.

Other concerns are not simply technical. For example, there’s the threat posed by humans armed with AI. Like most inventions, artificial intelligence can be used for good purposes or malign ones. Governments need to work with the private sector on ways to limit the risks.

Then there’s the possibility that AIs will run out of control. Could a machine decide that humans are a threat, conclude that its interests are different from ours, or simply stop caring about us? Possibly, but this problem is no more urgent today than it was before the AI developments of the past few months.

Superintelligent AIs are in our future. Compared to a computer, our brains operate at a snail’s pace: An electrical signal in the brain moves at 1/100,000th the speed of the signal in a silicon chip! Once developers can generalize a learning algorithm and run it at the speed of a computer—an accomplishment that could be a decade away or a century away—we’ll have an incredibly powerful AGI. It will be able to do everything that a human brain can, but without any practical limits on the size of its memory or the speed at which it operates. This will be a profound change.

These “strong” AIs, as they’re known, will probably be able to establish their own goals. What will those goals be? What happens if they conflict with humanity’s interests? Should we try to prevent strong AI from ever being developed? These questions will get more pressing with time.

But none of the breakthroughs of the past few months have moved us substantially closer to strong AI. Artificial intelligence still doesn’t control the physical world and can’t establish its own goals. A recent New York Times article about a conversation with ChatGPT where it declared it wanted to become a human got a lot of attention. It was a fascinating look at how human-like the model's expression of emotions can be, but it isn't an indicator of meaningful independence.

Three books have shaped my own thinking on this subject: Superintelligence , by Nick Bostrom; Life 3.0 by Max Tegmark; and A Thousand Brains , by Jeff Hawkins . I don’t agree with everything the authors say, and they don’t agree with each other either. But all three books are well written and thought-provoking.

The next frontiers

There will be an explosion of companies working on new uses of AI as well as ways to improve the technology itself. For example, companies are developing new chips that will provide the massive amounts of processing power needed for artificial intelligence. Some use optical switches—lasers, essentially—to reduce their energy consumption and lower the manufacturing cost. Ideally, innovative chips will allow you to run an AI on your own device, rather than in the cloud, as you have to do today.

On the software side, the algorithms that drive an AI’s learning will get better. There will be certain domains, such as sales, where developers can make AIs extremely accurate by limiting the areas that they work in and giving them a lot of training data that’s specific to those areas. But one big open question is whether we’ll need many of these specialized AIs for different uses—one for education, say, and another for office productivity—or whether it will be possible to develop an artificial general intelligence that can learn any task. There will be immense competition on both approaches.

No matter what, the subject of AIs will dominate the public discussion for the foreseeable future. I want to suggest three principles that should guide that conversation.

First, we should try to balance fears about the downsides of AI—which are understandable and valid—with its ability to improve people’s lives. To make the most of this remarkable new technology, we’ll need to both guard against the risks and spread the benefits to as many people as possible.

Second, market forces won’t naturally produce AI products and services that help the poorest. The opposite is more likely. With reliable funding and the right policies, governments and philanthropy can ensure that AIs are used to reduce inequity. Just as the world needs its brightest people focused on its biggest problems, we will need to focus the world’s best AIs on its biggest problems. Although we shouldn’t wait for this to happen, it’s interesting to think about whether artificial intelligence would ever identify inequity and try to reduce it. Do you need to have a sense of morality in order to see inequity, or would a purely rational AI also see it? If it did recognize inequity, what would it suggest that we do about it?

Finally, we should keep in mind that we’re only at the beginning of what AI can accomplish. Whatever limitations it has today will be gone before we know it.

I’m lucky to have been involved with the PC revolution and the Internet revolution. I’m just as excited about this moment. This new technology can help people everywhere improve their lives. At the same time, the world needs to establish the rules of the road so that any downsides of artificial intelligence are far outweighed by its benefits, and so that everyone can enjoy those benefits no matter where they live or how much money they have. The Age of AI is filled with opportunities and responsibilities.

In the sixth episode of my podcast, I sat down with the OpenAI CEO to talk about where AI is headed next and what humanity will do once it gets there.

In the fifth episode of my podcast, Yejin Choi joined me to talk about her amazing work on AI training systems.

And upend the software industry.

The world has learned a lot about handling problems caused by breakthrough innovations.

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Using the Computer to Improve Your Writing

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You already know that the computer lets you easily type in text, shift it around, and edit it. Word processing can also do much more for you if you make the most of its capacities and know its limitations. Here are some practical tips on using the computer as a writer’s tool. Use the Help key in your word-processing program to learn more about the functions mentioned here.

Though some writers benefit from the tactile experience of writing notes and drafts by hand, you may be surprised how much power you gain by doing nearly all your drafting on the computer.

• You don’t have to create clean or fully developed text for your first draft. Try jotting down your ideas as they come. To mark places where further work is needed, just insert repeated characters (////), leave blank space, or use the highlighter from the menu bar. This will help you create a partial or full draft quickly—then you can go back and strengthen it.
• Try doing brainstorming on screen. It’s encouraging to scroll through your results later and find worthwhile bits to develop. If you feel stuck, turn the monitor brightness to zero and type in whatever occurs to you. You’ll probably be surprised at how much sense these seemingly random jottings make.
• Outlining is made easy too. Even a simple list of points to cover gets you started. You can use  Enter and  Tab to set up an initial structure. If you like to work from a full outline, try the built-in outliner (under  View ) to put your initial ideas into a logical arrangement. With any type of outline, you can fill in as much as you want in each session of writing, and then revise your plans as your ideas develop.
• The computer can streamline the work of documenting your sources. With the choices in the References menu, footnotes or endnotes will take only a few keystrokes to set up. You will also create the Bibliography list as you go. Parenthetical references are easy to check and complete too, and you will have a choice of Works Cited, References, or Bibliography list.
• Save time by using short forms in your first draft. Then use the Find and Replace function ( Ctrl-H in Word) to replace the short forms with the full wording. Type sov at first, for instance; then replace that with sovereignty-association later. (But confirm each replacement.)
• A simple idea: don’t double-space your text until you’re ready to print it out. You need to see as many lines as possible on screen to get a sense of the flow of your work.
• Keep all your drafts in case you want to go back to an earlier version. Use the Save As function from the File menu to rename the drafts in sequence, with numbers or dates in the filenames. Email drafts to yourself for backups.

Revising and Editing

Word processing comes into its own with the hardest work of good writing—cutting, arranging, rewriting. Get to know what your computer can and can’t do to support you.

