how to write a cover letter for mini pupillage

A - Z of Must Know Pupillage Information & Guidelines

• Bar Barometer full report 2014
• BPTC Handbook 2015/16
• BPTC Handbook Amendments and clarifications to 2015-16
• BPTC Key Statistical Info
• BSB Annual Report 2015-16
• Guidance on Practising Certificates for Pupils and Newly Qualified Barristers
• Pupillage Checklist (First Six/Second Six) from June 2015
• Pupillage Frequently Asked Questions – BSB
• Pupillage Gateway
• Pupillage Gateway Applicant User Guide
• Pupillage Handbook 2016
• Pupillage registration form 2015-16
• Pupillage Statistics
• Review of Pupillage – Report of the Working Group
• Sample Pupillage Application Form
• The Bar Council’s Fair Recruitment Guide 2015
• Women at the Bar

Barrister Law Bar Associations

• Employment Law Bar Association
• Family Law Bar Association
• Intellectual Property Bar Association
• International Bar Association
• The Commercial Bar Association
• The Constitutional & Administrative Law Bar Association
• The Criminal Bar Association

Barristers Toolkit

• An Advocates Closing Argument
• Barrister Connect
• Chambers UK Guide
• Cross Examination Techniques
• The Advocate's Gateway
• The Bar Council
• The Bar Standards Board

BSB Handbook App

• The BSB Handbook app

Case Searchs & Legal Databases

• European Court of Justice
• Free Case Search via ICLR

Judicial Appointments 2017

Life as a pupil.

• A day in the life of a pupil at 5 Essex Court
• A day in the life of a pupil at Atkin Chambers
• A personal view as a pupil at Brick Court Chambers
• A pupils view of pupillage at Littleton Chambers
• A view from the Pupils' Room by two pupils at St Ives Chambers
• A view on pupillage at Serjeants' Inn
• A Year in Pupillage at Keating Chambers
• Day in the life of a pupil at Five Paper Buildings
• First hand accounts of pupillage and an Inside view of pupillage at 29 Bedford Row Chambers
• Life as a pupil at 20 Essex Street
• Life as a pupil at 7 Bedford Row
• Life as a pupil at 8 New Square
• Life as a pupil at pupillage at Guildhall Chambers
• Life as a pupil at Queen Elizabeth Building
• Life at the Bar with Blackstone Chambers

Other Worthy Blogs

• Anonymous Assistant
• Clerkingwell
• Lawyer Watch
• Legaleaglemhm's Blawg
• Nearly Legal
• Pupillage and How to Get It
• Researching Reform
• Stoke Newington Chambers
• The Magistrate's Blog
• The Time Blawg
• UK Human Rights Blog
• Victoria Moffatt

Pro Bono Corner

• Bar Pro Bono Unit
• Free Representation Unit

Pupillage Interviews & Writing Applications

• Pupillage Covering Letter

The Inns of Court

• Gray's Inn
• Inner Temple
• Lincolns Inn
• Middle Temple

Worthy Legal Podcasts

• Sweet & Maxwell Podcasts

Worthy Networking Lawyers

• Trainee Solicitor

Worthy Publications

• The Barrister

Worthy Pupillage Tutorials

• Improve Your Mooting Skills

Pupillage Covering Letter and Chambers

Your well drafted Pupillage letter......

Writing a covering letter to Chambers?  How do I write a letter which is going to stand out among the other pupillage applications? How do I know which is the best Chambers to apply to?

Writing a covering letter for a pupillage application requires time and thought, especially if you want to get it right and more importantly if you want it read. The starting point in my opinion is to really research your chosen Chambers. Identify the strengths and the experience of the individual barristers and see if there is a synergy between your abilities and those of Chambers.  After all, if you are going to apply to a particular set, you need to ensure that there is a good match of skills.

I always think that it is important to see who the incumbent pupils are, where they have come from, both in terms of age and background (by this I mean educationally and previous legal/work experience) as this will give you a gauge as to the type of pupils that Chambers seek. Also, a key tip is to chat among your fellow students to find out whether anyone has completed a mini-pupillage with that set, as it  will of course give you a clear insight into the daily life and pace of Chambers.

Now that you have completed your homework, check how Chambers wants you to submit your covering letter.  Importantly, sometimes you are expected to submit a covering letter with the good old ‘pen and ink’, so it is always good practice to double check.

Turning now to the letter itself. Amusingly in recent days there have been a variety of tactics driven across the Internet as to how to get your letter written for you. (PERISH THE THOUGHT).  However, when it comes to writing your own letter, I personally don’t think there is a right or wrong formula, just make sure you are able to put yourself across well and take on board my earlier comments.

As usual, I have been conducting a cross examination upon the Internet and have come across some surprising results and here are a few to share with you. Interestingly, ‘The City Law School’ have put online a covering letter, its set up as a PDF but it gives a clear outline of both a letter and CV. (Click Here for City Law Covering Letter). For some other pointers, why not go to ‘LawCareers.Net’ as it provides some good advice ( Click here for LawCareers.Net Tips ).  Finally, it is worth a peek at ‘The Diaries of UK Law Students’ , it’s an old blog, but it has an interesting snippet with some tips from a junior criminal barrister, ( Click here for UK Law Students Tips )

Well, today’s blog is just sharing some of my thoughts, take them or leave them, but perish the thought that you will ever request a cross examination on this subject matter.

As always, Justin Time

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Mini-pupillages

A mini-pupillage is where you shadow a barrister. You follow them around, watching how they conduct their cases and interact with clients, court staff and other professionals. A mini-pupillage usually lasts around a week but can sometimes be only a day or two.

This is work experience. It is your chance to learn about what life in the profession entails.

However, mini-pupillages are not really optional; they are expected. While they afford you an insight into whether a career at the Bar is for you, they are also an important part of building your CV and are just one of the types of experiences you are expected to get in order to demonstrate your interest in coming to the Bar and/or your commitment to a particular practice area of law.

• How to get a mini-pupillage

You can apply for a mini-pupillage in any area of law that you are interested in. 

You need to compile a list of sets practising in your chosen areas and then visit each chambers’ website to find out how their mini-pupillage appli cation process works, when applications open/close, and any other requirements chambers may have.

Usually applications are by CV and covering letter.

Covering letter tips – three paragraphs, no more:

• Why you want to become a barrister and what experiences you’ve had which lend itself to a career at the Bar.
• Why you are interested in this particular area of law.
• Why you are interested in this particular Chambers.

Sometimes candidates have difficulty in getting mini-pupillages. Once you manage to get one, it often becomes easier to get more. If you are really struggling to get a mini-pupillage, don’t give up – persevere and be inventive: ask your family or friends if they know any barristers you could talk to; get on Twitter and interact with barristers; go to as many networking events as you can. Some chambers offer mini-pupillages as prizes for winning mooting or essay competitions, which can be an added incentive to participate in these already-valuable activities, so keep your eyes peeled.

Finally, please note that with many commercial/public sets, you are expected to do an assessed mini-pupillage with them before they will take you on as a pupil. This can be either before you apply for pupillage or as part of the pupillage application process. Candidates sometimes miss this fact and are then ineligible to apply for pupillage at that set when the time comes. Don’t be that candidate: keep a record of these sort of requirements in your spreadsheet when carrying out your basic research.

• What should you do on a mini-pupillage?

Firstly, make sure you are always on time ( really, you should be early ) and that you are wearing a smart, dark suit.

Check the email from chambers telling you where you should go on Day 1. This may be chambers itself or it may be meeting a barrister at court. If the latter, and you are not given the barrister’s mobile number, then get it touch with chambers and ask for it! Find out what you should do at the end of the day to find out where you are going the next day: should you call the clerks/particular member of chambers or will they call you?

In general: be pleasant, ask questions when appropriate, and take notes.

Make sure you take detailed notes: who you shadowed, which court you went to, the nature of the case, what happened in the case (sometimes, if they’re good, the barrister will ask you to send them over and you will win brownie points), what you learned, any other thoughts, and, if applicable, any exercises you were set and the feedback you received.

• What should you do after a mini-pupillage?

Don’t send a thank-you email unless you had a particularly positive experience or spent a lot of time with a particular member of chambers. We say this because sending thank you emails for a mini-pupillage often comes across as sycophantic, giving the opposite impression than the one you want to convey!

Secondly, as soon as the mini-pupillage is over, make sure you write down what you learned. This is, after all, the only thing a barrister interviewing you for a scholarship or pupillage in the future cares about. Make this note right after the mini-pupillage is over so that you don’t forget; once you have done a few mini-pupillages, they can sometimes blend into one another.

 How many mini-pupillages should you do?

The answer to this depends on what stage you are at in the pupillage application process.

If you are at the stage where you are doing mini-pupillages primarily to gain work experience, then this site suggests that you try and obtain mini-pupillages across a range of practice areas. Frankly, do as many as you can fit in without compromising on your grades, opportunities to gain other relevant experience or your wellbeing. These experiences should help you decide what area of practice you find most interesting.

However, when it comes to applying for pupillage, you should ideally have about three mini-pupillages in the area(s) in you wish to practise.

This is just one way of demonstrating commitment to your proposed field of work.

For the overwhelming majority of wannabe barristers , your pupillage application is the first thing that a prospective chambers is going to see of you.

