Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic.
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
See an example
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
? or ? , , or research design? | |
, )? ? | |
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To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
Statistics
Research bias
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, November 21). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/
Other students also liked, how to write a problem statement | guide & examples, writing strong research questions | criteria & examples, how to write a literature review | guide, examples, & templates, what is your plagiarism score.
A research hypothesis is a specification of a testable prediction about what a researcher expects as the outcome of the study. It comprises certain aspects such as the population, variables, and the relationship between the variables. It states the specific role of the position of individual elements through empirical verification. When conducting research, there are certain assumptions that are made by the researcher. According to the available information, the goal is to present the expected outcome after testing them.
A hypothesis is a clear statement of the information that the researcher intends to investigate. It is thus a clear statement that is essential before conducting research.
Based on this aspect, the features of the hypothesis are listed below:
The statement of the hypothesis is based on a certain concept i.e. it could be either related to the theory or the pre-assumption of the researcher about certain variables i.e. educated guess. This leads to linking the research questions of the study. It helps the collection of data and conducting analysis as per the stated concept.
People who shop at speciality stores tend to spend more on luxury brands as compared to those who shop at a department store.
The research hypothesis represents a verbal statement in declarative form. The hypothesis is often stated in mathematical form. However, it brings in the possibility of representing the idea, assumption, or concept of the researcher in the form of words that could be tested.
The capability of students who are undergoing vocational training programs is not different from the students undergoing regular studies.
By building a tentative relationship among concepts, hypothesis testing provides an empirical verification of a study. It helps validate the assumption of the researcher.
The quality of nursing education affects the quality of nursing practice skills.
It links the variables as per assumption and builds a tentative relationship. A hypothesis is initially unverified, therefore the relationship between variables is uncertain. Thus a predictable relationship is specified.
Sleep deprivation affects the productivity of an individual.
With help of a hypothesis statement, the researcher has the opportunity of verifying the available knowledge and having further enquiry about a concept. Thus, it helps the advancement of knowledge.
The effectiveness of social awareness programs influences the living standards of people.
The hypothesis statement provides the benefit of assessing the available information and making the appropriate prediction about the future. With the possibility of verifiability and identifying falsifiable information, researchers assess their assumptions and determine accurate conclusions.
People who are exposed to a high level of ultraviolet light tend to have a higher incidence of cancer.
The hypothesis statement is not based on the consideration of moral values or ethics. It is as per the beliefs or assumptions of the researcher. However, testing and prediction are not entirely based on individual moral beliefs. For example, people having sample moral values would take the same strategy for business management. In this case, it is not the desired objective to study the business management strategy.
A hypothesis should not be too general or too specific.
‘Actions of an individual would impact the health’ is too general, and ‘running would improve your health’ is too specific. Thus, the hypothesis for the above study is exercise does have an impact on the health of people.
The hypothesis is the statement of the researcher’s assumption. Thus, it helps in predicting the ultimate outcome of the thesis.
Experience leads to better air traffic control management.
Even if the assumption of the researcher is proven false in testing, the result derived from the examination is valuable. With the presence of null and alternative hypotheses, each assessment of the hypothesis yields a valuable conclusion.
A hypothesis plays a significant role ineffectiveness of a study. It not only navigates the researcher but also prevents the researcher from building an inconclusive study. By guiding as light in the entire thesis, the hypothesis contributes to suggesting and testing the theories along with describing the legal or social phenomenon.
A hypothesis helps in identifying the areas that should be focused on for solving the research problem. It helps frame the concepts of study in a meaningful and effective manner. It also helps the researcher arrive at a conclusion for the study based on organized empirical data examination.
A hypothesis guides the researcher in the processes that need to be followed throughout the study. It prevents the researcher from collecting massive data and doing blind research which would prove irrelevant.
By examining conceptual and factual elements related to the problem of a thesis, the hypothesis provides a framework for drawing effective conclusions. It also helps stimulate further studies.
Each time a hypothesis is tested, more information about the concerned phenomenon is made available. Empirical support via hypothesis testing helps analyse aspects that were unexplored earlier.
For the deduction of accurate and reliable outcomes from the analysis, belong stated things should be noted:
Priya is the co-founder and Managing Partner of Project Guru, a research and analytics firm based in Gurgaon. She is responsible for the human resource planning and operations functions. Her expertise in analytics has been used in a number of service-based industries like education and financial services.
Her foundational educational is from St. Xaviers High School (Mumbai). She also holds MBA degree in Marketing and Finance from the Indian Institute of Planning and Management, Delhi (2008).
Some of the notable projects she has worked on include:
She is a key contributor to the in-house research platform Knowledge Tank.
She currently holds over 300 citations from her contributions to the platform.
She has also been a guest speaker at various institutes such as JIMS (Delhi), BPIT (Delhi), and SVU (Tirupati).
I am a master's in Economics from Amity University. Having a keen interest in Econometrics and data analysis, I was a part of the Innovation Project of Daulat Ram College, Delhi University. My core expertise and interest are in environment-related issues. Apart from academics, I love music and exploring new places.
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A simple explainer with examples + free template.
By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020 (Updated April 2023)
Whether you’re nearing the end of your degree and your dissertation is on the horizon, or you’re planning to apply for a PhD program, chances are you’ll need to craft a convincing research proposal . If you’re on this page, you’re probably unsure exactly what the research proposal is all about. Well, you’ve come to the right place.
Simply put, a research proposal is a structured, formal document that explains what you plan to research (your research topic), why it’s worth researching (your justification), and how you plan to investigate it (your methodology).
The purpose of the research proposal (its job, so to speak) is to convince your research supervisor, committee or university that your research is suitable (for the requirements of the degree program) and manageable (given the time and resource constraints you will face).
The most important word here is “ convince ” – in other words, your research proposal needs to sell your research idea (to whoever is going to approve it). If it doesn’t convince them (of its suitability and manageability), you’ll need to revise and resubmit . This will cost you valuable time, which will either delay the start of your research or eat into its time allowance (which is bad news).
A good dissertation or thesis proposal needs to cover the “ what “, “ why ” and” how ” of the proposed study. Let’s look at each of these attributes in a little more detail:
Your proposal needs to clearly articulate your research topic . This needs to be specific and unambiguous . Your research topic should make it clear exactly what you plan to research and in what context. Here’s an example of a well-articulated research topic:
An investigation into the factors which impact female Generation Y consumer’s likelihood to promote a specific makeup brand to their peers: a British context
As you can see, this topic is extremely clear. From this one line we can see exactly:
So, make sure that your research proposal provides a detailed explanation of your research topic . If possible, also briefly outline your research aims and objectives , and perhaps even your research questions (although in some cases you’ll only develop these at a later stage). Needless to say, don’t start writing your proposal until you have a clear topic in mind , or you’ll end up waffling and your research proposal will suffer as a result of this.
As we touched on earlier, it’s not good enough to simply propose a research topic – you need to justify why your topic is original . In other words, what makes it unique ? What gap in the current literature does it fill? If it’s simply a rehash of the existing research, it’s probably not going to get approval – it needs to be fresh.
But, originality alone is not enough. Once you’ve ticked that box, you also need to justify why your proposed topic is important . In other words, what value will it add to the world if you achieve your research aims?
As an example, let’s look at the sample research topic we mentioned earlier (factors impacting brand advocacy). In this case, if the research could uncover relevant factors, these findings would be very useful to marketers in the cosmetics industry, and would, therefore, have commercial value . That is a clear justification for the research.
So, when you’re crafting your research proposal, remember that it’s not enough for a topic to simply be unique. It needs to be useful and value-creating – and you need to convey that value in your proposal. If you’re struggling to find a research topic that makes the cut, watch our video covering how to find a research topic .
It’s all good and well to have a great topic that’s original and valuable, but you’re not going to convince anyone to approve it without discussing the practicalities – in other words:
While it’s generally not expected that you’ll have a fully fleshed-out methodology at the proposal stage, you’ll likely still need to provide a high-level overview of your research methodology . Here are some important questions you’ll need to address in your research proposal:
So, be sure to give some thought to the practicalities of your research and have at least a basic methodological plan before you start writing up your proposal. If this all sounds rather intimidating, the video below provides a good introduction to research methodology and the key choices you’ll need to make.
Now that we’ve covered the key points that need to be addressed in a proposal, you may be wondering, “ But how is a research proposal structured? “.
While the exact structure and format required for a research proposal differs from university to university, there are four “essential ingredients” that commonly make up the structure of a research proposal:
In the video below, we unpack each of these four sections, step by step.
In the video below, we provide a detailed walkthrough of two successful research proposals (Master’s and PhD-level), as well as our popular free proposal template.
How long should a research proposal be.
This varies tremendously, depending on the university, the field of study (e.g., social sciences vs natural sciences), and the level of the degree (e.g. undergraduate, Masters or PhD) – so it’s always best to check with your university what their specific requirements are before you start planning your proposal.
As a rough guide, a formal research proposal at Masters-level often ranges between 2000-3000 words, while a PhD-level proposal can be far more detailed, ranging from 5000-8000 words. In some cases, a rough outline of the topic is all that’s needed, while in other cases, universities expect a very detailed proposal that essentially forms the first three chapters of the dissertation or thesis.
The takeaway – be sure to check with your institution before you start writing.
Finding a good research topic is a process that involves multiple steps. We cover the topic ideation process in this video post.
While you typically won’t need a comprehensive literature review at the proposal stage, you still need to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the key literature and are able to synthesise it. We explain the literature review process here.
We explain how to craft a project plan/timeline and budget in Research Proposal Bootcamp .
The expectations and requirements regarding formatting and referencing vary from institution to institution. Therefore, you’ll need to check this information with your university.
We’ve create a video post about some of the most common mistakes students make when writing a proposal – you can access that here . If you’re short on time, here’s a quick summary:
As you write up your research proposal, remember the all-important core purpose: to convince . Your research proposal needs to sell your study in terms of suitability and viability. So, focus on crafting a convincing narrative to ensure a strong proposal.
At the same time, pay close attention to your university’s requirements. While we’ve covered the essentials here, every institution has its own set of expectations and it’s essential that you follow these to maximise your chances of approval.
By the way, we’ve got plenty more resources to help you fast-track your research proposal. Here are some of our most popular resources to get you started:
If you’re looking for 1-on-1 support with your research proposal, be sure to check out our private coaching service , where we hold your hand through the proposal development process (and the entire research journey), step by step.
This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .
I truly enjoyed this video, as it was eye-opening to what I have to do in the preparation of preparing a Research proposal.
I would be interested in getting some coaching.
I real appreciate on your elaboration on how to develop research proposal,the video explains each steps clearly.
Thank you for the video. It really assisted me and my niece. I am a PhD candidate and she is an undergraduate student. It is at times, very difficult to guide a family member but with this video, my job is done.
In view of the above, I welcome more coaching.
Wonderful guidelines, thanks
This is very helpful. Would love to continue even as I prepare for starting my masters next year.
Thanks for the work done, the text was helpful to me
Bundle of thanks to you for the research proposal guide it was really good and useful if it is possible please send me the sample of research proposal
You’re most welcome. We don’t have any research proposals that we can share (the students own the intellectual property), but you might find our research proposal template useful: https://gradcoach.com/research-proposal-template/
Cheruiyot Moses Kipyegon
Thanks alot. It was an eye opener that came timely enough before my imminent proposal defense. Thanks, again
thank you very much your lesson is very interested may God be with you
I am an undergraduate student (First Degree) preparing to write my project,this video and explanation had shed more light to me thanks for your efforts keep it up.
Very useful. I am grateful.
this is a very a good guidance on research proposal, for sure i have learnt something
Wonderful guidelines for writing a research proposal, I am a student of m.phil( education), this guideline is suitable for me. Thanks
You’re welcome 🙂
Thank you, this was so helpful.
A really great and insightful video. It opened my eyes as to how to write a research paper. I would like to receive more guidance for writing my research paper from your esteemed faculty.
Thank you, great insights
Thank you, great insights, thank you so much, feeling edified
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Thank you. This is a great insight. I am a student preparing for a PhD program. I am requested to write my Research Proposal as part of what I am required to submit before my unconditional admission. I am grateful having listened to this video which will go a long way in helping me to actually choose a topic of interest and not just any topic as well as to narrow down the topic and be specific about it. I indeed need more of this especially as am trying to choose a topic suitable for a DBA am about embarking on. Thank you once more. The video is indeed helpful.
Have learnt a lot just at the right time. Thank you so much.
thank you very much ,because have learn a lot things concerning research proposal and be blessed u for your time that you providing to help us
Hi. For my MSc medical education research, please evaluate this topic for me: Training Needs Assessment of Faculty in Medical Training Institutions in Kericho and Bomet Counties
I have really learnt a lot based on research proposal and it’s formulation
Thank you. I learn much from the proposal since it is applied
Your effort is much appreciated – you have good articulation.
You have good articulation.
I do applaud your simplified method of explaining the subject matter, which indeed has broaden my understanding of the subject matter. Definitely this would enable me writing a sellable research proposal.
This really helping
Great! I liked your tutoring on how to find a research topic and how to write a research proposal. Precise and concise. Thank you very much. Will certainly share this with my students. Research made simple indeed.
Thank you very much. I an now assist my students effectively.
Thank you very much. I can now assist my students effectively.
I need any research proposal
Thank you for these videos. I will need chapter by chapter assistance in writing my MSc dissertation
Very helpfull
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thanks so much for this wonderful presentations, i really enjoyed it to the fullest wish to learn more from you
Thank you very much. I learned a lot from your lecture.