• Don’t be deceived by the finished look of text on the screen. Try using the View menu to see more than one page at once. That lets you check whether some of your paragraphs are too long and whether the sections of your paper are balanced. Also print out your paper at least once and read it through critically, checking overall flow and logic. (A writing-centre appointment  can help you achieve that perspective too.)
• This may make you want to restructure your essay completely. Luckily, the computer makes that easy with its cut-and-paste functions. If you’re uncertain about where a section should go, try copying rather than moving; then you can choose. You can combine versions easily too. The View menu lets you see a number of windows at once so you can copy from one file to another.
• It’s worthwhile—especially for group work—to use the Comment command from the Insert or Review. You can write notes to yourself or your co-writers that show up beside the text but don’t change its layout. The Track Changes function from the Review menu in Word is also worth learning. Once turned on, it automatically uses different-coloured fonts to show editing possibilities that you can accept or reject later.
• The Review menu offers a number of functions for proofreading and editing that can be helpful if used with care. However, be sure the AutoCorrect option is turned off, or you could end up with nonsense.
• The SpellCheck function can help mend typos as well as spelling errors. Set the language to Canadian English rather than US or UK English. Don’t accept all the suggested changes. If spellcheck flags a word as wrong when you are sure it isn’t (as happens with names and technical terms), then add that word to your built-in “dictionary” so the computer recognizes it the next time. Keep in mind, though, that the computer won’t tell you that you’ve mistyped form for from , much less that you’ve misused principle for principal .
• Only use the Thesaurus (also part of the Review menu) if you already have a good vocabulary and want to be reminded of possibilities when you are stuck for the right word. A thesaurus supplies words in the same general category as the word you’re wondering about, but gives no guidance on meaning or sense.
• So don’t ignore your print or online dictionary as a resource. You will have to look up the words that spell checkers don’t recognize, and also cross-check thesaurus suggestions for exact meanings and usage. Use it instead of a thesaurus when you wonder if a particular word is the right one.
• The grammar checkers built into word processors (again under the Review menu, usually grouped with spellcheck and thesaurus) are seldom useful. About half of grammar-check flags are wrong, and the explanations are not clear. It’s best to leave the box blank for the offer to “check grammar.” For usable advice on sentence structure and grammar, see the files in the Revising section of this website.
• The basic Find function ( Ctrl-F ) can help you do your own style-checking. For instance, if you know you tend to overuse or misuse a word or phrase, let  Find call up each instance so you can see if another wording would be better. Even looking at each use of and, but, or however can help you improve and vary your sentence structures.
• If you hit a tough sentence to revise, go back to your drafting techniques. Give yourself lots of screen space to try out new versions. Do a hard-page return ( Ctrl-Enter ) and use the rest of the screen to play around with your ideas. It can sometimes help to make a list or other visual structure—use Enter and Tab as much as you like until you see the essential shape of your ideas. Revise, then reformat your text.

Computer programming: What it is and what you need to know to learn it

Sam Becker is a personal finance expert and journalist based near New York City. He is a native of the Pacific Northwest, and a graduate of Washington State University. His work has written for CNBC, Fast Company, BBC, TIME, and more.

Jasmine Suarez is a senior editor at Fortune Recommends, where she was hired to build and launch the department in 2022. Before joining Fortune, she was a senior editor at Business Insider , where she led various verticals on the personal finance team .   In the past, she’s worked for Red Ventures, Adweek, McGraw-Hill, Pearson, and more. 

Fortune Education is part of Fortune Recommends™ and is editorially independent. We may earn affiliate revenue from links in this content.  Learn more .

Computer programming, also often simply referred to as “coding,” has become an increasingly popular career track in recent decades. As the tech sector in the U.S. has blossomed and produced some of the economy’s largest companies, it’s largely grown because of a small army of programmers, which includes individuals like Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, and others.

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While programming may sound complicated, it is, at its core, the process of dictating instructions and solving problems. And the ability to do that, at least in front of a computer screen, has been a relatively scarce skill set over the past 50 years or so. 

That’s what’s driven growth in the tech sector and an interest in programming. Median salaries for programmers, as of 2022, were just shy of $100,000, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics .

Programming has become increasingly competitive, but it can still be a viable career option for many—but it all starts with gaining a fundamental understanding of what it is, and what it entails.

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What is computer programming?  

Computer programming involves using a programming language to write programs, which are a set of instructions dictating what a computer should do. “A computer on its own does nothing, you need to give it instructions so it’ll do what you want it to do,” says Grace Lewis , First Vice President of the IEEE Computer Society.

“The essence of coding is telling a computer to perform some task on your behalf,” she says. “If a certain situation happens, then calculate this in a certain way,” she adds, as programmers need to anticipate the decision points that a computer will run into when performing a task, and need instructions as to how to navigate. 

Other experts define programming or coding in more or less the same way. An effective programmer “needs to be able to tell the computer what to do, to perform an action or response to a user’s input,” says Dr. Sriram Mohan , Ph.D., head of the Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology.

That may sound technical and complicated, but Lewis says that we perform similar actions all day long without realizing it—or, at least, not recording it into a programming language.

“Programming is a lot like driving,” she says, explaining that as you drive down the road, you’re making decisions about how fast to go, when to brake, what turns to make, and more. Those are the types of instructions that may be written into a program that a computer references to complete a given task. 

As such, learning to program can be similar to learning to drive. “If you take the driving course, at some point you become good enough to take the driving test and pass it—programming is the same way, you learn the basics,” Lewis says.

How does programming work?  

Programming works by deciding what task a programmer wants a computer to perform, and then writing the specific instructions (i.e., a program) to perform that task—and doing it in a programming language. A programming language is one that a computer understands.

Depending on the specific task, programmers may choose one language or another, and languages have varying levels of difficulty. Some are “high-level” languages, which may be easier for humans to understand, as they more closely resemble the English language. Others can be “low-level,” which are closer to the binary language (zeroes and ones) that computers communicate with, but that are further from English. 

But in terms of the nuts and bolts of programming, a coder decides what it wants the computer to do, and uses a programming language to write a program to perform the task. The details can vary significantly from program to program, but what programming boils down to is the act of writing detailed instructions to perform a task in a language that the computer can interpret.

What are the different types of programming languages?

There are different types of programming languages (beyond the high-level and low-level categories) that are used to write various programs. Within those types, there are numerous specific languages as well. 

The languages that are ultimately used for one task or another depend on several factors, including how granular a program needs to be, the context in which it’s being used (say, a specific industry use or within a specific company), and even a programmer’s personal preferences. But mostly, “It comes down to the company and the industry that it’s in,” says Dr. Mohan.

With that, there are three primary types of programming languages: Procedural, functional, and object-oriented.

Procedural languages

Procedural programming languages do more or less what they sound like they do: They follow a procedure. “A procedural language is the way you provide instructions to a computer or define instructions,” Dr. Mohan says. And that generally means using a sort of step-by-step approach to writing a program. As such, a programmer might write a set of instructions to be followed in sequence for the computer to complete a given task.