Then, for around 75% of applicants and only 2 minutes later, it’s the last thing they’re going to see of you when they put your file on the ‘rejected without interview’ pile. Those 2 minutes are clearly ridiculously important, but what can you do to make your application stand out?

The Pupillage Gateway is now open for applications! Use your newfound knowledge and take a further look at what the Gateway can offer you…

Keep it Short

There is no shortage whatsoever of barristers who are happy to write something like this phrase: “Brevity, clarity and concision are three of the key skills necessary to be a good barrister.”

This is clearly true. Barristers do indeed need to be clear, brief, and concise. So it is probably a good idea to demonstrate those qualities in your application!

Think of the poor pupillage committee, sifting through hundreds and hundreds of applications looking for the potential star that they’ll offer that coveted pupillage place to. Every hour they spend churning through the rough is an hour away from doing what they actually want to be doing.

If you give them a short, snappy, bullet-point answer to each of their questions they are going to thank their lucky stars and like you that much more than if you waffle on in half-page paragraphs.

Don’t Be Afraid to Show Off

Got a prize? Put it in. Got a First? Put it in wherever you can!

Don’t undersell yourself – everyone who is going to apply for the Bar nowadays is a pretty special person, and you need to do everything you can to demonstrate why you, and not them, should get that interview place.

That time you spent packing bags at the local supermarket because you and nothing else to do in your university holidays and wanted to raise some money? Dress it up as a community-focused activity benefiting the wider social fabric of your town and suddenly it’s a massive plus.

Barristers, on the job, have to be persuasive. It is your job in this paper application to show exactly how persuasive you can be. If you can take something that’s superficially a black mark against your name, and turn it into a plus point for you, you’re demonstrating the very skills necessary.

The best example I heard of this was the person who applied to a chamber with a 2.2 in their undergraduate degree. Normally, this fails at the first hurdle, but she openly admitted in her application how during her undergrad she’d actually not bothered much with academics and been much more focused on sport, captaining the university’s first rowing team and making the GB development squad.

Later on, after quitting her sporting career, she’d decided to apply to the Bar and since then had demonstrated her intellectual aptitude in other ways ( conversion course , writing for newspapers, giving speeches at schools, etc). She got an interview, because she could explain what was bad and turn it into something good that showed her drive and determination to succeed.

Academics Are Not Everything

As hinted above, your undergrad degree and associated academics are not the be all and end all of your hopes to join the Bar. Sure, if you’ve got a First from Oxbridge and a Distinction on the LLM , followed by a research position at the ICC , then you’re pretty well set up.

But for us mere mortals, it is possible to demonstrate your aptitude in other ways. Run a marathon? Written for a newspaper? Taught school kids? It’s all valuable life experience that develops the tenacity and focus necessary to thrive at the Bar, and chambers will recognise this in your application.

Published: 08/01/18       Author: Oliver Jackson

Applying for Pupillage? You Need to Read These Next:

• The 4 Stages of Pupillage Applications
• Pupillage Paper Application
• 7 Pupillage Application Tips

Thinking about applying for pupillage? This section details the application process through the Pupillage Gateway, how to stand out at your pupillage interviews, as well as providing a step-by-step guide to pupillage applications.

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Pupillage application guide

Read the pupillage application guide for expert tips on becoming a barrister, including expert advice and insights from BPP alumni and pupil barrister.

If you want to become a barrister, you’ll need to undertake a period of training known as pupillage. Once you’ve completed the Barrister Training Course (BTC), you’ll be ready to immerse yourself in on-the-job training supervised by experienced barristers.

Everything you need to know about pupillage.

If you’ve previously completed a mini-pupillage, you’ll have an idea of what to expect. Pupillage is usually completed in chambers, but it can be undertaken at an employed bar organisation like a law firm, the Government Legal Department, or the Crown Prosecution Service.

Attaining pupillage is very competitive. If you’re wondering how to get pupillage, we’ve created this guide to help you make your application stand out. 

We’ve also included some top tips and advice from BPP alumni and future 5 Essex Chambers pupil Kieron Spoors.

We’ll cover everything you need to know, including:

How to choose which barristers’ chambers to apply for

How to create your pupillage application CV and cover letter

How to create a pupillage application

How to prepare for a pupillage interview

Read on for a step-by-step guide that will get you ready to apply for pupillage.

Aspiring solicitor? Read our law firm application guide.

How to research barristers’ chambers

You should thoroughly research the chambers you’re applying to. 

While researching, aim to:

Be familiar with the types of law they practise

Profile the barristers that work there and their background

Read any recent news about the chambers to round out your contextual knowledge

Using sites such as Legal Cheek, Legal 500, and Chambers Student will help you carry out your initial research. For more in-depth and interactive research, you should:

Look through the chamber’s website

Attend pupillage fairs

Use LinkedIn to follow the chambers and connect with practising barristers

Watch the video to find out what it’s like to attend an online pupillage fair.

Book an upcoming pupillage fair

“A piece of advice about research: record it. I created a Word document that tracked the websites I visited and the notes I took during pupillage events. Doing this will make it easier for you when you’re completing the application form and preparing for interviews.”

Which chambers is right for you?

If you’re not sure where to start when it comes to deciding which chambers is for you, then begin by thinking about two factors:

Location: where would you like to begin your law career? While many barristers’ chambers are in London, you’ll find regional sets across the country.

Law practice area: think about what field of law you would like to practise in, and see which chambers specialise in this field. If you need some help deciding on a practice area, read our guide.

Creating your CV and cover letter for a pupillage application

When deciding on what to put on your CV, prioritise what will help you demonstrate why you’re going to make a great barrister. 

You can start by breaking down the skills you need to become a barrister, including:

Oral advocacy

Written advocacy

Attention to detail

Problem solving and creativity

Read our barrister vs solicitor guide to see more skills you’ll need.

Next, think about experiences you’ve had, and how they have helped you develop and demonstrate each skill. Make sure you know your CV back to front and be prepared to speak about your experience and skills in the pupillage interview.

Not sure what to write about? Undertaking pro bono, work experience and mini-pupillages are all great ways of building your CV with evidence of your potential as a future barrister.

Pupillage application cover letter

If you’re submitting your application outside of the pupillage gateway, you will also need to write a cover letter.

You can follow this formula for constructing a great cover letter:

Begin with a short introduction, including your purpose for writing (100 words).

Next, a paragraph about why you want to practise law, and why you want to become a barrister (200 words).

Follow this with your reasons for applying to the chambers, this is where your detailed research can come into play (200 words).

Finish with what you can bring to the chambers, what makes you stand out, and your skills (200 words).

How to write a pupillage application

Once you know what area you’re looking to practise in, have a shortlist of chambers, and have crafted your CV, you’re ready to begin your application.

When writing your application, make sure you take an evidence-based approach.

“The application is a piece of written advocacy and your first opportunity to showcase who you are and explain why chambers should consider you. It is not just what you say and how you say it. For each question, like any case, you need evidence and structure.”

Answering questions on a pupillage application

Many applicants struggle with open-ended questions on their application.

You may be asked questions such as:

What makes a good advocate?

Why this chambers?

While these may appear to be simple questions, they are not easy to answer. Be prepared to write multiple drafts before you find an answer you’re happy with.

Make sure you answer honestly and concisely. You should aim not to use long sentences when you can get the point across with fewer words.

If you’re struggling, use the rule of three technique:

“When answering open-ended questions, you can adopt the ‘power of three’, where you give three reasons and explain each but don’t feel bound by needing three points. Whichever way you structure your answer, back up everything you say with evidence.”

To help get you ready for your interview, we’ll run through some key tips to keep in mind when preparing. We’ve also included some pupillage interview example questions.

“The natural temptation is to think you need to rush out an answer straight away. Don’t! Just remember these three steps: Listen, Think, Respond.”

Know your application

You should make sure that you memorise your application and CV back to front. Interviewers will often start with questions based around your skills and experience. They may also want to discuss your academic history, as well as any extra-curricular activities you’ve taken part in.

Example questions:

Talk through your relevant experience

Were you in any societies at university?

What modules did you enjoy studying at university?

Advocate your opinions

The panel will want to test your advocacy skills by seeing if you can articulate an argument under pressure. Think about each question carefully and take time before responding to present a considered argument.

If it helps, make notes on a pad as the interviewer says the question.

“Firstly, listen carefully to the question. It might be worth writing it down. If you need the question clarified, don’t hesitate to ask. Next, take some time to think about your answers. Don’t be worried about asking the panel for a moment to gather your thoughts. The panel will understand that you are nervous, and they want you to do well in the interview. Use it to jot down and structure your thoughts on paper.”

During your interview, expect the panel to challenge you on your points, and be prepared to defend your arguments. Stay calm and use reasoned, well-balanced arguments to avoid being caught out. 

What current law cases have caught your attention, and why?

What area of law interests you the most?

Do you agree with the death penalty?

Read our advocacy skills guide.

Prepare to prove your enthusiasm

The pupillage interview is an opportunity for you to prove why you want a career in law. 

Prove your motivation by demonstrating your personal experience and aspirations. You can stand out by discussing how pro bono or mini-pupillage has developed you as an aspiring barrister, and any practising barristers that have inspired you.