I really enjoy the in-depth knowledge on research proposal you have given. me. You have indeed broaden my understanding and skills. Thank you
interesting session this has equipped me with knowledge as i head for exams in an hour’s time, am sure i get A++
This article was most informative and easy to understand. I now have a good idea of how to write my research proposal.
Thank you very much.
Wow, this literature is very resourceful and interesting to read. I enjoyed it and I intend reading it every now then.
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Thank you very much for this essential piece. I need 1o1 coaching, unfortunately, your service is not available in my country. Anyways, a very important eye-opener. I really enjoyed it. A thumb up to Gradcoach
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thank you for the video but i need a written example
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Chapter 14: The Research Proposal
Krathwohl (2005) suggests and describes a variety of components to include in a research proposal. The following sections – Introductions, Background and significance, Literature Review; Research design and methods, Preliminary suppositions and implications; and Conclusion present these components in a suggested template for you to follow in the preparation of your research proposal.
The introduction sets the tone for what follows in your research proposal – treat it as the initial pitch of your idea. After reading the introduction your reader should:
As you begin writing your research proposal, it is helpful to think of the introduction as a narrative of what it is you want to do, written in one to three paragraphs. Within those one to three paragraphs, it is important to briefly answer the following questions:
Note : You may be asked by your instructor to include an abstract with your research proposal. In such cases, an abstract should provide an overview of what it is you plan to study, your main research question, a brief explanation of your methods to answer the research question, and your expected findings. All of this information must be carefully crafted in 150 to 250 words. A word of advice is to save the writing of your abstract until the very end of your research proposal preparation. If you are asked to provide an abstract, you should include 5 to 7 key words that are of most relevance to your study. List these in order of relevance.
The purpose of this section is to explain the context of your proposal and to describe, in detail, why it is important to undertake this research. Assume that the person or people who will read your research proposal know nothing or very little about the research problem. While you do not need to include all knowledge you have learned about your topic in this section, it is important to ensure that you include the most relevant material that will help to explain the goals of your research.
While there are no hard and fast rules, you should attempt to address some or all of the following key points:
This key component of the research proposal is the most time-consuming aspect in the preparation of your research proposal. As described in Chapter 5 , the literature review provides the background to your study and demonstrates the significance of the proposed research. Specifically, it is a review and synthesis of prior research that is related to the problem you are setting forth to investigate. Essentially, your goal in the literature review is to place your research study within the larger whole of what has been studied in the past, while demonstrating to your reader that your work is original, innovative, and adds to the larger whole.
As the literature review is information dense, it is essential that this section be intelligently structured to enable your reader to grasp the key arguments underpinning your study. However, this can be easier to state and harder to do, simply due to the fact there is usually a plethora of related research to sift through. Consequently, a good strategy for writing the literature review is to break the literature into conceptual categories or themes, rather than attempting to describe various groups of literature you reviewed. Chapter 5 describes a variety of methods to help you organize the themes.
Here are some suggestions on how to approach the writing of your literature review:
It is important to note that a significant challenge related to undertaking a literature review is knowing when to stop. As such, it is important to know when you have uncovered the key conceptual categories underlying your research topic. Generally, when you start to see repetition in the conclusions or recommendations, you can have confidence that you have covered all of the significant conceptual categories in your literature review. However, it is also important to acknowledge that researchers often find themselves returning to the literature as they collect and analyze their data. For example, an unexpected finding may develop as you collect and/or analyze the data; in this case, it is important to take the time to step back and review the literature again, to ensure that no other researchers have found a similar finding. This may include looking to research outside your field.
This situation occurred with one of this textbook’s authors’ research related to community resilience. During the interviews, the researchers heard many participants discuss individual resilience factors and how they believed these individual factors helped make the community more resilient, overall. Sheppard and Williams (2016) had not discovered these individual factors in their original literature review on community and environmental resilience. However, when they returned to the literature to search for individual resilience factors, they discovered a small body of literature in the child and youth psychology field. Consequently, Sheppard and Williams had to go back and add a new section to their literature review on individual resilience factors. Interestingly, their research appeared to be the first research to link individual resilience factors with community resilience factors.
The objective of this section of the research proposal is to convince the reader that your overall research design and methods of analysis will enable you to solve the research problem you have identified and also enable you to accurately and effectively interpret the results of your research. Consequently, it is critical that the research design and methods section is well-written, clear, and logically organized. This demonstrates to your reader that you know what you are going to do and how you are going to do it. Overall, you want to leave your reader feeling confident that you have what it takes to get this research study completed in a timely fashion.
Essentially, this section of the research proposal should be clearly tied to the specific objectives of your study; however, it is also important to draw upon and include examples from the literature review that relate to your design and intended methods. In other words, you must clearly demonstrate how your study utilizes and builds upon past studies, as it relates to the research design and intended methods. For example, what methods have been used by other researchers in similar studies?
While it is important to consider the methods that other researchers have employed, it is equally, if not more, important to consider what methods have not been but could be employed. Remember, the methods section is not simply a list of tasks to be undertaken. It is also an argument as to why and how the tasks you have outlined will help you investigate the research problem and answer your research question(s).
Tips for writing the research design and methods section:
Specify the methodological approaches you intend to employ to obtain information and the techniques you will use to analyze the data.
Specify the research operations you will undertake and the way you will interpret the results of those operations in relation to the research problem.
Go beyond stating what you hope to achieve through the methods you have chosen. State how you will actually implement the methods (i.e., coding interview text, running regression analysis, etc.).
Anticipate and acknowledge any potential barriers you may encounter when undertaking your research, and describe how you will address these barriers.
Explain where you believe you will find challenges related to data collection, including access to participants and information.
The purpose of this section is to argue how you anticipate that your research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the area of your study. Depending upon the aims and objectives of your study, you should also discuss how your anticipated findings may impact future research. For example, is it possible that your research may lead to a new policy, theoretical understanding, or method for analyzing data? How might your study influence future studies? What might your study mean for future practitioners working in the field? Who or what might benefit from your study? How might your study contribute to social, economic or environmental issues? While it is important to think about and discuss possibilities such as these, it is equally important to be realistic in stating your anticipated findings. In other words, you do not want to delve into idle speculation. Rather, the purpose here is to reflect upon gaps in the current body of literature and to describe how you anticipate your research will begin to fill in some or all of those gaps.
The conclusion reiterates the importance and significance of your research proposal, and provides a brief summary of the entire proposed study. Essentially, this section should only be one or two paragraphs in length. Here is a potential outline for your conclusion:
Discuss why the study should be done. Specifically discuss how you expect your study will advance existing knowledge and how your study is unique.
Explain the specific purpose of the study and the research questions that the study will answer.
Explain why the research design and methods chosen for this study are appropriate, and why other designs and methods were not chosen.
State the potential implications you expect to emerge from your proposed study,
Provide a sense of how your study fits within the broader scholarship currently in existence, related to the research problem.
As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used in composing your research proposal. In a research proposal, this can take two forms: a reference list or a bibliography. A reference list lists the literature you referenced in the body of your research proposal. All references in the reference list must appear in the body of the research proposal. Remember, it is not acceptable to say “as cited in …” As a researcher you must always go to the original source and check it for yourself. Many errors are made in referencing, even by top researchers, and so it is important not to perpetuate an error made by someone else. While this can be time consuming, it is the proper way to undertake a literature review.
In contrast, a bibliography , is a list of everything you used or cited in your research proposal, with additional citations to any key sources relevant to understanding the research problem. In other words, sources cited in your bibliography may not necessarily appear in the body of your research proposal. Make sure you check with your instructor to see which of the two you are expected to produce.
Overall, your list of citations should be a testament to the fact that you have done a sufficient level of preliminary research to ensure that your project will complement, but not duplicate, previous research efforts. For social sciences, the reference list or bibliography should be prepared in American Psychological Association (APA) referencing format. Usually, the reference list (or bibliography) is not included in the word count of the research proposal. Again, make sure you check with your instructor to confirm.
Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introduction Copyright © 2020 by Valerie Sheppard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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Learning objectives.
Writing a good research paper takes time, thought, and effort. Although this assignment is challenging, it is manageable. Focusing on one step at a time will help you develop a thoughtful, informative, well-supported research paper.
Your first step is to choose a topic and then to develop research questions, a working thesis, and a written research proposal. Set aside adequate time for this part of the process. Fully exploring ideas will help you build a solid foundation for your paper.
When you choose a topic for a research paper, you are making a major commitment. Your choice will help determine whether you enjoy the lengthy process of research and writing—and whether your final paper fulfills the assignment requirements. If you choose your topic hastily, you may later find it difficult to work with your topic. By taking your time and choosing carefully, you can ensure that this assignment is not only challenging but also rewarding.
Writers understand the importance of choosing a topic that fulfills the assignment requirements and fits the assignment’s purpose and audience. (For more information about purpose and audience, see Chapter 6 “Writing Paragraphs: Separating Ideas and Shaping Content” .) Choosing a topic that interests you is also crucial. You instructor may provide a list of suggested topics or ask that you develop a topic on your own. In either case, try to identify topics that genuinely interest you.
After identifying potential topic ideas, you will need to evaluate your ideas and choose one topic to pursue. Will you be able to find enough information about the topic? Can you develop a paper about this topic that presents and supports your original ideas? Is the topic too broad or too narrow for the scope of the assignment? If so, can you modify it so it is more manageable? You will ask these questions during this preliminary phase of the research process.
Sometimes, your instructor may provide a list of suggested topics. If so, you may benefit from identifying several possibilities before committing to one idea. It is important to know how to narrow down your ideas into a concise, manageable thesis. You may also use the list as a starting point to help you identify additional, related topics. Discussing your ideas with your instructor will help ensure that you choose a manageable topic that fits the requirements of the assignment.
In this chapter, you will follow a writer named Jorge, who is studying health care administration, as he prepares a research paper. You will also plan, research, and draft your own research paper.
Jorge was assigned to write a research paper on health and the media for an introductory course in health care. Although a general topic was selected for the students, Jorge had to decide which specific issues interested him. He brainstormed a list of possibilities.
If you are writing a research paper for a specialized course, look back through your notes and course activities. Identify reading assignments and class discussions that especially engaged you. Doing so can help you identify topics to pursue.
Set a timer for five minutes. Use brainstorming or idea mapping to create a list of topics you would be interested in researching for a paper about the influence of the Internet on social networking. Do you closely follow the media coverage of a particular website, such as Twitter? Would you like to learn more about a certain industry, such as online dating? Which social networking sites do you and your friends use? List as many ideas related to this topic as you can.
Once you have a list of potential topics, you will need to choose one as the focus of your essay. You will also need to narrow your topic. Most writers find that the topics they listed during brainstorming or idea mapping are broad—too broad for the scope of the assignment. Working with an overly broad topic, such as sexual education programs or popularized diets, can be frustrating and overwhelming. Each topic has so many facets that it would be impossible to cover them all in a college research paper. However, more specific choices, such as the pros and cons of sexual education in kids’ television programs or the physical effects of the South Beach diet, are specific enough to write about without being too narrow to sustain an entire research paper.
A good research paper provides focused, in-depth information and analysis. If your topic is too broad, you will find it difficult to do more than skim the surface when you research it and write about it. Narrowing your focus is essential to making your topic manageable. To narrow your focus, explore your topic in writing, conduct preliminary research, and discuss both the topic and the research with others.
“How am I supposed to narrow my topic when I haven’t even begun researching yet?” In fact, you may already know more than you realize. Review your list and identify your top two or three topics. Set aside some time to explore each one through freewriting. (For more information about freewriting, see Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” .) Simply taking the time to focus on your topic may yield fresh angles.
Jorge knew that he was especially interested in the topic of diet fads, but he also knew that it was much too broad for his assignment. He used freewriting to explore his thoughts so he could narrow his topic. Read Jorge’s ideas.
Another way writers may focus a topic is to conduct preliminary research . Like freewriting, exploratory reading can help you identify interesting angles. Surfing the web and browsing through newspaper and magazine articles are good ways to start. Find out what people are saying about your topic on blogs and online discussion groups. Discussing your topic with others can also inspire you. Talk about your ideas with your classmates, your friends, or your instructor.
Jorge’s freewriting exercise helped him realize that the assigned topic of health and the media intersected with a few of his interests—diet, nutrition, and obesity. Preliminary online research and discussions with his classmates strengthened his impression that many people are confused or misled by media coverage of these subjects.
Jorge decided to focus his paper on a topic that had garnered a great deal of media attention—low-carbohydrate diets. He wanted to find out whether low-carbohydrate diets were as effective as their proponents claimed.
At work, you may need to research a topic quickly to find general information. This information can be useful in understanding trends in a given industry or generating competition. For example, a company may research a competitor’s prices and use the information when pricing their own product. You may find it useful to skim a variety of reliable sources and take notes on your findings.
The reliability of online sources varies greatly. In this exploratory phase of your research, you do not need to evaluate sources as closely as you will later. However, use common sense as you refine your paper topic. If you read a fascinating blog comment that gives you a new idea for your paper, be sure to check out other, more reliable sources as well to make sure the idea is worth pursuing.
Review the list of topics you created in Note 11.18 “Exercise 1” and identify two or three topics you would like to explore further. For each of these topics, spend five to ten minutes writing about the topic without stopping. Then review your writing to identify possible areas of focus.
Set aside time to conduct preliminary research about your potential topics. Then choose a topic to pursue for your research paper.