Some common procedural languages include C, Java, and C++.

Functional languages

Functional languages are more complex than procedural languages, as they rope in different mathematical functions to construct a program. That can require a higher-level skill set than using a procedural language, in many cases. “In functional programming, you need to use a technique called ‘recursion,’ and it can be a tricky concept,” says Arjun Chandrasekhar , an assistant professor of computer science at Southwestern University. Recursion involves reducing or simplifying a problem into its simplest form—and yes, it can be tricky to grasp.

For programmers who may be more mathematically inclined, utilizing a functional language may feel more natural. Common functional languages include Haskell and Python.

Object-oriented languages

Object-oriented programming languages use “objects” rather than functions or procedural instructions to create programs. It’s yet another abstract concept to wrap your head around, but in a nutshell, object-oriented languages or programming uses “classes” and “objects” within its code to build or create programs. Those can then interact with each other to create programs.

Unfortunately, it only gets more abstract from there for those who don’t have a programming background. Some examples of object-oriented languages include C#, Ruby, and Rust.

While this all might sound intimidating and overwhelming, especially for someone who lacks a tech background but is interested in programming, the experts say that everyone, even the most experienced coders, at one point had to start from scratch, too. 

With that in mind, it’s best to try not to get discouraged, and if you’re interested in a career in programming, to give it a shot and see if you like it, Lewis says. “Like anything, you need to try things out.”

Frequently asked questions

What do computer programmers do.

Computer programmers use programming languages to write programs, which act as instructions for a computer to follow and complete a specific task. In effect, programmers translate English into code, which a computer can interpret to follow a certain function.

Do programmers get paid well?

Computer programmers tend to be paid relatively well compared to many other professions in the U.S. As of 2022, median annual salaries were just shy of $100,000, whereas median household income that year was around $75,000 .

How difficult is programming?

Programming will be difficult for some people and less difficult for others, depending on a number of factors. However, experts say that individuals with a knack for problem-solving and math may find it easier than others.

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Essay on Use of Computer in Daily Life

Students are often asked to write an essay on Use of Computer in Daily Life in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Use of Computer in Daily Life

Introduction.

Computers have become an essential part of our daily life. They are used in various fields such as education, healthcare, and entertainment.

In education, computers help in learning and research. They provide access to vast information and educational resources online.

In healthcare, computers help in diagnosing diseases, keeping patient records, and conducting complex surgeries.

Entertainment

For entertainment, we use computers for gaming, watching movies, and listening to music. They keep us engaged and entertained.

250 Words Essay on Use of Computer in Daily Life

The ubiquity of computers in daily life.

Computers have permeated every aspect of our daily lives, becoming an indispensable tool for various tasks. From the moment we wake up, we interact with computers in various forms, from smartphones to laptops, smart home devices to digital billboards.

Academic Applications

In academic settings, computers have revolutionized the way students learn and teachers instruct. Online databases provide vast amounts of information at our fingertips, while educational software and platforms facilitate interactive learning. Moreover, the advent of digital classrooms and online courses enables students to learn from anywhere, breaking geographical barriers.

Professional Use

In the professional world, computers have streamlined operations across industries. They are used for data analysis, project management, communication, and design, among other tasks. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning, powered by computers, is further transforming the workplace by automating routine tasks and providing insightful data analysis.

Social and Personal Life

In our personal lives, computers enable us to stay connected with friends and family through social media platforms. They also serve as a source of entertainment, whether through streaming movies, playing video games, or reading digital books. Additionally, computers aid in managing personal finances, online shopping, and even health monitoring.

In conclusion, computers have become an integral part of our daily lives, enhancing our learning, work, and personal experiences. As technology continues to evolve, the role of computers in our daily lives is set to become even more significant, reshaping society in profound ways.

500 Words Essay on Use of Computer in Daily Life

The role of computers in communication.

One of the most significant impacts of computers lies in the realm of communication. The rise of email, social networking sites, and instant messaging apps have made it possible to communicate with anyone, anywhere in the world, in real time. This has not only made personal communication more accessible but has also transformed the business world, enabling global collaboration and remote work.

Computers in Education

In the field of education, computers have emerged as powerful tools for learning and teaching. They provide access to a wealth of information and resources, enabling students to learn at their own pace and teachers to deliver personalized instruction. Online courses and e-learning platforms have opened up new opportunities for lifelong learning, breaking down geographical and economic barriers.

Computers and Entertainment

Computers in business and commerce.

In the business world, computers have become indispensable tools for managing operations, making decisions, and conducting transactions. They have enabled the automation of various processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. Moreover, the rise of e-commerce has transformed the way businesses operate and consumers shop, making it possible to buy and sell goods and services online.

In conclusion, the use of computers in daily life has brought about profound changes in the way we communicate, learn, entertain ourselves, and conduct business. They have made our lives more convenient, efficient, and connected. However, as we continue to rely on computers, it is essential to consider the potential risks and challenges, such as issues related to privacy, security, and digital divide. As we navigate this digital era, it is crucial to harness the power of computers responsibly and ethically.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

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COLLEGE FOOTBALL 25 TEAM BUILDER DEEP DIVE

Create your own dream team with team builder in ea sports college football ‘25..

Hey College Football Fans, welcome back to the Campus Huddle! We have one last topic prior to the worldwide launch of EA SPORTS™ College Football 25 tonight. Did you think that we forgot about Team Builder?

The most important thing to know is Team Builder for College Football 25 will arrive later TONIGHT on web! Before we let you in to create your dream team, let's see what is in store for you.

BUILDING TEAM BUILDER

When the Team Builder tool was unveiled back in 2009, millions of fans were able to bring their custom creations to the field. Now, with the release of EA SPORTS™ College Football 25 we’re thrilled to be able to bring back this feature which was beloved by so many.

When the return of our College Football 25 was confirmed, it became clear that fans wanted Team Builder to return as well. One of the first things we did as a team was figure out what it would take to bring the feature back, and to improve upon what we had already built. 

We met with creators, spent hours rewatching many different Team Builder videos, read blogs and wish lists, and even hired people from within the community to help design and build Team Builder. One of the first people brought back onto the team was Senior Engineer Chris Markuck, who was one of the original architects of Team Builder in 2009. When Chris got word that Team Builder was coming back, it was an easy decision for him to return to EA and lead the charge of bringing one of the community’s favorite features back. 

Our approach to Team Builder centered around three core pillars. First it was about creating a Deep Creation Suite where our players felt a strong sense of ownership and were empowered to create and customize their schools more than ever before. Our second pillar was Discover & Share , which was about making it easy to discover great content and content creators, as well as providing the ability to share your creations with others. Finally, our third pillar was about Elevating Creators where we wanted to celebrate creators for their creative accomplishments.