Demonstrate what sparked your enthusiasm for the profession, and link this with the culture of the chambers you are applying for, as well as any relevant skills and attributes you have.

Reach out for help

There are resources and people out there ready to help you through the process.

Firstly, there will be many aspiring barristers who will be in the same position as you. Working together to practise interview techniques and crafting applications is a productive way to keep yourself motivated.

Careers services are also available to give expert advice on your application and CV, and to prepare you with mock interviews. Our Careers team are available to you from the moment you accept your offer and pay your deposit.

“You can talk to pupils and tenants, the people who have been through the process. I went to several of my friends who were barristers or had pupillage coming up for advice or their thoughts about drafts of my application form. I even reach out, via LinkedIn, to pupils and junior tenants at chambers to ask about the kind of work they do. It takes confidence to reach out, but many will be delighted to help if you ask.”

Look after yourself

Your health comes first. Applying for pupillage is a process, and throughout there will be rejections and moments where you have to pick yourself back up and try again.

Make sure you find time for hobbies, exercise, and relaxation. By looking after yourself, you will make your application better too.

“Look after yourself and your mental health. The application process can be long and, at times, tedious. Look after yourself by taking breaks and doing something fun (for me, that was learning Scottish dancing). Be there for your friends who are also applying for pupillage. When you do apply for pupillage, go into it with a healthy mindset. Be determined to give yourself the best chance of success while also trying to enjoy the process and learn lessons should you need to apply again.”

Final thoughts

Remember, don’t take rejections personally. Pupillages are extremely competitive, and you should prepare to move on to the next opportunity with a positive mindset if you’re unsuccessful at first.

“Many barristers got pupillage after multiple attempts. Mary Prior KC pointed out that at the Bar, no one will ask you how many times it took. You will become a barrister, and you will deserve to be one. Your best is yet to come.”

Become a barrister

Be the future of Law

Continue reading.

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SQE exam results: the importance of SQE preparation courses

Passing the SQE: legal training course is crucial

• Mini-pupillages
• Chambers Student

"Honestly, I don't think any Pupillage Gateway application should go out without at least one mini-pupillage on it."

The most obvious answer to the question 'How can I improve my chances of becoming a barrister?' is 'Do some mini-pupillages'. Minis – periods of shadowing and/or assessment within a set of chambers – are a crucial part of the pupillage application process: they let aspiring pupils sample sets of interest and get on their radar. Put simply, there's no better way to demonstrate an interest in and commitment to the Bar. Recruiters by and large agree that pupillage applications look distinctly lacking without at least one or two minis on them, alongside other relevant experiences.

Some sets require applicants to complete a mini with them as a formal part of the recruitment process, but most take applications from those who haven't yet spent time with that particular chambers: year after year we encounter a good number of pupils who didn't complete a mini at their own set.

We've asked all sets featured in our Chambers Reports for information on how many minis they offer and what the application deadlines for minis are and produced a listing of Mini-pupillage vacancies . Between them, the 45 sets in this guide are offering hundreds of minis in 2023, so there are plenty of opportunities up for grabs. Keep reading this feature for more about what a mini entails and how to get one.

Click here for mini-pupillage vacancies and deadlines

What form do mini-pupillages take?  

Unlike large solicitors' firms, most of which take a structured approach to vacation schemes, barristers’ chambers tend to run their work experience programmes as ad hoc affairs. Only some sets – namely the most profitable and prestigious – co-ordinate students' visits in a methodical way; others expect them to show up and experience whatever happens to come their way during their visit. 

As a rule, mini-pupillages last two, three or five days. Some are assessed with tests and feedback; others are unassessed . According to our sources, “you don’t need to do a five-day mini unless it’s assessed. Three days is more than enough to get a sense of a set's working style and culture, especially during term-time.” Some sets make it clear they prefer a full five-day programme, but former mini-pupils advised “it’s okay to ask for a three-day mini even if they specifically say five. Barristers are pretty switched on to the fact that students have a lot of other stuff on their plate.” In any case, a shorter mini is better than none.

Whether assessed or not, all minis allow students to observe barristers in chambers and often in court too. The degree of involvement you get varies hugely from one set to another. A good mini-pupillage will expose you to the fundamentals of the job, like attending conferences with clients, looking at paperwork and even shadowing a barrister in court. Of course, as one source pointed out: “Students shouldn’t expect to be in court the whole time, as that’s not actually what barristers do all day,” particularly in commercial law. Indeed, depending on the type of set, it’s possible chambers won’t even have anything going on in court during your stint.

“ Students shouldn’t expect to be in court the whole time as that’s not actually what the barristers do all day.”  

A bad mini-pupillage , on the other hand, might see you abandoned in a room with a barrister who doesn’t really want you there. “I got stuck with a costs lawyer,” one pupil recalled with a grimace, adding: “Costs isn’t an easily accessible area of law, even for other barristers. He gave me a load of bundles and told me to give them a read. I came back two hours later and asked: ‘Where do I start?’” Should you find yourself in a situation where you don't exactly hit it off with your supervisor, we suggest turning your attention towards trying to get a feeling for the atmosphere and chatting to other tenants about life in chambers – they're diverse places, so don't write off a set based on one bad apple.

A few chambers take as many as five mini-pupils at a time, though more often than not mini-pupils find themselves alongside just one other. Sets with more formalised programmes may put on a drinks party, but socialising isn't always part of a mini-pupil's job description. That's not to say you can’t use your visit for some subtle yet effective networking . How much mini-pupils achieve in this respect depends on how people in chambers take to them and whether or not their interaction is of the right type: it’s all about striking a balance with members of chambers and making sure you're remembered for the right things – enthusiasm, reliability, engaging attitude – and not for being a nuisance or a drain on people’s time. Pick your moments for questions and conversations carefully.

Assessments and what to expect

Our sources made a point to mention “there can be a certain prestige to assessed minis, ” adding that “a lot of the top chambers do them.” They went on to suggest it's worth trying out some unassessed minis before taking up an assessed one, and advised waiting to sign up until you’ve at least started on the GDL. “They can be very academic and textbooky, which is a challenge if you haven't encountered that type of material yet.” We've noted whether sets offer assessed or unassessed minis or both in our online vacancies listing. In addition, be aware that some top sets only take in mini-pupils as part of the pupillage application process and don't offer them as work experience.

Many sets require an interview for a mini-pupillage, but the odds go way up if it's an assessed one you're after. In either case, be prepared to talk convincingly about why you've chosen the barrister route and perhaps even make a short presentation on a subject selected by the set.

Assessed minis usually dedicate a couple of days entirely to the assessment process itself. As such, attendees can expect to spend more time on their own than in an unassessed mini. A typical assessment scenario sees mini-pupils instructed to analyse a set of papers and produce a piece of written work that's then discussed with a supervisor. As one interviewee recalled: “I was given a factual scenario that filled about one side of A4, plus a few questions to answer about it. It kind of felt like an academic exercise, but at the same time I knew they wanted an ‘advice’ of sorts, so my efforts had to be fairly practical. The other mini-pupil and I went to the nearest Inn library to research and answer the questions using Halsbury’s Laws, Westlaw, LexisNexis etc. I had a day to do this before handing my written answers to a barrister. The following afternoon I had about 30 minutes’ worth of feedback with the barrister, who pointed out where I had done well and where I had gone wrong. Among other things, the exercise was marked on the quality of the legal analysis, the structure and the language.”

Assessed minis usually dedicate a couple of days entirely to the assessment process itself.

Such assessments are usually designed to give people at different stages of the learning process a fair shot. “I was asked to produce my written answer in the form of an opinion,” continued the above source, “but it was clear chambers understood that those who hadn't done the BPTC yet would likely produce something more in line with a GDL-style answer. As such, they put the focus on content rather than style. Essentially they wanted to know if, aided by the right research tools, I could go through the appropriate thought processes and come up with a sensible answer.”

Assessments aren't just limited to written work; sets also judge candidates on the quality of their queries, how quickly they pick things up, and their overall manner. Make sure you're on form at all times, and don't forget to request feedback on your performance. 

How to apply

Minis are usually available during term-time, and many sets run more than usual in the run-up to the summer. It’s never too early to get a move on making mini-pupillage applications, particularly if you're a law student. We've heard from pupils who did them at all points in their studies – their final undergraduate year, on the GDL course, or in the middle of the Bar Course. There's no rule that says first and second-year undergrads can’t do minis, but sets usually prefer students who are more advanced in their studies and have a more demonstrable interest in the Bar. So a lot of it comes down to when you decide you're interested in becoming a barrister – once that's your goal, why wait? Each day you spend at chambers will further your understanding of a barrister's job and the industry at large. Many find the experience inspirational if nothing else. One source shared: “My time at various sets reaffirmed my belief that this was what I wanted to do with my life.”

The first step to getting a mini is checking if, where and when opportunities are available. Alongside each Chambers Report we've detailed how many mini-pupils each set usually takes (which varies from eight to over 100) and what the application deadlines are. You can find further information on Mini-pupillage vacancies elsewhere on this website. Sets lay out some information on their websites, though some are more helpful than others. If it's unclear whether or when a set offers minis, “don't be afraid to ring up the clerks, find out who deals with mini s [it’s usually a junior barrister] and ask to speak to them,” our sources advised. 