Collaboration
Please share your topic list with a classmate. Select one or two topics on his or her list that you would like to learn more about and return it to him or her. Discuss why you found the topics interesting, and learn which of your topics your classmate selected and why.
Your freewriting and preliminary research have helped you choose a focused, manageable topic for your research paper. To work with your topic successfully, you will need to determine what exactly you want to learn about it—and later, what you want to say about it. Before you begin conducting in-depth research, you will further define your focus by developing a research question , a working thesis, and a research proposal.
In forming a research question, you are setting a goal for your research. Your main research question should be substantial enough to form the guiding principle of your paper—but focused enough to guide your research. A strong research question requires you not only to find information but also to put together different pieces of information, interpret and analyze them, and figure out what you think. As you consider potential research questions, ask yourself whether they would be too hard or too easy to answer.
To determine your research question, review the freewriting you completed earlier. Skim through books, articles, and websites and list the questions you have. (You may wish to use the 5WH strategy to help you formulate questions. See Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” for more information about 5WH questions.) Include simple, factual questions and more complex questions that would require analysis and interpretation. Determine your main question—the primary focus of your paper—and several subquestions that you will need to research to answer your main question.
Here are the research questions Jorge will use to focus his research. Notice that his main research question has no obvious, straightforward answer. Jorge will need to research his subquestions, which address narrower topics, to answer his main question.
Using the topic you selected in Note 11.24 “Exercise 2” , write your main research question and at least four to five subquestions. Check that your main research question is appropriately complex for your assignment.
A working thesis concisely states a writer’s initial answer to the main research question. It does not merely state a fact or present a subjective opinion. Instead, it expresses a debatable idea or claim that you hope to prove through additional research. Your working thesis is called a working thesis for a reason—it is subject to change. As you learn more about your topic, you may change your thinking in light of your research findings. Let your working thesis serve as a guide to your research, but do not be afraid to modify it based on what you learn.
Jorge began his research with a strong point of view based on his preliminary writing and research. Read his working thesis statement, which presents the point he will argue. Notice how it states Jorge’s tentative answer to his research question.
One way to determine your working thesis is to consider how you would complete sentences such as I believe or My opinion is . However, keep in mind that academic writing generally does not use first-person pronouns. These statements are useful starting points, but formal research papers use an objective voice.
Write a working thesis statement that presents your preliminary answer to the research question you wrote in Note 11.27 “Exercise 3” . Check that your working thesis statement presents an idea or claim that could be supported or refuted by evidence from research.
A research proposal is a brief document—no more than one typed page—that summarizes the preliminary work you have completed. Your purpose in writing it is to formalize your plan for research and present it to your instructor for feedback. In your research proposal, you will present your main research question, related subquestions, and working thesis. You will also briefly discuss the value of researching this topic and indicate how you plan to gather information.
When Jorge began drafting his research proposal, he realized that he had already created most of the pieces he needed. However, he knew he also had to explain how his research would be relevant to other future health care professionals. In addition, he wanted to form a general plan for doing the research and identifying potentially useful sources. Read Jorge’s research proposal.
Before you begin a new project at work, you may have to develop a project summary document that states the purpose of the project, explains why it would be a wise use of company resources, and briefly outlines the steps involved in completing the project. This type of document is similar to a research proposal. Both documents define and limit a project, explain its value, discuss how to proceed, and identify what resources you will use.
Now you may write your own research proposal, if you have not done so already. Follow the guidelines provided in this lesson.
Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
Parts of a research proposal, prosana model, introduction, research question, methodology.
A research proposal's purpose is to capture the evaluator's attention, demonstrate the study's potential benefits, and prove that it is a logical and consistent approach (Van Ekelenburg, 2010). To ensure that your research proposal contains these elements, there are several aspects to include in your proposal (Al-Riyami, 2008):
Details about what to include in each element are included in the boxes below. Depending on the topic of your study, some parts may not apply to your proposal. You can also watch the video below for a brief overview about writing a successful research proposal.
Van Ekelenburg (2010) uses the PROSANA Model to guide researchers in developing rationale and justification for their research projects. It is an acronym that connects the problem, solution, and benefits of a particular research project. It is an easy way to remember the critical parts of a research proposal and how they relate to one another. It includes the following letters (Van Ekelenburg, 2010):
Research proposal titles should be concise and to the point, but informative. The title of your proposal may be different from the title of your final research project, but that is completely normal! Your findings may help you come up with a title that is more fitting for the final project. Characteristics of good proposal titles are (Al-Riyami, 2008):
It is also common for proposal titles to be very similar to your research question, hypothesis, or thesis statement (Locke et al., 2007).
An abstract is a brief summary (about 300 words) of the study you are proposing. It includes the following elements (Al-Riyami, 2008):
Our guide on writing summaries may help you with this step.
The purpose of the introduction is to give readers background information about your topic. it gives the readers a basic understanding of your topic so that they can further understand the significance of your proposal. A good introduction will explain (Al-Riyami, 2008):
Your research objectives are the desired outcomes that you will achieve from the research project. Depending on your research design, these may be generic or very specific. You may also have more than one objective (Al-Riyami, 2008).
Be careful not to have too many objectives in your proposal, as having too many can make your project lose focus. Plus, it may not be possible to achieve several objectives in one study.
This section describes the different types of variables that you plan to have in your study and how you will measure them. According to Al-Riyami (2008), there are four types of research variables:
Your research proposal should describe each of your variables and how they relate to one another. Depending on your study, you may not have all four types of variables present. However, there will always be an independent and dependent variable.
A research question is the main piece of your research project because it explains what your study will discover to the reader. It is the question that fuels the study, so it is important for it to be precise and unique. You do not want it to be too broad, and it should identify a relationship between two variables (an independent and a dependent) (Al-Riyami, 2008). There are six types of research questions (Academic Writer, n.d.):
For more information on the different types of research questions, you can view the "Research Questions and Hypotheses" tutorial on Academic Writer, located below. If you are unfamiliar with Academic Writer, we also have a tutorial on using the database located below.
Compose papers in pre-formatted APA templates. Manage references in forms that help craft APA citations. Learn the rules of APA style through tutorials and practice quizzes.
Academic Writer will continue to use the 6th edition guidelines until August 2020. A preview of the 7th edition is available in the footer of the resource's site. Previously known as APA Style Central.
If you know enough about your research topic that you believe a particular outcome may occur as a result of the study, you can include a hypothesis (thesis statement) in your proposal. A hypothesis is a prediction that you believe will be the outcome of your study. It explains what you think the relationship will be between the independent and dependent variable (Al-Riyami, 2008). It is ok if the hypothesis in your proposal turns out to be incorrect, because it is only a prediction! If you are writing a proposal in the humanities, you may be writing a thesis statement instead of a hypothesis. A thesis presents the main argument of your research project and leads to corresponding evidence to support your argument.
Hypotheses vs. Theories
Hypotheses are different from theories in that theories represent general principles and sets of rules that explain different phenomena. They typically represent large areas of study because they are applicable to anything in a particular field. Hypotheses focus on specific areas within a field and are educated guesses, meaning that they have the potential to be proven wrong (Academic Writer, n.d.). Because of this, hypotheses can also be formed from theories.
For more information on writing effective thesis statements, you can view our guide on writing thesis statements below.
In a research proposal, you must thoroughly explain how you will conduct your study. This includes things such as (Al-Riyami, 2008):
For more information on research methodologies, you can view our guide on research methods and methodologies below.
Project A is a research proposal that involves identifying a research problem and conducting a literature review on it. To fully answer the research questions, primary data must be collected using a questionnaire, and descriptive research methods should be used.
Below is the example for Project A:
Research Proposal: Exploring the Effectiveness of Music Therapy in Reducing Anxiety Levels
Music therapy is a growing field that utilizes the power of music to address various psychological, emotional, and physical challenges. This research proposal aims to investigate the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing anxiety levels among individuals. Anxiety is a common mental health issue that can significantly impact an individual's well-being and daily functioning. By examining the potential benefits of music therapy, we can contribute to the existing literature and provide insights into an alternative therapeutic approach.
What is the impact of music therapy on reducing anxiety levels among individuals?
The literature review will provide an overview of relevant studies and theories related to music therapy and anxiety reduction. It will explore the existing evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy interventions in reducing anxiety levels. The review will also analyze the underlying mechanisms through which music therapy may exert its therapeutic effects. This comprehensive review will inform the research questions and methodology of this study.
Population:
The target population for this study will be individuals experiencing anxiety symptoms. These individuals may include adults of various age groups and backgrounds who have been diagnosed with anxiety disorders or exhibit significant anxiety symptoms.
Sample Selection:
A convenience sampling technique will be employed to recruit participants. Potential participants will be identified through referrals from mental health professionals, community organizations, and online platforms. Inclusion criteria will encompass individuals aged 18 and above, diagnosed with an anxiety disorder or experiencing moderate to severe anxiety symptoms.
Variables and Measurement Scales:
Questionnaire Design:
The questionnaire will consist of two sections:
Section 1: Demographic Information
Section 2: Anxiety Assessment
Data Collection:
Data will be collected through self-administered questionnaires. Participants will have the option to complete the questionnaire online or in person. Adequate instructions and explanations will be provided to ensure accurate and consistent responses.
Descriptive statistical methods will be used to analyze the collected data. The mean, standard deviation, and frequency distribution will be calculated to summarize the participants' anxiety levels and examine the overall impact of music therapy on anxiety reduction. Additionally, subgroup analyses based on demographic variables will be conducted to identify potential variations in treatment effectiveness.
This research will prioritize ethical principles throughout the study. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants, ensuring their voluntary participation and confidentiality of their responses. The study will adhere to ethical guidelines regarding privacy, data protection, and participant welfare.
Include a list of all the sources cited in the research proposal following the appropriate referencing style (e.g., APA, MLA). By conducting this research, we aim to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on music therapy's efficacy in reducing anxiety levels. The findings will provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals, music therapists, and individuals seeking alternative therapeutic options for anxiety management.
The complete question:
For Project A, you need to submit a research proposal for a research project. What you need to do:
You need to identify a research problem and do a...rature review on it. Youneed to then kind variables are..... what your question......ooks like. And finally, when you .......search proposal with the following sections.
Keep in mind the following:
Remem.....gh we list the steps here one after .....r (find research probl..........keep going back to prev.......- that is, all ...rts match together! In particular:
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Workplaces today are changing; they are accommodating family lifestyles, reaching across international boundaries and, utilizing teams. Choose a non-traditional workplace and discuss how performance can effectively be appraised
In non-traditional workplaces , performance appraisal can be effectively conducted through various methods such as goal-setting, continuous feedback, self-assessment, and team evaluations.
These approaches focus on individual and team achievements , flexibility, and the ability to adapt to changing work dynamics. Regular communication and open dialogue between employees and supervisors are essential for setting clear expectations, providing constructive feedback, and identifying areas for improvement.
Emphasizing both qualitative and quantitative measures, such as project outcomes, innovative contributions , and collaboration, can provide a comprehensive assessment of performance in non-traditional workplaces.
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By beginning this test, I affirm that I will not give or receive any unauthorized help and that all work provided will be my own. I agree to abide by Seneca’s Academic Integrity Policy and I understand that any violation of academic integrity will be subject to the penalties outlined in the policy. Integrity Declaration (Assignments): By submitting this assignment, I affirm that I have not given or received any unauthorized help and that all work submitted is my own. I have abided by Seneca’s Academic Integrity Policy and I understand that any violation of academic integrity will be subject to the penalties outlined in the policy. Agree Disagree
I agree to abide by Seneca's Academic Integrity Policy and affirm that all work submitted is my own.
Academic integrity is a fundamental principle that ensures fairness, honesty, and trustworthiness in educational environments. By agreeing to abide by Seneca's Academic Integrity Policy and affirming that all work submitted is my own, I am acknowledging my commitment to upholding these principles.
Maintaining academic integrity is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it ensures that the learning process remains fair and equal for all students. When we refrain from giving or receiving unauthorized help, we create a level playing field where each individual's knowledge and skills are assessed accurately.
Secondly, upholding academic integrity cultivates personal growth and development. By relying on our own abilities and resources, we push ourselves to expand our understanding and deepen our knowledge in the subject matter. It encourages critical thinking, independent research, and problem-solving skills, which are essential for success in academia and beyond.
Furthermore, abiding by Seneca's Academic Integrity Policy is not only a requirement but also a moral and ethical responsibility . By affirming that all work submitted is our own, we demonstrate honesty, accountability, and respect for the intellectual property of others. It ensures that the educational institution maintains its reputation for integrity and produces graduates who are well-prepared and trustworthy professionals.
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When movie studios decide to release a blockbuster they must select a date in advance. Certain weekends (4th of July, Memorial Day, Christmas, etc.) are particularly desirable because many people who normally don't go to the movies will show up on those dates. However, since many big movies come out on or around those weekends, the competition is also fiercer. There are three blockbuster movies slated to open in 2021: the Avengers V: Still Avenging feat. Vin Diesel; Fast and Furious 16: Now Even Faster feat. Vin Diesel, and Space Jam: A New Legacy (not feat. Vin Diesel). Each belongs to a different studio: Marvel, Universal, and Warner. Suppose there are two possible opening weekends: Memorial Day, and November. Movies released on Memorial Day will split (evenly) $900 million in ticket revenue. Movies released in November will split $400 million in ticket revenue. 1. Write down the game played by the three studios (Hint: you can write two separate payoff matrices, where each matrix reflects a different action played by Warner) 2. Suppose that each studio chooses a release date simultaneously. Determine the Nash equilibrium(a). 3. Now suppose that the game is played sequentially, with Marvel announcing first, followed by Universal, and finally by Warner. Draw the game tree. (a) What are now the Nash equilibria? (b) What is the unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium? 4. Suppose that you are an executive at Universal in charge of marketing strategy. You learn that Marvel is going to announce the release date of the new Avengers in a week. You also realize that by investing an extra $40 million in an ad campaign you would be able to move up your own announcement date for Fast and Furious 16 (Warner still moves last in this game). Should you do it? Explain your reasoning.