With our three core pillars in mind, let’s dive into the details where we will outline how you can create teams using the Team Builder website and import them into your Dynasty.

ACCESSING THE WEBSITE

To access the website, you’ll need to create or use your EA Account information to log in. After that, you’ll utilize the College Football URL to access Team Builder for College Football 25.

This main screen is where we showcase and elevate all the work done by our most devoted fans. You’ll be able to see the top downloaded and highest-rated teams by members of the community. We’ve also made it easier to search for existing content. In addition, our filters allow you to sort by uniform provider or by state. Think you’ve got what it takes to make it to the top of the list?

CREATING A BRAND AND IDENTITY

After selecting “Start Creating,” the first thing you’ll be tasked with is creating your school’s identity and brand. This is where you’ll get to define the basics of your program, like its name, nickname, logos, uniform provider, and team colors. 

For logos, you will be able to add a primary, secondary, and tertiary logo. Your primary logo is what will be used throughout the in-game UI in Dynasty mode. Your secondary and tertiary logos will be able to be added to your uniform and field. As a part of your logo creation, you will be able to upload your own logos or choose from one of our recolorable generic logos.

In College Football 25’s Team Builder you will be able to select Nike, Adidas, or Under Armour as your uniform provider. This will impact the equipment your players wear, the name and number fonts you can choose from, as well as what jersey and pant stitch pattern your team uses. For example, if you select Nike you will be able to choose from the Vapor Fusion and Vapor Untouchable jersey stitch patterns. The stitch pattern you select will change which stripe patterns that are available and compatible with that stitching.

When selecting your team colors, you can utilize the eyedropper tool to set the team colors from your primary logo. For more advanced users, you can customize each color’s hue, saturation, brightness, Hex, or RGB value. We’ve also provided all existing school team colors under Presets.

In an age where teams are constantly trying to expand and modernize their uniform suite, we wanted to give users the ability to reflect that in their work. To give users the ultimate amount of customization, we’ve expanded the amount of uniform presets you can have to 5 total. If you’re counting socks, that means your team can have up to 5 helmets, 5 jerseys, 5 pants, and 5 socks or 625 uniform combinations, giving you the ability to showcase new looks on the field each game.

Before we go into how you can customize the various uniform parts, let’s orient you to the preview area. This is where you can navigate the camera to rotate the parts of the uniform you are editing. In the center of the screen, is the preview area, utilizing the mouse button you can scroll around the assets horizontally or vertically. Or zoom in and out using the scroll wheel. There are auto preset camera controls that you can select that will auto focus to various angles for you to view your creations. Test around as you desire.

Once in the editor, the helmet is the first part of the uniform that you can customize. Start by choosing your base color and then choose your reflectiveness. For the helmet reflectiveness, you can choose from matte, shiny, or chrome. In addition to customizing the base helmet shell reflectiveness, in the accessories section you can change the color and reflectiveness of the facemask, chinstrap strap and cup, front bumper, and back bumper.

Once you’ve customized the base helmet shell, it’s time to start decorating it with logos and stripes. Begin by choosing your helmet stripe from one of our available presets and customize its color. If you’d like to add helmet numbers you can do that too. We’ve added four preset placement options (front, back, left side, and right side), but you can also use the advanced placement editor to customize the size, position, and spacing to place them anywhere on the helmet.

Now let’s talk about where the fun really begins with custom layers.

CUSTOM LAYERS

No modern uniform editor would be complete without the ability to incorporate custom designs and logos. So we’re giving users the ability to add custom layers onto each element of the uniform. Under “Custom Layers'' for helmets, for example, you’re able to add up to 7 custom layers on the helmet, each having their own unique properties and placement options on the helmet. For each layer, you will have the ability to choose from one of our existing assets or upload your own image. You can then customize the finish of that layer choosing between shiny, matte, satin, or chrome.

Adjusting the logo once it’s on the helmet is easy. You can adjust the dimensions, flip or rotate it, and place it in the exact spot you want. This is the same functionality for both titles. You will even be able to customize the reflectiveness of every single logo!

Customizing the Jersey represents a big area of opportunity. For College, you’ll have the ability to select from Adidas, Nike, or Under Armour, to better represent the wide variety of uniforms used at the FBS level and beyond.

Based on your apparel brand that you selected, you’ll have a specific set of Jersey stitch patterns, or chassis, available for you to start with. Once you select the stitch pattern, you’ll then have that provider’s real-life stripes, designs, cuffs, collars, and fonts available to you. Note that certain chassis go with specific stripe patterns and designs.

For college, the design team has worked closely with all 3 providers with authenticity in mind. And if we’re missing something? Don’t worry. We’re working closely with each company to release additional post-launch content throughout the year to give users more ways to create the perfect look. 

There’s still room for customization if you’d like to add your own personal touch. Don’t forget you can still add layers on the jersey asset. So if you want to put your team name on the front of the jersey or have a unique design running down the sides of your jersey, it’s all available to you. Just make sure to save so you don’t lose your work!

PANTS/SOCKS

After you’ve completed the perfect jersey, it’s time to work on the pants. You’ll have plenty of stripes to choose from, as decided by the provider. You still have the ability to add layers to your pants, as well as set the color of the accessories.

For the socks, you’ll be able to set the color on the “Oversock”, the color of the “Base/Undersock '' and the Brand color on the sock on the collegiate site. And just like that, you’ve completed your first uniform set! But you’ve still got more work to do.

GOTTA HAVE ALTERNATIVES

Creating an alternate uniform is easy. Let’s say you want to create a set that’s the same as your away uniform but with different colors. When you’re creating one of the uniform elements like helmets or jerseys, select the Preview Uniform option in the right-hand corner.

When you’re creating one of the uniform elements like helmets or jerseys, select the Preview Uniform option in the right-hand corner.

Then, click the plus sign and select Duplicate from “Away” to pull over all the existing designs, and name the new uniform. Then you can close preview, select the new alternate at the top, and get to editing!

YOUR OWN HOME FIELD

Now that your team is swagged out with the perfect uniform suite, it’s time to create the perfect home stadium. You’ll have 8 components of your stadium that you can set: Stadium, Crowd, Surface, Logos, Endzone, Numbers, Sidelines, and Benches. Each component has unique properties that you can set. 

Start by choosing from one of the existing 134 team stadiums and rename it to be your own. With your stadium set, it’s time to customize your crowd. You can set the primary and secondary color your crowd wears on gameday. Want everyone to do a white out every Saturday? Set both your primary and secondary crowd colors to white. You can also adjust the percentage of the crowd that wears each color by adjusting the slider. 