Many use personal contacts they have within the profession to pick up a couple of minis – barristers they meet at their Inn, for example.

Most insiders suggest applying for as many minis as you can, “as it’s a numbers game.” That said, it's important you don't compromise the quality of your applications in your bid to up the quantity. Most sets require a relatively simple CV-based form, or a covering letter and CV. Make sure your application explains why you're interested in visiting a particular set and shows you're serious about a career as a barrister. Given the amount of advocacy involved in the job, some kind of mooting or public speaking experience will put you in good stead; in fact, it's a must for some sets.

Many use personal contacts they have within the profession to pick up a couple of minis – barristers they meet at their Inn, for example. Unfair though that may seem, remember that all Bar Course students must join an Inn, so if you don't know anyone (yet), then attend events at your Inn and get networking. Then don't hesitate to use any contacts you make. Barristers who meet and chat to students usually do so precisely because they want to help give the next generation of talented individuals a leg up into the profession.

Don’t expect any feedback after making mini-pupillage applications: many sets don’t even bother to send out rejection letters. If you haven’t heard back after a couple of months, it’s likely you've been unsuccessful. Of course, it's possible a set simply didn’t have the space to accommodate you at that point in time or may just be a bit disorganised, so don't get too disheartened. One of our interviewees recounted initially getting rejected for a mini at the very set where they eventually gained pupillage.

How many should you do?

According to one barrister we spoke to, “mini-pupillages show your commitment to the Bar, but doing ten ceases to impress. Three is a decent number.” While we've heard from successful sources who'd completed half a dozen or so, keep in mind there is such a thing as overkill. As one such insider reported: “I personally found all of mine helpful, but I got asked during my pupillage applications why I did so many. I think some people get the idea that doing a lot projects uncertainty as to which area of law you’re interested in.”

Indeed, if you've completed a long string of minis, it's tactical to delineate a clear narrative when reporting your work experience. For example, if you’re aiming for a criminal pupillage but have done a mix of crime and civil minis, consider leaving some of the latter off of your CV. It makes sense to list only the more impressive experiences on your application forms if you're conscious of keeping your numbers down.

In our opinion, going past three is unlikely to hurt your chances, especially if you've got good reasons for doing so. Few admissions committees will find fault with a clear-cut desire to sample different areas of practice. In the end, as one pupil told us, “it’s a case of striking the right balance between showing your commitment to a practice area and showing that you know what else is out there.” For the same reason, doing a  vacation scheme with a solicitors' firm could be a good idea in order to rule out (or in) that side of the profession.

Making the most of your experience

Milk your mini-pupillage for all its worth by taking notes, asking good questions (at appropriate moments, of course), and reflecting on what was good and bad about your experiences. Recruiters often tell us that pupillage applicants who simply list or describe their legal work experience fall short in comparison to those who actually articulate what they’ve learned from shadowing practitioners.

Here are some other tips from insiders:

• “Try to be relaxed while you’re in chambers, and don’t expect too much on a personal or social level. Barristers all differ: some will be very intense, some will have read your CV and will talk to you about your interests, some won’t care and will vaguely resent having to baby-sit you – and you’ll know it. Don’t take it personally.”
• “At the end of every day of your mini-pupillage, mark down each thing you’ve done, no matter how small – every little legal point you’ve looked at, every chat about it you had with a barrister. You'll forget it when it comes to subsequent interviews unless you make a note.”
• “Things may go way over your head while you’re in court, but make sure you stay focused. The barrister who takes you along might ask you how you think the hearing went.”
• "Don't worry if you leave your first mini feeling no more enlightened about the work than when you came in. I learnt that I loved the surroundings of chambers and going to court during my first few minis, but I did find it difficult to engage with the work as I didn't actually understand most of the legal principles at hand. Later into my studies, however, it became much easier to get to grips with and make a good impression.”
• "Be persistent with your applications. If you really want a spot at a particular set, ask yourself whether it's worth trying again and go for it. I didn't get in the first time around, but after applying again I managed to land a mini-pupillage, and now I'm a pupil.”
• “Remember to take each mini-pupillage seriously, particularly those that are a requisite part of a set's pupillage application process. It's your chance to impress, and you should approach it accordingly.” 

Although a mini is certainly step in the right direction, it alone won't take you all the way to pupillage. Still, as one pupil reminded us: “A mini-pupillage is a real morale boost – it’s a reminder that at least somebody thinks you’re worth taking a look at.”

Mini-Pupillage

What’s a mini-pupillage and how do you get one? We’ll explore work experience for future barristers and discuss how you can secure one for yourself.

By Christopher Harley

So you’re thinking of becoming a barrister? Then you need a fair amount of work experience under your belt – preferably legal work experience. It is never too early to start and the earlier the better. The legal profession is awash with wannabe lawyers, some of whom have no idea about what they are letting themselves in for. I have noticed that a lot of students see a law degree as a ‘safe bet’ in that they will get whatever job they want at the end of their studies, but that is far from reality. The main objective of a law degree is, first and foremost, to prepare students for a career in the legal profession, whether that be as a lawyer, a paralegal, a legal executive, or any other job which involves knowledge of the law. The problem is that most students don’t realise this until they decide that a career in law simply isn’t for them.

But for those students who are serious about a career in law (primarily as a barrister), and want to know what they are letting themselves in for, then you need to ‘pull your finger out’. It is for that reason that most barristers’ chambers now offer mini-pupillages to allow students to experience exactly what life at the Bar will be like.

What are Mini-PupillageS?

To explain, mini-pupillages are exactly what they sound like. They are a short version of a pupillage which can run from anything between one day to two weeks. However, like pupillages, they are hard to obtain. You can find out if a chambers offers mini-pupillages by simply accessing their website. The application for these is usually very straightforward, with most chambers asking for a cover letter and CV whilst others may require you to fill in an application form – but both are pretty candid.

What are Chambers Looking for?

There is no set requirement for the number of mini-pupillages that you are allowed to do and they are a fantastic way to show your commitment to joining the Bar. However, too few and you may risk looking like you have doubts about joining the profession, but too many may also run the risk of appearing uncertain of what area of law you are most interested in or want to work in. For example, I am most interested in criminal law and so I have done most of my mini-pupillages in criminal sets, but I have also experienced some civil and family law so I have experience of other areas of law that I may potentially end up practising. I would say that a good number of mini-pupillages to have would be around four to six, but there is nothing wrong with doing more.

Who can Apply?

One of the great things about mini-pupillages is that even non-law students can apply. The legal profession is abundant with barristers and solicitors who didn’t plan to have a career in law but later decided to have a change of career by doing the Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL) , otherwise known as the conversion course. Most mini-pupillages are offered to students who are in the second and third year of their degree or to those studying the GDL. It is very rare that a mini-pupillage will be offered to a student who is still in school or college, but that shouldn’t stop you from looking at different chambers and finding out as much about them as you can for when you do come to apply for a mini-pupillage.

What will You do on a Mini-Pupillage?

So far I have told you a lot about what a mini-pupillage is for and when to apply for them, but I haven’t told you anything about what you will do on a mini-pupillage. Each chambers is different in the way they run mini-pupillages. Generally, you will be assigned to a barrister who you will shadow. What this means is that besides following their every move, you will attend court, meet clients, look at case papers and have the chance to ask the barristers anything you want.

Also, depending on the chambers, you may have the chance to do an assessed mini-pupillage whereby you will be given a task to perform, whether that is to write an essay, draft defence statements in a criminal matter, or give advice on quantum in a personal injury matter for example. You may also have a pupillage supervisor who will assess your performance, but this is nothing to be afraid of. If anything it allows you to show the chambers that you are exactly what they are looking for in a pupil.

It is also likely that you will be asked which areas of law you are most interested in and that you will be circulated around the areas that are available for you to watch. You may also get the chance to speak to a current pupil which is a great opportunity for you to ask them about any concerns you may have and seek advice on what you can do to make yourself stand out from the crowd. In my opinion, these are the best people to talk to as they have recently been through what you are going through and know how the modern legal system works – so ask them as much as you can.

Stand Out From The Crowd!

I have heard many people describe the pupillage application as a lottery in that you need a hell of a lot of luck to succeed. I have never heard a truer phrase. The same could be said for mini-pupillages. Although the number of mini-pupillages offered by chambers is a lot more than that of pupillages, the same principle applies. In short, apply for as many as you can. There is nothing wrong with making the most of every opportunity, especially when it comes to the legal profession.

There will be hundreds of students applying for the same place as you and you need to do as much as you can to make sure that you are chosen. One of the best ways to do this is to write a cover letter which is tailored to each chambers you apply to. There is nothing worse than sending out a generic cover letter which says the same thing about each set when one may specialise in criminal law the other in family law. You need to do your research. Look at the chambers which specialise in the areas that you most want to get experience in and understand what their aims and values are, what achievements they have received and anything that you think distinguishes that set from another. Chambers want to know why you are applying to them and why a mini-pupillage at that set would be good for you. So tell them.

Be Yourself and Ask Questions

Obviously chambers are looking for highly intelligent and capable people who they have confidence in, but they are also looking at your personality. Your personality is a massive factor in deciding whether you will be granted a pupillage or tenancy and will play a huge part in interviews. So you need to be yourself.