1. The game played by the three studios can be represented by two separate payoff matrices , depending on Warner's action:
a) If Warner chooses to release their movie on Memorial Day:
Universal
Fast and Furious 16 Space Jam: A New Legacy
Marvel Avengers V: Still Avenging $450m, $450m $450m, $450m
b) If Warner chooses to release their movie in November:
Marvel Avengers V: Still Avenging $200m, $400m $200m, $400m
2. There are two Nash equilibria:
3. a) The Nash equilibria in the sequential game are:
3. b) The unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium is achieved if each studio plays their best response at every decision point in the game. In this case, it would be:
4. Yes, Universal should invest an extra $40 million in an ad campaign to move up the announcement date for Fast and Furious 16. If Marvel releases on Memorial Day, then Universal would prefer to release on Memorial Day as well to split the revenue equally.
To determine the Nash equilibrium, we need to find the best response of each studio given the actions of the others.
If Warner chooses Memorial Day, Marvel's best response is to release Avengers on Memorial Day to secure a $450 million share. Universal's best response is to release Fast and Furious 16 on Memorial Day to also secure a $450 million share. Warner's best response is to release Space Jam: A New Legacy on Memorial Day to secure a $450 million share. This leads to a Nash equilibrium where all movies are released on Memorial Day, and each studio earns $450 million.
If Warner chooses November, Marvel's best response is to release Avengers on Memorial Day to secure a $400 million share. Universal's best response is to release Fast and Furious 16 in November to secure a $400 million share. Warner's best response is to release Space Jam: A New Legacy in November to secure a $400 million share. This also leads to a Nash equilibrium where all movies are released in November, and each studio earns $400 million.
Therefore, there are two Nash equilibria :
3. In the sequential game , the game tree would look like this:
Marvel
/ \
Memorial Day November
/ \ / \
Universal Warner Universal Warner
Memorial Day Memorial Da November November
a) The Nash equilibria in this sequential game are as follows:
b) The unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium is achieved if each studio plays their best response at every decision point in the game. In this case, it would be:
As an executive at Universal, you should consider the potential outcomes and payoffs based on the available information. If you invest an extra $40 million in an ad campaign to move up the announcement date for Fast and Furious 16, there are two possible scenarios:
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Mention the potential of hydropower in the development of Nepal in any five points.
Potential of hydropower in the development of Nepal:
1. Abundant water resources for hydropower generation.
2. Clean and renewable energy source.
3. Reduces dependency on imported fossil fuels.
4. Stimulates economic growth and job creation.
5. Potential for electricity export and revenue generation.
Hydropower has significant potential in the development of Nepal, offering various benefits.
Here are five points highlighting its potential:
1. Abundant Water Resources:
Nepal is blessed with numerous rivers and an extensive network of streams and rivulets , providing ample water resources for hydropower generation.
2. Clean and Renewable Energy:
3. Energy Independence:
4. Economic Growth and Job Creation:
5. Export Potential:
Overall, harnessing the potential of hydropower in Nepal can foster sustainable development , promote energy independence, and drive economic growth while addressing environmental concerns.
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Triplicate On Vulcan, the year lasts just 12 days. I.e., anyone born there can have only one of 12 possible birthdays. How many Vulcans should be invited to a party in order to make it likely that there are three people with the same birthday?
To find the number of Vulcans to invite to a party to make it likely that there are three people with the same birthday, we'll use the pigeonhole principle.
The pigeonhole principle states that if n items are put into m containers, with n>m, then at least one container must contain more than one item.In this problem, we can consider the 12 possible birthdays on Vulcan as the containers, and the number of Vulcans we invite to the party as the items being placed into these containers. Since there are only 12 possible birthdays , we can't have more than 12 Vulcans at the party without at least two of them having the same birthday.
Therefore, we want to find the minimum number of Vulcans we need to invite in order to guarantee that there are three people with the same birthday. Using the pigeonhole principle, we know that we need at least 13 Vulcans to guarantee this, since with 12 Vulcans there could be two with each possible birthday, but not three. Therefore, we need to invite at least 13 Vulcans to make it likely that there are three people with the same birthday.
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With unitary demand producers may charge either a higher or lower price, and the total revenue will ______________.
In unitary elastic demand, changing the price does not affect total revenue ; a 1% increase in price is offset by a 1% decrease in demand, keeping total revenue unchanged.
When the demand for a good is unitary elastic, producers have the flexibility to charge either a higher or lower price, and yet the total revenue will remain unchanged. In other words, the producer can modify the price without affecting their overall revenue. A 1% increase in price is counterbalanced by a 1% decrease in demand, and conversely. Consequently, if the producer lowers the price, the demand increases proportionately, and vice versa, resulting in the producer's total revenue remaining the same.
Unitary demand can be defined as a situation where the percentage change in price is equal to the percentage change in quantity demanded , thereby maintaining a constant total revenue. In general, total revenue is calculated by multiplying the price of the good by the quantity sold. Therefore, the formula to determine the total revenue is: Total Revenue = Price x Quantity sold.
Therefore, in the case of unitary elastic demand, the total revenue remains constant, regardless of whether the producer increases or decreases the price. Thus, the appropriate statement to fill in the blank would be remain unchanged.
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In a cohort study of a population numbering two million, they saw that people that had multanimarosorcerer recommendations are 3.9 times as likely to have recorded at least one episode of zursweirding by age seventy than people who never took multanimarosorcerer.
The given statement represents the result of a cohort study performed on a population of 2 million people.
The study revealed that those who had taken multanimarosorcerer recommendations were 3.9 times more likely to have at least one episode of zursweirding recorded by age seventy than those who never took multanimarosorcerer. A cohort study is a type of observational study that aims to determine the association between exposure to risk factors and the occurrence of certain outcomes. In a cohort study, participants who have been exposed to the risk factors are followed over a period to study how the exposure to the risk factor affects their health outcome. Two types of cohorts are usually studied:
retrospective cohort study and prospective cohort study. In a prospective cohort study, participants are divided into two groups based on whether they were exposed to the risk factor or not. These groups are then followed over time to determine the occurrence of the outcome of interest. In a retrospective cohort study, participants are selected based on their exposure status and whether they developed the outcome of interest in the past.The above-stated statement is a result of a prospective cohort study, and the statement provides evidence for an association between multanimarosorcerer and zursweirding.
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Because of the nature of Jules Bronson's crimes, Dr. Barter recommended that he be incarcerated for 10 years with no chance of parole or probation. Question options:True / False
The given statement "Because of the nature of Jules Bronson's crimes, Dr. Barter recommended that he be incarcerated for 10 years with no chance of parole or probation." is False because Dr. Barter did not recommend that Jules Bronson be incarcerated for 10 years with no chance of parole or probation.
When determining the length of incarceration and the availability of parole or probation, several factors are typically taken into consideration, including the severity of the crimes committed, the individual's criminal history, the potential for rehabilitation , and the overall circumstances surrounding the case. It is a complex process involving legal professionals, judges, and sometimes juries.
The recommendation for a specific sentence and the availability of parole or probation would depend on various factors specific to the case and would be decided by the legal system . Typically, in cases where the crimes are severe or heinous, longer sentences without parole or probation may be considered. However, it is essential to follow due process and ensure that the accused receives a fair trial and the opportunity for rehabilitation if possible.
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Exercise 5-11 Algo Christine Wong has asked Dave and Mike to help her move into a new apartment on Sunday morning. She has asked them both, in case one of them does not show up. From past experience, Christine knows that there is a 47% chance that Dave will not show up and a 37% chance that Mike will not show up. Dave and Mike do not know each other and their decisions can be assumed to be independent. a. What is the probability that both Dave and Mike will show up? Note: Round your answer to 2 decimal places. b. What is the probability that at least one of them will show up? Note: Round your answer to 2 decimal places. c. What is the probability that neither Dave nor Mike will show up? Note: Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
A. The probability that both Dave and Mike will show up is approximately 0.33. B. The probability that at least one of them will show up is approximately 0.83. C. The probability that neither Dave nor Mike will show up is approximately 0.17.
a. To find the probability that both Dave and Mike will show up, we need to multiply their individual probabilities of showing up. Since their decisions are independent, we can multiply the probabilities.
The probability that Dave will show up is 1 - 0.47 = 0.53 (100% - 47%).
The probability that Mike will show up is 1 - 0.37 = 0.63 (100% - 37%).
To find the probability that both Dave and Mike will show up, we multiply their probabilities:
0.53 * 0.63 = 0.3349.
Rounding this to 2 decimal places, the probability that both Dave and Mike will show up is approximately 0.33.
b. To find the probability that at least one of them will show up, we can use the complement rule . The complement of "at least one of them will show up" is "neither Dave nor Mike will show up." Therefore, we can subtract the probability of neither of them showing up from 1.
The probability that neither Dave nor Mike will show up is the product of their individual probabilities of not showing up:
0.47 * 0.37 = 0.1739.
To find the probability that at least one of them will show up , we subtract this probability from 1:
1 - 0.1739 = 0.8261.
Rounding this to 2 decimal places, the probability that at least one of them will show up is approximately 0.83.
c. The probability that neither Dave nor Mike will show up is the product of their individual probabilities of not showing up:
Rounding this to 2 decimal places, the probability that neither Dave nor Mike will show up is approximately 0.17.
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Which environmental philosophies and political views of nature best explains the experience of going to a park. Describe what you noticed, and why your experience is best reflected in the political view of nature you indicate. (Conservation, romanticism, ecofeminism, Deep ecology etc.) Make sure to include reasonings on why you chose the indicate political view of nature.
Romanticism's emphasis on revering and appreciating nature for its beauty, intrinsic value, and the sense of connection it fosters best explains the park experience.
When one goes to the park, the environmental philosophy and political view of nature that best explains the experience is romanticism. This view emphasizes the idea that nature is something to be revered and appreciated for its beauty, rather than simply being a resource to be exploited or used for human gain.
This connection was not purely intellectual or pragmatic but was based on a genuine sense of awe and admiration for the natural world. As a result, this experience is best reflected in the romantic view of nature.
This view holds that nature is not just a source of resources or a tool for human progress, but is something that should be respected and appreciated for its own inherent value. It emphasizes the importance of preserving natural beauty and wildlife, rather than simply exploiting it for economic gain.
Romanticism is particularly relevant to the park experience because it highlights the idea that humans are not the only ones who benefit from nature. Instead, it recognizes that nature has its own intrinsic value and should be appreciated for its own sake.
It is this appreciation that allows individuals to feel a deep sense of connection with the natural world and to value it as something more than just a resource to be used or exploited.
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need help with this question: A classmate asks, generally, when it is ok to use OLS estimates and when you need to worry about identification. What can you tell them?
The independent variables are exogenous, i.e. they are not caused by the variables.
The independent variables are not related to each other.
Error follows a normal distribution with constant variance.
Explanation:
The OLS estimator can generally be used when the following conditions are met:
- The independent variables are exogenous, i.e. they are not caused by the variables.
-The independent variables are not related to each other.
-Error follows a normal distribution with constant variance.
If any of these conditions is false, you may be concerned about identification. Discrimination refers to the ability to predict the outcome of independent variables.
If the independent variable is not exogenous, it may be associated with time error, which can distort the estimate. If the independent variables are related, the OLS estimator will be one, that is, the coefficients are not unique. If the error is not normally distributed, the OLS estimator will not work well.
There are many things you can do to fix authentication issues. One is to add more controls to the model.
This will help reduce the association between individual variables and time errors. Another is to use a different estimation method, such as measured variance or two-stage least squares.
If you are unsure whether there is a validation issue, it is best to see a validation professional.
Here are some tips for using the OLS estimation:
- Use packages that provide tests for OLS regression. Note the limitations of the OLS regression, such as its sensitivity to outliers and its inability to manage nonlinear relationships.
- Use OLS regression as a starting point for your analysis, but be willing to consider other methods if the assumptions of OLS regression are not met or the outcome needs to be estimated.
Researchers propose to evaluate the relationship between use of excessive force and body cameras for law enforcement officers in a Midwestern city. They hypothesize that officers wearing body cameras are less likely to use excessive force while making an arrest. 1. What would be the study population? 2. Based on the study population, what would be an appropriate sampling strategy? [ ] probability [ ] non-probability 3. Justify why they would use this sampling strategy. 4. Based on the sampling strategy selected in #2, identify one sampling technique that they could use. 5. Justify why they might utilize this sampling technique. 6. Based on your responses to questions 1−5, describe the resulting sample of subjects.
1. The study population would be law enforcement officers in the Midwestern city.
2. Based on the study population, an appropriate sampling strategy would be probability sampling .
3. They would use this sampling strategy because it allows for unbiased and generalizable results.
4. One sampling technique that they could use is simple random sampling.
5. They might utilize simple random sampling because it provides equal opportunity for all officers to be selected.
6. The resulting sample of subjects would consist of law enforcement officers randomly selected from the Midwestern city.