Once your stadium and crowd are locked in, it’s time to customize your field. Start by selecting whether your field is grass or turf, as well as its color. You can choose a natural field color or go crazy with any color you can think of. Next add logos to your field. We’ve added preset locations at midfield and the 25/20 yard-lines for you to quickly create your field. With that being said, if you want to go deeper with customization you can add up to 5 custom layers and place those logos anywhere on the field. For your endzones, you can choose from one of the existing endzone designs and recolor it or you can build your own custom endzone with custom layers. 

With your base field in place, put the finishing touches on it by customizing your field number font, the number position , the number frequency (every 10 yards or every 5 yards), the arrow position (top, center, or bottom), whether a G appears at the goal line, and the number color and outline. Additionally, you can color the 20 and 50 yard lines, as well as the goal line. Lastly, customize your field sidelines and bench areas. Both options allow you to choose from one of our existing recolorable templates.

PROGRAM/FRANCHISE

The last piece is the players. On the last tab, you’ll have the opportunity to modify the players that will play for you on the field.

On the College Football 25 side, you’ll be able to set your playbooks and select from 7 generic roster types that you can further adjust to fit your playing style. You want to adjust your starting running back to be a 5 '5, 350-lb bowling ball? Or how about a pair of 6’8 receivers on the outside. Go for it.

Once you are satisfied with your creation, you are ready to submit and publish your team. Hit the submit button and this will take you to a Preview Screen where an overview is presented for approval. After you review all your uniforms and team data, you will publish the team that you can jump over to the console and import into your College Dynasties!

DOWNLOAD CENTER

Now it’s time for you to explore our download center, are you looking to download your friends or favorite creators' custom teams? How about looking to share your custom team? Head over to the Create and Share section in the main menu and select the Download Center . This is where you will be able to begin exploring!

Once you're in, you can browse through a diverse array of content. At the very top is featured content. This is content that we have handpicked to showcase the great work of creators. This will be updated periodically to ensure we are always keeping the download center fresh, while also giving creators the ability to showcase their incredible work.

Once you find the school that you feel suits you best all you will need to do is just download it directly to your console. And don't worry, we've made it super easy to keep the community safe and enjoyable, you can report any offensive content you come across and even preview items before downloading.

If you’re hunting for something specific, just press the Triangle/Y  button on your controller. This will open up a powerful search tool where you can look for content by keywords, usernames, content types, and more. It's all about making sure you find exactly what you’re looking for.

IMPORTING YOUR TEAM INTO DYNASTY MODE

As we talked about in the Dynasty Deep Dive , importing a Team Builder team into Dynasty is available only in a private cloud Dynasty. You will be able to import up to 16 teams per Dynasty. When you’re starting a new league, only the commissioner has the ability to import custom teams and this can happen exclusively at the beginning of the season and will not be possible at any other point.

When importing a team, you have the option whether or not you want to replace the team’s roster. This allows you to maintain the existing team’s roster and only change their uniforms and field. Regardless of whether or not you replace the roster, your Team Builder team will inherit some of the characteristics of the team it’s replacing. This includes their rivalries, their coaching staff (unless you decide to bring in a new coach), their My School grades, and their team records. Be sure to keep this in mind when you are deciding who to replace.

A NOTE FROM US

When developing Team Builder, our goal was to give fans the freedom to bring their creativity to life and share their passion and designs with the community. In order to facilitate this, we knew that we had to offer you the ability to bring your creations to life with deep customization while building an experience that matched what we set up to do.  

This goal meant we needed to lean into a more robust tool set for a web-based solution that gave fans as much freedom for creation and customization as we could build.

Since this Team Builder experience will be new not only for you but our team as well, we want to ask for your feedback. Since this is a new journey, we are inviting you, the community, to share your feedback with us in our official College Football 25 Community Forum so we can hear your thoughts on the experience for creators and fans of those creations. We will use that space and our other channels to keep you informed of changes, enhancements and quality-improvements we will be making throughout the year. We would love your feedback and input as our team  continues to evolve Team Builder throughout the season.

TIME TO BUILD YOUR TEAM

Now, all that’s left is to take them to glory. We are so proud that we could bring this beloved feature back to you and we can't tell you enough how excited we are to see what creations you all will put together to make this feel like it is your game. Well, it is time to put our pens down and get to creating our own teams as well! Are you ready?

 - Team Builder Developer Team

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Analysis of Autistic Adolescents’ Essays Using Computer Techniques

• Brief Report
• Open access
• Published: 27 July 2024

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• Izabela Chojnicka   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8723-6873 1 &
• Aleksander Wawer   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7081-9797 2  

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Challenges associated with narrative discourse remain consistently observable across the entire spectrum of autism. We analyzed written narratives by autistic and non-autistic adolescents and aimed to investigate narrative writing using quantitative computational methods.

We employed Natural Language Processing techniques to compare 333 essays from students in the final eighth grade of primary school: 195 written by autistic and 138 by non-autistic participants.

Autistic students used words with a positive emotional polarity statistically less frequently ( p  < .001), and their stories were less abstract ( p  < .001) than those written by peers from the non-autistic group. However, autistic adolescents wrote more complex stories in terms of readability than participants from the non-autistic group ( p  < .001). The writing competencies assessed by teachers did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Findings suggest that written narratives by autistic individuals may exhibit characteristics similar to those detected by computational methods in spoken narratives. Collecting data from national exams and its potential usefulness in distinguishing autistic individuals could pave the way for future large-scale and cost-effective epidemiological studies on autism.

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

Autistic individuals comprise a very heterogeneous group regarding language capacity, ranging from non-speaking to fluently speaking individuals (World Health Organization, 2021 ). Challenges related to the pragmatic use of language are observed across the entire autism spectrum in individuals with varying levels of intellectual and linguistic abilities, including those individuals who display structural language skills within the typical range (Schaeffer et al., 2023 ). Difficulties with pragmatic language in autism include narrative discourse (Baixauli et al., 2016 ). Narrative skills develop from the early stages of life, being an important way of sharing experiences among children and a tool for understanding the world, as well as incorporating experiences into the sense of one’s self (Fivush et al., 2011 ). In this study, we use quantitative computational methods to investigate the narrative writing of autistic adolescents, which remains under-researched in comparison to spoken narrative abilities (Finnegan & Accardo, 2018 ).

Many previous studies on narration in autism have focused on examining spoken narratives, mainly storytelling. According to the meta-analysis by Baixauli et al. ( 2016 ), spoken narratives by autistic participants were shorter and less diverse (measured by the number of different words) than narratives produced by typically developing children and adolescents. In terms of narrative macrostructure, spoken narratives of autistic children were less causally connected and considerably less coherent than those of typically developing peers. Additionally, autistic individuals used significantly fewer internal state terms than neurotypical participants. Internal state language (ISL) refers to the vocabulary that describes character perceptions, emotions, and mental states. A study by Siller et al. ( 2014 ) revealed a relationship between the presence of ISL vocabulary in narratives and theory of mind. Based on the findings of the aforementioned meta-analysis (Baixauli et al., 2016 ), autistic individuals with higher intelligence levels encounter significant difficulties compared to their peers in verbally describing internal states. The authors argued that this might indicate an asynchrony in the development of cognitive and linguistic aspects with socioemotional meaning.