Asking questions is also a hugely important factor when doing a mini-pupillage. Treat a mini-pupillage as an interview. Don’t be shy. After all, you do want to be a barrister and asking questions is a massive part of the job, as is being able to talk to anyone and everyone. Even if you think it’s a silly question, just ask it. There are no silly questions apart from the ones that you don’t ask. That’s not to say that you have to write a huge list of questions or get ridiculously nervous prior to doing a mini-pupillage. Most questions will just pop up in general conversation or when you are talking about a case. All of the barristers that I have had the pleasure of working with have been extremely friendly and easy-going, so there is nothing to worry about. Just enjoy the experience!

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Mini-Pupillage cover letter advice

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Five top tips for making the most of your mini-pupillage.

targetjobs editorial team

25 Jan 2023, 13:38

Barristers give advice on how to behave during your time in chambers and get the most from your legal work experience.

I needed to know what I might be letting myself in for. I came with foggy ideas of what to expect and no knowledge whatsoever of landlord and tenant law.

Once you’ve secured an offer of mini-pupillage, or work experience, from a barristers’ chambers, how do you set about making the most of it? We asked successful barristers to look back to their own experiences of mini-pupillage and give some inside views on how to create a good impression.

Mini-pupillage tip 1: Show enthusiasm for a career at the Bar during your mini-pupillage

You should remain enthusiastic regardless of the nature of the experience. James Segan, a tenant at Blackstone Chambers who undertook mini-pupillage at his set before being taken on as a pupil, says, ‘You may not find every court visit riveting (and the barrister you are shadowing probably agrees with you) but keenness makes a good impression.'

Mini-pupillage tip 2: Be professional during your work experience at the Bar

As regards your general behaviour, remember to act professionally at all times. Arrive on time, don’t leave without completing any work you’ve been asked to do, dress appropriately and be polite to everyone. Try to show enthusiasm for the experience and for any tasks you are given and – unless it really can’t be avoided – don’t take time off.

You may be invited to lunch or drinks, either just with your mini-pupillage supervisor or with other members of chambers too. It’s important for a barrister to be personable, articulate and good at establishing relationships, so don’t be tongue-tied, but don’t be overbearing either; demonstrate your intelligence and charm.

Even if you’ve decided by the end of the week that you don’t want to apply for pupillage at that set you’re still likely to get the most out of the experience if you adopt a positive attitude – and remember that the Bar is a small place, so you never know when your path may cross with that of someone from the set in question.

Mini-pupillage tip 3: Don't worry if you have limited legal knowledge

You will not be expected to be expert, but ideally, you should show your potential, and be willing to work hard and to learn. James did his mini-pupillage at the end of his law conversion course and found that he was on a steep learning curve, but his supervisors were extremely helpful.

Ruth Bala, a classics graduate and barrister at Gough Square Chambers, undertook mini-pupillage at a local government and housing set before starting her law conversion course. ‘I needed to know what I might be letting myself in for. I came with foggy ideas of what to expect and no knowledge whatsoever of landlord and tenant law.’

She spent a week shadowing a junior barrister. ‘On arrival I was presented with several colossal ring-binders on one case and was asked to draft some arguments. That was quite daunting but I dived in and saw that most could be skimmed over and the relevant parts quickly weeded out. Although I had never studied law, the junior barristers were keen to explain the underlying principles.’

Mini-pupillage tip 4: Ask questions, but at the right time

It’s crucial to make the most of your mini-pupillages and to create a good impression regardless of whether they are being officially ‘assessed’ or not. Take the opportunity to learn as much as you can about the set, its work and life as a barrister in general. Feel free to ask questions about the work you encounter but save them for appropriate times – not in front of solicitors or clients, in court, or when the barrister you are shadowing is clearly busy.

Ruth found that the atmosphere in chambers was friendly and helpful. ‘Even the senior members were eager to impart their wisdom and not nearly so stuffy as reputed. It is probably wise, however, to maintain a certain degree of formality and respect.’

Mini-pupillage tip 5: Take notes on your mini-pupillage

Ruth Paley, a criminal law barrister at 23 Essex Street, undertook a one-week mini-pupillage at a criminal law set. She recommends taking a notebook along and writing down what happens during court hearings and conferences. If you are offered pupillage interviews – whether at that set or elsewhere – you are very likely to be asked about the work you encountered on your mini-pupillages and it won’t go in your favour if you can’t remember. ‘Note the judge, court, charge, legal points, style of advocacy and the result. This will be extremely useful when it comes to preparing for pupillage applications and interviews.’

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How to Write a Cover Letter That Gets You a Job Interview

Learn to avoid the biggest mistake job seekers make and write a cover letter that truly makes an impact.

Customers Interviewed by:

Most job seekers don’t know how to write a proper cover letter. They believe a cover letter is just a “here is my resume” note. This is a wasted opportunity!

In this article, you’ll discover the secret to writing a professional cover letter that’s truly effective. It’s not hard to do and will give you a significant edge over the competition. We’ll walk you through the process in a few straightforward steps and provide examples to help you along the way.

Ready to get started? Let’s dive in and create a cover letter that opens doors to your next opportunity.

What is a cover letter and do you really need one?

A cover letter is a short document (around 300 words) that accompanies your resume. Your cover letter should not simply repeat what your resume says . Instead, it should complement your resume, highlight your personality, and potentially address any weaknesses that could otherwise prevent you from getting an interview.

But do you really need a cover letter in 2024? The short answer is YES.

“Over 80% of hiring managers read a cover letter and 60% of applications require one as part of the application,” says career coach Madelyn Mackie . “Even hiring managers and recruiters who say they never read cover letters may find themselves drawn in by a particularly compelling letter.”

In fact, Jobscan analyzed nearly 1 million job applications and found that including a cover letter with your resume makes you  1.9 times more likely  to be invited for an interview compared to those who left out a cover letter.

What’s the biggest cover letter mistake?

The biggest mistake job seekers make when writing their cover letter is to focus only on themselves .

“It’s not about you,” says career coach Susan Schwartz . “It’s about what you can do for them. Talking to them about what they care about—not about what you want—is what’s going to make them want to read your letter. And to hire you!”

According to Schwartz, this is the best way to write a cover letter:

Paragraph 1. A single sentence (maximum two) stating the PROBLEM that the company faces. What is the issue/need/opportunity that this role will address?

Paragraph 2. what solution do you offer how are you the answer to their need again, keep it to a sentence or two., paragraph 3. explanation: what experience do you have that supports your assertion that you can help this paragraph can be 3-4 sentences, but keep it short., paragraph 4. call to action: suggest next steps. not “thank you” but let’s plan to discuss this next week..

Since hiring managers often spend less than 20 seconds on an application, your cover letter needs to grab their attention and get them to look at your resume. By highlighting how your experience matches the job, you make it easier for them to see you as a great fit for the role.

Now let’s examine each of these steps in more detail.

How to write a strong cover letter step-by-step

Now that you know the basics of what to include in your cover letter, let’s go through the process from start to finish to see how you can write a cover letter that will make you stand out from the rest of the candidates.

1. Do your research

Before writing your cover letter, research the company to understand its current challenges and goals. Visit the company website, read their latest news and press releases, and follow their social media channels.

Don’t skip this step! It’s crucial for writing a cover letter that truly resonates with a potential employer and sets you apart from other candidates.

After you’ve researched the company, carefully read the job description. Ask yourself the following questions:

• What specific problems or challenges is this role designed to address?
• How do my skills and experiences align with the job requirements?
• Am I a good fit for the role?
• What unique value can I bring to the company in this role?
• Are there any keywords or phrases that I should incorporate into my cover letter?

After researching the company and the role, you’re ready to start writing your cover letter.

2. Write your opening paragraphs

Many job seekers make the mistake of being too wordy in their cover letters. You’re not writing a novel. Use short words in short sentences. Remember, a hiring manager is going to quickly scan your application, so you need to get right to the point.

Here are some examples of how to start a cover letter:

Dear [Hiring Manager’s Name],

I’ve noticed that NexGen is working hard to stand out in a crowded digital market, and keeping your brand top-of-mind for customers can be tough.

That’s where I come in—I specialize in creating engaging content and smart SEO strategies that boost online presence and drive customer engagement.

I understand that Weissman is seeking to maintain its innovative edge in the dancewear industry while consistently meeting sales and margin targets.

I am confident that my experience and passion for design can help Weissman continue to create stunning, market-leading dancewear.

I understand that Timmons Company needs motivated individuals to manage sales territories and boost product visibility in retail grocery stores around Quincy, IL.

I am excited to bring my self-motivation and sales-oriented mindset to your team, ensuring your products not only maintain their shelf presence but also thrive.

3. Prove you can do the job

Now you need to provide evidence that you’re the right person for the job. The best way to do this is to highlight your relevant experience and achievements. Here are some things you should focus on:

• Specific Accomplishments : Share examples of your successes, such as increasing sales, leading projects, or improving processes.
• Relevant Skills : Highlight the skills that match the job requirements, like planning, organizing, technical proficiencies, or specific industry experience.
• Problem-Solving : Discuss times when you successfully tackled challenges, such as resolving issues, managing conflicts, or implementing solutions.
• Industry Knowledge : Demonstrate your understanding of the field and awareness of current trends and standards.
• Team Collaboration : Mention how you’ve effectively worked in teams, mentored others, or collaborated across departments.