The study population refers to the group of individuals that the researchers want to generalize their findings to. In this case, it would be law enforcement officers in the Midwestern city.
Probability sampling involves randomly selecting participants from the population, ensuring that each individual has a known and equal chance of being included in the study. This helps to obtain a representative sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population.
By using a probability sampling strategy, the researchers can obtain a sample that represents the diversity and characteristics of the entire population of law enforcement officers in the Midwestern city. This ensures that the findings can be generalized to the larger population with confidence.
Simple random sampling involves randomly selecting participants from the population without any specific criteria or stratification. Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, and the selection is independent of any other factors.
By using simple random sampling, every law enforcement officer in the Midwestern city has an equal chance of being included in the study. This eliminates biases in the selection process and ensures that each officer has an equal opportunity to be represented in the sample.
Through the use of simple random sampling, a subset of law enforcement officers will be chosen to participate in the study. This resulting sample will represent a diverse range of officers from the Midwestern city and allow for the generalization of findings to the larger population of law enforcement officers in that area.
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6. Identify positive coping skills that may be used to alleviate stress. 8. What types of financial adjustments may be associated with cultural shock?
Positive coping skills that can effectively reduce stress encompass engaging in physical exercise, practicing relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation, seeking support from friends and family, maintaining a healthy lifestyle through proper diet and sleep, participating in enjoyable hobbies or activities, and practicing effective time management and organization.
Financial adjustments associated with cultural shock may involve adapting to variations in currency, cost of living, and financial customs within the new culture.
This could entail budgeting, familiarizing oneself with local banking systems, understanding taxation and financial regulations, and being aware of disparities in pricing and economic practices .
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Michael likes his PlayStation. He particularly likes the game selection, especially the Spiderman game. This is an example of a customer gaining value from the product's: Complementary products Technological utility Installed base Consumer surplus
The customer gaining value from the PlayStation and its game selection, particularly the Spiderman game, can be attributed to the concept of consumer surplus . Here option D is the correct answer.
Consumer surplus refers to the difference between the price a consumer is willing to pay for a product and the actual price they pay. In this scenario, Michael's preference for the PlayStation and the Spiderman game suggests that the product's features, gameplay, and overall experience provide him with a higher level of satisfaction and enjoyment.
This indicates that the product's value to him exceeds the price he paid for it. The PlayStation and the game selection have fulfilled his expectations and have likely exceeded the utility he anticipated. Furthermore, Michael's appreciation for the game selection showcases the value of complementary products .
The availability of the Spiderman game , along with other appealing titles, enhances the overall value proposition of the PlayStation. The presence of a diverse and exciting game library contributes to Michael's positive experience and reinforces his satisfaction with the product. Therefore option D is the correct answer.
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Which amendment did the Supreme Court use when determining that the exclusion of Latinos from jury duty in Texas violated Hernandez's rights in Hernandez 1! Texas? First Sixth Eighth Tenth Fourteenth
The Supreme Court used the 14th Amendment when determining that the exclusion of Latinos from jury duty in Texas violated Hernandez's rights in Hernandez v. Texas. Here option E is the correct answer.
This was the first Supreme Court case that extended protection against discrimination against Latinos. Hernandez v. Texas was a U.S. Supreme Court case in which Pete Hernandez, a Mexican-American cotton picker, was convicted of murder by an all-Anglo jury in Jackson County, Texas. Hernandez claimed that the county had purposefully excluded people of Mexican ancestry from the jury rolls.
He appealed his conviction, but the Texas courts denied his petition. Hernandez's attorney appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. On May 3, 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously reversed Hernandez's conviction on the grounds that the county had systematically excluded Mexican Americans from jury service.
This case was significant in that it was the first time the Supreme Court had extended the protections of the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause to Latinos. Therefore option E is the correct answer.
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Complete question:
Which amendment did the Supreme Court use when determining that the exclusion of Latinos from jury duty in Texas violated Hernandez's rights in Hernandez 1? Texas?
E - Fourteenth
When the financial market investors (the Wall Street) expect a massive government spending on infrastructure and other government expenses for quick economic recovery from Covid-19 crisis, the yield o
When the financial market investors expect a massive government spending on infrastructure and other government expenses for quick economic recovery from Covid-19 crisis, the yield of US treasury securities is expected to option B. rise among others.
When financial market investors anticipate a substantial increase in government spending on infrastructure and other expenses to stimulate economic recovery from the Covid-19 crisis, it is likely to result in a rise in the yield of US Treasury securities. Here's why:
It's important to note that other factors can also influence Treasury yields, such as the overall economic conditions, monetary policy decisions by the Federal Reserve, and global market dynamics. However, in the given scenario, the expectation of massive government spending suggests a likely increase in the yield of US Treasury securities. Therefore the correct option is B
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The Question was Incomplete, Find the full content below :
1. When the financial market investors (the Wall Street) expect a massive government spending on infrastructure and other government expenses for quick economic recovery from Covid-19 crisis, the yield of US treasury securities is expected to ____________, among others.
a. No Change
d. none of these possible answers are correct, more information is needed
What is the name of the bar where the sword fisherman hang out? a. The Crow's Nest b. The Fish Shack C. The Captain's Secret d. The Davy Jones
After receiving Jessie’s harsh email, Ashton asked her to come to the store so that they could talk in person. When Jessie opened up about all of her concerns and frustrations, they were able to talk things out and design a more equitable way to divide the work and responsibilities of owning and operating the store. Jessie and Ashton developed a list of their individual responsibilities, and this information was shared with employees. This allowed everyone to fully understand which owner was responsible for different workplace issues. Furthermore, Jessie and Ashton worked together and successfully wrote an employee handbook, which included policies regarding safety, overtime, holidays, and respect in the workplace. Creating this document as a team helped remind Jessie and Ashton that they worked well together and really did have the same vision for providing high-quality mock perfume at reasonable prices. As well, they had taken all employees out for a night of pizza and bowling, and the event was a huge success. Everyone got along well, and the atmosphere in the store seemed better after this evening out. More Employees Needed? Ashton was still convinced that they needed to hire more employees, so he emailed Jessie about this. He wanted to hire 2 more sales clerks and an inventory specialist. Jessie wrote back indicating that these people would cut into profits and they shouldn’t hire more people until they were sure that they were needed. "Besides, our current employees seem to be managing inventory, so we don’t need someone specifically in charge of this task," wrote Jessie. Ashton wrote back indicating that on 3 separate occasions when he was in the store customers had asked for a specific product only to be told that it wasn’t in stock. Ashton noted, "Business is being lost because of ineffective inventory management. I happen to know that my cousin Ashley could take on this role and would enhance and grow our profits." Jessie once again replied and suggested that they interview each employee individually to gain a better understanding of the work each performs. "Only then can we determine if we need more sales clerks and an inventory specialist. Also, other employees will find out if we hire your cousin, and this could be seen as unfair." Ashton was becoming frustrated with the back-and-forth communication. Maybe things weren’t going as well as he had thought. One more email back to Jessie was worth a try, so he responded, "We will figure out what each employee does. If we need to hire an inventory specialist (and I’m betting we do), we can put together an effective and efficient recruitment plan to hire the best person for the job. I’m not sure why employees would care whom we hire, but I’m putting an action plan in place to address all of your ongoing concerns." Questions: 1. Is meeting with each employee individually the best method of job analysis? Why or why not? What other method(s) could be used and why?
Job analysis methods include observing employees on the job, conducting interviews or surveys, using daily activity logs or questionnaires, and organizing focus groups for multiple employees' input. The choice of method depends on the organization's needs.
Meeting with each employee individually may not be the best method of job analysis. Job analysis can be done in a variety of ways. One of the most effective methods is observing the employee on the job.
This gives you the chance to see what the employee is actually doing and how they do it. You can also talk to the employee to get more information about their job. This can be done through an interview or a survey. Another method is having the employee keep a log of their daily activities.
This gives you a detailed account of what they do during the day. You can also ask the employee to fill out a questionnaire. This allows them to provide detailed information about their job duties, responsibilities, and tasks. Finally, you can conduct a focus group.
This involves bringing together a group of employees to discuss their jobs. This allows you to get input from multiple employees at once. Ultimately, the best method of job analysis will depend on the specific needs of the organization .
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you will be doing a research study looking at "Social Loafing", or Affect for your first paper. For this week’s discussion, I want you to discuss with your group what you think this study is about. There are five components to this discussion: 1). What is the hypothesis? You can either give me the "gist" of the study here or copy them from the researcher instructions for Study One. 2). Do you agree with the predictions? That is, do you expect something different than the hypothesis in the researcher instructions? If yes, what and why? If no, justify why you think the predictions are inaccurate)? 3). Do you think this is a good, testable hypothesis (If no, what would be a better, more "testable" phrasing for the hypotheses)? 4). Do you see any ethical problems with this study? If so, how should you deal with those problems? 5). Finally, with your discussion group, assess your project, noting one thing different you would do if you had the chance to design a similar study on your own (Hint: You’ll get the chance to build a follow-up study to this Social Loafing study in a few weeks, so think about what you would do different right now and you may get the chance to follow through with that new study later in the semester!).
The study aims to investigate the impact of social loafing on affect.
It explores the hypothesis that individuals who engage in social loafing will experience negative affect.
In this study, the hypothesis would likely revolve around the relationship between social loafing and affect. The researchers might hypothesize that individuals who engage in social loafing (i.e., exert less effort when working in a group) would experience negative affect, such as decreased motivation, satisfaction, or enjoyment, compared to those who actively participate and contribute to the group task.
The hypothesis could also consider the potential mediating or moderating factors that could influence the relationship between social loafing and affect, such as individual personality traits or the perceived importance of the task.
As an AI language model, I don't have personal opinions or expectations. However, it is possible to have different predictions than the hypothesis presented in the researcher instructions. For example, one could predict that social loafing might not have a significant impact on affect, or that it could even have a positive effect in certain circumstances .
These alternative predictions could be based on prior research, theoretical frameworks, or personal reasoning. It is important to consider different perspectives and possibilities when interpreting the findings.
The hypothesis seems testable, as it examines the relationship between two variables (social loafing and affect) that can be measured and assessed. However, to make it more specific and measurable, it could be beneficial to clearly define the operationalization of social loafing and affect. This would involve providing a clear definition of social loafing (e.g., reduced effort or lack of contribution in a group task) and specifying the affective outcomes of interest (e.g., self-reported motivation, satisfaction, or emotional state).
Ethical concerns may arise in this study, particularly related to potential deception or manipulation of participants' emotions. It is important to ensure that participants are provided with informed consent and are aware of the nature of the study. Steps should be taken to minimize any potential harm or distress to participants and ensure their privacy and confidentiality. Researchers should also consider the potential power dynamics within the group setting and take measures to maintain a respectful and inclusive environment.
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why wasnt walmart able to be successful in germany, write a 1 page response discussing about it.
Walmart could not compete with established brands, adapt to cultural differences, comply with employment laws, and avoid legal hurdles.
Walmart could not establish a stronghold in the German market. Here are some of the reasons why Walmart failed to be successful in Germany :
In conclusion, Walmart faced numerous obstacles in the German market. The company failed to establish a stronghold in Germany, and this contributed to its decision to leave the market in 2006.
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Describe the downloading process, and how to import transactions from outside of QuickBooks to your company file
To download transactions from your bank's website, select the correct account, download the transactions, and save the file. Then, in QuickBooks, choose the downloaded file, select the corresponding account, review and mark transactions, and add them to QuickBooks.
When downloading and importing transactions into QuickBooks , follow these steps: 1: Download Transactions from Your Bank's Website - To download transactions, follow these steps:
1. Choose the correct bank account where the transactions will be added. 2. Locate the “Banking” menu and select “Downloaded Transactions.” 3. Choose the “ Download Transactions” option and select the period you want to download.4. Click the “Download” button to save the file on your computer.
2: Upload and Import Transactions into QuickBooks To upload and import transactions into QuickBooks, follow this
1. Choose the “Banking” menu and select “Downloaded Transactions.”2. Click on “Browse” and choose the downloaded file. 3. Select the QuickBooks account that corresponds to the bank account that you downloaded the transactions from.
4. Click on “Next” to go to the “Add New Transactions” window . 5. Go through the transactions and mark the ones that you want to import. If you need to exclude any transaction, simply uncheck the box next to it. 6. Once done, click “Add” to add the transactions to QuickBooks.
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what are the bases of power concerning group and team dynamics.
The bases of power in group and team dynamics include legitimate power, expert power, referent power, reward power, and coercive power.
In group and team dynamics, power refers to the ability to influence others and direct their behavior toward achieving common goals. There are several bases of power that individuals can utilize within a group or team setting:
Legitimate power: This is the power that is derived from a person's formal position or role within the group or team. It is based on the authority granted to them by the organization or the group's structure.
Expert power : This power is derived from a person's knowledge, skills, or expertise in a particular area. Individuals who possess specialized knowledge or skills that are relevant to the group's objectives can exert influence based on their expertise.
Referent power: This power is based on the personal qualities and characteristics of an individual that attract admiration, respect, and identification from others in the group. It is often associated with charisma, trustworthiness, and likability.
Reward power: This power is based on the ability to provide rewards or incentives to others. It can include tangible rewards such as promotions, bonuses, or recognition, as well as intangible rewards such as praise or increased opportunities.
Coercive power : This power is based on the ability to impose punishments, sanctions, or negative consequences on others. It involves the use of fear, threats, or disciplinary actions to influence behavior.