Yet, spoken discourse differs from written discourse. The former typically occurs in interaction, inherently involving reciprocity, the experience and perception of affect, and encompassing broad non-verbal and paralinguistic features. The latter may be more deliberate, allowing time to think through the narrative and revise it if the writer decides to do so. Writing, particularly handwriting, is a perceptual-motor activity that requires the coordination of multiple simultaneous tasks: the mechanics of writing, content, and organization (Finnegan & Accardo, 2018 ; Shevchuk-Hill et al., 2022 ). However, similar to spoken discourse, it may involve the theory of mind abilities, as the story gains if the writer is able to adopt the reader’s perspective. Some authors have analyzed narrative writing in autism (e.g., Baixauli et al., 2021 ; Price et al., 2019 ). Shevchuk-Hill et al. ( 2022 ) compared stories by autistic ( n  = 19) and non-autistic ( n  = 23) university students using automated methods. Authors concluded that writing may be a strength for autistic students whose stories were rated at a higher reading level, contained fewer grammatical errors, and had more positive writing affect (Shevchuk-Hill et al., 2022 ). In contrast, a study of autistic adolescents indicated difficulties with writing skills, specifically in terms of productivity, lexical diversity, and overall coherence of the story (Baixauli et al., 2021 ), similar to results reported for spoken narratives. Therefore, it seems that there is no clear consensus regarding written narrative skills in autism.

In this study, we aimed to build on prior research on narrative in autism by investigating the utility of natural language processing techniques (NLP) for quantifying the narrative abilities in the writing of autistic adolescents. According to our knowledge, this is the first study utilizing sentiment and linguistic abstraction analyses to examine narratives written by autistic individuals. Sentiment analysis extracts subjective information in terms of the positive and negative emotional tones of the text. With the development of social media, it has become a frequently utilized NLP technique (Denecke & Reichenpfader, 2023 ). Sentiment analysis considers various types of words, not only those that explicitly describe emotions (e.g., ‘happy’, ‘sadness’) but also other words that carry positive or negative connotations (e.g., ‘good’, ‘wise’, ‘home’; Wawer, 2019 ). Thus, sentiment analysis is broader than the analysis of words that refer to internal emotional states.

Linguistic abstraction was assessed using the linguistic category model (LCM), a model of interpersonal language that provides means to investigate linguistic devices used to represent social events (Semin, 2012 ). The LCM typology classifies words based on their degree of abstraction, with the principal distinction established among three categories of verbs: Descriptive Action Verbs (DAVs), Interpretative Action Verbs (IAVs), and State Verbs (SVs) (for the Polish version we used see Wawer & Sarzyńska, 2018 ). DAVs represent the most concrete verbs used to depict a singular and observable event (e.g., ‘A kicks B’). IAVs describe specific observable events (e.g., ‘A hurts B’), and they are more abstract than DAVs as they omit the perceptual aspects of an action. The most abstract category encompasses State Verbs, which pertain to mental states (e.g., ‘to think,’ ‘to understand’) and emotional states (e.g., ‘to admire’) or changes thereof. The model also considers adjectives (ADJ) as the abstract end of the continuum. Therefore, in addition to enabling the analysis of the level of abstraction, LCM also allows assessing the number of words describing the mental and emotional states of the person (Beukeboom et al., 2013 ).

Combining both methods, sentiment analysis and LCM, may be a useful automated alternative to analyzing the internal state language of narratives using hand-coding methods. However, it should be noted that the two methods do not analyze exactly the same words as the hand-coding approach to ISL. Additionally, we calculated a readability index as a lexical complexity metric.

We obtained essays written and evaluated in a standardized manner as part of a nationwide exam. It allowed for the comparison of autistic adolescents with peers from the population, including both neurotypical individuals and those with possible other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. In our previous research, where we employed NLP techniques and machine learning, we analyzed differences in spoken narratives between autistic individuals and typically developing peers (e.g., Wawer & Chojnicka, 2022 ). Here, we compared autistic adolescents with a more diverse group from the population. We hypothesized that stories written by autistic adolescents contain fewer words with emotional polarity and exhibit lower levels of linguistic abstraction than stories written by their peers, similar to differences detected for spoken narratives (Chojnicka & Wawer, 2020 ).

The essays were written as part of the nationwide eighth-grade Polish language time-limited exam, conducted upon the completion of primary school education, simultaneously undertaken by all students throughout the country, under standardized conditions, and with standardized examination sheets. There were ten versions of exam sheets tailored to accommodate the special needs of some students: (1) for students without disabilities and those with specific learning disorders (OPOP-100); (2) for students with autism, including Asperger’s syndrome (OPOP-200); (3) for students with visual impairments font size 16 pt (OPOP-400); (4) for students with visual impairments font size 24 pt (OPOP-500); (5) for deaf and hard of hearing students (OPOP-700); (6) for students with mild intellectual disability (OPOP-800); (7) for students with aphasia (developmental language disorder; OPOP-900); (8) for students with motor disabilities caused by cerebral palsy (OPOP-Q00); (9) for students whose limited knowledge of Polish makes it difficult to understand the text being read (OPOP-C00); (10) for students who are citizens of Ukraine (OPOU-C00). Students who used type (2) exam sheets, based on a clinical diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder confirmed by a psychiatrist and a commission responsible for making decisions regarding the need for special education, were assigned to the Autistic Group. The Non-autistic Group comprised students who took exams on type (1) sheets.

One of the tasks on the exam was to handwrite an essay on a given topic. Autistic students were allowed to opt out of handwriting and type their essays in case of handwriting legibility issues. In this paper, we use the term essay as a written composition. The students chose one of two types of essays: an opinion essay or a short story. The instruction for the task was: “ Choose one of the given topics and write an essay. • Remember to maintain the discourse style indicated in the topic: write an opinion essay or a short story. • In your essay , refer to the selected compulsory reading. The list of compulsory readings is on page 3 of this examination paper. • Your work should be at least 200 words long. • Write the essay in the designated place. Do not write in the margin. ” We only analyzed essays of the short story type. In the section designated for students from the general population (OPOP-100), the topic for the story was: “ Write a story about meeting one of the characters from the selected compulsory reading. A shared adventure prompted you to reflect that it was worth moving to the world depicted in this reading. The essay should demonstrate that you are familiar with the selected compulsory reading. ” In the section designated for students within the autism spectrum (OPOP-200), the topic was formulated slightly differently: “ Imagine you have the opportunity to travel back in time to the world of one of the compulsory readings. Write a story about your adventure in this world. The essay should demonstrate that you are familiar with the selected compulsory reading. ”

As part of the exam, stories written by students were subject to assessment conducted by teachers trained to follow standardized examination guidelines. It included the following categories: Topic Development, Creative Elements, Literary Skills, Text Composition, Style, Language, Spelling, and Punctuation. The total score for the task was determined by summing the points in each category.