Remember to keep it concise. Your letter isn’t meant to tell your whole story; it’s about making a compelling case that you understand the key aspects of the job.

Your goal is to leave the reader eager to learn more about you. Here are some examples:

“Over the past five years, I’ve led digital marketing campaigns that ramped up organic traffic by 40% and bumped up conversion rates by 25%. I’ve worked with diverse teams to create compelling content that resonates with audiences and used data analytics to refine strategies for maximum impact. My experience with social media management and email marketing also ensures a holistic approach to your digital marketing needs.”

“With over ten years in apparel design, specializing in activewear and dancewear, I have a proven track record of developing designs that resonate with customers and drive sales. My expertise includes conducting global trend research, selecting inspiring materials, and leading teams to transform creative concepts into market-ready products. I am proficient in Adobe Creative Suite and have experience with CLO3D, ensuring that my designs are both innovative and technically sound. My leadership skills have been honed by mentoring junior designers and managing cross-functional teams, fostering a collaborative and efficient design process.”

“With several years of experience in CPG retail sales and merchandising, I have successfully managed sales territories, maintained product placements, and executed promotional strategies. My ability to plan and organize, combined with proficiency in Microsoft Office and familiarity with iPads, positions me well to contribute effectively to your sales team. I am adept at thinking on my feet and delivering results in dynamic environments, ensuring that products are always tagged, rotated, and optimally displayed.”

4. Conclude with a call to action

When wrapping up your cover letter, it’s crucial to include a strong call to action in your closing paragraph. This isn’t just about expressing gratitude—it’s about setting the stage for the next steps in the hiring process.

Instead of a simple “thank you,” aim to propose a specific plan, such as scheduling a meeting or a call to discuss how you can contribute to the company.

Here are some examples of how to end a cover letter :

“Let’s discuss how I can help NexGen Creative Agency achieve its sales goals next week. Please let me know your availability for a meeting.”

“How about we chat next week about how I can help Weissman shine even brighter? Let me know when you’re free.”

“Let’s plan to discuss how my self-motivation and sales-oriented mindset can boost product visibility for Timmons Company next week. Please let me know your availability for a meeting.”

There is no need to add anything more. Time is valuable, so hiring managers won’t spend it on a cover letter that isn’t concise and to the point.

Expert tips for writing a cover letter

We’ve gone over the basics of how to write a good cover letter. Here are some expert tips for formatting and how to make your cover letter even better.

Format your contact information correctly

Before diving into the content of your cover letter, it’s important to format the contact details and header correctly. You’ll need to include your name, full address, phone number, and email address.

Here’s an example:

Personalize your greeting

To whom should you address your cover letter to? “For maximum impact, see if you can find the hiring manager or recruiter for the role, and send your letter to them,” says career coach Susan Schwarz . “Addressing your letter to a specific person will significantly increase the likelihood of someone reading it.”

Check the company’s website or LinkedIn profile to find the name of the hiring manager. However, if you can’t find a specific name, “Dear Hiring Manager” will suffice.

To end a cover letter, you can use “best regards” or “kind regards” followed by your full name.

Show your personality

While it’s important to maintain a professional tone in your cover letter, don’t be afraid to let your personality shine through. But remember, you don’t want to overdo it—keep it concise and relevant .

Here are some ways to show your personality in your cover letter:

• Briefly mention a specific project or experience you enjoyed.
• Highlight a distinctive skill or trait that sets you apart.
• Talk about how your values align with the company’s mission or culture.
• Describe a unique volunteer experience.

Emphasize your adaptability

According to LinkedIn , the top “skill of the moment” is adaptability . This means being open to new ideas, ready to pivot when needed, and always looking for ways to improve. In a world where the only constant is change, being adaptable can set you apart.

Here’s an example of how to incorporate adaptability into your cover letter:

“In my previous role as a CPG retail sales merchandiser, I consistently demonstrated my ability to adjust to changing market conditions, customer preferences, and sales strategies. This adaptability allowed me to increase sales by 25% in a highly competitive market.”

Show enthusiasm

Research shows that 40% of employers would not hire a candidate if they lacked enthusiasm. Remember, you’re much more attractive to employers when you’re on fire .

Here’s an example of how to show enthusiasm for the company you’re applying to:

“I’ve long admired Weissman’s commitment to the dance community and the artistry of your costumes. Your dedication to empowering performances and celebrating creativity is inspiring, and I’m excited about the opportunity to join your passionate team.”

Balance professionalism with friendliness

Try to strike a balance between a professional and friendly tone. Don’t use overly formal language, but make sure your writing is polished and error-free. Use humor sparingly, as it can be easily misinterpreted.

This approach helps you come across as both competent and personable, making you an ideal candidate.

Cover letter do’s and don’ts

• Do personalize . Address your cover letter to a specific person whenever possible.
• Do be concise . Keep your cover letter to one page.
• Do show enthusiasm . Mention specific reasons why you want to work there.
• Do include measurable accomplishments . These are achievements that can be quantified , such as increasing sales by a percentage.
• Do show your personality . Share brief anecdotes or unique experiences relevant to the job.
• Do be professional yet friendly . Avoid overly formal language.
• Do proofread your cover letter. A single mistake can damage your chances of getting an interview.
• Do include a call to action. Suggest scheduling a meeting or a call.
• Don’t be too formal . Strike a balance between professionalism and friendliness.
• Don’t overuse humor . Humor can be easily misinterpreted or come off as unprofessional.
• Don’t repeat your resume . Your cover letter should complement your resume, not repeat it.
• Don’t include irrelevant information. Focus only on what’s most relevant to the job you’re applying for.
• Don’t use clichés . Phrases like “I am a hard worker” or “I think outside the box” are overused and add little value.
• Don’t make excuses . Avoid explaining gaps in employment or other potential negatives.
• Don’t forget to tailor each letter . Customizing each cover letter will help it pass through Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS).

Cover letter examples

Here are a few cover letter examples that show how to highlight your skills, show your personality, and match your experiences with the job.

Cover letter example for someone with no work experience

Starting your career can be challenging, especially when you don’t have much experience to showcase. But don’t worry—a well-written cover letter can highlight your strengths and potential.

• Addresses the company’s needs : The letter begins by acknowledging the challenges the company faces, demonstrating an understanding of the industry and the company’s needs.
• Offers a solution : The candidate clearly states how they can provide value by offering a fresh perspective and innovative ideas.
• Highlights relevant experience : Even with limited work experience, the letter mentions a successful internship project that aligns with the job’s requirements.
• Shows enthusiasm and passion : The mention of a passion for sustainability and eagerness to contribute to the company’s efforts showcases the candidate’s genuine interest.
• Proposes next steps : The call to action is clear and professional, suggesting a meeting to discuss how the candidate can contribute, which shows initiative and confidence.

Cover letter example for someone changing careers

Changing careers can be a bold and exciting move, especially when you have a strong foundation of transferable skills. The following example of a cover letter demonstrates how to effectively highlight your previous experience and enthusiasm for a new industry.

• Engaging opening : Starts with a bold question that captures attention and sets the tone for the rest of the letter.
• Clear value proposition : Quickly establishes how the candidate’s project management skills can benefit the finance industry.
• Relevant experience : Highlights a specific project that showcases the candidate’s ability to improve efficiency and manage complex tasks.
• Expresses enthusiasm : Shows genuine excitement about the career change and the specific company.
• Call to action : Concludes with a clear and confident call to action, suggesting a meeting to discuss how the candidate can contribute to the company’s success.

Cover letter example for someone re-entering the workforce

Re-entering the workforce after a significant break can be challenging, but it’s also an opportunity to showcase your resilience and the valuable skills you’ve developed during your time away.

The following cover letter example demonstrates how to effectively address employment gaps while highlighting your strengths and enthusiasm for the role.

• Strong opening statement : The cover letter begins with a compelling statement about the importance of adaptability and innovation, setting a positive and forward-thinking tone.
• Addresses employment gap : It acknowledges the employment gap upfront, providing context without dwelling on it, which demonstrates honesty and transparency.
• Highlights relevant experience : The letter emphasizes past accomplishments and specific projects, showcasing the candidate’s skills and ability to deliver results.
• Shows enthusiasm for the role : The candidate expresses excitement about re-entering the workforce and aligns their values with the company’s mission.
• Proposes next steps : It ends with a clear call to action, suggesting a meeting to discuss how the candidate can contribute to the company’s success.

Generate a perfectly crafted cover letter in seconds

If you’re still having trouble writing your cover letter, try Jobscan’s AI cover letter generator . It analyzes both your resume and the job ad to create a completely original cover letter customized for the job you’re applying for.

To learn more about how the cover letter generator works, watch this brief video:

You can try Jobscan’s cover letter generator for free below:

Key takeaways

Follow these key takeaways to write a compelling cover letter that sets you apart from other candidates and opens doors to new career opportunities.

• Write with the employer’s needs in mind. Explain how you can address their specific challenges and contribute to their goals.
• Keep it brief . Use short sentences and paragraphs to make it easy for hiring managers to scan quickly.
• Address your letter to a specific person . If you can’t find a name, “Dear Hiring Manager” will suffice.
• Showcase your relevant experience. Use specific examples to demonstrate your abilities.
• Inject your personality. Share brief anecdotes or unique experiences relevant to the job.
• End with a strong call to action . Suggest a meeting or a call to discuss how you can contribute to the company’s success.
• Proofread your letter. A single error can torpedo your chances at getting an interview.
• Show enthusiasm. Showing excitement and a willingness to learn can make you a more attractive candidate.