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Grafting, the uniting of the stem of one plant with the stem or root of another, is widely used commercially to grow the stem of one variety that produces fine fruit on the root system of another variety with a hardy root system. For example, most sweet oranges grow on trees grafted to the root of a sour orange variety. Suppose each graft falls independently with probability 0.30. Five grafts are scheduled to be performed next week Let X denote the number of grafts that will fail next week. A. What is the written form of the distribution of the random variable X including its parameters? B. Write the formula for the PMF of X. C. Give the expected value and variance of X. D. Suppose that the cost of each falled graft is nine dollars. Find - The probability that the cost from failed grafts will exceed twenty dollars. - The expected value and the variance of the cost from failed grafts.
A. The distribution of the random variable X is a binomial distribution with parameters n = 5 (number of trials) and p = 0.30 (probability of failure).
B. The formula for the probability mass function (PMF) of X is given by P(X = k) = C(n, k) * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k), where C(n, k) is the binomial coefficient, k is the number of failures, n is the number of trials, and p is the probability of failure.
C. The expected value of X is E(X) = n * p = 5 * 0.30 = 1.5, and the variance of X is Var(X) = n * p * (1 - p) = 5 * 0.30 * 0.70 = 1.05.
D. The probability that the cost from failed grafts will exceed twenty dollars can be calculated based on the probability distribution of X. The expected value and variance of the cost from failed grafts can be obtained by multiplying the number of failed grafts (X) by the cost per failed graft ($9) and using the properties of expected value and variance.
Grafting is a common technique used in commercial horticulture to combine the desirable characteristics of different plant varieties. In this scenario, the grafting process involves joining the stem of one plant with the stem or root of another. The purpose is to grow a stem that produces high-quality fruit on the root system of a hardy variety. The question asks us to analyze the probability of graft failure and calculate various related measures.
The distribution of the random variable X, representing the number of failed grafts, follows a binomial distribution. This distribution is appropriate because each graft has an independent probability of failure, which is given as 0.30. The parameters for the binomial distribution are n = 5 (number of grafts scheduled for next week) and p = 0.30 (probability of failure for each graft).
The PMF of X, denoted as P(X = k), provides the probability of having exactly k failed grafts out of the five scheduled grafts. It can be calculated using the formula P(X = k) = C(n, k) * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k), where C(n, k) represents the binomial coefficient.
The expected value of X, denoted as E(X), indicates the average number of failed grafts we can expect. It is obtained by multiplying the number of trials (n) by the probability of failure (p), yielding E(X) = n * p = 5 * 0.30 = 1.5. The variance of X, denoted as Var(X), measures the dispersion or spread of the distribution and is calculated as Var(X) = n * p * (1 - p) = 5 * 0.30 * 0.70 = 1.05.
To determine the probability that the cost from failed grafts will exceed twenty dollars, we need to consider the cost per failed graft, which is given as $9. We can multiply the number of failed grafts (X) by the cost per graft and compare it to the threshold of $20.
The expected value and variance of the cost from failed grafts can be obtained by multiplying the number of failed grafts (X) by the cost per failed graft ($9) and using the properties of expected value and variance.
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can I please have a comprehensive conclusion about the health of the Cambodian economy?
In conclusion, the health of the Cambodian economy can be characterized as relatively strong and resilient, despite facing various challenges and vulnerabilities .
Over the past few decades, Cambodia has experienced robust economic growth , driven by sectors such as garment manufacturing, tourism, and construction. This growth has led to significant improvements in various socio-economic indicators, including poverty reduction and increased access to education and healthcare .
One of the key strengths of the Cambodian economy is its openness to foreign investment and trade, which has facilitated economic diversification and integration into regional and global markets. The government has implemented policies to attract foreign direct investment, develop special economic zones, and enhance the ease of doing business. Additionally, Cambodia benefits from preferential trade agreements, particularly in the garment sector , which has supported export-oriented industries.
Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on Cambodia's economy, particularly in sectors such as tourism and manufacturing. The decline in global travel and disruptions in supply chains have resulted in job losses and reduced economic activity. The government has implemented various measures to mitigate the impact, including fiscal stimulus packages, support for affected industries, and efforts to promote domestic tourism.
To ensure the continued health and resilience of the Cambodian economy, policymakers need to address key priorities. This includes diversifying the economy beyond garment manufacturing and tourism, promoting innovation and technology adoption, investing in infrastructure development, enhancing the quality of education and vocational training, and improving the business environment to attract sustainable investments.
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A news organization wants to discuss CRT being taught in public schools throughout the US in a live TV town hall event. The news agency selected 50 parents to attend this town hall even. The news agency surveyed the views of their attendees by asking the two question below. 1. a. Is CRT Racist? b. Should parents determine what their kids should be taught? At one point during the town hall broadcast, a 7 year old child was asked the above two questions. List all types of bias with this survey. Explain your answers.
The types of bias with this survey are as follows:There are many types of bias in the survey provided above. A news organization wants to discuss CRT being taught in public schools throughout the US in a live TV town hall event.
The news agency selected 50 parents to attend this town hall even. The news agency surveyed the views of their attendees by asking the two question below.1. a. Is CRT Racist?b. Should parents determine what their kids should be taught?At one point during the town hall broadcast, a 7-year-old child was asked the above two questions. The list of bias with this survey are as follows:Sample bias: The survey is based on 50 parents. The sample size is too small to make any generalization to the population.
This may cause sample bias because the parents may not be a representative sample of the parents of children in public schools.Question bias: The questions are leading questions and have an opinion embedded in them. The first question assumes CRT is racist, which isn't a fact, but an opinion. Also, the second question leads the respondents to agree that parents should determine what their kids should be taught. This may cause respondents to agree with the statement because of social desirability bias and it doesn't allow for other opinions.
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Why is the last step of adaptation planning about evaluation? What should it include, and why is this step necessary?
The last step of adaptation planning is about evaluation. It is so because it is important to evaluate the results of any plan that has been implemented to understand its effectiveness.
It can help determine the areas where it is successful and where improvements are needed. Adaptation planning evaluation should include the following components:
Review of the goals and objectives of the plan-Review of the strategies used in the plan.
Evaluation of the results, including the success and effectiveness of the plan
Evaluation of the costs of implementing the plan, including any financial, social, or environmental impacts. The process of evaluating the plan will help planners improve their approach for future plans. It is important to note that adaptation planning is an ongoing process, and it is important to update the plan and evaluate its effectiveness regularly. The ultimate goal of adaptation planning is to ensure that communities, organizations, and governments are prepared for the changes that are happening and will continue to happen in the future.
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LaPlace's theory of prediction: Fails because of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Fails because of sensitivity to initial conditions. Both A \& B Neither A nor B
Laplace's theory of prediction: B. Fails because of sensitivity to initial conditions.
This is an idea by mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace, which was in favor of the determinism concept. Laplace claimed that with the knowledge of all the positions and forces of particles in a universe at a given time, we can predict the future state of the universe.
However, two factors led to the downfall of Laplace's theory of prediction, which are: 1) The sensitivity of the initial conditions, also known as the butterfly effect, which makes it nearly impossible to know the precise initial conditions to make accurate predictions. 2) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which postulates that it's impossible to measure the position and momentum of a particle at the same time with absolute accuracy. Hence, Laplace's theory of prediction B. fails because of sensitivity to initial conditions.
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Does one’s educational level influence their opinion about vaccinations? A recent Angus Reid3 survey was taken. Each person sampled was asked to respond to the statement "The science around vaccinations isn’t clear." Respondents either "strongly agree", "moderately agree", "moderately disagree", or "strongly disagree". The sample was partitioned by level of education. There were n=670 respondents who’s highest level of education was high school or less, of which 348 "disagreed" (moderately disagree or stongly disagree). There were also n=376 who’s highest level of education was at least an undergraduate university education. Of these, 274 disagreed. Consider the population consisting of all persons, who’s highest level of education was high school or less and the bootstrap statistic pˆHS. USing 1000 iterations/replications, create a bootstrap distribution of pˆHS. Display your distribution.
Yes, one's educational level does influence their opinion about vaccinations.
According to the Angus Reid survey, the sample was divided based on the respondents' level of education. Among those with a high school education or less, out of the 670 respondents, 348 disagreed with the statement "The science around vaccinations isn't clear." On the other hand, among those with at least an undergraduate university education, out of the 376 respondents, 274 disagreed.
This data suggests that individuals with a higher level of education are more likely to disagree with the notion that the science around vaccinations is unclear. The higher proportion of disagreement among respondents with at least an undergraduate university education indicates that they are more likely to trust the scientific consensus on vaccinations.
Education plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's critical thinking skills, access to information, and understanding of scientific concepts. Higher education provides individuals with the opportunity to engage in more rigorous scientific discourse and develop the ability to evaluate evidence objectively. Therefore, those with a higher level of education may be more inclined to recognize the overwhelming scientific evidence supporting the safety and effectiveness of vaccines.
It is important to note that this survey only provides a snapshot of the opinions of the sampled individuals, and it may not be representative of the entire population. However, the data suggests a correlation between educational level and opinions about vaccinations.
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The following is the brainstorming methodology where anyone can call out ideas in no order until all the ideas are out: نقطة 1
The brainstorming methodology described, where ideas are generated without any particular order or structure until all ideas are expressed, is commonly referred to as "free associatio n."
In free association brainstorming , participants are encouraged to contribute ideas spontaneously, without constraints or hierarchical organization. The emphasis is on generating a large quantity of ideas rather than evaluating their quality. This approach promotes inclusivity and values the input of all participants.
By eliminating limitations and judgment, free association brainstorming stimulates creative thinking and allows for the exploration of unconventional ideas. It cultivates a collaborative and open atmosphere that can foster innovative solutions .
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You have been tasked with identifying, and implementing two human capital measures at Reardon Steel. Write a short-paper that (a) Defines each metric selected, (b) Explains how it will be measured, and (c) Explains why the measurement is important. Must begin with literature review and at a minimum have (a) Selected Human Capital Measurement 1, (b) Selected Human Capital Measurement 2, and (c) Conclusion as headings. Include Formulas for the two metrics selected. Answer the question in 800 words and mention references also.
Title: Human Capital Measures at Reardon Steel: A Proposal
Abstract: This paper aims to identify and implement two human capital measures at Reardon Steel, a leading steel manufacturing company.
By evaluating the literature on human capital management, this study presents two key metrics for measuring human capital: (1) Employee Productivity Index (EPI) and (2) Employee Retention Rate (ERR). The paper describes the calculation methods for each metric and highlights their significance in assessing and managing human capital effectively.
By adopting these measures, Reardon Steel can gain valuable insights into its workforce's productivity and engagement levels, enabling informed decision-making and strategic planning for optimizing human capital management.
Introduction: Human capital plays a vital role in organizational success and competitiveness . Effective measurement and management of human capital are crucial for organizations to maximize employee performance, productivity, and overall business outcomes.
This paper proposes two human capital measures for Reardon Steel: Employee Productivity Index (EPI) and Employee Retention Rate (ERR).
Literature Review: Various studies emphasize the significance of human capital measures in driving organizational success. Becker (1993) defines human capital as the knowledge, skills, and capabilities possessed by employees and highlights the need for measuring and valuing human capital.
Huselid (1995) argues that employee productivity and retention are key indicators of human capital performance and can contribute to sustained competitive advantage.
Selected Human Capital Measurement 1: Employee Productivity Index (EPI):
(a) Definition: The Employee Productivity Index (EPI) is a metric that quantifies an employee's contribution to the organization's output or revenue generation.
(b) Measurement: EPI can be calculated using the formula: EPI = (Total Output / Total Employee Hours) * 100.
(c) Importance: Measuring employee productivity helps identify high-performing individuals, evaluate departmental efficiency, and identify areas for improvement. It enables organizations to optimize resource allocation, identify training needs, and drive overall productivity growth.
Selected Human Capital Measurement 2: Employee Retention Rate (ERR):
(a) Definition: The Employee Retention Rate (ERR) is a metric that measures the proportion of employees who remain with the organization over a specified period.
(b) Measurement: ERR can be calculated using the formula: ERR = ((Number of Employees at the End of the Period - Number of New Hires) / Number of Employees at the Start of the Period) * 100.
(c) Importance: Employee retention is crucial for maintaining organizational knowledge, reducing recruitment and training costs, and fostering a positive work culture. Tracking ERR helps identify potential turnover risks, assess the effectiveness of retention strategies, and prioritize employee engagement and satisfaction initiatives.
Conclusion:
Implementing human capital measures such as the Employee Productivity Index (EPI) and Employee Retention Rate (ERR) allows Reardon Steel to assess and optimize its human capital management.
EPI enables the company to track productivity at the individual and departmental levels, fostering a culture of continuous improvement. ERR helps identify trends in employee retention, providing insights into the effectiveness of talent retention initiatives.
By adopting these measures, Reardon Steel can enhance decision-making, drive organizational performance, and achieve sustainable competitive advantage.
References:
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635-672.
To learn more about Human Capital
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Pitchai balakumar.
Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong. Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
1 Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2 Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, USA
An interactive workshop on ‘The Critical Steps for Successful Research: The Research Proposal and Scientific Writing’ was conducted in conjunction with the 64 th Annual Conference of the Indian Pharmaceutical Congress-2012 at Chennai, India. In essence, research is performed to enlighten our understanding of a contemporary issue relevant to the needs of society. To accomplish this, a researcher begins search for a novel topic based on purpose, creativity, critical thinking, and logic. This leads to the fundamental pieces of the research endeavor: Question, objective, hypothesis, experimental tools to test the hypothesis, methodology, and data analysis. When correctly performed, research should produce new knowledge. The four cornerstones of good research are the well-formulated protocol or proposal that is well executed, analyzed, discussed and concluded. This recent workshop educated researchers in the critical steps involved in the development of a scientific idea to its successful execution and eventual publication.