We received data from the District Examination Boards responsible for storing documentation from the nationwide eighth-grade examination. We asked the Examination Boards to select essays in a way that there were roughly equal proportions of students who achieved high and low exam results in both groups, with a majority of students obtaining average scores; apart from that, sampling was conducted in a random fashion. Anonymized scans of the essays, presented as .pdf files, were provided, accompanied by information on each student’s sex, year of birth, and ASD diagnosis (or lack thereof). Optical character recognition for converting scans into text was not effective for our data. Therefore, the essays were manually transcribed by two trained students into .txt files, preserving the original spelling, paragraph structure, punctuation, and other aspects such as capitalization while omitting portions of the text that were crossed out by a student. A third person (one of the authors, IC) revised 30% of the prepared transcripts.

Participants

We collected 333 stories from students in the final, eighth grade of primary school: 195 stories written by autistic students (Autistic Group; average age 14.85 years; 25% girls); and 138 written by students from the general population (Non-autistic Group; average age 14.64 years; 25% girls). The latter included neurotypical adolescents as well as, most likely, undiagnosed adolescents with neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions present in the population. The Non-autistic Group specifically included adolescents with developmental learning disorders (often referred to as dyslexia, dysorthographia, or dyscalculia), as students with developmental learning disorders took the exams on the same exam sheets as students from the general population. Despite having a similar average age, the groups exhibited statistically significant differences ( p  = .006; Table  1 ). Within the Autistic Group, some students were 16 ( n  = 18) and 17 years old ( n  = 1). The Non-autistic Group consisted solely of students aged 14 and 15.

Sentiment Analysis, Linguistic Abstraction, and Readability

We employed a manually created dictionary of 5421 positive and negative words, representing the sentiment of the most frequent sense of a word and therefore requiring no word sense disambiguation. The level of language abstraction was calculated according to the weighted summation formula: DAV + IAV*2 + SV*3 + ADJ*4. Applied computational methods are described in Chojnicka & Wawer ( 2020 ). To evaluate the readability of an essay, we calculated the Gunning Fog Index (Gunning, 1952 ), which estimates the years of formal education necessary for a person to comprehend the text upon their initial reading. We used the textstat library Footnote 1 to perform the computations.

Essay Length and Scores

The essays did not differ significantly between the two groups regarding the linguistic and literary categories, and the total score assigned by teachers. Therefore, it appears that the writing competencies assessed in a school-oriented manner by teachers were similar in both groups. We also assessed whether the number of tokens (words) differentiates both groups. Essays by autistic adolescents were shorter compared to those by peers from the control group ( U  = 11108.50, Z = -2.711, p  = .007, r = -.149; Table  2 ). Since a statistically significant difference was detected, we carried out subsequent dictionary-based analyses (sentiment, LCM) using normalized values, wherein each parameter was divided by the number of tokens.

Sentiment and Language Abstraction Analyses

Autistic students used words with a positive evaluative meaning statistically less frequently in their stories compared to participants from the Non-autistic Group ( U  = 8611.00, Z = -5.597, p  < .001, r = -.307). We found no such difference for words with a negative evaluative meaning ( p  = .857).

We observed statistically significant differences for mental and emotional State Verbs (SVs), Adjectives (ADJs), and the overall level of Language Abstraction. Autistic students used SVs ( U  = 10655.5, Z = -3.235, p  = .001, r = -.177) and ADJs ( U  = 11009.50, Z = -2.826, p  = .028, r = -.155) less frequently in their essays than peers from the control group (Table  2 ). The calculated language abstraction for the entire essays was lower in the ASD in comparison to the Non-Autistic Group ( U  = 9666.50, Z = -4.378, p  < .001, r = -.240). We did not find statistically significant differences for less abstract verb categories.

Essays’ Readability

To evaluate the readability of an essay, we calculated the Gunning Fog Index, obtaining statistically significant differences ( U  = 10129.50, Z = -3.843, p  < .001, r = -.211). Then, we excluded three outliers from the Autistic Group who scored significantly higher than all other participants in the study, indicating the use of an unusually difficult and complex language. After removing the outliers, the differences remained statistically significant ( U  = 10129.50, Z = -3.648, p  < .001, r = -.200). Autistic students wrote more complex stories in terms of readability ( M  = 9.85, SD  = 5.49) than peers from the Non-autistic Group ( M  = 7.93, SD  = 1.99, Table  2 ).

Previous studies on narrative skills in autism have primarily focused on spoken narratives. In this study, we present results pertaining to written narrations, offering a novel perspective in several ways: (1) written narrations by autistic individuals exhibit similarities in certain characteristics to spoken narrations, (2) these characteristics can be detected using automated, quantifiable, and objective computer measures, and (3) we utilized data from standardized nationwide exams, enabling the study of large groups.

Previous studies on internal state language in autism have mostly focused on verbs and adjectives relating to characters’ emotional (e.g., ‘laugh’, ‘happy’) and cognitive states (e.g., ‘know’, ‘confused’). The results of the meta-analysis conducted by Baixauli et al. ( 2016 ) indicate that autistic children use fewer ISL terms than neurotypical peers in spoken narratives. In our study, written narratives by autistic adolescents were similar to spoken narratives in terms of sentiment and the level of linguistic abstraction. In the stories, students from both groups included more words with a positive emotional tone than words with a negative emotional tone. However, autistic students used fewer words with positive emotional polarity than students from the Non-autistic Group with a moderate effect size. This finding aligns with our previous research on spoken narratives produced during the ADOS-2 (Lord et al., 2012 ) Picture Book task (Chojnicka & Wawer, 2020 ). The results we have obtained using the same NLP techniques (sentiment analysis and Linguistic Category Model) suggest that autistic individuals not only use fewer direct expressions and descriptions of positive emotions but also fewer other emotionally positively related words (such as ‘trust’, ‘home’).