A cover letter should be one page long, consisting of three to four paragraphs. The total word count should be around 250-400 words.

When you don’t have a specific name, you can use “Dear Hiring Manager.” Avoid using “To Whom It May Concern,” as it is considered old-fashioned.

When emailing a cover letter, use a clear subject line like “Application for Content Developer – [Your Name].” Paste your cover letter into the email body. Attach your resume.

Yes, a cover letter is necessary because good first impressions are important. By highlighting your qualifications and showing enthusiasm for the role, you can gain an advantage over someone who doesn’t send one.

Employers look for personalization in a cover letter, showing that it’s tailored to the specific job and company. Highlight relevant experience and skills that match the job requirements. Include specific achievements that demonstrate your capabilities and contributions.

Yes. Providing specific examples of your achievements helps demonstrate your skills and qualifications, making your application more compelling to employers.

A cover letter starts with your contact information, first and last name, the date, and the employer’s details. Begin with an introduction about your suitability for the role. Include a brief section highlighting relevant experience and skills with examples. Conclude by asking for an interview.

The primary goals of a simple cover letter are to make a good impression, get someone to read your resume, and offer you a job interview. It also shows you have good communication skills, which are highly valuable in today’s workforce.

The opening sentence should state the problem the company faces or pose a thought-provoking question to grab the hiring manager’s attention.

Robert Henderson, CPRW, is a career advice writer and a resume expert at Jobscan.

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Aug 01, 2016

Written By Maudie Powell-Tuck, AllAboutLaw

How to get a mini pupillage

When you’ve decided that being a barrister is what you want to do, the best way to get a taste of life at the Bar is to do a mini-pupillage.

The ‘where’ of doing a mini-pupillage should be quite simple. Find out all you can about various chambers, especially the ones close to where you are located. The ‘when’ may be a little more complicated. If you’re still at school, you will find it a struggle to get a mini-pupillage; some chambers do advertise programmes for high school students, but these are few and far between.

Finding a mini-pupillage at university

It’s easier once you’ve begun your law degree as many chambers offer mini-pupillages to law students. It varies chambers to chamber, but non-law students might have to wait until they begin their GDL before they’ll be able to apply for a mini-pupillage.

The first thing you need to do is look at all the kinds of work available with different chambers to get an idea of where your talents and aptitudes will fit best. Once you have a rough idea of the areas you’d like to try out, you should begin applying for mini-pupillages to chambers with expertise in these areas.  It is imperative that you do at least one mini-pupillage before you apply for or complete a pupillage. Some chambers will make it a condition of the pupillage selection process that an assessed mini-pupillage at their chambers should be completed first.

The mini-pupillage application...

To apply for mini-pupillages, you will normally need to send a copy of your latest CV and a covering letter addressed specifically to the chamber you’re applying to. Some chambers may have online applications you will need to submit instead, but all the details should be available at the respective chambers’ websites. If not, give them a ring to find out.

Treat the application as you would a job or pupillage application. Ensure the CV, covering letter or application details are carefully worded, without any spelling or grammatical errors.  Your writing should be crisp, cogent and to the point, and don’t use any fancy bells or whistles to jazz up your CV. Some other handy suggestions to remember: don’t be long-winded and use unnecessary jargon; mention relevant extracurricular activities you’ve participated in; and subtly highlight significant achievements such as grades, prizes or medals for public speaking. Any work or projects that you have undertaken which involved some amount of people management, teamwork and communication skills are definitely worth a mention. The covering letter should provide details of your current status and why you are interested in a career at the Bar or why you want to be a barrister.  Importantly, keep your application concise and to the point. Barristers won’t want to spend a huge amount of time wading through your application. The quicker you can convince them to take you on, the better.

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How to Write a Cover Letter [Tips with Examples]

As a writer, I did my fair share of job hunting. Despite my experience and expertise, I often struggled with impressing interviewers due to my lackluster cover letters. Limited resources and time constraints left my cover letters far from impressive. However, things changed when I mastered the art of writing compelling cover letters. Soon, I started receiving interview calls and eventually landed my dream job. In this article, I will share these cover letter writing techniques with you, so you too know how to write a cover letter and can effortlessly land the job of your dreams.

What is a Cover Letter and What does it Contain?

A cover letter is a one-page business letter that you submit along with your resume when applying for a job. Its primary purpose is to persuade the employer that you are an excellent candidate for the role. It complements your resume by clearly linking your experience and interests to the position you're applying for. Essentially, the cover letter is your chance to convince the employer to invite you for an interview.

A typical cover letter contains several key elements, each serving a specific purpose in showcasing your qualifications and enthusiasm for the position. Here’s a breakdown of what a cover letter typically includes:

Your Contact Information: Name, address, phone number, and email address.

Date: The date you are writing the letter.

Employer’s Contact Information: Name, title, company, and address of the person you are addressing the letter to.

2. Salutation

Address the letter to a specific person if possible (e.g., “Dear Mr. Smith,” or “Dear Hiring Manager,”).

3. Introduction

Opening Statement: A brief introduction mentioning the job you are applying for and how you found out about the position.

Hook: A compelling reason why you are interested in the job and the company.

First Paragraph: Explain why you are a good fit for the role. Highlight key qualifications and experiences that align with the job requirements.

Second Paragraph: Provide specific examples of your accomplishments and how they relate to the job. Use quantifiable achievements to demonstrate your impact.

Third Paragraph: Discuss your knowledge of the company and why you are excited about this particular opportunity. Show that you have researched the organization and explain how your goals align with its mission and values.

5. Conclusion

Closing Statement: Reiterate your enthusiasm for the position and the company. Summarize why you are a strong candidate.

Call to Action: Mention your desire for an interview and provide your contact information again. Indicate that you will follow up within a certain timeframe.

Thank You: Express gratitude for the reader’s time and consideration.

6. Signature

Closing Phrase: Use a professional closing, such as “Sincerely”, or “Best regards”.

Signature: Leave space for your handwritten signature (if submitting a hard copy) and then type your name below it.

How to Write a Cover Letter For a Job in 5 Steps!

Firstly, it’s crucial to streamline the process of crafting a cover letter, but that doesn’t mean using the same cover letter for every job position or even the same position at different companies. Customization is key to standing out.

Step 1. Research the Company- AIPal

Open the job listing you want to apply for, typically found on platforms like LinkedIn or Indeed. These platforms usually provide a detailed job description outlining the requirements and responsibilities.

To begin, I will write a cover letter for the Sales & Marketing Manager position at Pride Mile, which is a remote job listing I found on LinkedIn.

To proceed effectively, I will copy the job description and input it into AIPal to extract key keywords. These keywords are crucial as they highlight the skills and attributes the employer is seeking for the role.

Prompt: Extract keywords from this job description that I can in my cover letter.

To refine your keyword research, you can ask AIPal to extract keywords and categorize them into tiers.

Prompt: Extract keywords from this job description that I can in my cover letter. Assign them in three tiers ranging from the most important to least important.

This way, you'll identify the most critical keywords, which should be emphasized more in your cover letter, and less important keywords, which can be mentioned once or twice.

This approach will give me a comprehensive understanding of what the job entails and what qualities I should emphasize in my cover letter.

Step 2. Choose a template- WPS Office

Choosing a cover letter template is important because it gives you a clear structure to follow, saving you time and ensuring your letter looks polished. It guides you on what information to include, from your skills to your qualifications, making it easier to customize each letter for different job applications. Templates also help keep your letter organized and visually appealing, which is key to making a positive impression on employers.

WPS Office has been a godsend in this regard, offering plenty of cover letter templates. I followed these steps to find the desired cover letter for the Marketing Manager position:

Open WPS Office and click on "New" on the left side pane.

Next, simply click on the “All” tab in the left side pane. This will display numerous templates available on WPS Office for documents, spreadsheets, and presentations.

To save time browsing through all the options, simply search for "cover letter". This filters out irrelevant templates and helps find the right cover letter template for the job post in context.

Upon finding the suitable template for the job post, click on it to preview.

To start customizing the selected template, click the "Download" button at the top right corner, which will launch it in the WPS Writer interface for editing.

Header and Salutation

Headers and salutations are essential in a cover letter for their role in setting a professional tone. The header provides your contact details and the date, ensuring easy communication and formal presentation.

Salutations, like "Dear Hiring Manager," personalize your letter and demonstrate attention to detail, addressing the recipient directly and showcasing professionalism from the start.

One of the standout features of WPS templates is its ready-made header, which enhances the visual appeal of your cover letter. It includes sections for your contact information, the date, and the recipient's details.

Addressing the recipient by name whenever possible adds a personal touch; if that information isn't available, a generic greeting such as "Dear Hiring Manager" remains professional and appropriate. Ensuring the document is error-free further underscores your professionalism and attention to detail.

Step 3. Introduction- Your Opening Sentences

Starting your cover letter with a compelling introduction is crucial. It’s your chance to grab the hiring manager's attention and make a strong first impression. A well-crafted opening should highlight your enthusiasm, showcase your qualifications, and give a hint of your personality.