Creativity and critical thinking are of particular importance in scientific research. Basically, research is original investigation undertaken to gain knowledge and understand concepts in major subject areas of specialization, and includes the generation of ideas and information leading to new or substantially improved scientific insights with relevance to the needs of society. Hence, the primary objective of research is to produce new knowledge. Research is both theoretical and empirical. It is theoretical because the starting point of scientific research is the conceptualization of a research topic and development of a research question and hypothesis. Research is empirical (practical) because all of the planned studies involve a series of observations, measurements, and analyses of data that are all based on proper experimental design.[ 1 – 9 ]
The subject of this report is to inform readers of the proceedings from a recent workshop organized by the 64 th Annual conference of the ‘ Indian Pharmaceutical Congress ’ at SRM University, Chennai, India, from 05 to 06 December 2012. The objectives of the workshop titled ‘The Critical Steps for Successful Research: The Research Proposal and Scientific Writing,’ were to assist participants in developing a strong fundamental understanding of how best to develop a research or study protocol, and communicate those research findings in a conference setting or scientific journal. Completing any research project requires meticulous planning, experimental design and execution, and compilation and publication of findings in the form of a research paper. All of these are often unfamiliar to naïve researchers; thus, the purpose of this workshop was to teach participants to master the critical steps involved in the development of an idea to its execution and eventual publication of the results (See the last section for a list of learning objectives).
The two-day workshop was formatted to include key lectures and interactive breakout sessions that focused on protocol development in six subject areas of the pharmaceutical sciences. This was followed by sessions on scientific writing. DAY 1 taught the basic concepts of scientific research, including: (1) how to formulate a topic for research and to describe the what, why , and how of the protocol, (2) biomedical literature search and review, (3) study designs, statistical concepts, and result analyses, and (4) publication ethics. DAY 2 educated the attendees on the basic elements and logistics of writing a scientific paper and thesis, and preparation of poster as well as oral presentations.
The final phase of the workshop was the ‘Panel Discussion,’ including ‘Feedback/Comments’ by participants. There were thirteen distinguished speakers from India and abroad. Approximately 120 post-graduate and pre-doctoral students, young faculty members, and scientists representing industries attended the workshop from different parts of the country. All participants received a printed copy of the workshop manual and supporting materials on statistical analyses of data.
A research project generally comprises four key components: (1) writing a protocol, (2) performing experiments, (3) tabulating and analyzing data, and (4) writing a thesis or manuscript for publication.
A protocol, whether experimental or clinical, serves as a navigator that evolves from a basic outline of the study plan to become a qualified research or grant proposal. It provides the structural support for the research. Dr. G. Jagadeesh (US FDA), the first speaker of the session, spoke on ‘ Fundamentals in research process and cornerstones of a research project .’ He discussed at length the developmental and structural processes in preparing a research protocol. A systematic and step-by-step approach is necessary in planning a study. Without a well-designed protocol, there would be a little chance for successful completion of a research project or an experiment.
The first and the foremost difficult task in research is to identify a topic for investigation. The research topic is the keystone of the entire scientific enterprise. It begins the project, drives the entire study, and is crucial for moving the project forward. It dictates the remaining elements of the study [ Table 1 ] and thus, it should not be too narrow or too broad or unfocused. Because of these potential pitfalls, it is essential that a good or novel scientific idea be based on a sound concept. Creativity, critical thinking, and logic are required to generate new concepts and ideas in solving a research problem. Creativity involves critical thinking and is associated with generating many ideas. Critical thinking is analytical, judgmental, and involves evaluating choices before making a decision.[ 4 ] Thus, critical thinking is convergent type thinking that narrows and refines those divergent ideas and finally settles to one idea for an in-depth study. The idea on which a research project is built should be novel, appropriate to achieve within the existing conditions, and useful to the society at large. Therefore, creativity and critical thinking assist biomedical scientists in research that results in funding support, novel discovery, and publication.[ 1 , 4 ]
Elements of a study protocol
The next most crucial aspect of a study protocol is identifying a research question. It should be a thought-provoking question. The question sets the framework. It emerges from the title, findings/results, and problems observed in previous studies. Thus, mastering the literature, attendance at conferences, and discussion in journal clubs/seminars are sources for developing research questions. Consider the following example in developing related research questions from the research topic.
Hepatoprotective activity of Terminalia arjuna and Apium graveolens on paracetamol-induced liver damage in albino rats.
How is paracetamol metabolized in the body? Does it involve P450 enzymes? How does paracetamol cause liver injury? What are the mechanisms by which drugs can alleviate liver damage? What biochemical parameters are indicative of liver injury? What major endogenous inflammatory molecules are involved in paracetamol-induced liver damage?
A research question is broken down into more precise objectives. The objectives lead to more precise methods and definition of key terms. The objectives should be SMART-Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-framed,[ 10 ] and should cover the entire breadth of the project. The objectives are sometimes organized into hierarchies: Primary, secondary, and exploratory; or simply general and specific. Study the following example:
To evaluate the safety and tolerability of single oral doses of compound X in normal volunteers.
To assess the pharmacokinetic profile of compound X following single oral doses.
To evaluate the incidence of peripheral edema reported as an adverse event.
The objectives and research questions are then formulated into a workable or testable hypothesis. The latter forces us to think carefully about what comparisons will be needed to answer the research question, and establishes the format for applying statistical tests to interpret the results. The hypothesis should link a process to an existing or postulated biologic pathway. A hypothesis is written in a form that can yield measurable results. Studies that utilize statistics to compare groups of data should have a hypothesis. Consider the following example:
All biological research, including discovery science, is hypothesis-driven. However, not all studies need be conducted with a hypothesis. For example, descriptive studies (e.g., describing characteristics of a plant, or a chemical compound) do not need a hypothesis.[ 1 ]
Another important section to be included in the protocol is ‘significance of the study.’ Its purpose is to justify the need for the research that is being proposed (e.g., development of a vaccine for a disease). In summary, the proposed study should demonstrate that it represents an advancement in understanding and that the eventual results will be meaningful, contribute to the field, and possibly even impact society.
A literature search may be defined as the process of examining published sources of information on a research or review topic, thesis, grant application, chemical, drug, disease, or clinical trial, etc. The quantity of information available in print or electronically (e.g., the internet) is immense and growing with time. A researcher should be familiar with the right kinds of databases and search engines to extract the needed information.[ 3 , 6 ]
Dr. P. Balakumar (Institute of Pharmacy, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa, Haryana; currently, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Malaysia) spoke on ‘ Biomedical literature: Searching, reviewing and referencing .’ He schematically explained the basis of scientific literature, designing a literature review, and searching literature. After an introduction to the genesis and diverse sources of scientific literature searches, the use of PubMed, one of the premier databases used for biomedical literature searches world-wide, was illustrated with examples and screenshots. Several companion databases and search engines are also used for finding information related to health sciences, and they include Embase, Web of Science, SciFinder, The Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, and Google Scholar.[ 3 ] Literature searches using alternative interfaces for PubMed such as GoPubMed, Quertle, PubFocus, Pubget, and BibliMed were discussed. The participants were additionally informed of databases on chemistry, drugs and drug targets, clinical trials, toxicology, and laboratory animals (reviewed in ref[ 3 ]).
Referencing and bibliography are essential in scientific writing and publication.[ 7 ] Referencing systems are broadly classified into two major types, such as Parenthetical and Notation systems. Parenthetical referencing is also known as Harvard style of referencing, while Vancouver referencing style and ‘Footnote’ or ‘Endnote’ are placed under Notation referencing systems. The participants were educated on each referencing system with examples.
Dr. Raj Rajasekaran (University of California at San Diego, CA, USA) enlightened the audience on ‘ bibliography management ’ using reference management software programs such as Reference Manager ® , Endnote ® , and Zotero ® for creating and formatting bibliographies while writing a manuscript for publication. The discussion focused on the use of bibliography management software in avoiding common mistakes such as incomplete references. Important steps in bibliography management, such as creating reference libraries/databases, searching for references using PubMed/Google scholar, selecting and transferring selected references into a library, inserting citations into a research article and formatting bibliographies, were presented. A demonstration of Zotero®, a freely available reference management program, included the salient features of the software, adding references from PubMed using PubMed ID, inserting citations and formatting using different styles.
The workshop systematically instructed the participants in writing ‘ experimental protocols ’ in six disciplines of Pharmaceutical Sciences.: (1) Pharmaceutical Chemistry (presented by Dr. P. V. Bharatam, NIPER, Mohali, Punjab); (2) Pharmacology (presented by Dr. G. Jagadeesh and Dr. P. Balakumar); (3) Pharmaceutics (presented by Dr. Jayant Khandare, Piramal Life Sciences, Mumbai); (4) Pharmacy Practice (presented by Dr. Shobha Hiremath, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru); (5) Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry (presented by Dr. Salma Khanam, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru); and (6) Pharmaceutical Analysis (presented by Dr. Saranjit Singh, NIPER, Mohali, Punjab). The purpose of the research plan is to describe the what (Specific Aims/Objectives), why (Background and Significance), and how (Design and Methods) of the proposal.
The research plan should answer the following questions: (a) what do you intend to do; (b) what has already been done in general, and what have other researchers done in the field; (c) why is this worth doing; (d) how is it innovative; (e) what will this new work add to existing knowledge; and (f) how will the research be accomplished?
In general, the format used by the faculty in all subjects is shown in Table 2 .
Elements of a research protocol
Biostatistics is a key component of biomedical research. Highly reputed journals like The Lancet, BMJ, Journal of the American Medical Association, and many other biomedical journals include biostatisticians on their editorial board or reviewers list. This indicates that a great importance is given for learning and correctly employing appropriate statistical methods in biomedical research. The post-lunch session on day 1 of the workshop was largely committed to discussion on ‘ Basic biostatistics .’ Dr. R. Raveendran (JIPMER, Puducherry) and Dr. Avijit Hazra (PGIMER, Kolkata) reviewed, in parallel sessions, descriptive statistics, probability concepts, sample size calculation, choosing a statistical test, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing and ‘ P ’ values, parametric and non-parametric statistical tests, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), t tests, Chi-square test, type I and type II errors, correlation and regression, and summary statistics. This was followed by a practice and demonstration session. Statistics CD, compiled by Dr. Raveendran, was distributed to the participants before the session began and was demonstrated live. Both speakers worked on a variety of problems that involved both clinical and experimental data. They discussed through examples the experimental designs encountered in a variety of studies and statistical analyses performed for different types of data. For the benefit of readers, we have summarized statistical tests applied frequently for different experimental designs and post-hoc tests [ Figure 1 ].
Conceptual framework for statistical analyses of data. Of the two kinds of variables, qualitative (categorical) and quantitative (numerical), qualitative variables (nominal or ordinal) are not normally distributed. Numerical data that come from normal distributions are analyzed using parametric tests, if not; the data are analyzed using non-parametric tests. The most popularly used Student's t -test compares the means of two populations, data for this test could be paired or unpaired. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the means of three or more independent populations that are normally distributed. Applying t test repeatedly in pair (multiple comparison), to compare the means of more than two populations, will increase the probability of type I error (false positive). In this case, for proper interpretation, we need to adjust the P values. Repeated measures ANOVA is used to compare the population means if more than two observations coming from same subject over time. The null hypothesis is rejected with a ‘ P ’ value of less than 0.05, and the difference in population means is considered to be statistically significant. Subsequently, appropriate post-hoc tests are used for pairwise comparisons of population means. Two-way or three-way ANOVA are considered if two (diet, dose) or three (diet, dose, strain) independent factors, respectively, are analyzed in an experiment (not described in the Figure). Categorical nominal unmatched variables (counts or frequencies) are analyzed by Chi-square test (not shown in the Figure)
The legitimate pursuit of scientific creativity is unfortunately being marred by a simultaneous increase in scientific misconduct. A disproportionate share of allegations involves scientists of many countries, and even from respected laboratories. Misconduct destroys faith in science and scientists and creates a hierarchy of fraudsters. Investigating misconduct also steals valuable time and resources. In spite of these facts, most researchers are not aware of publication ethics.
Day 1 of the workshop ended with a presentation on ‘ research and publication ethics ’ by Dr. M. K. Unnikrishnan (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal). He spoke on the essentials of publication ethics that included plagiarism (attempting to take credit of the work of others), self-plagiarism (multiple publications by an author on the same content of work with slightly different wordings), falsification (manipulation of research data and processes and omitting critical data or results), gift authorship (guest authorship), ghostwriting (someone other than the named author (s) makes a major contribution), salami publishing (publishing many papers, with minor differences, from the same study), and sabotage (distracting the research works of others to halt their research completion). Additionally, Dr. Unnikrishnan pointed out the ‘ Ingelfinger rule ’ of stipulating that a scientist must not submit the same original research in two different journals. He also advised the audience that authorship is not just credit for the work but also responsibility for scientific contents of a paper. Although some Indian Universities are instituting preventive measures (e.g., use of plagiarism detecting software, Shodhganga digital archiving of doctoral theses), Dr. Unnikrishnan argued for a great need to sensitize young researchers on the nature and implications of scientific misconduct. Finally, he discussed methods on how editors and peer reviewers should ethically conduct themselves while managing a manuscript for publication.