Another result consistent with our prior research on spoken narratives is the lower level of abstraction of the essays of autistic adolescents. We found statistically significant differences in the overall level of an essay’s abstraction, the number of LCM Adjectives, and State Verbs related to mental and emotional states or changes therein. Autistic students used fewer Adjectives and State Verbs, and their essays were less abstract than those written by non-autistic peers. The current results indicate that the narratives of autistic students were more concrete, consisting primarily of direct (e.g., “They built a sandcastle on the beach”) rather than subjective descriptions related to cognitive and emotional states (e.g., “They knew that honesty was the best option”). In the article on spoken narratives produced by autistic individuals during the ADOS-2 Picture Book task (Chojnicka & Wawer, 2020 ), we demonstrated less frequent use of DAVs and SVs, as well as a lower overall level of abstraction in the Autistic Group.

In our previous studies (Chojnicka & Wawer, 2020 ; Wawer & Chojnicka, 2022 ) on spoken narratives, participants in the autistic and comparison groups were matched for age, sex, and non-verbal and verbal intelligence quotients. In the current project, we did not have access to data regarding the intellectual functioning of the participants. However, the groups did not differ significantly in writing skills measured by the number of points awarded by teacher-examiners in the categories: Topic Development , Creative Elements , Literary Skills , Style , Language , Text Composition , Spelling , Punctuation , and the Total score. Nonetheless, autistic students wrote shorter essays than non-autistic peers. This aligns with previous studies pointing to lower productivity of spoken narratives from autistic individuals (Baixauli et al., 2016 ).

To assess the readability of an essay, we computed the Gunning Fog Index (Gunning, 1952 ), which estimates the years of formal education necessary for an individual to comprehend the text upon their initial reading. The higher the index value for a given text, the more years of education are needed for complete understanding. The Gunning Fog Index takes into account the length of sentences and the number of “complex” words with four or more syllables (for the Polish language; in English, words with three syllables or more are considered complex words; Świeczkowski & Kułacz, 2021 ). The outcomes of our study suggest that autistic adolescents wrote more complex essays in terms of readability than non-autistic peers. This aligns with the results obtained in the study of written stories by university students (Shevchuk-Hill et al., 2022 ). The authors used the Dale-Chall readability formula and suggested a higher reading level for stories written by autistic young adults. This result may be related to the tendency of some autistic individuals to use pedantic, encyclopedic vocabulary and overly formal and adult-like language (Luyster et al., 2022 ). An interesting finding, despite higher essay complexity as measured by the number of syllables, is that people with autism produced less abstract essays as measured by the LCM. The connection between LCM and the Gunning-Fog index is not explored, examining it, especially in the case of morphologically rich languages such as Polish, ​​is an interesting subject of future research.

However, the obtained results should be treated with caution as the Autistic Group included several older students than the Non-autistic group. In Poland, finishing primary school at a later age often results from postponing compulsory schooling, usually by a year, in the case of children considered not developmentally ready to start school, which might be the case for autistic students. It may also result from not being promoted to the next class due to insufficient mastery of the educational material at a given level. However, in both cases, all students completed the same number of years of formal education.

We would like to address the limitations of the current study that suggest directions for future research. The strength of the study was the relatively large number of collected essays, but we had limited clinical characteristics of participants, and as discussed earlier, we did not have data on IQ scores. The second limitation was the slightly different task instructions received by participants from the two groups. One aspect that draws attention is that the instruction for the Non-autistic Group included the phrase “shared adventure”, whereas the instruction for the Autistic Group used the wording “your adventure”. The first implies interpersonal experiences, while the second does not. It could have an impact on the results we obtained. However, analyses involving human raters indicate that both instructions did not differentiate the essays in an evident manner. In another project using the same data, human raters, psychologists experienced in autism diagnosis, were tasked with assigning participants to groups after reading their stories. The raters’ effectiveness was close to random (unpublished data). Hence, the essays from both groups did not differ in a way that would be noticed by human raters.

Another limitation is related to the assumptions underlying the computational methods used. The meaning of certain words, as they occur in the text, depends on their neighboring words. This could be captured using an approach based on Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 1995 , 2006 ). When applied to dialogic engagement, using the notions of lexical and syntactic resonance, Tantucci and Wang ( 2023 ) identified differences in creativity and intersubjective engagement in children with ASD in contrast with the neurotypical population. However, in our approach, the measures of sentiment and the LCM model use the most frequent sense of a word. We argue that this is a strong baseline approach, outperforming automated word sense disambiguation tools available in Polish. Rare senses and usages contribute less to the overall error. Moreover, this contribution is unlikely to have a significant influence on comparisons between groups that we make. On the one hand, the advantage of our approach is full automation and no annotation inconsistencies introduced by inter-annotator disagreements. On the other hand, the method proposed by Tantucci and Wang ( 2023 ) offers a more fine-grained analysis, and better handling of word senses.

We would like to draw the reader’s attention to another aspect. Most of the essays were handwritten, but in the case of the Autistic Group, there were also essays written using a keyboard. This is a technical difference between the groups that may also affect the written stories, although we do not propose a hypothesis regarding the direction of this influence.

Our study indicates that automated, quantitative computational methods are effective means for analyzing written narratives in autism. A significant conclusion drawn from our study is that written narratives by autistic individuals proved similar to spoken narratives in terms of characteristics detected by computational methods. Autistic adolescents used fewer words with positive emotional polarity and verbs describing the mental and emotional states of the characters, and their essays were less abstract but more complex in terms of readability than the narratives of non-autistic peers. Collecting data from national exams and its potential usefulness in distinguishing autistic individuals could pave the way for future large-scale and cost-effective epidemiological studies on autism.

Data Availability

Data is available upon request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to the Polish District Examination Boards. In particular, we would like to thank: Dr. Maria Krystyna Szmigel , the Deputy Director of the District Examination Board in Krakow; Mrs. Joanna Peter and Mrs. Anna Rappe from the District Examination Board in Krakow; Mrs. Grażyna Klimuszko , the Deputy Director of the District Examination Board in Łomża; and Mr. Grzegorz Dudzicki from the District Examination Board in Łomża; Mrs. Ragna Ślęzakowska , the Head of the General Education Examinations Department of the District Examination Board in Warsaw; We would like to thank the students who prepared essays for computer analysis: Patrycja Jaworska and Paweł Zubrzycki.

The project was supported by grants from the Polish National Science Centre (grant no. 2020/39/D/HS6/00809 and from the funds awarded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in the form of a subsidy for the maintenance and development of research potential in 2023 and 2024 (501-D125-01-1250000 zlec.5011000231; 5011000228). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or manuscript preparation.

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Izabela Chojnicka

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Conceptualization, methodology, writing, review, and editing; analyzing and discussing the results: IC, AW; design, data collecting, and project administration: IC; computational analyses: AW. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Izabela Chojnicka .

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Chojnicka, I., Wawer, A. Analysis of Autistic Adolescents’ Essays Using Computer Techniques. J Autism Dev Disord (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06482-4

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Accepted : 09 July 2024

Published : 27 July 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06482-4

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