Here are a few key things to keep in mind to create an engaging and effective cover letter introduction:

Expressing genuine passion for the role or the company can make a strong impact. For example, in a sales manager position:

Dear Mr. Brown, my name is Anna and I’m excited about the opportunity to help your company exceed its sales targets. My five years of experience as a Sales Representative at XYZ Inc. have equipped me with the skills needed to drive results. Last year, we surpassed our KPIs by 50%, and I’m eager to bring this success to your team.

Referrals can add credibility to your application. For instance, in an architectural position:

I was thrilled to learn about this job opportunity from John Doe, who has been with your firm for five years. John and I collaborated on an architectural project for over a year, and he recommended I apply for this role, believing I’d be a great fit.

Demonstrating your knowledge about the company shows dedication. For example, in a social worker position:

I have always admired the work your organization does with vulnerable communities. Your commitment to social justice resonates with my professional values, and I believe my previous experience as a social worker aligns perfectly with your mission.

Starting with a significant accomplishment can immediately capture interest. For example, in a public relations position:

As a Public Relations Representative at Company XYZ, I enhanced the company’s reputation and public image, resulting in a 40% increase in customer satisfaction. I am eager to bring my proven track record of success to your organization as the Head of Communications.

Step 4. Body- the Most Important Part

The body of your resume is where you showcase your qualifications, experience, skills, and achievements to demonstrate why you're the ideal candidate for the job. Structuring this section effectively is crucial to capturing the attention of hiring managers and persuading them to consider you for the position.

Here’s how to craft a compelling resume body:

Start with a Strong Summary or Objective Statement:

Begin your resume with a concise summary or objective that highlights your career goals and what you bring to the table. This helps recruiters quickly understand your professional background and aspirations. For example:

Results-driven marketing professional with 8+ years of experience in digital marketing strategies and campaign management. Proven track record of increasing brand awareness and revenue growth through innovative marketing initiatives. Seeking to leverage my skills and expertise to contribute to the continued success of ABC Company.

Highlight Key Skills:

List relevant skills that align with the job requirements. Use bullet points to make them easy to scan. Focus on both technical skills (e.g., software proficiency, languages) and soft skills (e.g., communication, leadership). For example:

Digital Marketing Strategy

SEO/SEM Optimization

Content Management Systems (CMS)

Social Media Marketing

Analytical Skills

Team Leadership

Add Keywords:

In the body of the cover letter, it's crucial to incorporate keywords extracted from the job description. These keywords highlight your relevant skills, experiences, and attributes that align with what the employer is seeking. For example, if the job description emphasizes "digital marketing strategy," "customer acquisition," and "social media management," your cover letter should showcase your expertise in these areas.

My experience in developing and implementing robust digital marketing strategies, coupled with a proven track record in customer acquisition and social media management, aligns perfectly with the goals outlined for the Sales & Marketing Manager position at Pride Mile.

Detail Your Work Experience:

Include your work history in reverse chronological order, starting with your most recent position. For each job, provide the following details:

Job Title and Company: Clearly state your position and the organization you worked for.

Dates of Employment: Specify the period you worked there.

Key Responsibilities: Outline your main duties and responsibilities in concise bullet points. Focus on achievements and quantify results where possible. For example:

Managed a team of 5 digital marketers to execute SEO and PPC campaigns, resulting in a 30% increase in website traffic and a 25% growth in lead generation.

Achievements: Highlight specific accomplishments that demonstrate your impact. Use metrics to quantify your achievements whenever feasible. For example:

Led a successful rebranding campaign that increased brand recognition by 40% and led to a 15% increase in customer engagement.

Education and Certifications: List your educational background, including degrees, diplomas, and relevant certifications. Mention any honors or awards received. Include the name of the institution, degree/certification earned, and dates attended.

Skills and Expertise: Elaborate on any additional skills or expertise that are relevant to the job. This could include technical skills, industry-specific knowledge, or proficiency in certain tools or methodologies.

Professional Development: Include any professional development activities, workshops, or seminars you have attended that are relevant to your career.

Step 5. Closing & Salutation

A strong conclusion to your cover letter is essential to leave a positive and lasting impression on a prospective employer. It serves as your final opportunity to express enthusiasm, reinforce your qualifications, and prompt the hiring manager to take action. Here’s how to effectively end your cover letter.

Show self-assurance in your skills and how they align with the job requirements. This demonstrates to the employer that you are a competent and enthusiastic candidate. For example:

I am confident that my project management experience and problem-solving abilities make me a perfect fit for your team. I thrive in dynamic environments and am eager to contribute to your company's success.

Let your passion for the role and the industry shine through. Mentioning your enthusiasm can make you a more memorable candidate. For instance:

My lifelong passion for animal welfare drives my dedication to providing top-notch veterinary care. I am excited to bring this passion to your clinic and contribute to the well-being of your patients.

Highlight how your skills and experiences align with the job responsibilities. This helps the employer see the direct benefits of hiring you. For example:

With seven years of experience managing senior accounts, I am skilled at anticipating client needs and handling situations with discretion. I am eager to bring this expertise to your team and help grow your client base.

Share your career aspirations and how they align with the company’s growth. This shows your long-term interest in the organization. For example:

I look forward to leveraging my sales experience to identify new markets and build strong customer relationships. My goal is to grow within your company and eventually lead the account management team.

Align your personal values with the company’s mission to show you’re a cultural fit. For example:

I admire ArcherTech's commitment to supporting local businesses and have innovative marketing ideas to increase profitability in this sector. I am excited to discuss these ideas further.

Emphasize relevant technical skills, especially those mentioned in the job description. This highlights your readiness to contribute effectively. For example:

I bring extensive experience with CAD software and can create integrated 360-degree renderings for client presentations. My past successes in this area can help boost your sales by 150% over the next two quarters.

Encourage the employer to take the next step, such as scheduling an interview. Express gratitude and indicate your eagerness to discuss your application further. For example:

Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to discussing how my skills can contribute to your team. Please feel free to contact me at your convenience.

End your letter with a formal and courteous closing. Suitable options include "Best", "Sincerely", "Respectfully", and "Thank you".

Here's a template for Closing & Salutation:

This is the best approach I can suggest for writing a great cover letter, but I highly recommend using WPS Office templates for this. The AI features in AIPal and WPS Office can help extract keywords and assist with writing, while the templates provide pre-written content tailored to the position you're applying for. This approach minimizes effort and frustration, especially when a job requires a cover letter, ensuring your application meets all necessary requirements effectively.

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How to Proofread your Cover Letter- WPS Office

WPS Office is an all-around solution for various tasks, including writing a cover letter and securing your dream job. Beyond helping you create a polished cover letter, WPS Office also excels in proofreading it. With its AI-powered Proofreader, WPS Office ensures your cover letter is error-free and impactful.

WPS AI: To assist you in polishing your content：

WPS AI Proofreader is an essential tool for perfecting your cover letter with ease and confidence. As you craft your application, WPS AI Proofreader ensures your writing is polished to perfection. It goes beyond simple spell checks, offering real-time error detection for grammar, punctuation, and clarity. This means you can focus on expressing your skills and achievements effectively, without worrying about typos or awkward phrasing. With customizable settings and intuitive correction options, WPS AI Proofreader tailors its suggestions to fit your writing style, ensuring your cover letter maintains professionalism and clarity.

AIPal Chatbot: For ideas and consultation

AIPal is a great web-assistant throughout the process of refining and perfecting your cover letter through its robust proofreading and consultation capabilities. This AI-powered tool not only identifies grammatical errors and punctuation issues but also provides insightful suggestions to enhance the clarity and effectiveness of your ideas. AIPal ensures that your cover letter maintains a cohesive flow and communicates your qualifications effectively to potential employers.

1. How long should a Cover Letter be?

A cover letter should ideally be between half a page and a full page in length, with a word count ranging from 250 to 400 words. It is typically divided into three to six paragraphs. It's important to keep it brief and focused on relevant details.

2. What tone should I use in my Cover Letter?

To effectively convey the right tone in your cover letter, aim for a balance that is both professional and friendly.

Avoid overly formal language while maintaining a polished demeanor.

Tailor your communication style to fit the company's culture, showing genuine enthusiasm for the position without coming across as boastful or overly eager.

Use confident and positive language to articulate your qualifications clearly, avoiding jargon, informal expressions, or humor that could be misinterpreted.

This approach will ensure your cover letter reflects professionalism and authentic interest in the position.

3. Should I include references in my cover letter?

Typically, you do not need to include references in your cover letter unless the employer specifically requires them. Concentrate on highlighting your relevant qualifications and explaining why you are a strong match for the position.

Create An Impactful Cover Letter With WPS Office

Creating a compelling cover letter can often be the decisive factor in securing your dream job. It needs to showcase your expertise clearly and coherently, leaving no doubt about your suitability for the role. WPS Office provides a reliable solution where you can gather all the necessary information for when you are figuring out how to write a cover letter and ensure your cover letter resonates at the right level.

From templates perfectly tailored to the job position to extracting crucial keywords and summarizing job descriptions, WPS Office equips you with everything essential for writing a successful cover letter. Download AIPal today to streamline your job hunting journey and alleviate some of the frustrations along the way.

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