Research outcomes are measured through quality publications. Scientists must not only ‘do’ science but must ‘write’ science. The story of the project must be told in a clear, simple language weaving in previous work done in the field, answering the research question, and addressing the hypothesis set forth at the beginning of the study. Scientific publication is an organic process of planning, researching, drafting, revising, and updating the current knowledge for future perspectives. Writing a research paper is no easier than the research itself. The lectures of Day 2 of the workshop dealt with the basic elements and logistics of writing a scientific paper.
Dr. Amitabh Prakash (Adis, Auckland, New Zealand) spoke on ‘ Learning how to write a good scientific paper .’ His presentation described the essential components of an original research paper and thesis (e.g., introduction, methods, results, and discussion [IMRaD]) and provided guidance on the correct order, in which data should appear within these sections. The characteristics of a good abstract and title and the creation of appropriate key words were discussed. Dr. Prakash suggested that the ‘title of a paper’ might perhaps have a chance to make a good impression, and the title might be either indicative (title that gives the purpose of the study) or declarative (title that gives the study conclusion). He also suggested that an abstract is a succinct summary of a research paper, and it should be specific, clear, and concise, and should have IMRaD structure in brief, followed by key words. Selection of appropriate papers to be cited in the reference list was also discussed. Various unethical authorships were enumerated, and ‘The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship’ was explained ( http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html ; also see Table 1 in reference #9). The session highlighted the need for transparency in medical publication and provided a clear description of items that needed to be included in the ‘Disclosures’ section (e.g., sources of funding for the study and potential conflicts of interest of all authors, etc.) and ‘Acknowledgements’ section (e.g., writing assistance and input from all individuals who did not meet the authorship criteria). The final part of the presentation was devoted to thesis writing, and Dr. Prakash provided the audience with a list of common mistakes that are frequently encountered when writing a manuscript.
The backbone of a study is description of results through Text, Tables, and Figures. Dr. S. B. Deshpande (Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India) spoke on ‘ Effective Presentation of Results .’ The Results section deals with the observations made by the authors and thus, is not hypothetical. This section is subdivided into three segments, that is, descriptive form of the Text, providing numerical data in Tables, and visualizing the observations in Graphs or Figures. All these are arranged in a sequential order to address the question hypothesized in the Introduction. The description in Text provides clear content of the findings highlighting the observations. It should not be the repetition of facts in tables or graphs. Tables are used to summarize or emphasize descriptive content in the text or to present the numerical data that are unrelated. Illustrations should be used when the evidence bearing on the conclusions of a paper cannot be adequately presented in a written description or in a Table. Tables or Figures should relate to each other logically in sequence and should be clear by themselves. Furthermore, the discussion is based entirely on these observations. Additionally, how the results are applied to further research in the field to advance our understanding of research questions was discussed.
Dr. Peush Sahni (All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi) spoke on effectively ‘ structuring the Discussion ’ for a research paper. The Discussion section deals with a systematic interpretation of study results within the available knowledge. He said the section should begin with the most important point relating to the subject studied, focusing on key issues, providing link sentences between paragraphs, and ensuring the flow of text. Points were made to avoid history, not repeat all the results, and provide limitations of the study. The strengths and novel findings of the study should be provided in the discussion, and it should open avenues for future research and new questions. The Discussion section should end with a conclusion stating the summary of key findings. Dr. Sahni gave an example from a published paper for writing a Discussion. In another presentation titled ‘ Writing an effective title and the abstract ,’ Dr. Sahni described the important components of a good title, such as, it should be simple, concise, informative, interesting and eye-catching, accurate and specific about the paper's content, and should state the subject in full indicating study design and animal species. Dr. Sahni explained structured (IMRaD) and unstructured abstracts and discussed a few selected examples with the audience.
The next lecture of Dr. Amitabh Prakash on ‘ Language and style in scientific writing: Importance of terseness, shortness and clarity in writing ’ focused on the actual sentence construction, language, grammar and punctuation in scientific manuscripts. His presentation emphasized the importance of brevity and clarity in the writing of manuscripts describing biomedical research. Starting with a guide to the appropriate construction of sentences and paragraphs, attendees were given a brief overview of the correct use of punctuation with interactive examples. Dr. Prakash discussed common errors in grammar and proactively sought audience participation in correcting some examples. Additional discussion was centered on discouraging the use of redundant and expendable words, jargon, and the use of adjectives with incomparable words. The session ended with a discussion of words and phrases that are commonly misused (e.g., data vs . datum, affect vs . effect, among vs . between, dose vs . dosage, and efficacy/efficacious vs . effective/effectiveness) in biomedical research manuscripts.
The appropriateness in selecting the journal for submission and acceptance of the manuscript should be determined by the experience of an author. The corresponding author must have a rationale in choosing the appropriate journal, and this depends upon the scope of the study and the quality of work performed. Dr. Amitabh Prakash spoke on ‘ Working with journals: Selecting a journal, cover letter, peer review process and impact factor ’ by instructing the audience in assessing the true value of a journal, understanding principles involved in the peer review processes, providing tips on making an initial approach to the editorial office, and drafting an appropriate cover letter to accompany the submission. His presentation defined the metrics that are most commonly used to measure journal quality (e.g., impact factor™, Eigenfactor™ score, Article Influence™ score, SCOPUS 2-year citation data, SCImago Journal Rank, h-Index, etc.) and guided attendees on the relative advantages and disadvantages of using each metric. Factors to consider when assessing journal quality were discussed, and the audience was educated on the ‘green’ and ‘gold’ open access publication models. Various peer review models (e.g., double-blind, single-blind, non-blind) were described together with the role of the journal editor in assessing manuscripts and selecting suitable reviewers. A typical checklist sent to referees was shared with the attendees, and clear guidance was provided on the best way to address referee feedback. The session concluded with a discussion of the potential drawbacks of the current peer review system.
Posters have become an increasingly popular mode of presentation at conferences, as it can accommodate more papers per meeting, has no time constraint, provides a better presenter-audience interaction, and allows one to select and attend papers of interest. In Figure 2 , we provide instructions, design, and layout in preparing a scientific poster. In the final presentation, Dr. Sahni provided the audience with step-by-step instructions on how to write and format posters for layout, content, font size, color, and graphics. Attendees were given specific guidance on the format of text on slides, the use of color, font type and size, and the use of illustrations and multimedia effects. Moreover, the importance of practical tips while delivering oral or poster presentation was provided to the audience, such as speak slowly and clearly, be informative, maintain eye contact, and listen to the questions from judges/audience carefully before coming up with an answer.
Guidelines and design to scientific poster presentation. The objective of scientific posters is to present laboratory work in scientific meetings. A poster is an excellent means of communicating scientific work, because it is a graphic representation of data. Posters should have focus points, and the intended message should be clearly conveyed through simple sections: Text, Tables, and Graphs. Posters should be clear, succinct, striking, and eye-catching. Colors should be used only where necessary. Use one font (Arial or Times New Roman) throughout. Fancy fonts should be avoided. All headings should have font size of 44, and be in bold capital letters. Size of Title may be a bit larger; subheading: Font size of 36, bold and caps. References and Acknowledgments, if any, should have font size of 24. Text should have font size between 24 and 30, in order to be legible from a distance of 3 to 6 feet. Do not use lengthy notes
After all the presentations were made, Dr. Jagadeesh began a panel discussion that included all speakers. The discussion was aimed at what we do currently and could do in the future with respect to ‘developing a research question and then writing an effective thesis proposal/protocol followed by publication.’ Dr. Jagadeesh asked the following questions to the panelists, while receiving questions/suggestions from the participants and panelists.
The panelists and audience expressed a variety of views, but were unable to arrive at a decisive conclusion.
At the end of this fast-moving two-day workshop, the participants had opportunities in learning the following topics:
Overall, the workshop was deemed very helpful to participants. The participants rated the quality of workshop from “ satisfied ” to “ very satisfied .” A significant number of participants were of the opinion that the time allotted for each presentation was short and thus, be extended from the present two days to four days with adequate time to ask questions. In addition, a ‘hands-on’ session should be introduced for writing a proposal and manuscript. A large number of attendees expressed their desire to attend a similar workshop, if conducted, in the near future.
We gratefully express our gratitude to the Organizing Committee, especially Professors K. Chinnasamy, B. G. Shivananda, N. Udupa, Jerad Suresh, Padma Parekh, A. P. Basavarajappa, Mr. S. V. Veerramani, Mr. J. Jayaseelan, and all volunteers of the SRM University. We thank Dr. Thomas Papoian (US FDA) for helpful comments on the manuscript.
The opinions expressed herein are those of Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh and do not necessarily reflect those of the US Food and Drug Administration
Source of Support: Nil
Conflict of Interest: None declared.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
What they need at the start of their research is to formulate a scientific hypothesis that revisits conventional theories, real-world processes, and related evidence to propose new studies and test ideas in an ethical way.3 Such a hypothesis can be of most benefit if published in an ethical journal with wide visibility and exposure to relevant ...
Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Example: Research question.
Simple hypothesis. A simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example, "Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking. 4.
INTRODUCTION. Scientific research is usually initiated by posing evidenced-based research questions which are then explicitly restated as hypotheses.1,2 The hypotheses provide directions to guide the study, solutions, explanations, and expected results.3,4 Both research questions and hypotheses are essentially formulated based on conventional theories and real-world processes, which allow the ...
A research hypothesis is a statement that proposes a possible explanation for an observable phenomenon or pattern. It guides the direction of a study and predicts the outcome of the investigation. A research hypothesis is testable, i.e., it can be supported or disproven through experimentation or observation. Characteristics of a good hypothesis
A research hypothesis (also called a scientific hypothesis) is a statement about the expected outcome of a study (for example, a dissertation or thesis). To constitute a quality hypothesis, the statement needs to have three attributes - specificity, clarity and testability. Let's take a look at these more closely.
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test ...
A research hypothesis helps test theories. A hypothesis plays a pivotal role in the scientific method by providing a basis for testing existing theories. For example, a hypothesis might test the predictive power of a psychological theory on human behavior. It serves as a great platform for investigation activities.
A hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts the relationship between variables in your research. Clarity and precision are crucial for a strong hypothesis, ensuring that it is understandable and specific. A good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable, meaning it can be supported or refuted through experimentation or observation.
It puts the proposal in context. 3. The introduction typically begins with a statement of the research problem in precise and clear terms. 1. The importance of the statement of the research problem 5: The statement of the problem is the essential basis for the construction of a research proposal (research objectives, hypotheses, methodology ...
It's important to keep the focus and language of your hypothesis objective. An effective hypothesis in research is clearly and concisely written, and any terms or definitions clarified and defined. Specific language must also be used to avoid any generalities or assumptions. Use the following points as a checklist to evaluate the ...
Research proposal formats vary depending on the size of the planned research, the number of participants, the discipline, the characteristics of the research, etc. ... Explain why it is important to justify your hypothesis. Methodology: This part depends of the methods conducted in the research process. List the methods; explain how the results ...
A hypothesis (from the Greek, foundation) is a logical construct, interposed between a problem and its solution, which represents a proposed answer to a research question. It gives direction to the investigator's thinking about the problem and, therefore, facilitates a solution. Unlike facts and assumptions (presumed true and, therefore, not ...
In writing a research proposal, dissertation, or thesis, elements of literature review can be found in any section or chapter once references are cited in that section or chapter even if it is a single reference that is cited. ... It is a research objective that is re-phrased as a research hypothesis and vice versa. For example, an objective ...
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
A research hypothesis is a specification of a testable prediction about what a researcher expects as the outcome of the study. It comprises certain aspects such as the population, variables, and the relationship between the variables. It states the specific role of the position of individual elements through empirical verification.
The purpose of the research proposal (its job, so to speak) is to convince your research supervisor, committee or university that your research is suitable (for the requirements of the degree program) and manageable (given the time and resource constraints you will face). The most important word here is "convince" - in other words, your ...
A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer. [ 2] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about ...
Literature review. This key component of the research proposal is the most time-consuming aspect in the preparation of your research proposal. As described in Chapter 5, the literature review provides the background to your study and demonstrates the significance of the proposed research.Specifically, it is a review and synthesis of prior research that is related to the problem you are setting ...
Developing a research proposal involves the following preliminary steps: identifying potential ideas, choosing ideas to explore further, choosing and narrowing a topic, formulating a research question, and developing a working thesis. A good topic for a research paper interests the writer and fulfills the requirements of the assignment.
A research proposal's purpose is to capture the evaluator's attention, demonstrate the study's potential benefits, and prove that it is a logical and consistent approach (Van Ekelenburg, 2010). ... in your proposal. A hypothesis is a prediction that you believe will be the outcome of your study. It explains what you think the relationship will ...
Research question. Interest in a particular topic usually begins the research process, but it is the familiarity with the subject that helps define an appropriate research question for a study. 1 Questions then arise out of a perceived knowledge deficit within a subject area or field of study. 2 Indeed, Haynes suggests that it is important to know "where the boundary between current ...
Project A is a research proposal that involves identifying a research problem and conducting a literature review on it. To fully answer the research questions, primary ... the hypothesis would likely revolve around the relationship between social loafing and affect. The researchers might hypothesize that individuals who engage in social loafing ...
INTRODUCTION. Creativity and critical thinking are of particular importance in scientific research. Basically, research is original investigation undertaken to gain knowledge and understand concepts in major subject areas of specialization, and includes the generation of ideas and information leading to new or substantially improved scientific insights with relevance to the needs of society.